Nature of Science - Scientific Inquiry - Science, Technology, & Society.

Nature of ScienceNature of Science

- Scientific Inquiry - Scientific Inquiry

- Science, Technology, & - Science, Technology, & SocietySociety

Scientific InquiryScientific Inquiry

• Tables, Charts, GraphsTables, Charts, Graphs

• The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

• Repeated Experimentation, Repeated Experimentation, Statistics, and Unbiased ConclusionsStatistics, and Unbiased Conclusions

• Models and PredictionsModels and Predictions

• Schema and RelationshipsSchema and Relationships

• Lab SafetyLab Safety

Types of DataTypes of Data

• Quantitative Data (Quantity): Quantitative Data (Quantity): numerical data that can be numerical data that can be represented using various types of represented using various types of graphs. Can you give me an example?graphs. Can you give me an example?

• Qualitative (Quality): non-numerical, Qualitative (Quality): non-numerical, verbal descriptions. Can you give me verbal descriptions. Can you give me an example?an example?

VariablesVariables

• Variables are factors that affect the Variables are factors that affect the outcome of an experiment.outcome of an experiment.

• the INDEPENDENT variable the INDEPENDENT variable (manipulated variable) is the variable (manipulated variable) is the variable that the scientist chooses to control.that the scientist chooses to control.

• the DEPENDENT variable (responding the DEPENDENT variable (responding variable) is the variable that changes variable) is the variable that changes in response to the independent in response to the independent variable.variable.

Example:Example:• Identify the independent Identify the independent

and dependent variable in and dependent variable in the experiment.the experiment.

The effect of Drop Height on Bounce Height of a The effect of Drop Height on Bounce Height of a Rubber BallRubber Ball

Height of Drop (cm)Height of Drop (cm) Height of Bounce (cm)Height of Bounce (cm)

55 44

1010 66

1515 1111

2020 1313

2525 1616

3030 2121

Types of GraphsTypes of Graphs

• LINE GRAPHLINE GRAPH• Scatter PlotScatter Plot

– Line of Best FitLine of Best Fit

• Bar GraphsBar Graphs• HistogramsHistograms• Pie Charts/Circle Pie Charts/Circle

GraphsGraphs

Types of GraphsTypes of Graphs

• Line GraphLine Graph• SCATTER PLOTSCATTER PLOT

– Line of Best FitLine of Best Fit

• Bar GraphsBar Graphs• HistogramsHistograms• Pie Charts/Circle Pie Charts/Circle

GraphsGraphs

Types of GraphsTypes of Graphs

• Line GraphLine Graph• Scatter PlotScatter Plot

– Line of Best FitLine of Best Fit

• BAR GRAPHSBAR GRAPHS• HistogramsHistograms• Pie Charts/Circle Pie Charts/Circle

GraphsGraphs

Types of GraphsTypes of Graphs

• Line GraphLine Graph• Scatter PlotScatter Plot

– Line of Best FitLine of Best Fit

• Bar GraphsBar Graphs• HISTOGRAMSHISTOGRAMS• Pie Charts/Circle Pie Charts/Circle

GraphsGraphs

Types of GraphsTypes of Graphs

• Line GraphLine Graph• Scatter PlotScatter Plot

– Line of Best FitLine of Best Fit

• Bar GraphsBar Graphs• HistogramsHistograms• PIE CHARTS/ PIE CHARTS/

CIRCLE GRAPHSCIRCLE GRAPHS

Sample Question #1 and #2Sample Question #1 and #21. What is the relationship of 1. What is the relationship of

bounce height to drop height bounce height to drop height for the Rubber Ball? For any for the Rubber Ball? For any given drop height the ball will given drop height the ball will bounce approximatelybounce approximately

a. 45% as high as drop. a. 45% as high as drop.

b. 50% as high as drop. b. 50% as high as drop.

c. 65% as high as drop. c. 65% as high as drop.

d. 78% as high as drop. d. 78% as high as drop.

2. Based on the data table listed 2. Based on the data table listed which variable is the which variable is the Independent Variable?Independent Variable?

a. Height of Bouncea. Height of Bounce

b. Height of Drop b. Height of Drop

c. Average Bounce Heightc. Average Bounce Height

d. Trial 1 d. Trial 1

The Effect of Drop The Effect of Drop Height on Bounce HeightHeight on Bounce HeightHeighHeight of t of

Drop Drop (cm)(cm)

Height of Bounce Height of Bounce (cm)(cm)

Average Average Height of Height of

Bounce for Bounce for all Trials all Trials

(cm)(cm)

TriaTrial l

#1#1

TriaTrial l

#2#2

TriaTrial l

#3#3

55 44 33 22 33

1010 66 66 55 5.65.6

1515 1111 1212 1111 11.311.3

2020 1313 1414 1414 13.713.7

2525 1616 1515 1616 15.715.7

3030 2121 2020 2121 20.720.7

Sample Question #3 and #4Sample Question #3 and #43. How many players 3. How many players

on the team have a on the team have a batting average batting average between .300 between .300 - .399?- .399?

a. 1a. 1b. 5b. 5c. 7c. 7d. 9d. 9

4. Approximately how 4. Approximately how many players are on the many players are on the team?team?

a. 15a. 15b. 25b. 25c. 30c. 30d. 35d. 35

Sample Question #5 and #6Sample Question #5 and #65. If the same ball used in the 5. If the same ball used in the

experiment were to be experiment were to be dropped from a height of 40 dropped from a height of 40 cm what would you expect the cm what would you expect the approximate height of the approximate height of the bounce to be?bounce to be?

a.a. 20 cm 20 cm

b.b. 30 cm 30 cm

c.c. 38 cm 38 cm

d.d. 44 cm 44 cm

6. If the ball were to be 6. If the ball were to be dropped from 18 cm, dropped from 18 cm,

which of the following which of the following would be the best would be the best

approximation of its approximation of its bounce height? bounce height?

a.a. 8 cm 8 cm

b.b. 10 cm 10 cm

c.c. 13 cm 13 cm

d.d. 18 cm18 cm

Sample Question #7 and #8Sample Question #7 and #87. Who is the 3rd largest land 7. Who is the 3rd largest land

owner in the state of owner in the state of Nevada? Nevada?

a. State Lands a. State Lands

b. US Dept of Agriculture b. US Dept of Agriculture

c. US Dept of Defense c. US Dept of Defense

d. US Dept of Interior d. US Dept of Interior

8. Approximately how much of the 8. Approximately how much of the land in Nevada is owned by the land in Nevada is owned by the federal government? federal government?

a. 74% a. 74%

b. 12% b. 12%

c. 87% c. 87%

d. 2%d. 2%

The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method

• There is not ONE Scientific Method and it is NOT There is not ONE Scientific Method and it is NOT a sequence of steps to be completed.a sequence of steps to be completed.

• OBSERVATION – see some phenomena in natureOBSERVATION – see some phenomena in nature

• HYPOTHESIS – a testable statement to explain HYPOTHESIS – a testable statement to explain the observationsthe observations

• PREDICTION – if the hypothesis is true, a PREDICTION – if the hypothesis is true, a statement describing the results of an statement describing the results of an experimentexperiment

• EXPERIMENT – to test hypothesis and predictionEXPERIMENT – to test hypothesis and prediction

• ANALYSIS & CONCLUSIONANALYSIS & CONCLUSION

• PEER REVIEWPEER REVIEW

Science Processes are Dynamic Science Processes are Dynamic and interactive:and interactive:

Sample Question #1Sample Question #11.  In her laboratory journal, Kayla enters 1.  In her laboratory journal, Kayla enters

the following information: “Some mold the following information: “Some mold growth was seen on the agar plate that growth was seen on the agar plate that was streaked with bacteria three days was streaked with bacteria three days ago.  Bacterial colonies were observed ago.  Bacterial colonies were observed on the plate, but the area surrounding on the plate, but the area surrounding the mold did not show any bacteria.”  the mold did not show any bacteria.”  Which of the following describes Kayla’s Which of the following describes Kayla’s journal entry?journal entry?

a. Predictiona. Predictionb. Observationb. Observationc. Conclusionc. Conclusiond. Hypothesisd. Hypothesis

Sample Question #2Sample Question #22.  Observe the following 2.  Observe the following

diagram, which is taken diagram, which is taken from one of Charles from one of Charles Darwin’s notebooks.  The Darwin’s notebooks.  The words “I think” can be seen words “I think” can be seen at the top of the page and a at the top of the page and a branching diagram is branching diagram is shown.  shown. 

The words “I think” represent The words “I think” represent a permanent documentation a permanent documentation of one of Darwin’s of one of Darwin’s

a. Hypothesesa. Hypothesesb. Questionsb. Questionsc. Observationsc. Observationsd. Lawsd. Laws

Repeated Experimentation, Repeated Experimentation, Statistics, and Unbiased Statistics, and Unbiased ConclusionsConclusions• AccuracyAccuracy is the correctness of a measured or is the correctness of a measured or

calculated quantity to its actual (true) value. calculated quantity to its actual (true) value. In scientific investigations, oftentimes the In scientific investigations, oftentimes the accuracy of the experiment is presented as a accuracy of the experiment is presented as a percent error through the following equation:percent error through the following equation:

•

• PrecisionPrecision is the degree to which repeated is the degree to which repeated measurements of the same quantity yield the measurements of the same quantity yield the same or similar results (often referred to as same or similar results (often referred to as reproducibility or repeatability of the reproducibility or repeatability of the measurement)measurement)..

Describe these Dartboard Describe these Dartboard shots in terms of accuracy and shots in terms of accuracy and precision.precision.

Describe these Dartboard Describe these Dartboard shots in terms of accuracy and shots in terms of accuracy and precision.precision.

Neither Neither precise nor precise nor accurateaccurate

Precise, not Precise, not accurateaccurate

Accurate, Accurate, not precisenot precise

Precise and Precise and accurateaccurate

Repeated Experimentation allows Repeated Experimentation allows Scientists to be precise and Scientists to be precise and accurate.accurate.

• Consider: If you were trying to Consider: If you were trying to determine how long it takes for an egg determine how long it takes for an egg to fall from 10 m above the ground, to fall from 10 m above the ground, which would allow for you be more which would allow for you be more accurate and precise, allowing you accurate and precise, allowing you time the fall once or allowing you to time the fall once or allowing you to time multiple trials and average the time multiple trials and average the results.results.

Sample Question #1 and #2Sample Question #1 and #21. A student measures the length of a pendulum three 1. A student measures the length of a pendulum three

times. The measurements were 1.42 meters, 1.43 times. The measurements were 1.42 meters, 1.43 meters, and 1.45 meters.  The actual length of the meters, and 1.45 meters.  The actual length of the pendulum was 1.89 meters. What can be said about pendulum was 1.89 meters. What can be said about these measurements?these measurements?a. the measurements are accuratea. the measurements are accurateb. the measurements are preciseb. the measurements are precisec. the measurements are both accurate and precisec. the measurements are both accurate and precised. the measurements are neither accurate nor precised. the measurements are neither accurate nor precise

2. What makes a scientific explanation different from a 2. What makes a scientific explanation different from a non-scientific explanation?non-scientific explanation?a. scientific explanations are based on assumptionsa. scientific explanations are based on assumptionsb. scientific explanations are predictableb. scientific explanations are predictablec. scientific explanations cannot be changedc. scientific explanations cannot be changedd. scientific explanations are testable d. scientific explanations are testable

Sample Question #3 and #4Sample Question #3 and #43. Students conduct a laboratory investigation to determine the 3. Students conduct a laboratory investigation to determine the

acceleration due to Earth’s gravity (acceleration due to Earth’s gravity (gg).  They calculate ).  They calculate gg to be to be 8.0 m/s8.0 m/s22. The actual (true) acceleration due to Earth’s gravity is . The actual (true) acceleration due to Earth’s gravity is 9.8 m/s9.8 m/s22. What is the percent error for their experiment?. What is the percent error for their experiment?a. 7.0%      a. 7.0%      b. 15%                   b. 15%                   c. 18%                   c. 18%                   d. 23%d. 23%

4. In August 2006, the International Astronomical Union removed 4. In August 2006, the International Astronomical Union removed Pluto’s status as a planet and named it a dwarf planet. What Pluto’s status as a planet and named it a dwarf planet. What prompted the reclassification of Pluto?prompted the reclassification of Pluto?a. A new telescope introduced in 2006 allowed scientists to see a a. A new telescope introduced in 2006 allowed scientists to see a better view of Pluto.better view of Pluto.b. Scientists based their decision on known data from Pluto and other b. Scientists based their decision on known data from Pluto and other objects in the solar system.objects in the solar system.c. A manned mission to Pluto provided evidence to make it a dwarf c. A manned mission to Pluto provided evidence to make it a dwarf planet.planet.d. Scientists were biased to make the solar system have ten planets.d. Scientists were biased to make the solar system have ten planets.

Sample Question #5 and #6Sample Question #5 and #6

5. Scientists publish the details of important experiments so 5. Scientists publish the details of important experiments so thatthata. their work can be repeated.a. their work can be repeated.b. their experimental procedures can be reviewed.b. their experimental procedures can be reviewed.c. others can try to reproduce the results.c. others can try to reproduce the results.d. all of the aboved. all of the above

6. Scientists have observed data that shows the average 6. Scientists have observed data that shows the average temperature of the Earth has risen over the past century. temperature of the Earth has risen over the past century. However, there is a debate among some scientists if the However, there is a debate among some scientists if the temperature rise is caused by human activity or natural temperature rise is caused by human activity or natural climate change. What is the source of the global warming climate change. What is the source of the global warming debate?debate?a. Errors in the data collection process. a. Errors in the data collection process. b. Political bias among scientists and their position.b. Political bias among scientists and their position.c. Different interpretations of the same data.c. Different interpretations of the same data.d. Failure of some scientists to publish their data.d. Failure of some scientists to publish their data.

Models and PredictionsModels and Predictions• Working Models – hypothesis is refined Working Models – hypothesis is refined

through experimentation and data analysisthrough experimentation and data analysis

• Representational Models – maps, diagrams, Representational Models – maps, diagrams, physical models, and mathematical modelsphysical models, and mathematical models

• Models can be changedModels can be changed

• There is not just one correct model for a There is not just one correct model for a concept.concept.

• Models can be used to make predictions, but Models can be used to make predictions, but these predictions are not always accurate.these predictions are not always accurate.

Sample Question #1 and #2Sample Question #1 and #21.  The model below is set up to show 1.  The model below is set up to show

how a lunar eclipse occurs. What is how a lunar eclipse occurs. What is the greatest limitation of this model?the greatest limitation of this model?

a.  The light bulb is standing straight up a.  The light bulb is standing straight up instead of tilted on an axis.instead of tilted on an axis.b.  Comparative sizes and distances are b.  Comparative sizes and distances are inaccurateinaccuratec.  The shadow is being cast in the wrong c.  The shadow is being cast in the wrong directiondirectiond.  The heat released is much less than d.  The heat released is much less than that released by the sun.that released by the sun.

2. Which of the following is 2. Which of the following is notnot a reason for using models in a reason for using models in science?science?a.  Visualize objects too small, large, or distant to seea.  Visualize objects too small, large, or distant to seeb.  Predict cause and effect relationshipsb.  Predict cause and effect relationshipsc.  Provide a working hypothesisc.  Provide a working hypothesisd.  To construct a final representation of object studiedd.  To construct a final representation of object studied

Sample Question #3 and #4Sample Question #3 and #43.  If the Corn and Oats 3.  If the Corn and Oats

were removed from were removed from the food web, which the food web, which of the following will of the following will be be mostmost affected? affected?a.  mice and ratsa.  mice and ratsb.  hawks and owlsb.  hawks and owlsc.  snakes and raccoonsc.  snakes and raccoonsd.  grasshoppers and d.  grasshoppers and crickets crickets

4. 4. Which of the following statements is false?  All models must                                              a.  be accepted by all scientists working in fieldb.  be supported by experimental datac.  evolve as new data is analyzedd.  show relationships between component

Schema and RelationshipsSchema and Relationships• All fields of science utilize classification All fields of science utilize classification

schema.schema.• This allows scientists to identify patterns within This allows scientists to identify patterns within

a data set, allows for extrapolation, and a data set, allows for extrapolation, and facilitates communication of results within the facilitates communication of results within the framework of a defined classification system.framework of a defined classification system.

• Classification schema can be changed to allow Classification schema can be changed to allow for addition of newly discovered items and for addition of newly discovered items and relationshipsrelationships

• Examples of Schema – domains of life, periodic Examples of Schema – domains of life, periodic table, electromagnetic spectrumtable, electromagnetic spectrum

Sample Question Sample Question #1#11. Keys are used by 1. Keys are used by biologists to accurately biologists to accurately classify unknown organisms classify unknown organisms such as the unidentified such as the unidentified female mosquito shown in female mosquito shown in the diagram below.  These the diagram below.  These keys are designed to keys are designed to categorize organisms categorize organisms according to structural according to structural characteristics.  The key characteristics.  The key shows various shows various characteristics used to characteristics used to identify the difference identify the difference between between AnophelesAnopheles, , DeinoceritesDeinocerites, , CulexCulex, , PsorophoroPsorophoro and and AedesAedes mosquitoes.  mosquitoes.  According to the key, which According to the key, which characteristic distinguishes characteristic distinguishes a male from a female a male from a female mosquito?mosquito?a.  antennae a.  antennae appearance            appearance            b.  palp lengthb.  palp lengthc.  leg scalesc.  leg scalesd.  abdomen pointsd.  abdomen points

Sample Question #2 and #3Sample Question #2 and #3

3. The geologic cross sections below represent bedrock from 3. The geologic cross sections below represent bedrock from different areas in Earth.different areas in Earth.

Organizing information in a meaningful way, such as Organizing information in a meaningful way, such as grouping these cross sections, is an example ofgrouping these cross sections, is an example ofa.  classificationa.  classificationb.  predictionb.  predictionc.  observation                                              c.  observation                                              d.  measurementd.  measurement

2. Which group of terms is in the correct order from the most 2. Which group of terms is in the correct order from the most general to most specific when classifying organisms?general to most specific when classifying organisms?a.  kingdom, phylum, genus, speciesa.  kingdom, phylum, genus, speciesb.  species, phylum, genus, kingdomb.  species, phylum, genus, kingdomc.  genus, species, kingdom, phylumc.  genus, species, kingdom, phylumd.  phylum, kingdom, species, genus d.  phylum, kingdom, species, genus

Sample Question #4 and #5Sample Question #4 and #5

5. Which statement best illustrates a classification 5. Which statement best illustrates a classification system?system?a. A glacier melts at the rate of one meter per year.a. A glacier melts at the rate of one meter per year.b. Ocean depths are measured by using sonar.b. Ocean depths are measured by using sonar.c. Snowfall predictions for winter storms vary.c. Snowfall predictions for winter storms vary.d. Stars are grouped according to their color.d. Stars are grouped according to their color.

4. A student is given a set of objects and is asked 4. A student is given a set of objects and is asked to construct a classification scheme to explain the to construct a classification scheme to explain the relationship between the objects.   A classification relationship between the objects.   A classification system should be based on system should be based on a. Interpretationsa. Interpretationsb. Observationsb. Observationsc. Hypothesesc. Hypothesesd. Inferencesd. Inferences

Sample Question #6Sample Question #6

6. Which property was probably used to classify 6. Which property was probably used to classify the substances below?the substances below?

Group AGroup A Group BGroup B Group CGroup CWaterWater aluminum aluminum water water

vaporvaporGasolineGasoline ice ice airairAlcoholAlcohol iron iron oxygenoxygen

a. Abundance within the Eartha. Abundance within the Earthb. Specific heatb. Specific heatc. State (phase) of matterc. State (phase) of matterd. Chemical compositiond. Chemical composition

Lab SafetyLab Safety

• Lab safety is about common senseLab safety is about common sense

• If chemicals are used in the If chemicals are used in the laboratory, Materials Safety Data laboratory, Materials Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) should be posted or Sheets (MSDS) should be posted or kept in a clearly marked binderkept in a clearly marked binder

• Science Investigations are safe when Science Investigations are safe when performed with proper precautionsperformed with proper precautions

Sample Question #1 and #2Sample Question #1 and #21. What is the correct procedure to follow if a 1. What is the correct procedure to follow if a chemical is spilled?chemical is spilled?a. Move away from the spill and advise the teacher of the a. Move away from the spill and advise the teacher of the spill.spill.b. Immediately begin cleaning the spill with cloth or paper b. Immediately begin cleaning the spill with cloth or paper towels.towels.c. Immediately splash large amounts of water on the spill.c. Immediately splash large amounts of water on the spill.d. Immediately pour any available dry product, such as d. Immediately pour any available dry product, such as sand, on the spill. sand, on the spill.

2. Which of the following is a correct laboratory 2. Which of the following is a correct laboratory procedure?procedure?a. Place heated glassware on countertops away from the a. Place heated glassware on countertops away from the edge.edge.b. Hold dissecting specimens tightly in your hand when b. Hold dissecting specimens tightly in your hand when cutting with a scalpel.cutting with a scalpel.c. Wear protective gloves when handling live or dead c. Wear protective gloves when handling live or dead organisms.organisms.d. Pour excess chemicals back into the original container.d. Pour excess chemicals back into the original container.

Sample Question #3 and #4Sample Question #3 and #43. At your laboratory station, you find chemicals 3. At your laboratory station, you find chemicals from which the label has been removed. Which of from which the label has been removed. Which of the following should you do? the following should you do? a. Look inside in order to identify the chemical.a. Look inside in order to identify the chemical.b. Sniff the chemical to help identify it.b. Sniff the chemical to help identify it.c. Carefully dispose of the bottle in the trash.c. Carefully dispose of the bottle in the trash.d. Alert your teacher and do not handle the d. Alert your teacher and do not handle the chemical. chemical.

4. In the laboratory, a piece of electrical equipment 4. In the laboratory, a piece of electrical equipment needed for the experiment has a frayed wire. Which needed for the experiment has a frayed wire. Which of the following should you do?of the following should you do?a. Use the equipment if sparks are not shooting from a. Use the equipment if sparks are not shooting from the wire.the wire.b. Ensure the equipment is turned off and alert your b. Ensure the equipment is turned off and alert your teacher.teacher.c. Repair the frayed wire and then use the c. Repair the frayed wire and then use the equipment.equipment.d. Test the voltage in the wire using a multimeter.d. Test the voltage in the wire using a multimeter.

Sample Question #5 and #6Sample Question #5 and #6

5. You are working with chemicals and/or biological 5. You are working with chemicals and/or biological specimens in your science laboratory. Which of these specimens in your science laboratory. Which of these is best for you to do before leaving the laboratory?is best for you to do before leaving the laboratory?a. Rinse hands with water.a. Rinse hands with water.b. Wash hands with soap and water.b. Wash hands with soap and water.c. Treat hands with antibacterial lotion.c. Treat hands with antibacterial lotion.d. Wipe hands with paper towels.d. Wipe hands with paper towels.

6. If you are hurt (cut, burned, etc.), you should 6. If you are hurt (cut, burned, etc.), you should a. Immediately notify the school nurse. a. Immediately notify the school nurse. b. Immediately notify your lab partners.b. Immediately notify your lab partners.c. Immediately notify your teacher. c. Immediately notify your teacher. d. Contact the doctor after school.d. Contact the doctor after school.

Sample Question #7 and #8Sample Question #7 and #87. A chemical that you are using in a laboratory 7. A chemical that you are using in a laboratory experiment has the following safety label.experiment has the following safety label.This chemical should NEVER be used or dispensed nearThis chemical should NEVER be used or dispensed neara. An open doora. An open doorb. Another studentb. Another studentc. An electrical outletc. An electrical outletd. An open flamed. An open flame

8. Your and your lab partner have developed a scientific hypothesis and 8. Your and your lab partner have developed a scientific hypothesis and presented the idea to your teacher. Your teacher likes your idea and has presented the idea to your teacher. Your teacher likes your idea and has now asked you to develop an experiment to test your hypothesis. When now asked you to develop an experiment to test your hypothesis. When developing your laboratory procedures, you shoulddeveloping your laboratory procedures, you shoulda. Develop and include safety procedures for the experiment, which should a. Develop and include safety procedures for the experiment, which should be checked with your teacher prior to conducting the experiment.be checked with your teacher prior to conducting the experiment.b. Not be concerned with developing safety procedures because your b. Not be concerned with developing safety procedures because your teacher has already quizzed you on these at the beginning of the year.teacher has already quizzed you on these at the beginning of the year.c. Have an idea about what the safety concerns are while conducting the c. Have an idea about what the safety concerns are while conducting the experiment, but not list them in your experimental procedures.experiment, but not list them in your experimental procedures.d. Understand that safety is not a concern for every experiment and that d. Understand that safety is not a concern for every experiment and that safety procedures should only be listed for experiments that involve safety procedures should only be listed for experiments that involve chemicals.chemicals.

Science, Technology and Science, Technology and SocietySociety• Science, technology, and society Science, technology, and society

influence one another in both influence one another in both positive and negative wayspositive and negative ways

• Resource Consumption and SocietyResource Consumption and Society

• Science and EthicsScience and Ethics

• Scientific Knowledge builds on Scientific Knowledge builds on previous knowledgeprevious knowledge

How has Science, How has Science, Technology, and Society Technology, and Society Influenced one another in a Influenced one another in a POSITIVE way?POSITIVE way?

How has Science, How has Science, Technology, and Society Technology, and Society Influenced one another in a Influenced one another in a NEGATIVE way?NEGATIVE way?

Is there always a right or Is there always a right or wrong answer to any wrong answer to any question about science?question about science?

We often think about how We often think about how society affects science and society affects science and technology, but how can technology, but how can science and technology science and technology affect society?affect society?

Sample Question #1 and #2Sample Question #1 and #21.  When deciding whether or not to implement a new technology 1.  When deciding whether or not to implement a new technology the affected society must always          the affected society must always          a. weigh the costs and benefits of the new technology.a. weigh the costs and benefits of the new technology.b. make a decision based on what the majority of the people in the b. make a decision based on what the majority of the people in the specific sector of society says.specific sector of society says.c. use the most cost effective form of technology available to them c. use the most cost effective form of technology available to them at the time.at the time.d. run sufficient safety tests on the technology to make sure that no d. run sufficient safety tests on the technology to make sure that no organisms will be harmed. organisms will be harmed.

2.  Science, technology, and society affect each other in both 2.  Science, technology, and society affect each other in both positive and negative ways. One example of the positive influence of positive and negative ways. One example of the positive influence of science on society was the discovery of antibiotics.  This same science on society was the discovery of antibiotics.  This same discovery, however has led to negative consequences.  Which of the discovery, however has led to negative consequences.  Which of the following best describes the negative affect that antibiotics has had following best describes the negative affect that antibiotics has had on society?on society?a. The extensive use of antibiotics has led to the evolution of dangerous a. The extensive use of antibiotics has led to the evolution of dangerous resistant strains of bacteria.resistant strains of bacteria.b. The extensive use of antibiotics has caused several forms of new cancers b. The extensive use of antibiotics has caused several forms of new cancers to develop.to develop.c. The use of antibiotics in consumer products has led to increased obesity in c. The use of antibiotics in consumer products has led to increased obesity in humans. humans. d. The increased use of antibiotics caused an over-abundance of medical d. The increased use of antibiotics caused an over-abundance of medical professionals. professionals.

How do Countries vary in How do Countries vary in ecological impact?ecological impact?• What are hidden costs?What are hidden costs?• What are consumptive patterns?What are consumptive patterns?• What is sustainability?What is sustainability?• What is the greenhouse effect?What is the greenhouse effect?• What is the difference between a What is the difference between a

renewable resource, non-renewable renewable resource, non-renewable resource, and limiting resource?resource, and limiting resource?

• What is a ecological footprint? (US What is a ecological footprint? (US citizen 24 acres)citizen 24 acres)

Ecological Footprint QuizEcological Footprint Quiz

• http://http://www.myfootprint.orgwww.myfootprint.org//

Sample Question #1, #2 and Sample Question #1, #2 and #3#3

1.1. Which of the following would be considered a non-sustainable Which of the following would be considered a non-sustainable practice?practice?a. using solar energya. using solar energyb. mining for goldb. mining for goldc. recycling glassc. recycling glassd. eating red meat once a weekd. eating red meat once a week

2. The average human consumes 2000 kcal of food. What is the 2. The average human consumes 2000 kcal of food. What is the approximate equivalent of this in kilowatts? (hint: 1.0 kwatts is approximate equivalent of this in kilowatts? (hint: 1.0 kwatts is equivalent to 13,543 kcal) equivalent to 13,543 kcal) a. 0.02 kilowattsa. 0.02 kilowattsb. 0.2 kilowattsb. 0.2 kilowattsc. 2.0 kilowattsc. 2.0 kilowattsd. 20 kilowattsd. 20 kilowatts

3. Compared to a hunter/gatherer society, energy consumption in an 3. Compared to a hunter/gatherer society, energy consumption in an industrial society is industrial society is a. 5 times highera. 5 times higherb. 15 times higherb. 15 times higherc. 50 times higherc. 50 times higherd. 100 times higherd. 100 times higher

Ethics and ScienceEthics and Science

• What’s the difference between What’s the difference between morals and ethics?morals and ethics?

• How should/do ethics and science How should/do ethics and science relate to one another?relate to one another?

• How do emotions relate to all these How do emotions relate to all these concepts?concepts?

Sample Sample QuestioQuestion #1n #1

1.1. The accompanying graphic is from a study of the distribution of The accompanying graphic is from a study of the distribution of ethical issues in APS publications from 1996 through 2004. ethical issues in APS publications from 1996 through 2004. According to the graphic, the major ethical infraction during that According to the graphic, the major ethical infraction during that time was:time was:a. Conflicts of Interesta. Conflicts of Interestb. Plagiarism b. Plagiarism c. Authors Disputes (disputes and conflicts over who qualifies for c. Authors Disputes (disputes and conflicts over who qualifies for authorship)authorship)d. Redundant Publications (republishing of a part or parts of an d. Redundant Publications (republishing of a part or parts of an already published article)already published article)

Sample Question #2, #3 and Sample Question #2, #3 and #4#4

2. “That which is known and has been developed in science based on 2. “That which is known and has been developed in science based on cumulative knowledge collected from historic times up to and cumulative knowledge collected from historic times up to and including present day” serves as the definition of:including present day” serves as the definition of:a. scientific lawa. scientific law b. scientific enterpriseb. scientific enterprisec. scientific theoryc. scientific theory d. scientific ethicsd. scientific ethics

3. The 3. The knowledgeknowledge gained through scientific discovery is: gained through scientific discovery is:a. amoral a. amoral b. immoral b. immoral c. moralc. moral d. all of the aboved. all of the above

4. Of the following, which 4. Of the following, which oneone would constitute scientifically would constitute scientifically unethical behavior? A scientist:unethical behavior? A scientist:a. purposely releases a virus which causes sterility in individuals a. purposely releases a virus which causes sterility in individuals with genetic disorderswith genetic disordersb. discovers a methods to successfully clone mammals, including b. discovers a methods to successfully clone mammals, including humanshumansc. publishes information describing which radioactive substances c. publishes information describing which radioactive substances are deadliest to humansare deadliest to humansd. realizes s/he made an error in experimental design, then makes d. realizes s/he made an error in experimental design, then makes public this erropublic this errorr

Science is a ProcessScience is a Process

• What does this quote What does this quote mean?mean?

““If I have seen further If I have seen further [than certain other [than certain other

men] it is by men] it is by standing upon the standing upon the

shoulders of shoulders of giants.“giants.“

~Sir. Isaac Newton~~Sir. Isaac Newton~

True or FalseTrue or False

• Scientific Laws or Theories do not Scientific Laws or Theories do not change.change.– FALSEFALSE

• Science is purely objective.Science is purely objective.– FALSEFALSE

• Scientific Knowledge is unchanging.Scientific Knowledge is unchanging.– FALSEFALSE

• Scientific discoveries are always a result Scientific discoveries are always a result of planned experimentsof planned experiments– FALSEFALSE

Sample Question #1Sample Question #1

1.1. Which statement below would best describe the Which statement below would best describe the process of science?process of science?a. Scientists are objective and free of prejudice.a. Scientists are objective and free of prejudice.b. Scientists generally discover new ideas b. Scientists generally discover new ideas without the help of others.without the help of others.c. Scientific ideas evolve or change over time.c. Scientific ideas evolve or change over time.d. New ideas in science generally result of d. New ideas in science generally result of planned experiments.planned experiments.