Natural Resources Conservation and Management Past, Present, and Future MS LC Fort High School.

Natural Resources Natural Resources Conservation and Conservation and

ManagementManagement

Past, Present, and FuturePast, Present, and Future

MS LCMS LC

Fort High SchoolFort High School

1700-1800’s- a time of 1700-1800’s- a time of plentyplenty

1700-1800’s- a time of 1700-1800’s- a time of plentyplenty

Land stretched for miles!Land stretched for miles! Endless resources!Endless resources! Huge forests leveledHuge forests leveled Prairies converted to farmlandPrairies converted to farmland Swamps were drained for useable Swamps were drained for useable

landland

Attitude:Attitude:

USE IT UP, AND MOVE ON!USE IT UP, AND MOVE ON!

Conservation in the 19Conservation in the 19thth CenturyCentury

Need for conservation of land and Need for conservation of land and resources became evident:resources became evident:

Trees disappearedTrees disappeared Soils were erodedSoils were eroded

Several leaders and visionaries Several leaders and visionaries stepped forward to intervene.stepped forward to intervene.

George Perkins-MarshGeorge Perkins-Marsh

Diplomat-naturalistDiplomat-naturalist Identified fragile nature of Identified fragile nature of

our resourcesour resources Attracted attention to Attracted attention to

abuses by humansabuses by humans Wrote the book Wrote the book Man and Man and

NatureNature in 1864 in 1864 Began the environmental Began the environmental

movementmovement

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Perkins_Marsh

Wikipedia link to find out more about this great man

John MuirJohn Muir True naturalist, loved natureTrue naturalist, loved nature Journaled amazing adventuresJournaled amazing adventures Devoted his life to Devoted his life to

preservation of great placespreservation of great places Lobbied hard for the Lobbied hard for the

establishment of national establishment of national parksparks

Wrote many books that Wrote many books that spread the idea of spread the idea of preservation of amazing preservation of amazing places for future generationsplaces for future generations

Wikipedia link to more information on John Muir

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Muir

Parks and Happenings due to Parks and Happenings due to MuirMuir

Yellowstone 1872Yellowstone 1872

Parks and Happenings due to Parks and Happenings due to MuirMuir

Yosemite 1890 CAYosemite 1890 CA

Parks and Happenings due to Parks and Happenings due to MuirMuir

Sequoia 1890 CASequoia 1890 CA

Parks and Happenings due to Parks and Happenings due to MuirMuir

Congress established 28 forest reserves in Congress established 28 forest reserves in 1891 1891

Forest Reserve Act of 1881Forest Reserve Act of 1881

Land Revision Act of 1881Land Revision Act of 1881

These Acts not only set aside land, but set up These Acts not only set aside land, but set up the infrastructure to manage them.the infrastructure to manage them.

National ForestsNational Forests

U.S. Forest Service U.S. Forest Service http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Forest_Servihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Forest_Servicece

Parks and Happenings due to Parks and Happenings due to MuirMuir

Sierra Club founded by Muir in 1892Sierra Club founded by Muir in 1892

http://http://www.sierraclub.orgwww.sierraclub.org//

Explore, Enjoy, Protect the Planet!Explore, Enjoy, Protect the Planet!

John started this political activist group John started this political activist group to lobby for the protection of our to lobby for the protection of our natural resources. Please understand natural resources. Please understand this is different than conservation! this is different than conservation!

Conservation in the 20Conservation in the 20thth CenturyCentury

Four Waves of Conservation Four Waves of Conservation

The First Wave (1901-1909)The First Wave (1901-1909)

The Second Wave (1933-1941)The Second Wave (1933-1941)

The Third Wave (1960-1980)The Third Wave (1960-1980)

The Fourth Wave (1980-present)The Fourth Wave (1980-present)

The First Wave (1901-1909)The First Wave (1901-1909)

Teddy Roosevelt got Teddy Roosevelt got involved and used involved and used

his power to his power to establish establish

governance over governance over our natural our natural resources.resources.

Let’s look at what he Let’s look at what he did!did!

John Muir and TeddyJohn Muir and Teddy

John and Ted hung out and camped John and Ted hung out and camped John taught Ted to see the woods as John taught Ted to see the woods as

having beauty and a value just because, having beauty and a value just because, not just as a resource.not just as a resource.

As you may know, Ted was a big game As you may know, Ted was a big game hunter, and didn’t really GET the tree hunter, and didn’t really GET the tree hugger mentality. hugger mentality.

Gifford PinchotGifford Pinchot

Introduced scientific principles to forest Introduced scientific principles to forest managementmanagement

Favored conservation and future growthFavored conservation and future growth Use the resources wisely to provide a Use the resources wisely to provide a

steady supply to the peoplesteady supply to the people Crucial advisor to Teddy in creating public Crucial advisor to Teddy in creating public

policypolicy

•First Head Chief of the newly formed US Forest Service!

•Governor of PA for a while too!

•Teddy’s head advisor

Teddy Roosevelt created the White Teddy Roosevelt created the White House Conference on Natural House Conference on Natural

Resources (1908)Resources (1908)

WHY did he do this?WHY did he do this? Deep concern among scientists Deep concern among scientists

about timber depletion in the about timber depletion in the great lakes statesgreat lakes states

Gross mismanagement of the US Gross mismanagement of the US natural resourcesnatural resources

Worried about economic Worried about economic hardshiphardship

Hunters, anglers, scientists, Hunters, anglers, scientists, resource experts met and talked! resource experts met and talked! WOW! WOW!

Domino EffectDomino Effect

41 state conservation departments 41 state conservation departments were formed at this time and most were formed at this time and most art still operating today!art still operating today!

The Second Wave (1933-1941)The Second Wave (1933-1941)Roosevelt was on a roll! Roosevelt was on a roll!

The right manThe right man

In the right placeIn the right place

At the right time!At the right time!

Roosevelt’s programs:Roosevelt’s programs:

Prairie State Forestry Project 1934Prairie State Forestry Project 1934 The Civilian Conservation Corps 1933The Civilian Conservation Corps 1933 Soil Conservation Service 1935Soil Conservation Service 1935 Tennessee Valley Authority 1933Tennessee Valley Authority 1933 North American Wildlife and North American Wildlife and

Resources Conference 1936Resources Conference 1936

Prairie State Forestry Project Prairie State Forestry Project 19341934

To establish a To establish a shelterbelts of trees shelterbelts of trees and shrubs to reduce and shrubs to reduce erosion on farmlanderosion on farmland

This project did much This project did much to stop soil erosion to stop soil erosion from windfrom wind

The Civilian The Civilian Conservation Conservation

Corps Corps 19331933

Functioned from 1933-1949Functioned from 1933-1949 2652 camps, 200 men each2652 camps, 200 men each Located in national parks and forestsLocated in national parks and forests Two groups of men were establishedTwo groups of men were established

CCC CCC Forest workersForest workers

Constructed fire Constructed fire laneslanes

removed fire removed fire hazardshazards

fought firesfought fires controlled pestscontrolled pests and planted treesand planted trees

CCC Park CCC Park WorkersWorkers

Constructed bridgesConstructed bridges Improved roadsImproved roads Built hiking trailsBuilt hiking trails Improved lakesImproved lakes Improved streamsImproved streams Flood control Flood control

projectsprojects

Soil Conservation Service Soil Conservation Service 19351935

Severe dust storms prompted it’s Severe dust storms prompted it’s formation Dust Bowl 1920s-1930sformation Dust Bowl 1920s-1930s

Showed farmers better techniquesShowed farmers better techniques Improved erosion controlImproved erosion control

Now known as the Natural Resource Now known as the Natural Resource Conservation ServiceConservation Service

Tennessee Tennessee Valley Valley Authority Authority 19331933

Bold experimentBold experiment Tried to integrate the management Tried to integrate the management

of an entire river basin (soil, forests, of an entire river basin (soil, forests, wildlife)wildlife)

Has been a model here and Has been a model here and worldwideworldwide

North American Wildlife and North American Wildlife and Resources Conference 1936Resources Conference 1936

Convened by President RooselveltConvened by President Rooselvelt Brought hunters, anglers, govt. Brought hunters, anglers, govt.

officials, and DNR specialists to the officials, and DNR specialists to the tabletable

Developed species inventory Developed species inventory Developed list of current problemsDeveloped list of current problems Meets annually to this dayMeets annually to this day

The Third Wave (1960-1980)The Third Wave (1960-1980)

Rachel Carson: Silent Rachel Carson: Silent SpringSpring

Paul Ehrlich: Population Paul Ehrlich: Population BombBomb

Garrett Hardin’s Garrett Hardin’s Tragedy of the commonsTragedy of the commons

Senator Gaylord Nelson Senator Gaylord Nelson 19691969

1970-19801970-1980The decade of the environmentThe decade of the environment Congress responded to people by Congress responded to people by

passing sweeping environmental lawspassing sweeping environmental laws EPA (environmental Protection agency) EPA (environmental Protection agency)

Laws were passed but there wasn’t Laws were passed but there wasn’t much grit behind them. much grit behind them.

Businesses felt harassed and left the Businesses felt harassed and left the country for greener pastures! country for greener pastures!

US ENVIRONMENTAL US ENVIRONMENTAL LAWSLAWS

A list of major U.S. federal laws A list of major U.S. federal laws (unless otherwise indicated) (unless otherwise indicated) pertaining to the environment.pertaining to the environment.

Atomic Energy ActAtomic Energy Act (1954): (1954):

Was passed because of the government's keen Was passed because of the government's keen interest in monitoring the commercial and interest in monitoring the commercial and national defense uses of atomic energy. national defense uses of atomic energy. Government concerns included radiation Government concerns included radiation hazards and the disposal of radioactive hazards and the disposal of radioactive waste. The act establishes a general waste. The act establishes a general regulatory structure for construction and use regulatory structure for construction and use of nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons of nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons facilities. Unlike most environmental facilities. Unlike most environmental statutes, it does not permit citizen suits and statutes, it does not permit citizen suits and affords only limited opportunities for suits by affords only limited opportunities for suits by public interest groups.public interest groups.

Clean Air ActClean Air Act (1970): (1970):

Sets goals and standards for the Sets goals and standards for the quality and purity of air in the United quality and purity of air in the United States. By law, it is periodically States. By law, it is periodically reviewed. A significant set of reviewed. A significant set of amendments in 1990 toughened air amendments in 1990 toughened air quality standards and placed new quality standards and placed new emphasis on market forces to control emphasis on market forces to control air pollution.air pollution.

Clean Water ActClean Water Act (1972): (1972):

Establishes and maintains goals and Establishes and maintains goals and standards for U.S. water quality and standards for U.S. water quality and purity. It has been amended several purity. It has been amended several times, most prominently in 1987 to times, most prominently in 1987 to increase controls on toxic pollutants, increase controls on toxic pollutants, and in 1990, to more effectively and in 1990, to more effectively address the hazard of oil spills.address the hazard of oil spills.

Coastal Zone Management Coastal Zone Management ActAct (1972): (1972):

Provides a partnership structure allowing Provides a partnership structure allowing states and the federal government to states and the federal government to work together for the protection of U.S. work together for the protection of U.S. coastal zones from environmentally coastal zones from environmentally harmful overdevelopment. The harmful overdevelopment. The program provides federal funding to program provides federal funding to participating coastal states and participating coastal states and territories for the implementation of territories for the implementation of measures that conserve coastal areas. measures that conserve coastal areas.

Comprehensive Comprehensive Environmental Response, Environmental Response,

Compensation and Liability Compensation and Liability ActAct (1980): (1980):

Requires the cleanup of sites Requires the cleanup of sites contaminated with toxic waste. This law contaminated with toxic waste. This law is commonly referred to as "Superfund." is commonly referred to as "Superfund." In 1986 major amendments were made In 1986 major amendments were made in order to clarify the level of cleanup in order to clarify the level of cleanup required and degrees of liability. required and degrees of liability. CERCLA is retroactive, which means it CERCLA is retroactive, which means it can be used to hold liable those can be used to hold liable those responsible for disposal of hazardous responsible for disposal of hazardous wastes before the law was enacted in wastes before the law was enacted in 1980.1980.

Emergency Planning and Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Community Right-to-Know

ActAct (1986): (1986):Requires companies to disclose Requires companies to disclose

information about toxic chemicals information about toxic chemicals they release into the air and water they release into the air and water and dispose of on land.and dispose of on land.

Endangered Species ActEndangered Species Act (1973):(1973):

Is designed to protect and recover Is designed to protect and recover endangered and threatened species endangered and threatened species of fish, wildlife and plants in the of fish, wildlife and plants in the United States and beyond. The law United States and beyond. The law works in part by protecting species works in part by protecting species habitats.habitats.

Federal Food, Drug, and Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic ActCosmetic Act (1938): (1938):

Is the nation's major law regulating Is the nation's major law regulating contaminants in food, including contaminants in food, including pesticides. The Food and Drug pesticides. The Food and Drug Administration implements most of Administration implements most of this law; the Environmental this law; the Environmental Protection Agency carries out its Protection Agency carries out its pesticide standard setting provisions pesticide standard setting provisions (with FDA enforcement). See also (with FDA enforcement). See also Food Quality Protection Act.Food Quality Protection Act.

Federal Insecticide, Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Fungicide, and Rodenticide

ActAct (1947): (1947):Controls the sale, distribution and Controls the sale, distribution and

application of pesticides; amended in application of pesticides; amended in 1972, 1988, and 1996. See also Food 1972, 1988, and 1996. See also Food Quality Protection Act.Quality Protection Act.

Federal Land Policy and Federal Land Policy and Management ActManagement Act (1976): (1976):

Provides for protection of the scenic, Provides for protection of the scenic, scientific, historic and ecologic scientific, historic and ecologic values of federal lands and for public values of federal lands and for public involvement in their management.involvement in their management.

Food Quality Protection ActFood Quality Protection Act (1996):(1996):

Is designed to ensure that levels of Is designed to ensure that levels of pesticide residues in food meet strict pesticide residues in food meet strict standards for public health protection. standards for public health protection. Under this law, which overhauled the Under this law, which overhauled the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, the Environmental and Rodenticide Act, the Environmental Protection Agency is required to better Protection Agency is required to better protect infants and children from protect infants and children from pesticides in food and water and from pesticides in food and water and from indoor exposure to pesticides.indoor exposure to pesticides.

Fisheries Conservation and Fisheries Conservation and Management ActManagement Act (1976): (1976):

Governs the management and control Governs the management and control of U.S. marine fish populations, and of U.S. marine fish populations, and is intended to maintain and restore is intended to maintain and restore healthy levels of fish stocks and healthy levels of fish stocks and prevent overharvesting. Better prevent overharvesting. Better known as the Magnuson Stevens Act.known as the Magnuson Stevens Act.

Marine Mammal Protection Marine Mammal Protection ActAct (1972): (1972):

Seeks to protect whales, dolphins, sea lions, Seeks to protect whales, dolphins, sea lions, seals, manatees and other species of seals, manatees and other species of marine mammals, many of which remain marine mammals, many of which remain threatened or endangered. The law threatened or endangered. The law requires wildlife agencies to review any requires wildlife agencies to review any activity -- for example, the use of activity -- for example, the use of underwater explosives or high-intensity underwater explosives or high-intensity active sonar -- that has the potential to active sonar -- that has the potential to "harass" or kill these animals in the wild. "harass" or kill these animals in the wild. The law is our nation's leading instrument The law is our nation's leading instrument for the conservation of these species, and is for the conservation of these species, and is an international model for such laws. an international model for such laws.

National Environmental National Environmental Policy ActPolicy Act (1970): (1970):

Was the first of the modern environmental Was the first of the modern environmental statutes. NEPA created environmental statutes. NEPA created environmental policies and goals for the country, and policies and goals for the country, and established the President's Council on established the President's Council on Environmental Quality. Its most important Environmental Quality. Its most important feature is its requirement that federal feature is its requirement that federal agencies conduct thorough assessments of agencies conduct thorough assessments of the environmental impacts of all major the environmental impacts of all major activities undertaken or funded by the federal activities undertaken or funded by the federal government. Many states have enacted government. Many states have enacted similar laws governing state activities.similar laws governing state activities.

Oil Pollution ActOil Pollution Act (1990): (1990):

Enacted a year after the disastrous Exxon Enacted a year after the disastrous Exxon ValdezValdez oil spill in Alaska's Prince William oil spill in Alaska's Prince William Sound, this law streamlines federal response Sound, this law streamlines federal response to oil spills by requiring oil storage facilities to oil spills by requiring oil storage facilities and vessels to prepare spill-response plans and vessels to prepare spill-response plans and provide for their rapid implementation. and provide for their rapid implementation. The law also increases polluters' liability for The law also increases polluters' liability for cleanup costs and damage to natural cleanup costs and damage to natural resources and imposes measures -- including resources and imposes measures -- including a phaseout of single-hulled tankers -- a phaseout of single-hulled tankers -- designed to improve tanker safety and designed to improve tanker safety and prevent spills.prevent spills.

Proposition 65Proposition 65 (1986): (1986):

Is a California law passed by voter initiative. Is a California law passed by voter initiative. Known as the Safe Drinking Water and Known as the Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act, Prop. 65 is designed Toxic Enforcement Act, Prop. 65 is designed to provide public warnings about the risk of to provide public warnings about the risk of exposure to toxic chemicals and to exposure to toxic chemicals and to eliminate toxins from drinking water eliminate toxins from drinking water supplies. It is responsible for California supplies. It is responsible for California having some of the strongest having some of the strongest environmental protections in the nation, environmental protections in the nation, and thus has helped make the state a and thus has helped make the state a model for other regions seeking to address model for other regions seeking to address environmental hazards.environmental hazards.

Resource Conservation and Resource Conservation and Recovery ActRecovery Act (1976): (1976):

Seeks to prevent the creation of toxic Seeks to prevent the creation of toxic waste dumps by setting standards waste dumps by setting standards for the management of hazardous for the management of hazardous waste. Like CERCLA, this law also waste. Like CERCLA, this law also includes some provisions for cleanup includes some provisions for cleanup of existing contaminated sites.of existing contaminated sites.

Safe Drinking Water ActSafe Drinking Water Act (1974):(1974):

Establishes drinking water standards for tap Establishes drinking water standards for tap water safety, and requires rules for water safety, and requires rules for groundwater protection from underground groundwater protection from underground injection; amended in 1986 and 1996. The injection; amended in 1986 and 1996. The 1996 amendments added a fund to pay for 1996 amendments added a fund to pay for water system upgrades, revised standard: water system upgrades, revised standard: setting requirements, required new setting requirements, required new standards for common contaminants, and standards for common contaminants, and included public "right to know" included public "right to know" requirements to inform consumers about requirements to inform consumers about their tap water. their tap water.

Surface Mining Control and Surface Mining Control and Reclamation ActReclamation Act (1977): (1977):

Is intended to ensure that coal mining Is intended to ensure that coal mining activity is conducted with sufficient activity is conducted with sufficient protections of the public and the protections of the public and the environment, and provides for the environment, and provides for the restoration of abandoned mining restoration of abandoned mining areas to beneficial use. areas to beneficial use.

Toxic Substances Control Toxic Substances Control ActAct (1976): (1976):

Authorizes the Environmental Authorizes the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate the Protection Agency to regulate the manufacture, distribution, import and manufacture, distribution, import and processing of certain toxic chemicals.processing of certain toxic chemicals.

The Fourth Wave (1980-The Fourth Wave (1980-present)present)

Beginnings of a sustainable revolutionBeginnings of a sustainable revolution

-intense resistance to environmentalism-intense resistance to environmentalism

-counterproductive to economic progress-counterproductive to economic progress

-solutions shifted problems around-solutions shifted problems around

-very expensive and not working-very expensive and not working

-modern society is on an unsustainable -modern society is on an unsustainable coursecourse

Sustainable DevelopmentSustainable Development

Strategy to meet human needs in Strategy to meet human needs in ways that do not prevent future ways that do not prevent future generations and other species from generations and other species from meeting their needsmeeting their needs

Requires systems thinkingRequires systems thinking Prevent problems ahead of time Prevent problems ahead of time

Environmental JusticeEnvironmental Justice

Inequities suffered by the Inequities suffered by the disadvantageddisadvantaged