PAVEMENT CONDITION PERFORMANCE ON CRUMB RUBBER ROAD IN KUALA KRAI, KELANTAN NAZIRUL MUBIN BIN ZUKIRNAINI A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Master of Engineering (Civil) School of Civil Engineering Faculty of Engineering Universiti Teknologi Malaysia SEPTEMBER 2020
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PAVEMENT CONDITION PERFORMANCE ON CRUMB RUBBER ROAD IN
KUALA KRAI, KELANTAN
NAZIRUL MUBIN BIN ZUKIRNAINI
A project report submitted in partial fulfilment of the
requirements for the award of the degree of
Master of Engineering (Civil)
School of Civil Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
SEPTEMBER 2020
iv
DEDICATION
This work is dedicated to the sincerest,
Loving and caring parents,
My beloved Father and Mother,
Zukirnaini Bin Mustapha,
Wan Nazila Binti Wan Ahmed,
My beloved Father and Mother in law,
Saadi Bin Che Ismail,
Hasnah Binti Mohd Nor,
And my supportive wife,
Siti Sahirah Binti Saadi.
All my dear children,
Nafeesha Inara, Naila Irdina and Niyaz Iskandar.
Hopefully these efforts given consideration and rewarded by Allah.
As the Prophet Muhammad S.A.W said:
“Whoever follows a path to seek knowledge,
Allah will make the path to Jannah (Paradise) easy for them.”
(Shahih Muslim)
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First and above all, I praise Allah, the almighty for providing me this
opportunity and granting me the capability to proceed successfully. In preparing this
thesis, I was in contact with many people and my fellow friends. They have contributed
towards my understanding and thoughts.
In particular, I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my project supervisor
“Pensyarah Kanan” Ts. Dr. Haryati Yaacob and ex-supervisor Prof. Ts. Dr. Mohd
Rosli Hainin for unlimited guidance from the start to the completion of this study,
encouragement, cooperation, advice and friendship. Without their continued support
and interest, this thesis would not have been the same as presented here.
I am also thankful to Ir. Raja Rusdy Irwan Bin Raja Hussien and Mohd Asrul
Farizul Bin Ab Adzi, District Engineer of Jabatan Kerja Raya Tumpat. Besides that,
thanks to Muhd Mazwan Bin Kamarudin, Engineer Assistant of JKR Kuala Krai and
Bukit Buloh Quarry for help me give more imformation to complete my project. Not
to forget, Zainal Zulkifli Bin Mohamad Noor, QAQC Executive Regional and Nik
Ahmad Hilmi Nik Mustapha, Area Manager of Roadcare Sdn. Bhd for their
cooperation and experience shared.
My sincere appreciation also extends to all my colleagues and others who
provide assistance and support at various occasions. Their views and tips are useful
indeed. Finally, I would like to speak thousands of thanks to all who have, in one way
or other, directly or indirectly they deserve my greatest gratitude.
vi
ABSTRACT
Paved roads are the main public transportation infrastructure in Malaysia.
Asphaltic pavements require a hefty amount of thoughts and engineering to be made
viable to keep up with the growing traffic as the country develops. The constant
increase in traffic loads by calls for improvements need to be done in order to maintain
a quality, yet economical paved roads. One of the critical breakthroughs is the use of
crumb rubber as additive in the binding substance of asphaltic pavements. Thus, this
study aims to assess the effectiveness of crumb rubber modified asphalt (CRMA)
pavements in Kuala Krai, Kelantan. This research was done through both controlled
experiment in a laboratory and also on site. The physical properties of the bitumen in
terms of their penetration, softening points, penetration index and flash points have
been further tested. For the asphalt mixture, they were tested in regards to their
Marshall properties such as stability, Void-In-Mix (VIM), flow and stiffness. The field
test begins with the coring test in order to assess the thickness of the asphalt pavement
layers in 16 spots along the study location. The densities and bitumen content of the
samples were then evaluated. Generally, CRMA proves its efficacy in providing an
effectual performance. In almost all aspect of experimentation revealed that CMRA
was the better choice. It is relatively stable, with sufficient VIM percentage to provide
flexibility. The field test did not contradict with these findings. Conclusively, CMRA
is able to accommodate and provide good riding quality while also being durable to
sustain all its challenges.
vii
ABSTRAK
Jalan berturap adalah infrastruktur pengangkutan awam utama di Malaysia.
Turapan asphalt memerlukan banyak idea dan kejuruteraan agar dapat membangun
secara praktikal dengan lalu lintas yang semakin meningkat seiring dengan kemajuan
negara. Peningkatan lalu lintas yang berterusan, menyebabkan kerja-kerja
penambahbaikan perlu dilakukan bagi mengekalkan jalan berturap yang berkualiti dan
ekonomik. Salah satu penyelesaian penting adalah dengan penggunaan serpihan getah
tayar kenderaan sebagai bahan tambahan dalam bahan pengikat turapan asphalt. Oleh
itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk menilai keberkesanan turapan Crumb Rubber Modified
Asphalt (CRMA) di Kuala Krai, Kelantan. Penyelidikan ini dilakukan melalui
eksperimen terkawal di makmal dan juga di lokasi. Sifat fizikal bitumen dari segi
penusukan, titik lembut, indeks penusukan dan titik kilat telah diuji lebih lanjut. Untuk
campuran asfalt, bahan-bahan berkenaan diuji dengan ujian asphalt (Marshall Test)
seperti kestabilan, Void-In-Mix (VIM), aliran dan kekerasan. Ujian lapangan
dimulakan dengan ujian coring untuk menilai ketebalan lapisan turapan asfalt pada 16
tempat di sepanjang lokasi kajian. Kemudian, ketumpatan dan kandungan bitumen
sampel telah dinilai. Secara amnya, CRMA telah terbukti keberkesanannya dalam
memberikan prestasi yang berkesan. Dalam hampir semua aspek eksperimen, CMRA
telah menunjukkan bahawa ia adalah pilihan yang lebih baik. Ia agak stabil, dengan
peratusan VIM yang mencukupi untuk memberikan fleksibiliti. Keputusan ujian
lapangan tidak bertentangan dengan rekabentuk yang telah diluluskan.
Kesimpulannya, CMRA mampu menampung dan memberikan kualiti yang baik dan
juga tahan lama untuk menanggung beban aliran lalu lintas yang semakin meningkat.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xi
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES xv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.0 Background Study 1
1.1 Problem Statement 3
1.2 Objectives 4
1.3 Scope of Study 4
1.4 Significance of Study 4
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 7
2.0 Introduction 7
2.1 Asphalt 7
2.2 Modification of Asphalt 7
2.3 Bitumen 9
2.4 Materials 10
2.4.1 Aggregate 11
2.4.2 Filler 13
2.5 Crumb Rubber 14
ix
2.5.1 Fiber Content 16
2.5.2 Moisture Content 16
2.5.3 Mineral Contaminants 16
2.5.4 Metal Contaminants 16
2.5.5 Chemical Composition 16
2.5.6 Source 17
2.5.7 Packaging and Labeling 17
2.6 Background of CRMA 18
2.6.1 Crumb Rubber Grinding Procedures 19
2.6.2 Properties of CRMA 20
2.6.3 Waste Materials (Scrap Tyres) 21
2.6.4 Rubber Modified Process 23
2.7 Preparation of Crumb Rubber Modified Binder 25
2.7.1 Blending Equipment 25
2.7.2 Blending Process 26
2.7.3 Terminal Blend 26
2.7.4 Completion of Blending 27
2.7.5 Sampling of CRMB 27
2.7.6 Storage of CRMB 28
2.7.7 Application of CRMB 28
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 31
3.0 Introduction 31
3.1 Overall Structure of Research Methodology 31
3.2 Bitumen Test 33
3.2.1 Penetration Test 33
3.2.2 Softening Point Test 34
3.2.3 Penetration Index 35
3.2.4 Flash Point Test 36
3.3 Asphalt Test 37
3.3.1 Extraction Test 37
3.3.2 Sieve Analysis 37
x
3.3.3 Marshall Test 39
3.3.4 Coring Test 40
CHAPTER 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 43
4.0 Introduction 43
4.1 Bitumen Testing Result 43
4.1.1 Physical and rheological properties of CRMB 43
4.1.2 Penetration Test Result 44
4.1.3 Softening Point Result 45
4.1.4 Penetration Index Result 46
4.1.5 Flash Point Result 47
4.2 Proposed mix design for CRMA – Gap Graded Asphalt (GGA) 48
4.3 Marshall Properties Result 50
4.3.1 Voids in Mix Result 51
4.3.2 Stability Result 52
4.3.3 Flow Result 53
4.3.4 Stiffness Result 54
4.4 Site Monitoring Result 55
4.4.1 Summary of Sample Result CRMA 55
4.4.2 Coring Test 56
4.4.3 Marshall Density 57
CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 59
5.0 Introduction 59
5.1 Conclusion 59
5.2 Recommendation 60
5.3 Limitation of Study 61
REFERENCES 63
xi
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE
Table 2. 1 Chemical Composition of Crumb Rubber 17
Table 2. 2 Properties of CRMB (JKR, 2019) 28
Table 3. 1 Combined Aggregate Gradation for CRMA Mixture 38