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Natural Products & Pharmacognosy
Introduction about herbal medicine and its history
Definition of pharmacognosy and natural products
Pharmacognosy branches Pharmacognosy scope The role of natural products in drug
discovery
Sumerians and Akkadians (3rd millennium BC) Egyptians (Ebers papyrus, 1550 BC) Hippocrates (460-377 BC) “The Father of Medicine” Dioscorides (40-80 AD) “De Materia Medica” (600
medicinal plants) Ibn Altabari (770-850) “ الحكمه ”فردوس
Ibn Sina (980-1037) “ الطب في ”القانون Ibn Albitar (1148-1197) “ واألغذية األدوية لمفردات ”الجامع
Introduction
The 18th century, Pharmacognosy
Johann Adam (1759-1809)
Carl Linnaeus (naming and classifying plants)
At the end of the 18th century, crude drugs were still being used as powders, simple extracts, or tinctures
The era of pure compounds(In 1803, a new era in the history of medicine)
Isolation of morphine from opium Strychnine (1817) Quinine and caffeine (1820) Nicotine (1828) Atropine (1833) Cocaine (1855)
In the 19th century, the chemical structures of many of the isolated compounds were determined.
In the 20th century, the discovery of important drugs from the animal kingdom, particularly hormones and vitamins.
The late 20th century, pharmacognosy and its conventional botanical approach has been broadened up to molecular and metabolomic level.
Approximately 60% of the world’s population relies almost entirely on plants for medication.
Of the 520 new drugs approved between 1983 and 1994, 39% were natural products or derived from natural products.
Between 1983 and 1994, 60–80% of antibacterials and anticancer drugs were derived from natural products.
Of the 20 best-selling non-protein drugs in 1999, nine were either derived from or developed as the result of leads generated by natural products with combined annual sales of >US$16 billion.
Definitions Pharmacognosy: The study of the physical, chemical, biochemical
and biological properties of drugs, drug substances or potential drugs of natural origin as well as the search for new drugs from natural sources.
Pharmacognosy
Botany Ethno
botanyMarine Biology
Microbiology
Herbal Medicin
ePharmacology
Clinical Pharma
cy
Biotechnology
Pharmaceutics
Chemistry
Phytochemistry
Pharmacognos
y
Marine Pharmacognosy
Medical Ethnobotany
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Ethnopharmacology
Phytotherapy
Aromatic Plants
Phytochemistry
Zoopharmacognosy
The study of the traditional use of plants for medicinal purposes.
Medical Ethnobotany
the study of the pharmacological qualities of traditional medicinal substances.
Ethnopharmacology
the study of the use of extracts of natural origin as medicines or health-promoting agents.
Phytotherapy
the process by which animals self-medicate, by selecting and using plants, soils, and insects to treat and prevent disease.
Zoopharmacognosy
The study of chemicals derived from marine organisms.
Marine Pharmacognosy
The study of essential oils, their composition and their use in medicine, cosmetic industries and food industries.
Aromatic Plants
the study of chemicals derived from plants (including the identification of new drug candidates derived from plant sources).Phytochemistry
the science that covers all technologies required for the production, manufacturing natural products using plant cell culture.
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
Scopes of Pharmacognosy
1- CULTIVATION AND COLLECTION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS
Clove
Cinchona
Cinnamon
Opium
Scopes of Pharmacognosy
2- PREPARATION OF HERBAL FORMULATIONS Echinacea (Echinacea purpurea and related
species) St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) Ginkgo (Ginkgo biloba) Garlic (Allium sativum) Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) Ginseng (Panax ginseng or Asian ginseng)
and Panax quinquefolius or American ginseng)
Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) Valerian (Valeriana officinalis) Chamomile (Matricaria recutita) Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium) Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) Milk thistle (Silybum marianum)
Scopes of Pharmacognosy
3- ISOLATION OR ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL
Scopes of Pharmacognosy
3- ISOLATION OR ANALYSIS OF PHYTOCHEMICAL Nutraceuticals, or “functional foods”
Scopes of Pharmacognosy4- DRUGS OF DIRECT THERAPEUTIC USES Antibiotics Steroids Ergot alkaloids Anticancers Yohimbine, Thymol, Theophylline, Theobromine, Caffeine,
Morphin, Siymarin, Scopolamine, Reserpine, Ephedrine, Quinidine, Quinine, Pilocarpine, Papaverine, …
Scopes of Pharmacognosy
3- DRUGS OBTAINED BY PARTIAL SYNTHESIS OF NATURAL PRODUCTS:
Cortisone
Progesterone
Diosgenin
Scopes of Pharmacognosy
4- STRUCTURE ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP STUDIES
Scopes of Pharmacognosy
5- NATURAL PRODUCTS AS MODELS FOR SYNTHESIS OF NEW DRUGS
Morphine Methadone AlfentanilOxymorphone
New Chemical Entities and Medical Indications by Source of Compound 01/1981-06/2006
All new chemical entities by source01/1981-06/2006
N=1184
All available anticancer drugs by source1940s-06/2006
N=175
All antiinfective (antibacterial, antifungul, antiparasitic, antiviral) drugs (N=230)
01/1981-06/2006
There are estimated to be ~250,000 species of plant
in the world and probably ~10% of these have been tested for some type of biological activity.
Only approximately 6000 bacterial species have been named and estimates of 1.5 million species of fungi and 1.5 million species of algae and prokaryote might have to be revised upwards.
it appears that less than 1% of microbial diversity has been cultured and studied experimentally.
There are probably 40,000 species of microalgae, but they have not been extensively studied in terms of their secondary metabolites.
Conclusion Natural products very important to
medicine.
Exist in range of structures that one wouldn’t think of synthesizing.
Can act as templates for new drug development.
Untapped reservoir of new compounds.
Thanks for your attention
Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. "Natural Products as Sources of New Drugs over the Last 25 Years⊥." Journal of natural products 70, no. 3 (2007): 461-477.
Newman, David J., and Gordon M. Cragg. "Natural product scaffolds as leads to drugs." Future medicinal chemistry 1, no. 8 (2009): 1415-1427.
Kinghorn, A. Douglas. "Pharmacognosy in the 21st century." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 53, no. 2 (2001): 135-148.
Harvey, Alan. "Strategies for discovering drugs from previously unexplored natural products." Drug discovery today 5, no. 7 (2000): 294-300.
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