Native Americans of Tejas - Killeen Independent School … ·  · 2015-09-21Native Americans of Tejas Mr. Castillo’s Texas History. ... into Southern Texas. Many Native American

Native Americans of Tejas

Mr. Castillo’s Texas History

Objectives

By the end of this power point, I would like my students to be able to…

– Understand where the Indians first came from

– Understand the different areas where Texas Native Americans lived

– Be able to identify the type of food, clothing, and housing the Indians used

– Identify unique attributes of certain tribes

The First Americans

• It is thought that most Native Americans are

descended from people that crossed over from

Asia to America on a land bridge– the Bering

Land bridge.

This picture demonstrates

the diminishing of the bridge

over thousands of years

Migration Paths

• As the world's glaciers and ice sheets

melted over the following millennia,

rising sea level flooded the land bridge.

The Plains Culture Area • The Great Plains

stretches from Canada into Southern Texas. Many Native American groups lived along the edges of the plains to farm and entered the plains to hunt buffalo. With the arrival of the Spanish came the arrival of horses. Many plains Indians became excellent horsemen. Most lived in tepees.

• Some buffalo weighed up to 1,600 pounds and were 6 feet tall at the shoulder and 10 feet long. Indians used a variety of techniques to hunt buffalo.

The Comanche

• Migrated from

Wyoming

• Hunters and

gatherers

• Used the horse for

their main source of

transportation and

food-getting

• “Well dressed”

– The Comanche

leaders often wore

fine European

clothes, with many

silver conchos and

fine leather boots.

The Comanche

• Lived in tee-pees

• Good warriors and

traders (although,

thieves)

• Often spoke more

than one language

Comanche The Comanche lived in

bands headed by a peace

chief. If you were the best

fighter and rider you were

the war chief. The

Comanche were skilled

buffalo hunters. Because

of the their skills they soon

controlled much of the

plains including west and

northern Texas.

The Tonkawa • Lived on the north-central

plains and on the

southeastern edge of the

Edwards Plateau. They

depended on the buffalo

for food, clothing and

shelter. They were

considered hunter-

gatherers. The Tonkawa

were driven from their

hunting grounds by the

Apache.

The Tonkawa

• “The people of the

wolf”

– Believed descended

from mythical wolf

• Totemic belief

system

– each clan had a

mythical animal or

spirit to guard them

The Tonkawa

• Tattooed bodies

• Hill country of central Texas – Shared land with the

Karankawa and Coahuiltecan

• Friendly, but enemies with Comanche and Apache tribes

• Hunted and

gathered food

– Fish, deer,

blackberries

• Lived in huts,

wickiups and tee-

pees

The Apache

• The Apache culture originated in Canada but migrated to the Great Plains . Two Apache groups settled in Texas. These are the Lipan and Mescalero. Apaches were organized into bands that traveled, hunted and fought together. The Apaches were skilled horsemen and often teamed up when hunting buffalo. Lipan Apaches were also farmers which was very unusual for Apaches.

The Apaches

• Migrated to Texas from

Canada

• “Apache” is probably

Zuni which means

“enemy”

– The Apache and Navajo

called themselves the

Dine

– Dine in Apache or Navajo

means "the people”

• Built wickiups and

teepees

• Semi-sedentary

– Farmed and hunted

• Most Lipan Apache men cut their hair very short on

the left side but allowed the hair on the right to hang

long. They tied feathers and other decorations to their

hair. The men had no facial hair and the women wore

earrings. Apaches were feared throughout Texas.

The Apaches

• Wore leather boots and wide cloth headbands

• After the horse, stopped farming to hunt

• Pushed further south by Comanche – Two groups: Lipan

and Mescaleros

• Sought refuge in Spanish missions but treated like slaves

• Geronimo- famous leader of the Mescalero Apaches – 1870s- led a famous

raid in southern New Mexico and far west Texas

Kiowa • The Kiowa were the last plains

group to arrive in Texas. They

hunted buffalo, and gathered

berries, fruits and nuts. They

traded with other groups for

what they did not have. The hair

of the Kiowa men was long but

over the right ear it was short.

The Kiowa and the Comanche

were allies.

The Southeastern Culture Area

• Caddo-moved into Eastern Texas from Arkansas, Louisiana and Oklahoma. They built permanent villages and became expert farmers. They practiced crop rotation. The Caddo grew beans, corn, squash, sunflower seeds and tobacco. They organized their tribes into three confederacies. The Caddo built mounds and temples for religious events. In addition to a religious and political structure the Caddo had healers and craftspeople.

The Wichita confederacy included four groups. They settled

along the Red River. They lived along creeks and rivers. They

grew beans, corn, melons and squash. The Wichita used horses

to hunt buffalo and deer. They lived in permanent villages. Like

the Caddo, the Wichita tattooed their bodies. Theirs was more

extreme.

The Wichita

• Semisedentary lifestyle

– farms and villages, but

also moved around

• Fall would migrate

west to go on a buffalo

hunt

• In spring lived in grass

huts in villages

– grew maize, pumpkins,

squash, beans and plums

The Wichita

• Tattoos— “raccoon-

eyed people”

• Wore clothes made of

tanned hides

• Men: shirts, loin

cloths and leggings

• Women: dresses that

reached from their

chin to their ankles

• Moccasins

• Elk teeth were very

valuable

– trade items with

neighboring tribes

The Caddo was a matrilineal

society. This means they

traced their families through

their mother’s side. Their

houses were wooden poles

covered with grass. Some may

have plastered the outside

walls with mud. Both men and

women tattooed and painted

their bodies.

The Caddo

• Lived in piney areas of East Texas – Grass huts like the

Wichitas

• Farmers – corn, beans, squash

and other crops

• Set fires in the woods to burn away clearings to farm

• Women would

gather wild plant

food like acorns,

black berries

• Men would travel in

hunting parties for

buffalo

• Buffalo robes

The Caddo

• Texas is a Caddoan word – It means "those who

are friends"

– The Tejas Caddo tribes were all "friends”

• Made bows and arrows out of bois de arc wood

• Made axes to cut down trees

• Beautiful pottery

Click the ax for more information

• Atakapan-between the

Caddo and the Gulf of

Mexico lived the

Atakapan people. They

were farmers with corn

being their main crop.

Not only did they farm

but they hunted wild

game and alligator.

Little is known about

their houses but it is

thought they lived in

huts made from brush.

Lets Review!

1. Where is it thought that the first humans that came to America came from?

2. Where did the Comanche Indians live? The Wichita? The Caddo?

3. What kind of house did the Comanches live in? The Wichita? The Caddo?

4. Which Native Texans were hunter/ gatherers?

5. Which were farmers? 6. What does “Tejas” mean?

The Western Gulf Culture Area

• Karankawa-hunters

and gatherers who lived in

the area of Galveston to

Corpus Christi. They were

nomads. They used dug-

out canoes to fish, hunt

sea turtles and collect

shells. They also hunted

deer and small animals.

They lived in wigwams.

The Karankawa did not need

much clothing. Their clothes

were made out of deerskin or

grass. They painted themselves

with bright colors. To keep the

insects away they rubbed

alligator fat and dirt into their

skin. The Karankawa treated

their children with kindness.

They gave their children two

names, one of which only their

family knew.

The Karankawa

• Galveston and

Corpus Christi area

• Food= fish, fish,

fish!

• Clothing

– Men: breach cloths

or nothing at all

– Women: grass skirts

• Lived in wickiups

during the winter

• Got around in

canoes

– Could hold a family

and all their

possessions

The Karankawa

• Larger than most

Native Americans at 6’

• Often unfairly labeled

as cannibals

Click on the fish for more

information on the

Karankawa culture

• Coahuiltecan-hunted and

gathered food in south Texas.

They were nomadic and covered

large distances following buffalo,

deer and small animals. The

Coahuiltecan also fished and

hunted for wild plants. Their diets

included ants, eggs, lizards,

snakes, spiders and worms. They

did not build permanent homes.

Both men and women wore their

hair long. They worked hard but

they like to gather for feasting and

dancing.

The Coahuiltecan

• Many similar groups

of Indians in the

same area

– called the

Coahuiltican Indians

out of convenience

• South Texas,

Eastern Mexico

• Hunters and

gatherers until

people started to

come to America

• “Dirty and smelly”

– Diseases

– Became extremely

poor

The Coahuiltecan

• Wickiups, sometimes

• Little clothing, if any

• Made sandles out of lechuguilla plants

Click the cactus for more info.

The Pueblo Culture Area

• Jumano-made permanent houses made of adobe. The Jumano lived along the Rio Grande River. They were able to grow corn and other crops because they settled near the river. They also hunted buffalo and gathered wild plants for food. The Jumano lived in large villages. They used bows and arrows and carried heavy clubs into battles.

Jumano

• West Texas

• Farmers

– grew corn, beans

and squash

– grew cotton for

clothes and blankets

• Adobe houses

Jumano

• Clean and neat

• Men shaved their heads except for at the top

• Traders

• Supposedly naked except for when it was cold- wore blankets

Lets Review!

1. What did the Tonkawa Indians call themselves?

2. Which Native Texans lived in adobe houses?

3. How did the Karankawa clans get around?

4. Why were the Coahuiltecan clans “dirty and “smelly”?

5. What was Geronimo’s Indian heritage?

6. What type of homes did the Tonkawa, Apache, Karankawa, Coahuiltecan, and Jumano Indians live in?