This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
Slide 1
Slide 2
Natural Resources Natural Resources are anything that people
can use that comes from nature. Gifts of Nature Examples: air,
water, wood, oil, solar energy, wind energy, coal, and other
minerals.
Slide 3
Renewable Resources Renewable Resources come back after we use
them They are used conservatively so they dont disappear completely
Examples: animals, trees and plants, water, solar and wind
energy
Slide 4
Nonrenewable Resources Nonrenewable Resources do not come back
or takes a long time to come back after we use them We need to
conserve nonrenewable resources because once they are gone, there
will not be any of them left! Examples: Coal, oil, natural gas,
many precious metals
Slide 5
Coal A black or dark-brown mineral that can be burned, is made
from carbon, and can be used as a fuel. There are several types of
coal, including: Peat: usually compressed vegetation, and
considered the ancient form of coal. Its highly absorbent and not
much used for burning. Lignite: Also known as brown coal. Its used
almost exclusively for fuel in power plants Bituminous: used as
fuel in steam-electric plants, and also an ingredient in making a
type of steel called coke Anthracite: Very dense and hard coal, and
mostly used for heating houses. Its the highest ranking coal
Graphite: Lowest rank. Hardly used for burning, and usually used in
pencils
Slide 6
Anthracite Coal A hard, shiny coal that has a high carbon
content. It is valued as a fuel because it burns with a clean flame
and without smoke or odor, but it is much less abundant than
bituminous coal. Primarily used for space heating in houses and
businesses Deposited in Pennsylvania. This is what the Pioneer
Tunnel and all other mines in Pennsylvania are famous for.
Slide 7
The Industrial Revolution Started in England, in 1760, and
spread internationally over the next fifty years. The transition
from hand tools to automated machines in the workplace and farming
to mass production. New inventions consisted of the power loom and
the steam engine. Many people moved to cities.
Slide 8
Coal veins Coal veins are a huge deposit of coal that can run
for miles and be many feet thick Miners build their room and pillar
mines into these to harvest the coal The most famous one in
Pennsylvania is the Centrailian coal vein, which was accidentally
set on fire in 1961 and still burns to this day.
Slide 9
Technologies Before electricity, all mining had to be done by
hand. Miners would have to physically cut out the chunks of coal
themselves, with things such as pickaxes and dynamite To haul the
coal out of the mine, they would load it into carriages drawn by
horses or mules, and a miner would have to lead them out Many
miners would either get stuck in collapsed mines or even suffocate
from the noxious fumes and dusts.
Slide 10
After electricity, and mostly used today, there are mechanized
cutting machines for the coal, instead of the dangerous tools used
before Instead of horse and carriage, they now use conveyor belts,
which safely carries out the coal Fans and ventilation are now
present, which tremendously cuts the amount of toxic dusts in the
air and constantly replenishes the miners with clean oxygen
Slide 11
Mining in Pennsylvania Mining in Pennsylvania has been active
since around the late 1700s The last half of the 1800s brought a
ton of business for mining, due to the need for coal to power
railroads bringing steel across Pennsylvania Why was mining
important? The bringing of the Industrial Revolution increased the
demand for fuel to power machines. Most of this fuel was coal
Slide 12
Mines Room and pillar mines are the most common type in
Pennsylvania Theyve been around since the late 1700s Basically,
theyre just how they sound: holes in the ground where coal is
thought to be, held up by wooden pillars so it doesnt collapse
Despite this, they were very dangerous and many collapses
occurred
Slide 13
Drift mines Drift mines dont necessarily have to go
underground. This type of mining is used when the coal can be cut
out, usually on the side of a hill Longwall mines Longwall mines
are where instead of small pieces and boulders of coal, the wall is
one big slice of coal. These panels can be hundreds of miles wide
and several miles long
Slide 14
Pioneer Tunnel: A History The Pioneer Tunnel resides in
Ashland, PA. It was named for the Pioneer Colliery. A colliery is a
coal-processing plant built near the head of the mine. Here the
coal is cleaned, screened, and sorted to make usable for households
In 1925, the Reading Railroad and mining company opened an new
surface mine along the Mammoth coal vein: where most of the coal
was extracted
Slide 15
Two years after this, another mine opened on the opposite side
of where digging was being done. Miners realized they needed this
area to deposit waste, or spoils, so they extended from the Mammoth
Vein to this new area. Around this time, tracks were laid down
around the outside of the hill, on which the coal could be taken by
train to where it needed to go. These trains were called steam
loakies
Slide 16
The mine remained active until 1931, and after its closing it
remained sealed and untouched for thirty years By the end of the
1950s, it was apparent the mine and engine used to haul the coal
was falling into history. The residents of Ashland scrambled to
find a use for the hole. Soon, the Borough Manager Emil R. Ermet
suggested that the Tunnel be used as a tourist attraction.
Excavation began soon after that. After digging through the
collapsed entrance, the mine was found to be in stable condition,
excluding two cave ins.
Slide 17
In May of 1963, the mine was reopened as a tourist attraction
where people could experience a real anthracite coal mine Two old
steam loakies were rescued from a Wilkes-Barre junkyard and
restored. These engines are still used. In 1992, the Pioneer Tunnel
greeted its millionth visitor.
Slide 18
In Its Day The Pioneer Tunnel isnt just a great tourist
attraction. It actually was very important to the residents around
it. The Tunnel was active in the early 1900s. It runs 1800 feet
into the side of the Mahanoy Mountain. From it tons and tons of
coal was collected. The coal used from the mine supported many of
the households and businesses in Ashland. Coal was the main source
of heat in this time, and without it Ashland and surrounding towns
may not have existed.
Slide 19
Why is the Pioneer Tunnel Important? The Pioneer Tunnel tour
holds many important historical features The attraction features a
tour in an actual mine, where the guides (usually a miner himself,
or a retired one) show how deep-mining was done, and elaborates on
technologies such as gangways, manways, and chutes. The Henry Clay
Loakie represents the transport of coal from one mine to another.
The tour even includes bootleg mines, where people would dig their
own mines to catch a quick buck
Slide 20
The Pioneer Tunnel keeps history alive through mine tours and
Loakie rides. The most important aspect of why the Pioneer Tunnel
is important is because it educates the future generations about
the importance of anthracite coal mining in our county.
Slide 21
Works Cited The Pioneer Tunnel
http://www.fieldtrip.com/pa/78753850.htm
http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/minres/districts/homepage/california/underg
round/pa%20mining%20history/pennsylvania_mining_history.htm
http://www.dep.state.pa.us/dep/deputate/minres/districts/homepage/california/underg
round/pa%20mining%20history/pennsylvania_mining_history.htm
http://library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00461/drift.htm
http://www.greatmining.com/drift-mining.html
http://ag.udel.edu/extension/renewresources/
http://www.wvcoal.com/201003011605/Mining-101/longwall-
underground-mining.html
http://www.wvcoal.com/201003011605/Mining-101/longwall-
underground-mining.html
http://www.pioneertunnel.com/home.shtml