Native Americans Control the West After the Civil War, federal soldiers left Texas to fight in the Eastern United States. Settlers in West Texas lived.

Native Americans Control the West

• After the Civil War, federal soldiers left Texas to fight in the Eastern United States. Settlers in West Texas lived in constant fear of raids by Comanches, Kiowas and other Plain people.

• Army was unable to prevent raids because• A. Soldiers were too few in number and often

untrained• B. Officers were Civil War Veterans with little

experience in fighting Native Americans.• C. Forts were built too far apart and too far to

the west to provide defense.• D. Military Campaigns (operations) against Native Americans had to be cancelled because there was not enough food for the soldiers and

horses.

The Search for Peace-

• In 1867, federal agents representing the U.S. government and the chiefs of several Native American Natives met in

present-day Kansas and signed a peace treaty.• Treaty of Medicine Lodge Creek

• Native Americans would live on reservations in the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma)

• Government would provide food and supplies but the army would not be allowed on the reservations.

• Native Americans who signed the treaty agreed to stop making raids on Anglo American settlements.

• Government appointed federal agents to treat Native Americans well. Some agents were members of the

Society of Friends, also known as Quakers.

The Peace Policy Fails

• Many Native American leaders did not sign the treaty.• Claims made

• Government broke its promise• Some agents for the Indian

• Territory cheated them and treated them badly.

• One half of the Comanches and many Kiowas refused to move to reservations• Raids and war continued and became

more serious

Agent for Native Americans and Native Americans who were against war

• Lawrie Tatum (Quaker): The agent in Indian Territory who worked to educate the Plains people in agriculture which

would help them to earn a living.

• Kicking Bird and Striking Eagle: Kiowa chiefs who believed that Native

Americans should accept Anglo Ways.

• Horseback: Comanche chief who led his people to a reservation.

Famous Native Americans who were

against the treaty-500• Santanta: The most famous Kiowa chief that believed West Texas belonged to the Comanches and Kiowas. Was named “Orator of the Plains” because he spoke at the Medicine Lodge Creek

peace conference.• Quanah Parker: refused to sign the treaty. Son of

Chief Peta Nocona and an Anglo American woman, Cynthia Ana Parker whco had been captured by

the Comanches as a child. Spent 10 years trying to stop the spread of Anglo American settlements

as they took over Texas Land.• Victorio: War chief of the Apaches. Also opposed

the Treaty.

The Peace Policy Ends-100

• General William Tecumseh Sherman was sent to West Texas to investigate the stories that peaceful policies were

not working.• Kiowas attacked a wagon train

traveling along Salt Creek. This is now called the Warren Wagon train Raid.

• Big Tree and Satank were arrested and taken to Jacksboro for a trial.

• Result of Warren Wagon Train Raid:• Peace Policy was abandoned and

Native American were forced onto reservations.

MacKenzie Leads the Early Texas Campaigns-

200• Colonel Ranald S. MacKenzie, commander

of the Fourth Cavalry Regiment, led the campaign against the Native Americans.

• Mackenzie defeated• Large Comanche part in a battle fought

near present-day Pampa• Attacked native American villages in

Northern Mexico.• Comanche raids on West Texas declined

and southern border became more peaceful.

Native Americans Depend on the Buffalo-

300• Native Americans depended on the buffalo for much of their food and other necessities.• Water bags were made from the buffalo’s

paunch or stomach.• Hoof, horns, and bones became ornaments,

cups and other utensils.• Sinews (tendons) and hair yielded

necessities such as bowstrings, thread and rope.

• Buffalo hide became clothing, saddles, robes and covers for tepees.

• Dried manure, (buffalo chips) was used for fuel.

Buffalo Herds are Slaughtered-400

• Slaughter of the Buffalo herds began early in the 1870’s. By 1873, the herds north of Texas had been completely wiped out

and the hunters began to move onto the Texas plains.• Market for the Buffalo hides began by Charles Rath and

brother John and J. Wright Mooar.• Hunters wanted only the hide of the buffalo.

• Some Anglo Americans knew how important the buffalo was to the Native Americans and proposed a law to protect the

buffalo.• General Philip Sheridan, commander of the U.S. Military

Department of the Southwest opposed the law and helped defeat this.

• Knowing that the buffalo provided food, clothing and other necessities, the Native Americans then began plans for war.

The Attack on Adobe Walls-500

• June 1974, Quanah Parker and several hundred warriors from 5 Native

American nations attacked a buffalo hunter’s camp at Adobe Walls.

• The Native Americans failed to take Adobe Walls.

• Then, many Native Americans left reservations to join the fighting. 190 Anglo Americans were killed over the

next two months.

The Red River Campaign-100

• President Grant now put the army in charge of the Native American affairs.

• First battle, Red River Campaign was fought in August, 1874.

• Texas Rangers fought also. Major John B. Jones led the Frontier

Battalion.• They fought 21 battles against Native

Americans.

The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon-200

• The most decisive battle.• Led by Colonel Ranald S. MacKenzie.

They set fire to Comanche, Kiowa and Cheyenne villages. More than 1,000

horses were destroyed to prevent the Native Americans from retrieving them.

Without food, horses and shelter, the Native Americans could not survive.

Native Americans began making their way to

reservations.• Some continued to defy the army but most of the Native Americans did settle

into reservations.

Last remaining Comanche Band-300

• Kwahadies surrendered in June 1875.

• Quanah Parker, also surrendered and worked to settle disputes

among the various Native American nations. He fought for

right and represented Native Americans in Washington D.C.

After the Red River Campaign-400

• Kickapoo and Apache warriors continued their fight for several more years along

the Rio Grande.

After the Red River Campaign-500

• Native Americans were rarely seen on the prairies and plains

of Central and West Texas.

Buffalo Soldiers End the Wars-100

• By 1878, raids by Kickapoo were over but the Apaches continued their raids.

• Victorio led the Apaches and they fought in Mexico, Texas and New Mexico.

• Colonel Benjamin H. Grierson fought the Apaches and forced them across the Rio Grande into Mexico where Mexican

soldiers trapped them. Victorio was killed. • This marked the end of the Apache wars in Texas.

• The ninth and tenth cavalries were made up entirely of African American soldiers. They were famous throughout the state. They were experienced campaigners, and skilled in warfare.

• African American graduate of West Point Military Academy: Lieutenant Henry Ossian Flipper. (Member of the tenth

cavalry_• African American troops were called ‘buffalo soldiers” by the

Native Americans.

South Texas Renegades-200• Problems in South Texas

• Renegades or outlaws were robbing settlements and towns.

• Deserters from the Civil war and outlaws crossed into Texas.

• Some ranchers expanded their land and herds of cattle since there were no real laws set which resulted in many people

losing their land.• Texas Rangers came to gain peace but they mistreated Mexican Americans and

as a result innocent people suffered.

Juan N. Cortina-300

• Defended the rights of Mexicans and Tejanos before the Civil War.

• Noted as an outlaw by the Texas Rangers and considered

responsible for violence along the Rio Grande.

• He was arrested by the Mexican army and removed from the Valley.• Cattle raids then decreased.

• Texas Rangers continued to patrol after Cortina was arrested.

Time of Sadness for Native Americans-400

• Native American would never again be free to roam as they had.

• Many young Native Americans were placed in boarding schools.

• They were made to wear Anglo clothing, cut their hair and speak English.

• Disease and starvation killed many of the Native Americans.

• Population of the Native Americans decreased drastically.

A New Era Begins-500

• Many Anglo Americans moved into West Texas now that there was no

threat of raids.

• New towns were built.• Railroads played an important part

in bringing farming communities to lands that had been the home of

Native Americans.