Natural drugs anti leprotic, antidiabetics, diuretics, antidysentretics

Dr. Yogesh V. Ushir

M. Pharm. (Pharmacognosy), Ph.D.

Occurrence, distribution, organoleptic evaluation, Chemical Constituents, including tests and

therapeutic efficacy of following categories of drugs;

Antileproticsa substance or other agent that is effective in treating leprosyLeprosy is a slowly progressing bacterial infection that affects 

the skin, peripheral nerves in the hands and feet, and mucous  membranes the nose, throat, and eyes. Destruction of the  nerve endings causes the affected areas to lose sensation.  Occasionally, because of the loss of feeling, the fingers and toes become mutilated and  fall off, causing the deformities that are typically associated with the disease.

Leprosy is also known as Hansen's disease after G. A. Hansen, who in 1878 identified the bacillus Mycobacterium leprae that causes the disease.

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Chaulmoogra oil•Syn.- Hydnocarpus oil, Gynocardia oil, Kadu Kawath (Marathi), कालमोगरा Calmogara or Jangli Badam (Hindi)

•Bio. Source- it is fixed oil obtained from ripe seed of the plants Hydnocarpus anthelminitica

Other species are, Hydnocarpus heterophylla and other species of Hydnocarpus

•Family- Flacourtiaceae

•Method of preparation- cold expression

•Geo. Source- native to Myanmar, Thailand and eastern India. In India it is grown in Assam and Tripura

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Chaulmoogra oil (Continue…)

Morphology-

Physical Standards-

characteristic Description

Color Yellow to brown liquid

Odor Characteristic

Taste Acrid

solubility Slightly in alcohol, soluble in CHCl3, ether, benzene and carbon disulphide

Properties Range

Refractive Index 1.472-1.476

Iodine Value 98-103

Saponification value 198-204

Acid value Max. 25%

Specific Gravity 0.950-0.96023.12.20144

Chaulmoogra oil (Continue…)

Chemical Constituents-Contains esters of cyclic unsaturated fatty acids as chaulmoogric acid (27%), and Hydnocarpic acid (48%) and glycerides of palmitic acid

Uses- AntileproticsAntituberculosisIn treatment of psoriasisIn treatment of rheumatism

IT IS INTENDED ONLY FOR EXTERNAL USE

Substitutes- In India by Hydnocarpus wightiana 23.12.20145

AntidiabeticsThe substances used in treatment of diabetes (i.e. Diabetes

mellitus).

Diabetes is the inability of the body to utilize glucose, due to failure of pancreas to secret insulin in sufficient quantity.

Natural oral drugs are, Gymnema, Bitter gourd, Jambhul, Stevia and Indian Kino

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Gymnema sylvestre•Syn.- Gudmar, madhu nashinicowplant, Australian cowplant, gurmari, gurmarbooti, gurmar, meshasringa (मेषशंृग), Bedki cha pala ( बेडकीचा पाला)

•Bio. Source- it is leaves obtained from the plants Gymnema sylvestre

•Family- Asclepiadaceae

•Geo. Source- Woody climber found in India, Northern-Western parts of India

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Gymnema sylvestre(Continue…)

Morphology-

Physical Standards-

characteristic Description

Color Green

Odor Pleasant and aromatic

Taste tasteless

Size 3-5 x 1-2 cm

Shape Elliptic or ovate with acute or acuminate apex

Extra feature The leaves when chewed, have remarkable property of paralyzing the taste glands for few hours against sweet and bitter taste.

Standards Values

Ash NMT 11.5%w/w

Organic acids NLT 5.5%w/w

Alcohol Soluble extractives NMT12.0%w/w23.12.20148

Gymnema sylvestre(Continue…)

Chemical Constituents- Contain hentriacontane, pentriacontane,

phytin, α and β-chlorophylls, resins,  tartaric acid, formic acid, butyric acid,lupeol, β-amyrin related glycosides and stigmasterol. Gymnemic acid is the main principle which occur with potassium salt

MOA- hypoglycemic effect is due to indirect stimulation of insulin secretion by pancreas

Uses-AntidiabeticStomachicLaxativeDiuretic

Substitutes-Gymnema hirsutum

Gymnemic acid

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Pterocarpus •Syn.- indian kino tree, bijasal, Malabar Kino, Asana, rakta-chandan

•Bio. Source- it is dried juice obtained from the plants Pterocarpus marsupium

•Family- Leguminaceae

•Geo. Source- Hilly region of Gujarat, MP, UP, Bihar and Orissa. Also in forest of karnataka, kerala, west bengal and Assam

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Pterocarpus(Continue…)

Morphology-

Characteristic Description

Color Ruby red

Odor odorless

Taste Astringent

Size 3-5 x 10 mm granules

Shape Angular grains

Extra feature The pieces of kino angular, glistering, transparent, breaking with fracture.

Solubility Partly soluble in water (about 80-90%) and completely soluble in alcohol (90%)

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Pterocarpus(Continue…)

Chemical Constituents- Contain 70-80% of kinotannic acid, kino-red, kinoin, pyrocatechin, resin and gallic

acid, oxydase enzyme.

Identification- When the solution of drug treated with ferrous sulphate, green colorWith alkali violet colorWith mineral acid, ppt. obtained

Uses-Antidiabetic- aqueous infusion of heart-wood Powerful astringentTreatment of diarrhoea & dysentryPassive haemorrhage and toothache

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DiureticsAre the drugs which increases the flow of urineAre therapeutically important, produce a loss of both water

and solutes leads to diuretic effect, act by either of following ways:They increase the renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate.Increase the solute excretion in the glomerular filtrate and

tubular fluid. Plants used as diuretics are, Gokhru, Punarnava, Tea, Coffee

and Digitalis

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Diuretics (Continue….)

Diuretics may be grouped as;Cardiac diureticsPurine diureticsOsmotic diureticsSaline diureticsAcidifying diureticsAlkaline diureticsMercury diureticsVolatile oil diuretics

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Gokhru•Syn.- Puncture vine

•Bio. Source- It consist of dried fruits of the plants Tribulus terrestris

•Family- Zygophyllaceae

•Geo. Source- Occure through out India, Srilanka, and West Tibet

• Organoleptic characters

•

characteristic Description

Color Fruits are Greenish to grey

Odor Odorless

Taste Bitter

Size 1.00 - 1.5 cm

Shape Globose with sharp divergent spines 23.12.201415

Gokharu (Continue…)

Chemical Constituents- Contain traces of alkaloids harmine and harman. Additionally, they contain saponin

which on hydrolysis yield an diosgenin, gitogenin, chlorogenin and ruscogenin. also contain flavonoids, kaemferol, tribuloside and its derivatives, fixed oil, resin, traces of essential oil and nitrates

Uses-Diuretics Tonic Also as in aphrodisiac and in goutCommon ingredient of ayurvedic preparation, dashamoolarishta and

chavanprashBara gokhru (Pedalium murex) used as diuretic and iin dysuria and

gonorrhoea23.12.201416

Punarnava•Syn.- rakta punarnava, Hog Weed

•Bio. Source- It consist of fresh, as well as, dried herb known as, Boerhaavia difussa

•Family- Nyctaginaceae

•Geo. Source- srilanka,. In India found in Himalayan valleys up to 2000-2500 m. the weed is also grown in Malaysia, china and Africa

• Collection- collected from waste lands and road sides wide grown plants. Abundant in rainy season collected in flowering stage.

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Punarnava (Continue…)

Morphology-

Characteristic Description

Color Leaves – green on top and whitish on bottomStems- greenish purpleFlowers- upper part pink

Odor odorless

Taste Bitter

Size Leaves are 25-30 mm long and 12-20 mm wide; stem are 1 m in length; flowers are 10 to 25 mm in length.

Shape Leaves are ovate, oblong; stem are cylindrical, stiff and thick at nodes; flowers are internally sessile; roots are elongated and fusiform

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Punarnava (Continue…)

Chemical Constituents- Contain alkaloids as punarnavine. It is also contains potassium nitrates, oily substances

and ursolic acid

Uses-Diuretics Expectorant Stomachic Treatment of jaundiceIt is also given in the loss of digestive power, enlargement of spleen

and for abdominal painsSubstitutes- Trianthema portulacastrum, Trianthema obcordata and

Trianthema decandra23.12.201419

Antidysentrics Drugs used in treatment of dysenteryDysenteric condition, the inflammation of the colonic

mucosa occurs which leads to passage of blood and mucus.The inflammation occurs because of the exotoxins produced

by certain protozoal animals like, Amoeba, Shigella and certain ciliate protozoan's, Schistosoma

Types of dysentery- Amoebic, Bacillary, Balantidial, Schistosomal

Kuchi and Ipecacuanha are used as antidysentric 23.12.201420

Amoeba Shigella

ciliate protozoan's

Schistosoma

Ipecacuanha •Syn.- Ipecac

•Bio. Source- It consist of dried roots or the rhizomesand roots of, •Caephaelis ipecacuanha- Rio or Brazilian ipecac•Caephaelis acuminata- Cartagena or panama ipecac

•Family- Rubiaceae

•Geo. Source- Rio variety indigenous to Brazil and panama variety indigenous to Columbia

• Cultivation and Collection- the optimum temperature of 75-100 F, and average rainfall of 300 cm are ideal conditions for cultivation. The plants can be raised from seeds or cutting. The humid atmophere favors growth of plant. Roots are collected from the plants, when they are about 2-3 years old 23.12.201421

Ipecacuanha (Continue….)

Rio or Brazil ian ipecacCartagena or panama ipecac

Roots-Color- dark brick red to dark

brownOdor- faintTaste- bitterSize- upto 150mm length &

6mm thickness Rhizomes-

Color- brick red to dark brownSize- 2 m in diameter & short,

attached to rootsShape- cylindrical

Roots-Color- greyish brown to reddish

brownOdor- faintTaste-bitterSize- 9mm thicknessShape- cylindrical

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Ipecacuanha (Continue….)

Root Rhizomes

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Ipecacuanha (Continue….)

Chemical Constituents- Contain isoquinoline alkaloids, mainle emetine, cephaeline, psychotrine, psychotrine-methyl

ether and emetamine. Also contain ipecacuanic acid and glycoside ipecacuanhin (saponin), starch and calcium oxalate.

Identification testDrug + HCl acid + water, shake well and filter. To filtrate add potassium

chlorate gives yellow color change to red on standing confirms presence of emetine

UV radiation shows orange fluorescence with emetineUses-

Antidysentrics in amoebic dysenteryEmetic in the form of syrupExpectorant Ipecac with opium powder (Dover’s powder) given as a diaphoretic.

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Antiseptics and Disinfectant

Antiseptics Disinfectant

Are the chemical sterilizing substances which are used to kill pathogenic microbes or prevention of their growth

Applied to broken skin after burns and wounds or before surgery or injections

Destruction or to make a surface free from pathogenic organism

Which kill bacteria and their spores

Also for sterilization of instructs and apparatus

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Antiseptics and DisinfectantNeem, Curcuma, benzoin, iodine, turpentine, myrrh are

few of the natural antiseptic and disinfectant used in medical practice.

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Thank You……

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