T he P eriodic T able ofthe E lem ents 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 1 2 1 H He 1.008 4.003 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 Li Be B C N O F Ne 6.941 9.102 10.81 12.01 14.01 16.00 19.00 20.18 11 12 13 14.01 16 16 17 18 3 Na M g Transition M etals Al Si P S Cl Ar 22.99 24.31 26.98 28.09 30.97 32.07 35.45 39.95 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 4 K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr 39.1 40.08 44.96 47.90 50.94 52.00 54.94 55.85 58.93 58.70 63.55 65.39 69.72 72.59 74.92 78.96 79.9 83.8 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe 85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 98 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3 55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 6 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn 132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.9 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 209 210 222 87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 7 Fr Ra Ac Rf Ha Sg Ns Hs Mt 223 226 227 261 262 263 262 265 266 Inner Transition Elem ents 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 7 Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu Lanthanides 140.1 140.9 144.2 145 150.4 152.4 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 8 Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr A ctinides 232.0 231 238.0 244 242 243 247 247 251 252 257 258 259 260 M ain G roup M etals Transition M etals InnerTransition M etals Nonm etals M etalloids atom ic m asses in red are the m ass num bers of the m ost stable isotope D esign by D m itriM endeleev,a R ussian,and LotharM eyer,a G erm an,w ho independently,and alm ost sim ultaneously,cam e up w ith the sam e w ay oforganizing the chem icalelem ents. M endeleev is generally given m ore credit,since he w as bold enough to use his table to predictthe properties ofelem ents yetto be discovered. The table gets a big tw entieth century helping hand from H enry G .J.M oseley,a 26 yearold graduate studentofR utherford's in 1913,w ho discovered a w ay to use x-rays to m easure the nuclearcharge (the # ofprotons in an atom ). This led to the 20th century discovery thatthe elem ents in the table are organized by the num berofprotons (atom ic num ber). Tragically,M oseley w as killed the nextyearin W orld W arI.
110
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(natural) Boiling Point: -252.77 C Freezing Point: 0 C Melting Point: -259.2 C Atomic Number: 1 Atomic Mass: 1.00797 H This element was founded by Henry.
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The Periodic Table of the Elements1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 181 2
5 Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe85.47 87.62 88.91 91.22 92.91 95.94 98 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 866 Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Main Group Metals Transition Metals Inner Transition Metals Nonmetals Metalloids
atomic masses in red are the mass numbers of the most stable isotope
Design by Dmitri Mendeleev, a Russian, and Lothar Meyer, a German, who independently, and almost simultaneously, came up with the same way of organizing the chemical elements. Mendeleev is generally given more credit, since he was bold enough to use his table to predict the properties of elements yet to be discovered.
The table gets a big twentieth century helping hand from Henry G.J. Moseley, a 26 year old graduate student of Rutherford's in 1913, who discovered a way to use x-rays to measure the nuclear charge (the # of protons in an atom). This led to the 20th century discovery that the elements in the table are organized by the number of protons (atomic number). Tragically, Moseley was killed the next year in World War I.
(natural)
Boiling Point: -252.77 C Freezing Point: 0 CMelting Point: -259.2 C Atomic Number: 1Atomic Mass: 1.00797 H
This element was founded by Henry Canvendish in 1776. It was confused with other gases until Cavendish demonstratedin 1776.
It is used for the inflation of balloons. When hydrogen is mixed with air or oxygen it ignites.
USES
FOUND MIXED WITH GASES.
Hydrogen
Periodic Table
HEBoiling point:-268.9Melting point:-272.2
Freeze point::20
Atomic number:2
Atomic symbol:He
Atomic mass:4.0026
Helium(Natural)
This Element was discovered Pierre Janssen in 1868.
USES
Helium is used to pressurize and stiffen the rocketengines.
Periodic Table
LI Boiling Point:1342 CMelting Point:181 CFreezing Point:Not available.
This element was discovered by Johann A. Arfvedson in 1817.
USESLithium is used for bonding carbon dioxide in the ventilatorsystems of spacecraft and submarines. Also the hydride is usedto inflate lifeboats and its heavy hydrogen is used in making the hydrogen bomb.
The uses were for vacuum tubes, steel, and porcelain.
Periodic Table
NBNBAtomic Number-41Atomic mass-92.906
Boiling Point-5127 CMelting Point-2468 C
Niobium(Natural)
Found in crustalrock.
Burns when heatedin air.
This Element was discovered in 1801 by Charles Hatchet. Found mainly in Nigeria and the Democratic Republic of
Congo.
USES
This element is used for nuclear power plants and stainless steel.
Periodic Table
MOBoiling point-4640 CMelting point-2610 C
Atomic Number-42Atomic Mass-95.94
Molybdenum (Man Made)
Silvery,white,tough
It’s a metal.
This element was discovered in1778 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele.
USES
In soils it helps contribute to the growth of plants. Used in alloying
steel, for air crafts and structural work. It serves as electrodes inglass furnaces.
Periodic Table
TCAtomic Number-43
Atomic Mass-98
Melting Point-2200 CBoiling Point-4567 C
Technetium(Man made)
This element was discovered in 1937 by Emilo Segre and Carlo Perrier by bombarding Molybdenum with Deuterons.
USES
Technetium is used for imaging medicines.
Periodic Table
RUBoiling Point-3900 CMelting Point-2310 CFreezing Point- -263 C
Atomic Number-44Atomic Mass-107.07
Ruthenium
Ruthenium was discovered in 1844 by Karl Karlovich Klaus
USES
Ruthenium is used for the tips of pens and in the manufacture of jewelry.
Grayish white metal.
Superior to Platinumin resistance to attack by acids.
(Natural)
Periodic Table
RHBoiling Point-3727CMelting Point-1966 C
Atomic Number-45Atomic Mass-102.905
Rhodium(Natural)
Silvery white metal.
Very durable.
This element was discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston.
Rhodium is used in mirror surfaces, as plating finish in jewelry and silverware and as a black pigment for porcelain.
USES
Periodic Table
PDBoiling point-2970 CMelting point-1554 C
Atomic number-46Atomic mass-106.4
PalladiumRare silvery white soft metal.
Fuses and welds easily.
(Natural)
This element was discovered by William Hyde Wollaston.
It is used for nonmagnetic springs in clocks and watches. Used in jewelry, for special in mirrors, and alloyed with gold it forms
white gold. Also used in Canadian nickel.
USES
Periodic Table
AGBoiling Point-2212 CMelting Point-962 C
Atomic Number-47Atomic Mass-107.868
Silver(Natural)
Not Chemically active.
Eggs tarnish it quickly.
Harder than gold yet softer than copper.
Date of discovery is unknown. Silver mines were probably workedin Asia before 2,500 B.C.
USESSilver is used to coat smooth glass surfaces for mirrors, aluminum has
replaced this though. It is also used in jewelry and used to be used in coins.
Periodic Table
CDBoiling Point-1409 CMelting Point-321 C
Atomic Number-48Atomic Mass-112.41
CadmiumBurns bright when heated.
USES
This element is used for coating metals and is used in batteriesthat are used for specialized purposes.
Periodic Table
INBoiling Point-2080 CMelting Point-157 C
Atomic Number-49Atomic Mass-114.82
IndiumSilvery white soft metal.
(Natural)
Discovered by Hieronymus Theodor Richter and FerdinandReich.
USESThis element is used in nuclear reactors control rods, and is found in
certain zinc blends, tin, and iron ores.
Periodic Table
SNAtomic Number-50
Atomic Mass-118.69Boiling Point-2260 CMelting Point-232 C
TinSilvery white metal. Forms stannic acidwhen heated in air.
Discovery date is unknown and who discovered it is also unknown.It is found in Malaysia, Brazil, Indonesia, Thailand, Bolivia, Australia,
and America.
USESTin is used in hundreds of industrial processes throughout the world.It is also used as a protective coating for copper vessels, and various
metals used in the manufacture of tin cans.
Periodic Table
SBBoiling Point-1750 CMelting Point-630 C
Atomic Number-51Atomic Mass-121.75
AntimonyBluish white brittle semimetal.
(Natural)This element was probably discovered in 1450 but was certainly
discovered in 1600. It is mined in China, France, Italy,Japan, Mexico,and Western United States.
USESAntimony is used in certain medicines, as a yellow pigment in glass
and porcelain, used for bronzing steel, and as a mordent in dying.
Periodic Table
TEBoiling Point-1390 CMelting Point-630 C
Atomic Number-52Atomic Mass-127.6
Tellurium(Natural)
Silvery white semimetal.
A gravity of6.25.
This element was discovered in 1782 by Franz Joseph Muller Von Reichenstein.
USESTellurium is used in the manufacture of rectifiers and thermoelectric devices. With organic substances it is used for natural and synthetic
rubber, in antiknock compounds for gasoline, and as an impart forblue tints in glass.
Periodic Table
IBoiling Point-185 C
Melting Point-113.6 CAtomic Number-53
Atomic Mass-126.905
Iodine Chemically active.Blue black solid.
(Natural)
This element was first isolated from seaweed in 1811 by BernardCourteous.
USES
Iodine is used in medical use and without this, stunted growthand conditions like goiter can happen. It is also used in photography,
making dyes, and in cloud seeing operations.
Periodic Table
XEBoiling Point-108.1 CMelting Point-111.8 C
Atomic-Number-54Atomic Mass-131.29
XenonColorless and
odorless.
This element was discovered in 1898 by Sir William Ramsey andMorris Travers.
USES
Xenon is used in lighting high-speed photographic tubes.
Periodic Table
CSBoiling Point: 1236 FMelting Point: 82 F
Atomic Number: 55Atomic Mass: 132.905
Cesium( Natural )Color, White
Structure, Not available
Cesium was discovered in 1860 by the German chemists Robert WilhelmBunsen and Gustav Robert Kirchhoff through the use of a spectroscope.
USES: Cerium is used to remove residual oxygen from radio vacuum tubes. Thus it is used in televisions, radios, and computers.
Periodic Table
BABoiling Point: 2984 FMelting Point: 1337 F
Atomic Number: 56Atomic Mass: 137.33
BariumColor: Soft, Silvery
( Natural )Structure: Not available
This element was discovered in 1808 by the English scientist Sir Humphrey Davy.
USES: Barium is sometimes used in coating electricalconductors in electronic apparatus and in automobile ignition systems.
Periodic Table
LABoiling Point: 6267 FMelting Point: 1684 F
Atomic Number:57Atomic Mass: 138.91
Lanthanum( Natural )
Color, Metallic Structure, not available
This element was discovered by the Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander in 1839.
USES: Lanthanum is used in optical glass and cigarette flints.
Periodic Table
CEBoiling Point: 6229 FMelting Point: 1468 F
Atomic Number : 58Atomic Mass : 140.12
CeriumColor: Soft, Gray Structure: Not available
( Natural )
Cerium was discovered in 1803 by the Swedish chemists, Baron Jons Jakob Berzelius and Wilhelm Hisinger, in the same year it was also discovered independently by the German chemist Martin Heinrich.
USES: Cerium is used in small quantities in the manufacturing of glass, ceramics, arc-lamp, electrodes,and photoelectric cells.
Periodic Table
PRBoiling Point: 6368 FMelting Point: 1708 F
Atomic Number: 59Atomic Mass: 140.9
Praseodymium( Natural )Color: Silvery Structure: Not available
Extracted from Neodymium
Praseodymium was discovered in 1885 by the German chemist, Carl Auervon Welsbach.
USES: This element is used in magnesium alloys and in misch metal, an alloy used for cigarette-lighter flints and as a deoxidizer in alloys andvacuum tubes.
Periodic Table
NDNeodymium
( Natural )
Boiling point: 5565 FMelting point : 1870 F
Atomic Number : 60Atomic Mass:144.24
Color, Silvery Structure:Not Available
Extracted From Praseodymium
This element was discovered in 1885 by the Austrianchemist, Baron Carl Aver Von Welsbach.
USES: Neodymium is used in the screens of color televisions.Periodic Table
PMPromethium
Boiling Point: 5432 FMelting Point: 1908 F
Atomic Number: 61Atomic Mass: 145
Color, RadioactiveMetallic element
( Natural )Structure, Not available
Promethium was isolated in 1945 by scientists at the nuclearresearch laboratory at Oak Ridge, Tennessee by the American chemists Charles DuBois Coryell, Jacob A. Marinsky, andLawrence E. Glendenin.
USES: Promethium is used in atomic batteries and as a beta-particlesource in thickness gauges.
Periodic Table
SMBoiling Point: 3261 FMelting Point: 1965 F
Atomic Number: 62Atomic Mass: 150.4
Samarium
Color, White Structure, Not available
( Natural )
This element was discovered by the French chemist P.E Locoq de Boisbaudran in 1879.
USES: Samarium oxide is used in the control rods of some nuclearreactors.
Periodic Table
EUBoiling Point: 2781 FMelting Point: 1512 F
Atomic Number: 63Atomic Mass: 151.96
EuropiumColor, Silvery Structure, Not available
( Natural )
Europium was discovered in 1896 by the French chemist, Eugene Demorcay.
USES: This element is used in the screen of a color television, and when bombarded with electrons, produces the color red.
Periodic Table
GDBoiling Point: 5923 FMelting Point:2395 F
Atomic Number: 64Atomic Mass, 157.25
Gadolinium( Natural )
Color: Silvery, White Structure: Unknown
This Element was discovered in 1880, By a Swiss Chemist JeandeMarignec.
Uses:It is used as a component of control rods in nuclear reactors.
Periodic Table
TBAtomic Number: 65Atomic Mass: 158.925
Boiling Point: 5846 FMelting Point: 2473 F
Terbium( Natural )
Color, Metallic Structure, Not available
Terbium was discovered in 1843 by the Swedish chemist Carl Gustav Mosander.
USES: Terbium is used in refactory materials, and electronic apparatus.
Periodic Table
DYDysprosium
(Natural)
This element was discovered in 1886 by Paul Erile Locoq deBoisbaudran. UsesHe separated one of its compounds from an oxide ofHolmium.It is sometimes used to control rods of nuclear reactors.
Boiling point:4653Melting point:2574
Atomic Number:66Atomic Mass:162.5
Color,yellow or yellow green
Structure:A high magnetic susceptibility
Periodic Table
HOBoiling Point:4892 FMelting Point: 2683 F
Atomic Number:67Atomic Mass: 164.93
Holmium( Natural )
Color, Silvery Structure:Not Available
This element was discovered in 1878 by the Swiss chemists, JacquesLouis Soret, and Marc Delafontaine. It was also independently discovered by Per Teodor Cleve in 1879.
USES: Holmium is used in some electronic devices and as a catalyst in industrial chemical reactions.
Periodic Table
ERBoiling Point: 5194 FMelting Point: 2784 F
Atomic Number: 68Atomic Mass: 167.26
Erbium
Color: Bright, Silvery Luster
( Natural )Structure: Not available
Erbium was discovered in 1843 by the Swedish chemist, Carl GustavMosander.
USES: Erbium is used in experimental optical amplifiers that amplifylight signals sent along fiber-optic cables.
Discovered sometime before the 16th century. USESUsed in laboratory apparatus, contact points in electricalapparatus and in instruments used for measuring high temperatures, also used in dental fillings.
It was discovered by a French chemist Antoine Laurent Lavosier.
USES
Mercury is used in thermometers and it’s used in other types of scientific apparatus.
Periodic Table
Boiling Point-2665Melting Point-597 TI
Atomic Number-81Atomic Mass-204.383
Thallium(Natural)
Color, bluish-grayColor, bluish-gray Structure:Structure:Soft and malleableSoft and malleable
Discovered by Sir Williams Crookes an English chemist in 1861. USES It is used for rat poison and ant poison. It can also be used to diagnose some types of heart disease.
Periodic Table
PBBoiling Point-3164Melting Point-662
Lead(Natural)
Atomic Number-82Atomic Mass-207.20
Color,Bluish-GrayColor,Bluish-Gray Structure:Structure:Soft and malleableSoft and malleable
Lead was discovered by the Romans and was mentioned the Old Testament.
USESLead is used in the storage of batteries and in sheathing electric cables, industrial lining for tanks and x-ray apparatus.
Periodic Table
BIBoiling Point-2840Melting Point-520
Atomic Number-83
Atomic Mass-208.98
Color-Pinkish tingeColor-Pinkish tinge
Bismuth
Founder unknown
USES
Used in fluoroscopy (used to examine the internal organs.)
Structure:Structure:(Artificial)
Periodic Table
POBoiling Point-1235
Melting Point-527
Atomic Number-84Atomic Mass
Polonium(Natural)
Color, BlueColor, Blue GlowGlow Structure: Structure: Simple CubicSimple Cubic
This Element was discovered by Marie Curiein in 1898 in Paris
USES Polonium is used for thermoelectric power.
Periodic Table
ATBoiling Point-610Melting Point-575
Atomic Number-85Atomic Mass-210
Astatine
Discovered by Corson in 1940.
(Natural)
Periodic Table
RNBoiling point-211Melting Point-202
Atomic Number-86Atomic Mass-222
Radon
Discovered by Dorn in 1900 in Germany.
USES Earthquake Prediction
(Natural)
Periodic Table
FRFrancium
Boiling Point- 950
Melting Point- 300.2Atomic Number-87
Atomic Mass-223.0197
This Element was discovered by Marguerite Perey in 1939 in France.
USES
Structure:Structure: body centered cubicbody centered cubicColor:Color:
This Element was discovered secretly by Glenn Seaborg in 1940 with Wahl and Kennedy at Berkley and publicly reported in 1946.
(Man-Made)
Extracted From Uranium OreExtracted From Uranium Ore
USES Plutonium is used in nuclear weapons and is used in space probe
electricity sources.
Color, SilveryColor, Silvery Structure: Structure: Face centered cubeFace centered cube
Periodic Table
AMBoiling Point: 2880
Melting Point: 1268Atomic Number: 95
Atomic Mass: 243
Structure: Structure: Face centered cubicFace centered cubic
Americium(Man-Made)
This element was discovered by Glenn Seaborg in 1944 in Berkeley.
USESSmoke Detector
Color: Silvery WhiteColor: Silvery White
Periodic Table
CMBoiling Point-----
Melting Point-1613Atomic Number-96
Atomic Mass-247
Curium(Man-Made)
Color: Silvery WhiteColor: Silvery White Structure: Structure: Face centered cubicFace centered cubic
Discovered by James, Seaborg, and Ghiorso in 1944
USESThermoelectric power and source
Periodic Table
bkberkelium
Atomic mass 247Atomic number 97
Named after the University of California at Berkeley. Berkelium tends to accumulate in the skeletal system.
Atomic weight-247
Periodic Table
Californium
CfAtomic number 98Atomic mass 251
Named after the state of California. It has a half life of 90 years. It is a radioactive rare earth metal.
Atomic weight-251
(artificial)
Periodic Table
Einsteinium
Es
(Artificially)
Atomic number 99atomic mass 254
Named in honor of Albert Einstein. Discovered In 1952 in the debris from a hydrogen bomb explosion.
Atomic weight-254
Periodic Table
fmfermium
atomic Number 100
Artificially created, the element was isolated in 1952 from the debris of a hydrogen bomb explosion by the American chemistAlbert Ghiorso named after Enrico Fermi
Atomic mass-257
Atomic weight-257
(Artificial)
Periodic Table
MDAtomic number 101Atomic mass 258
Mendelevium is artificially created radioactive element. Discovered in 1955 and named after Dmitri Mendeleev. It has a half-life of 54 days.
(Artificial)
Mendelevium
Atomic weight-258
Periodic Table
Nobelium
No
(Artificial)
Atomic number-102Atomic mass-259
Atomic weight-259
Nobelium is a radioactive metalic element named after Alfred Bernhard Nobel. It was discovered in 1957 and is not found innature but is produced artificially in the laboratory. The propertiesof Nobelium are unknown and it has a half-life of a few minutes.
Periodic Table
LrLawrencium
(Artificial)
Atomic number-103Atomic mass-260
Atomic weight-260
Lawrencium is an artificially created radioactive metallic element.It was discovered in 1961 and named after Ernest Lawrence.
Periodic Table
RFRutherfordium
(Artificial)
Rutherfordium is an unstable chemical element named after Ernest Rutherford. In 1969 it was synthesized according to a convention adopted in 1980 for naming elements 104 and beyond, however, the element was named unnilquadium.
Atomic number-104Atomic mass-261
Atomic weight-261
Periodic Table
DbDubnium
Atomic number-105Atomic mass-262
Atomic weight-262
(Artificial)
Dubnium is an artificial element that was discovered by Ghiorso. Itwas named after Duba, a northern suburb.
Periodic Table
SgSeaborgium
Atomic number-106Atomic mass-263
Atomic weight-263
(Artificial)
Seaborgium is an artificial element named after Glenn Seaborg.Discovered by Ghiorso.
Periodic Table
BhBohrium
Atomic number 107Atomic mass 262
Atomic weight 262
Bohrium is a synthetic element and is not present in the environmentat all. The German discoverers proposed the name Nielsbohrium after Niels Bohr. IUPAC are happy to name an element after Bohr but suggest Bohrium on the grounds that the first name of a persondoes not appear in the names of any other element named after a person.
(Artificial)
Periodic Table
HSHassium
(Artificial)
Atomic number 108atomic mass 265
Atomic weight 265
Hassium is a synthetic element that is not present in the environment at all.
Periodic Table
MTMeitnerium
Atomic number 109atomic mass 266
Atomic weight 266
(artificial)
Meitnerium is a synthetic element that is not present in the environment at all.There is no dispute concerning the name Meitnerium.