Page 1
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Cables for Power Systems
Paul M. Grant
Electric Power Research Institute
Palo Alto, California USA
Page 2
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Agenda
• Prelude
• Conventional Underground Transmission/Distribution Cables
• Review of Type II Superconductivity
• HTSC Wire Issues
• LTSC ac and dc Cables of the Past
• HTSC ac and dc Cables for the Future
• Closure
Page 3
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Electricity & Quality of Life
Emerging
Developing
DevelopedFSUs
log [ per capita GDP ]
log
[ p
er c
apit
a E
lect
rici
ty G
ener
atio
n ]
Persian Gulf
• Electricity directly related to standard of living in most of the world
• Enormous increase in electricity usage seen for the 21st century
Page 4
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Electricity & Energy Conservation
E/GNP (index: 1900=100) Electricity (%)
E/GNP ratio
Electricityfraction
Source: Electricity in the American Economy, Sam H. Schurr, et al., 1990
1880 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
50
40
30
20
10
150
130
110
90
70
50
Page 5
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Electricity:A Life Necessity
Page 6
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
The Electricity Paradigm
• Generation/Storage– Fossil, Nuclear, Hydro, Chemical– “Green” (Solar, Wind, Biomass)
• Transmission/Distribution– Overhead & Underground– ac & dc
• End Use– Industrial (Motors, Thermal)– Residential (Lighting, Appliances)
Page 7
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Conventional Underground Transmission/Distribution Cables
Page 8
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Overhead Lines
• Fast and cheap
• Piggyback on telegraph rights-of-way
• High capacity
Page 9
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Urban Transmissionca. 1910
• City streets jammed with poles, overhead lines
• Visual pollution, danger
• No more rights-of-way
Page 10
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
The Answer:Underground Cables
Page 11
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Typical UtilityUnderground Feeds
Page 12
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Undergrounding
Page 13
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Line/Cable Performance Limits
Page 14
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cable Conductors
• Wire is what is wound into a conductor
• A cable is made by packaging a conductor
• A line is what is hung from poles
Page 15
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cable-in Conduit
• Cable installed in steel pipe (~ 8-12” dia)
• Very common in USA, ~50% in Japan
• Easy to retrofit
Page 16
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Typical Cable Construction
Page 17
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Elements of anHV cable
• Center conductor
• One circuit per cable
• Three cables in a conduit
Page 18
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Manhole Structure
Page 19
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
High PressureOil Cooling
Page 20
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Urban Utilities:ca. 1920
Page 21
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Type II Superconductors
Page 22
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 SC Phase Diagram
IrreversibilityLine
Meissner
Mixed
NormalHc2
Hc1
Mag
netic
Fie
ld
TcTemperature
Page 23
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Abrikosov Vortex Lattice
H
J
FLorentz Defects (pin sites)
Lorentzforce
Page 24
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Extrinsic Pinning
10 m 10 m
DECORATED VORTEX ARRAYS
with random heavy ion tracksclean
M. Leghissa, et al. Phys. Rev. B48, 1341 (1993)
Page 25
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Fission-InducedSplay Defects
• L. Krusin-Elbaum, et al., Nature, TBP
• Proton-induced fission of Bi and Hg
• World record Hirr at 77 K in Hg-1212
• Potential for special purpose high-field magnets
Page 26
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Vortex Matter
FLorentzMoving Vortex Lattice
(elastic flow)
(plastic flow)
(moving liquid)
H
T
HC2
HC1
TC
Normal State
Meissner State
Vortex Liquid
Mag
neti
c F
ield
Static Phase Diagram
Vortex Glass
Bose Glass
Polymer Glass
Vortex Lattice
Page 27
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
HTSC Wire Issues
Page 28
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Progress in SC Wire Materials
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 0
50
100
150
200T
emp
erat
ure
, T
C (K
)
Year
Low-TC
Hig
h-T
C
164 K
Page 29
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Wire-to-Cable
Page 30
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Malozemoff’s Law
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
J c (
kA/c
m2 a
t 77
K, 0
T)
1990 1992 199519941991 1993 1996
ASC Short RolledMultifilamentBSCCO-2223/Ag
Page 31
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Wire C/P Specs
V = f ( I , T , B , , , A , l ) ,
w h e r e V = v o l t a g e d r o p p e r u n i t l e n g t h , I = c u r r e n t , T = t e m p e r a t u r e , B = m a g n e t i c f i e l d , = c r y s t a l l o g r a p h i c o r i e n t a t i o n , = f r e q u e n c y , A = c r o s s - s e c t i o n a l a r e a , l = w i r e l e n g t h .
C / P = $ / I l = $ / l g ( V , T , B , , , A , l ) ,
Page 32
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 JC(B,T), B||ab
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.008.00 9.00
10.00
85
70
50200
1
2
3
4
5
6
Jc
(B,T
)/J
c(0
,77
)
B(T)
T(K)
ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||ab
85777064503520
Page 33
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 JC(B,T), B||c
0.00 1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 8.009.00 10.00
2050
70
85
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Jc(B
,T)/
Jc(0
,77)
B(T)
T(K)
ASC Bi-2223 OPIT TapeNormalized Jc, B||c
20355064707785
Page 34
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 “JE(77 K)”
COST/PERFORMANCE FOR COMMON WIRE METALS AT 15 MW/CCDISSIPATIONa
D Price JEV JE
W C/PMetal cm g/cm3 ¢/g A/cm2 A/cm2 $/kAm
Cu 2.510-7 8.92 0.20 4.00 245 7.21Al 2.410-7 2.70 0.15 4.17 250 1.66Ag 2.910-7 10.5 15.3 3.45 227 705
aPower dissipation defined as equivalent to an HTSC wire transporting 15,000 A/cm2 sustaining a voltage drop of 1V/cm, or 15 mW/cm3. JE
V is the volume equivalentcurrent density with respect to the HTSC wire, and JE
W
the power dissipation equivalent.
Page 35
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
LTSC ac and dc Cables of the Past
Page 36
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Brookhaven
135 kV, 1000 MVA, 3 m
Nb3Sn, 7-9 K
Page 37
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Los Alamos
100 kV, 50 kA, 5000 MW, 300 m
Nb3Sn, 10 K, 16 Atm
Page 38
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
HTSC ac and dc Cables for the Future
Page 39
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Steel Pipe
SS Shield & Slider
Corrugated SS Tubes Insulation
Dielectric
HTSC TapesSS Former
LN2
LN2LN2
Vacuum
EPRI/Pirelli ac/SC/UG Cable
Page 40
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cryo System
Page 41
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cable Termination
Page 42
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Tape Specs
Page 43
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cable Specs
Page 44
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 PMC ac Losses
Page 45
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 PMC ac Losses
Page 46
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 PMC ac Losses
PMC #1: 4 Layers
PMC #2: 2 Layers/ Insulation/ 2 Layers
Page 47
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Summary of Losses
Pirelli RTD CableEstimated Losses
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Dielectric Cryostat Eddy Pipe/Shield
Eddy
Cryogenic ac Hysteretic Total
Lo
ss
es
(W
/m c
ct)
ac
Hys
Page 48
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cable Test Site #1
South Carolina Electric & Gas (SCEG)Upscale UrbanNeighborhood
Underground link:115 kV, 1.3 Miles
Only 5% Use
Study Complete: 4/97
Page 49
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Cable Test Site #2
Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO)Downtown Philly
Concrete Ducts:13 kV, 2 Miles
100 % Use
Study Complete: 5/97
Page 50
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Superconductivityfor
Global Electrification
A Vision for the Future
Page 51
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 Pipes or Wires?
Page 52
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997
Power Flow Scenarios
Page 53
Cables for Power SystemsP. M. Grant
NATO ASINATO ASI
Applications of SuperconductivityApplications of Superconductivity
Loen, Norway - June, 1997Loen, Norway - June, 1997 The Electricity Pipe!
I
-V
Ground
Structural Support
SuperconductingElectricityPipeline
ThermalInsulation
ElectricalInsulation
Superconductor(-V)
Superconductor(+V)
+VI
LiquidNitrogen
•Total Cryopower System
•Power Capacity:• 5 GW dc
•Cost: < Gas Pipe & HVDC,
> 500 Miles