1 GM 2018 Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 6 Term 1 Contents Unit 1 – Photosynthesis: Plants and food.......................................................................................................... 5 Unit 2: Plants and Air ....................................................................................................................................... 10 Unit 3 – Nutrients in food: Food groups.......................................................................................................... 12 Unit 4 – Nutrition............................................................................................................................................. 18 Unit 5: Food processing ................................................................................................................................... 24 Unit 6: Methods for food processing .............................................................................................................. 26 Unit 7: What is an ecosystem? ........................................................................................................................ 29 Unit 8: Ecosystems and food webs.................................................................................................................. 32 Unit 9: Food webs............................................................................................................................................ 34
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GM 2018
Natural Sciences and Technology Grade 6 Term 1
Contents Unit 1 – Photosynthesis: Plants and food .......................................................................................................... 5
Unit 2: Plants and Air ....................................................................................................................................... 10
Unit 3 – Nutrients in food: Food groups .......................................................................................................... 12
Unit 4 – Nutrition ............................................................................................................................................. 18
Unit 5: Food processing ................................................................................................................................... 24
Unit 6: Methods for food processing .............................................................................................................. 26
Unit 7: What is an ecosystem? ........................................................................................................................ 29
Unit 8: Ecosystems and food webs .................................................................................................................. 32
Unit 9: Food webs ............................................................................................................................................ 34
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Natural Science: The Scientific Method Use this format to follow the scientific method for your experiments
Question to investigate What will my experiment answer? __________________________________
Evaluate Does my product work properly? [ ] Yes [ ] No
Does my product look like my drawing? [ ] Yes [ ] No
How can I make my product better? __________________________________________
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GM 2018
Natural Sciences & Technology Grade 6 Term 1
Strand 1 Natural Sciences: Life and Living
Technology: Processing
Plants make food that we eat and put oxygen into the air that we breathe. We would not be
able to live without plants and the same for animals.
Photosynthesis
Plants and food
Plants and air
Nutrients in food
Food groups
Nutrition
Balanced diets
Food processing
Need for food
processing
Methods for processing
food
Ecosystems and food
Different ecosystems
Living and non-living things in
ecosystems
Food webs
Live and Living and Processing
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Unit 1 – Photosynthesis: Plants and food
Lesson 1 The word photosynthesis is derived (comes from) from different words. The word ‘photo’ is
the Greek word for light and ‘synthesis’ is the Greek word for putting together.
Photosynthesis is the use of light to put things together.
The process by which plants make food is called photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis takes place mainly in the leaves of green plants.
All green plants contain a substance called chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll gives the leaves and other parts of the plant their
green colour. Chlorophyll, in the leaves, absorbs energy from
sunlight. The leaves are thin and flat, so the plant can easily
absorb the sunlight.
Plants also need other substances to make their food. Plants absorb a gas called carbon
dioxide, from the air, through their leaves. Plants absorb water through their roots.
During photosynthesis, plants use the energy from the sunlight, carbon dioxide gas from
the air and water to make glucose sugar. Plants also produce oxygen during
photosynthesis. Oxygen is a very important gas which living things need to stay alive.
How does photosynthesis occur?
Plants use chlorophyll, sunlight, water and carbon dioxide to make food.
1. Chlorophyll captures the sunlight energy.
2. This energy split the water into hydrogen and oxygen.
3. The oxygen is released into the air.
4. The hydrogen is used with the carbon dioxide to make glucose (sugars).
5. The sugars are moved from the leaves to other parts of the plants where they are
stored.
6. The water in the plant veins carries the sugars. When the sugars reach the storage
parts they are changed into starch.
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Plants can store the starch in these places:
Leaves (cabbage, spinach, lettuce)
Fruit (apples, banana, peaches)
Stems (sugar cane)
Seeds (wheat or mealies)
Flowers (broccoli and cauliflower)
Roots (carrots or beetroot)
Activity 1 – Draw and write about how plants make food 1. Draw a sunflower plant in your workbooks.
2. Add the following labels to your drawing:
roots
water
stem
leaves
flower
sunlight
carbon dioxide
oxygen
3. Draw arrows to show where the water, carbon dioxide and oxygen enter the plant.
4. Explain how a plant makes food, using your drawing as a guide.
Hint – Start your explanation at the roots
Vocabulary Photosynthesis A process through which plants make their own food from carbon
dioxide and water using light energy from the sun. Glucose A type of sugar used as an energy source for many living organisms. Chlorophyll A substance that makes plant green. Carbon dioxide A gas in the air that plants need for photosynthesis. Oxygen A gas in the air that living things need.
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Summary Plants make glucose sugar, mainly in their leaves, through a process called
photosynthesis. Plants use sunlight, carbon dioxide and water to make their food. Plants
change glucose to starch and store it in different parts of the plant. Starch changes iodine
solution from brown-yellow to blue-black.
=================================================================== Lesson 2 Plants store food as starch Plants make more glucose than they can immediately use. Plants change some of the
glucose sugar they make in their leaves into starch. The starch is the food that the plant
keeps in reserve. Plants store the starch in their leaves, stems, roots, flowers, fruits and
seeds. There is a lot of starch in potatoes, maize and grains like wheat.
Activity 2 Comparing sugar and starch Aim
- To compare the appearance, taste and solubility of glucose and starch.
Materials: You will need:
Glucose powder
Maize flour (maizena)
2 beakers of water
Teaspoons
Method Steps 1 – Look at the texture and colour of the glucose sugar
and the starch.
Step 2 – Taste the glucose sugar and the starch.
Step 3 – Stir a teaspoon of glucose sugar into a beaker of cold water.
Step 4 – Stir a teaspoon of starch into another beaker of cold water.
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Question – Describe how the glucose sugar and the starch are different in colour,
taste and solubility. Record your results in a table, like the one below.
Glucose Starch
Colour
Taste
Solubility
REMINDER: Work in groups of 5 or 6. Your teacher will provide the following items for Lesson 3
1. a small amount of cooked rice
2. 2 tablespoons of flour
3. a potato
4. a slice of bread
5. some cooking oil
6. a boiled egg
7. a piece of cheese
8. an apple
================================================================= Lesson 3 Testing foods for starch We will experiment to find out which foods contain starch.
Iodine solution can be used to test for starch.
Starch turns yellow/brown iodine solution to a blue /black colour.
Activity 3 Aim - To test different foods for starch.
If the food contains starch, the yellow/brown iodine will turn blue /black.
A small amount of cooked rice, flour, a potato, a slice of bread, some cooking oil,
a boiled egg, a piece of cheese and an apple
Method Steps 1 – Put a few drops of iodine on each piece of food
Step 2 – Check the colour of the iodine solution after 1 to 2 minutes.
Question – State which foods contain starch.
Draw the following table to record your results.
Food Contains starch Does not contain starch
================================================================ Lesson 4 Read the two case studies below and answer the questions that follow
Case Study 1
The mystery of the holes in the leaves
Many Delicious Monster leaves have holes in them. These holes form as the leaf develops. The leaves can then withstand strong winds without getting damaged. (Think about banners and flags that sometimes have slits in them which allow the wind to pass through the material without ripping it.) Another reason is so that the sunlight can pass through the leaves. This means that the big leaves at the top of the plant do not block out the sunlight for the leaves underneath.
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Activity 4 1) Explain, using your own words, why Delicious Monster plants have holes in their leaves.
2) List 3 important nutrients plants cannot make themselves.
New words: Starch – storage product in plant.
Solubility – ability to dissolve.
Nutrients – substances in food that are important for growth or good health.
Unit 2: Plants and Air Lesson 5 Plants play a very important role in keeping the amount of carbon dioxide and oxygen in
the Earth’s atmosphere constant.
During photosynthesis, plants use carbon dioxide from the air and give off or release
oxygen into the air.
All living organisms like humans and animals use the oxygen that the plants release.
We breathe in oxygen from the air around us. We breathe out carbon dioxide into the air.
Plants absorb this carbon dioxide for photosynthesis.
Did you know? If we plant more trees we can help fight pollution and global warming.
Case Study 2
Why do plants need fertiliser? If plants make their own food, then why do they need plant food or fertiliser? Plants need some nutrients that they cannot make themselves. The most important of these are nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus. Plants get these nutrients from the soil. The nutrients dissolve in the water and plants absorb the water and the nutrients through their roots.
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Do plants need oxygen?
What about plants? Do they breathe? Yes, they do. The correct term for this breathing is
‘respiration’. In darkness, plants only respire. In light (such as sunlight), plants respire and they carry out photosynthesis.
Some differences between respiration and photosynthesis
Respiration Photosynthesis It takes place in all living plant cells. It only takes place in cells that have chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll gives the cells a green colour.
It occurs in light and dark conditions. It only occurs in light.
Oxygen is used and carbon dioxide and water are
released.
Carbon Dioxide and water are used and Oxygen
is released.
How does this help human beings? Humans cannot produce oxygen and without oxygen, humans cannot survive. Carbon
Dioxide is a poisonous gas that, in large quantities, can kill human beings.
Respiration uses only a little oxygen and releases very little carbon dioxide.
Photosynthesis uses a lot of carbon dioxide and releases a lot of oxygen.
The relationship between these two processes means that plants create more oxygen than
they use and use more carbon dioxide than they release.
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Follow this link if you would like to learn more: https://ilovelearningscience.wordpress.com/2015/05/14/photosynthesis-vs-respiration/ Revision Activity: 1. Use the words in the blocks below to complete the sentences.
Carbon
dioxide
Oxygen Starch Sunlight Photosynthesis Water Leaves Glucose
a. A plant makes food in it’s ___________ through the process of ______________.
b. A plant uses the energy in ___________ as well as _____________ and
____________ to make ___________ which can be changed into _____________
and stored.
c. A plant gives off ____________ into the air which is used by people and animals.
2. What is photosynthesis?
3. Where does photosynthesis in the plant mainly take place?
4. Explain why it takes place there.
5. Name three things that plants need from their environment for photosynthesis to take
place.
6. Plants store their food as what?
Summary Plants use up carbon dioxide and give off oxygen during photosynthesis. Animals and
humans breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.
Vitamins and minerals Vitamins and minerals work together with carbohydrates, proteins and fats to help our
bodies grow and develop normally.
Our bodies need vitamins and minerals to help us build strong teeth and bones, have good eyesight and a healthy immune system. The immune system fights germs and stops us from getting sick.
Activity 7 Draw a table with two columns, in your workbooks.
Sort the following foods into carbohydrates or proteins:
You can draw examples of the different foods or use pictures from magazines.
Vocabulary Nutrients The important parts of food needed by the body for energy and good
health. Diet The different foods a person or animal eats. Food groups The main types of food. Immune system The system in the body that protects it from diseases and germs. Insulation The ways or things that protect prevent loss of heat or cold.
C Helps fight infections Green vegetables, oranges, guavas
D Helps makes strong bones Margarine, eggs, our bodies make
vitamin D when we are exposed to
sunlight.
E Protects the skin Spinach and other green leafy
vegetables, carrots, avocado pears,
butter
K Helps to stop bleeding Spinach, broccoli and other dark green
vegetables
Important minerals
Mineral Function Foods that contain the vitamin
Calcium Makes teeth and bones strong Dairy foods such as milk, yoghurt,
cheese and green leafy vegetables
Iron Helps make red blood cell which carry
oxygen around your body and gives
you energy.
Red meat, green leafy vegetables,
beans
Zinc Helps you grow Meat, fish and poultry
REMINDER Bring a variety of food labels or packaging (can foods, cereals, pasta, etc.) for lesson 10 and lesson 11 ====================================================================
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Lesson 7 Food additives Most food that comes in a package such as a tin, bottle, box or
sealed plastic packet, is processed food. Most processed or
manufactured foods have added salt (sodium) and sugar as well
as other food additives such as preservatives, flavourants and
colorants.
Flavourants – and MSG (flavour enhancer) which improve the taste
Preservatives – (sodium nitrite and sodium nitrate) makes food last longer
Colorants – makes food look appetising or good enough to eat.
Activity 8 What are E numbers? E numbers are codes for chemicals that can be used as food additives.
Many food additives have E numbers.
E 100 – 199 are colorants
E 200 – 299 are preservatives
E 600 – 699 are flavouring
Tartrazine, a yellow colorant, is also called E102. Look for E numbers on packets of jelly,
puddings, sweets and chips.
Sulphur dioxide is also called E220. It is a common preservative in fruit juices and dried
fruit.
Monosodium glutamate (MSG) is a savoury flavourant also known as E621
Activity 13 Read the following case study and answer the following questions about Natalie’s diet.
Natalie’s diet Natalie is a 12 year old girl and she is in Grade 6.
This is what she ate yesterday. It is similar to what she eats every day.
Do you think that she is eating a balanced diet?
Breakfast Lunch Supper Toast and jam Bread roll with ham Chips and burger
1. List the items Natalie ate for breakfast, lunch and supper.
2. List the food groups that are missing from each meal.
3. Work out which is the most important missing food group for each meal.
Add one food item to each meal to improve Natasha’s diet.
4. Suggest two healthy meal options for Natalie’s breakfast, lunch and supper.
(Refer to the traffic light diet)
==================================================================== Lesson 14 Diseases related to diet What you eat is important for your health, especially as you grow older.
Some diseases are the result of a poor diet.
Other diseases can be managed by a good diet.
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Tooth decay Tooth decay is caused by bacteria (germs) that feed on
sugars on your teeth. The bacteria make acids that
cause holes (cavities) in your teeth. If you eat a lot of
sugary food you increase your chances of tooth decay.
Diabetes Diabetes is a condition of high blood sugar. Some people are born with diabetes.
Type 2 diabetes can be caused by eating too many sugary foods and drinking too many
fizzy sweet drinks. People with diabetes have to be very careful about what they eat.
They have to inject themselves with insulin in order to keep their blood sugar levels
correct.
Obesity Obesity is the condition of being unhealthily overweight. It is
caused by eating too much food (especially food high in
sugars and fats) as well as doing too little exercise.
Obesity can lead to disease like:
Diabetes (often caused by eating too much sugar)
Heart disease (often caused by eating too much fat)
Hypertension or high blood pressure
Activity 14 Researching diet-related diseases Create an information poster by researching the following:
1) Research one of the following diseases to identify the food that causes it.
Research the disease to identify which lack of food, vitamin or mineral causes it.
Beriberi
Pellagra
Scurvy
Rickets
Goitre
Osteoporosis
Kwashiorkor
Vocabulary Evaluate To look at the facts carefully and form your own conclusion. Diabetes A disease in which the body cannot control blood sugar levels. Obesity To be extremely overweight. Kwashiorkor A form of malnutrition caused by too little protein in the diet.
• Cooking involves heat. It includes methods such as boiling, baking, steaming, roasting and frying.
Activity 16 Identify some methods of food processing Research and identify the difference between boiling, baking, steaming, roasting, toasting and
frying.
Design a poster to present your information. Ways of preserving food. Food does not last long before going rotten. It goes stale, or it spoils as moulds and bacteria start
to grow on it and break it down. Treating food to make it last longer is called preserving. Food is
often processed to preserve it, or make it last longer. Heating (cooking) kills bacteria. Freezing,
pickling, drying or salting (adding lots of salt) stops bacteria from growing on the food. Pickling is
the process of preserving food in salt water or vinegar. (Salt water is called brine)
Did you know? Pasteurisation is the process of heating milk to make it last longer. It was invented by French scientist Louis Pasteur.
Ways of preserving food.
Hot and spicy atchar
Atchar is a South African Indian relish that is made with green mangoes and chillies.
The name comes from the Hindi word for pickle - atchar.
Unit 7: What is an ecosystem? Lesson 17 An ecosystem is an area or habitat that contains living and non-living things.
The living and non-living things depend on each other in many different ways.
An ecosystem works like a smooth-running engine, provided people do not interfere with
or harm it.
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• The living things are plants, animals and micro-organisms, such as fungi, moulds and
bacteria.
• The non-living things are air, water, sunlight and soil. An ecosystem There are many different ecosystems, such as mountains, grasslands, forests, deserts,
rivers, ponds, wetlands, rocky shores and seas, which all support different kinds of living
things. This term, we will focus on two ecosystems: Rocky Shore and Desert.
Rocky shore ecosystems The rocky shore has a lot of wildlife. It is home to animals such as fish, crabs, jumping sea
lice and slow-moving anemones, sea urchins, sea snails and limpets. The rocky shore
ecosystem is also home to animals such as barnacles, limpets and sea anemones, and
plants such as seaweed. At high tide the rocks are covered by water and at low tide the
rocks are exposed to the Sun.
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The mussels and barnacles sieve (pronounced: siv) little bits of food from the water when
it washes over them. To protect themselves, they close their shells tightly shut when it is
dry. The limpets eat seaweed. They leave their shells to search for food. Sea birds, such
as seagulls and oysters catchers, catch and then crack open the mussels and limpets.
Activity 20 Draw and label a rocky shore ecosystem.