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1Navigation EngineeringChallenges for the New Decade
Produced byWaterways Committee
and Navigation Engineering SubcommitteeCOPRIPresented by
1
PresentedbyThomasH.WakemanIII
[email protected]
Our world appears to be getting smaller and moving faster
because of advancing technology,
expanding global communications, and
The World is Changing!
expanding global communications, and liberalization of
trade.
2World in 1990 World in 2010
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2Major Events/Shifts of Last Decade
9/11 terrorist attacks in U S2001 TO 2010
9/11 terrorist attacks in U.S. Rapid trade liberalization
Emergence of BRIC economies Nobel Peace Prize 2007 awarded to
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
3
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Al Gore
Global recession of 2008-2009 Shift in wealth to the Far
East/China
What is on the horizon for the coming decade?
4
2011 TO 2020
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3Presentation Outline Navigation Engineering creating the
infrastructure connecting the worlds oceans with gcoastal/inland
ports and their intermodal links
Marine Transportation System an evolving context for navigation
engineering
Emerging Challenges infrastructure capacity and capability,
shifting naval architecture, security risks, affordability
realities, climate h d i t l
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change and environmental concerns Enhancing the Engineers
Toolbox integrated
design, e-Navigation, sustainability, risk management, and asset
management
Specialty Engineering Practice
What is navigation
ENGINEERING
CIVIL ENGINEERING
NAVIGATION ENGINEERING
navigation engineering?
6
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4What is Navigation Engineering?
Navigation Engineering (NE) is a civil i i i lt th t i l th
lifengineering specialty that involves the life-
cycle planning, design, construction, operation, and maintenance
of safe, secure, reliable, efficient, affordable, and
environmentally sustainable navigation
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infrastructure (channels, structures, and support systems) used
to move people and goods by waterborne vessels.
Navigation Infrastructure
Dredged and maintained channels Jetties at entrance channels to
harbors Ship locks on coastal & inland waterways Harbor
features including turning basins,
maneuvering areas, anchorages & berths
8
Aids to navigations Plus hurricane barriers, salinity
barriers,
sediment traps, diversions, dikes, etc.
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5Three Separate Maritime Areas Closely Linked in Todays MTS
Open Ocean Areas
Coastal / Inland Waters
Port & Hinterland Areas
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Naval Architecture
Navigation Engineering
Source:NYC TransportedExploring New York City and its
Waterfront
Port / Transportation Engineering
What is the MTS?
10Source: MTS National Advisory Council, 2009
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6Marine Transportation System Todays global (and U.S.) economy
is highly
dependent on the efficient uninterrupteddependent on the
efficient, uninterrupted, and integrated operations of vital supply
lines and logistic processes.
The Marine Transportation System, or MTS, is a public/private
owned network of
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infrastructure (waterways, ports, and intermodal landside
connections) that allows for the movement of people and goods to,
from, and on the water globally.
U.S. MTS Infrastructure 25,000 miles of navigable channels; 238
locks at 192 locations; Great Lakes and St. Lawrence Seaway; Over
3,700 marine cargo & passenger terminals; Numerous recreational
marinas; Over 174,000 miles of rail connecting all 48
contiguous States, as well as Canada/Mexico;
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Over 45,000 miles of interstate highway, supported by over
115,000 miles of other connecting roadways; and
Over 1,400 designated intermodal connections.(Maritime
Administration, 2009)
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7MTS is Big Business for U.S.!It provides access to worldwide
and domestic markets and is responsible for:
Value of waterborne cargo = $1 trillion per yearMoving 95% of
International GoodsCarrying 25% of Domestic Goods
Supporting more than 13 million jobs Enabling oil imports of 9
million barrels per day
F i f 140 illi
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Ferrying of 140 million passengers per year Providing for
110,000 commercial fishing vessels Having 12 million recreational
boats (registered).
MTS Evolving asGlobal System of Systems
Ocean-going vessels, waterways, and port g g , y , pactivities
have become closely coupled to shore-based transportation
activities including intermodal delivery systems.
Other systems functioning within the MTS i l d l b l l i ti t b
i
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include global logistic system, business systems, and government
system of laws and regulations for safety, security, labor, and
environmental protection.
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8What is the key trend that What is the key trend that will
influence the future will influence the future
MTS?MTS?MTS?MTS?
Expansion ofExpansion ofGlobal TradeGlobal Trade
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9World Seaborne Trade 1968-2008
TRIPLED in 40 years!
17(Source:
http://www.marisec.org/shippingfacts/worldtrade/volume-world-trade-sea.php)
Transportation Demand Will GrowAs Population Expands and
Consumption Increases!Consumption Increases!
Outsourcing
Industrial Production Global Trade, Global Trade,
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Population
GrowthConsumptionConsumption
International Food Production
,,Transportation Transportation & MTS Growth& MTS
Growth
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Most growthMost growth will be in the developing nations.
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What are the WARNINGTurbulence Turbulence emerging
challenges for the new decade?
Turbulence Turbulence AheadAhead
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decade?
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Emerging MTS Challenges
Shifting scales and transport connectivity Affordability
realities & funding shortfalls Infrastructure capacity
deterioration Environmental concerns Climate change
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Security and natural disaster risks Life cycle cost
management
Commercial Shipping Fleet
General Cargo ships 17,104 Tankers 14,095 Bulk Carriers 7,787
Passenger ships 6,839 Container ships Container ships
4,6784,678
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Other 2,502 TOTAL 53,005
Source: Lloyd's Register Fairplay, July 2009
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Pre-Containerization Cargo handled piecemeal & many times
Consolidation at port of loading Deconsolidation at port of
discharge Inland transportation a distinct leg Port calls as
necessary
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Shift to Containerization
Consolidation of cargo in containers started in US by Malcolm
McLean
First vessel was converted tanker that
Ideal X
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First vessel was converted tanker that went from Newark, New
Jersey to Houston, Texas on April 26, 1956
58 thirty-five foot containers on deck
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13
Container Advantages Greater efficiencies Increased speed to
p
market shelf Reduced damage Reduced labor
costs Facilitates
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Facilitates intermodal cargo exchanges
U.S. Waterborne Foreign Containerized Trade: 1995-2009
of lo
aded
TE
Us
26
Milli
ons
o
Source: U.S. Department of Transportation, Research and
Innovative Technology Administration, Bureau of Transportation
Statistics, 2011
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14
Containership Evolution
27Source: C. Davis Rudolf III, Ship-to-Shore productivity: can
it keep up with mega-ship size increases? Part 1, Port Technology
International
Container Vessel Growth in US6000
EUs
2000
3000
4000
5000
ge C
apac
ity in
TE
2008
2010
28
0
1000
West Coast Gulf Coast East Coast
Aver
ag
Source: After W. Kemmsies, 2010, Moffatt & Nichols
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Modern Mega-containerships
The largest ships currently in operation are th M k E Cl t i hi
(397the Maersk E-Class container ships (397 m Emma Maersk) carrying
13,500 TEU.
Five lines (Maersk, CMA CGM, MSC, Cosco and Zim) each have at
least one mega-containership (10,000 TEU+).
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mega containership (10,000 TEU ). Maersk has now ordered 20 new
vessels,
Triple-E class, 400+ m long with 10+ more proposed... which will
carry 18,000 TEU.
Why? - Economies of Scale
As quantity of d tiproduction
increases from Q to Q2, the average cost of each unit
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decreases from C to C1.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Economies_of_scale.PNG
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Cost of ConstructionCost/DWT per DWT Bulkers
900
200300400500600700800900
Cos
t/DW
T ($
/ton)
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0100200
0 50,000 100,000 150,000 200,000
DWT
C
Source: Tradewinds Sales and Purchase Data, November 2009
Global Container Flows 2007TRANS-ATLANTIC
6.3 million TEU
TRANS-PACIFIC
20.7 million TEU
32Source: Drewry Shipping Consultants
ASIA- N.EUROPE18.6 million TEU
INTRA-ASIA
28.3 million TEU
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14k Ship with Eight Gantry Cranes!
33Source: DPW_Daniela_14k.jpeg
Bigger Ships Mean Bigger Infrastructure - New $5B Panama Canal
Expansion Opens in 2014
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Total excavation = 133 MCMOriginal 1914 construction = 205
MCM
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Infrastructure Misalignment!
Todays mega-ships are too big for last centurys channels and
bridgeschannels and bridges.
Several dredging projects to deepen channels in ports including
New York/New Jersey, Delaware River, etc. were designed with last
years model ocean carrier.
Bridges with air draft limitations include Bayonne
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Bridges with air draft limitations include Bayonne (NY/NJ) and
Gerald Desmond (LA/LB) are now the problem, not just depth.
Regina Maersk 1996
7 500 TEU
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7,500 TEU
NY/NJ Design Vessel Emma Maersk 2006
13,500 TEU
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2009 Infrastructure Report Card Grades
Aviation D Bridges C Dams D Drinking Water D- Energy D+
Hazardous Waste D Inland Waterways D- Levees D-
U.S.Transportation infrastructure is
aging and deteriorating!
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Rail C- Roads D-
America's Infrastructure GPA: D Estimated 5 Year Investment
Need: $2.2 Trillion
Other Issues Competing supply chains Maritime assets
work collaboratively with other modes (road & y (rail) to
provide door-to-door logistic services.
Emphasis on reliability Failure to provide freight on-time
causes supply chains to move.
Tightening of budgets There has been a shift in engineering
practice from new construction projects to managing operations and
capacity d d ith i ti i f t t
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demands with existing infrastructure. Asset maintenance
Protection to reduce
impact of aging assets on service, to extend their useful life,
and to avoid supply chain disruptions because of infrastructure
failure.
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Potential NE Responses Treat MTS as system and use Asset
Management strategies to guide decisions. Adopting
Sustainability Principles in design,
such as systems architecture, win-with-nature and
build-with-nature strategies, and resiliency engineering for all
hazards mitigation and business continuity.
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Expanding Technology Applicationsincluding AIS, ECDIS, ship
simulation studies, e-navigation, and interoperability principles
to increase productivity.
Asset Management
Asset management is a life-cycle process where infrastructure
and equipment arewhere infrastructure and equipment are monitored,
maintained, and replaced to meet operational/business
functions.
Asset management may apply to both tangible assets and to
intangible concepts, such as intellectual property
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such as intellectual property. Considers all aspects of assets
economic
life-cycle including its recycling or disposal.
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Strategic Property PerspectiveBusiness Asset Portfolio
InfrastructureOperations
Capital Investments
MaintenanceManagement
Inspections & Assessments
Asset Management
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OperationsCompleted ProjectsNew Projects
NE Response: Establish an asset management strategy to enable
risk-informed, life cycle investment decisions across the corporate
asset portfolio... Find the best use of the next dollar!
Designs for Sustainability Shift from historic tension
between
environmental regulation and development toenvironmental
regulation and development to harmonization among the corporate 3
Es.
Design with consideration/integration of: Environment Economy
Equity
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PIANC approaches for engineered projects: Working with nature
Building with nature
ASCE working on a policy statement
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Transportation as Major Source of Environmental Degradation
...and Climate Change?
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Yemen Terrorist Attack USS Cole October 2000
Port Security
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Seventeen American sailors were killed, and 39 were injured.
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Natural Disruptive Events
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Earthquakes: Haiti (2010), Chile (10), Japan (11) Hurricanes:
Andrew (1992), Ivan (04), Katrina (05) Tidal waves (tsunami):
Sumatra (04), Japan (11)
Resiliency CurvePreparation Recovery Time
onal
Cap
acity
Lost Performance
CurveBaseline
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Ope
rati
TimeShock
Resilient
Option #1
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Marine Domain Awareness USCGs VTS Center
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Application of New Technologies for Navigation and Security
AIS (Automatic Identification System) is an automated tracking
system used on shipsautomated tracking system used on ships and by
Vessel Traffic Services (VTS) for identifying and locating vessels
by electronically exchanging data with other nearby ships and shore
stations.
ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and
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ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System) is a
computer-based navigation information system that complies with IMO
regulations and can be used as an alternative to paper charts.
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Utilizing Technology to Enhance Navigational Performance
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e-Navigation Goals
Increase efficiency of harbors & waterwaysMaximize effective
capacity of waterways Maximize effective capacity of waterways
Maximize the carrying capacity of vessels Reduce travel time
Reduce transport costs Reduce fuel consumption
Provide efficient link between transport modes
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Provide efficient link between transport modes Reduce security
vulnerability hazards Reduce polluting emissions and spills due
to
accidents, illegal actions or normal operations
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Risk Management
An ever-increasing number of professionals and managers in
industry government andmanagers in industry, government, and
academia are devoting a larger portion of their time and resources
to the task of improving their approach to, and understanding of,
risk-based decision-making.
Risk management must be an integral part of the
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Risk management must be an integral part of the management of
technology-based systems, where the failure of the system can be
contributed by the hardware, the software, the organization, or the
humans.
Calculating RiskRisk = [ Threat x Vulnerability x
Consequence ]Consequence ]
Threat potential cause of unwanted event Vulnerability
likelihood that safeguards will fail
Consequence magnitude of the negative effects
While commercial aviation remains a possible target
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While commercial aviation remains a possible target, terrorists
may turn their attention to other modes. Opportunities to do harm
are as great or greater in maritime or surface transportation
- 9/11 Commission Report
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UnacceptableConsequences
Understanding Risk
Risk ReductionMitigation Measures
Ri k A
Consequences
Likelihood
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Risk AcceptanceBaseline Protection
Consequence
I SIn Summary
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Emerging NE Challenges
Increasing infrastructure capacity requirements for waterways
and portsfor waterways and ports
Aging and deteriorating infrastructure, particularly for inland
waterways
Funding shortfalls with emphasis on affordability and
public/private financing partnershipsF t i bilit d ili i l di
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Focus on sustainability and resiliency including response to
potential impacts of climate change, environmental protection
strategies, and preparations for natural or terrorist
disruptions
Enhancing Engineers Toolbox
Systems assessment and integrated design Sustainability analyses
including
incorporation of resiliency measures Asset management strategies
Develop risk analysis, management and
mitigation measures
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mitigation measures Expand use of technology applications
including e-navigation and interoperability communication tools
and principles.
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Technical Information Sources forNavigation Engineering
ASCE Manuals & Journals
PIANC Working Group ReportsJournals
50: Small Craft Harbors 65: Dredging 94: Inland Waterways 107:
Ship Channels 116: Navigation
Engineering & Ethics
Reports WG6: Sustainable Inland
Waterways 102: Minimizing Harbor
Siltation 106: Innovations in Lock
Design
U S A C f
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Transportation Research Board (TRB) Reports & Research
Record
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Manuals
U.S. Navy Manuals
Educational/Research Resourcesfor Navigation Engineering
Mississippi State UniversitySt I tit t f T h l Stevens Institute
of Technology
University of Hawaii McNeese State University Johns Hopkins
University University of Florida Florida Institute of
Technology
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Florida Institute of Technology University of Alaska Texas
A&M University Others in U.S. and overseas
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Questions or Comments?
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Navigation Engineering CertificationThe Academy of Coastal ,
Ocean, Ports, and Navigation Engineering recognizes those
individuals who have excelled in one or more ofindividuals who have
excelled in one or more of the sub-disciplines of COPRI, including
Navigation Engineering. To learn more about the Academy and
certification as a Diplomate, Navigation Engineering, please visit:
http://content.asce.org/acopne/index.html
6060
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ASCE's live P.E. Exam Review Courses on the web will assist ASCE
members and other civil engineers in preparing for the P.E.
Exams.
Three review courses are offered :
Live P.E. Exam Review Courses, Fall 2011
P.E. Civil Exam
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P.E. Structural Exam
Pay a single site registration fee and an unlimited number of
people in your i ti tt d t th t it
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organization can attend at that site.
For more information and registration visit
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Course Dates Course TopicsMon., Aug. 22 Gravity LoadsWed., Aug.
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Course Dates Course Topics
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