Nationalwatergrid28oct04

National Water Grid, National Water Grid, Peninsular Water GridPeninsular Water Grid

Dr. S. KalyanaramanFormer Sr. Exec., Asian Development BankSarasvati Nadi Research Centre3 Temple Avenue, Srinagar Colony,Chennai

[email protected]://www.hindunet.org/saraswati Oct. 2004

Inter-linking? Not an end in itselfInter-linking? Not an end in itselfNeeded: National Water Grid (Peninsular Grid)Needed: National Water Grid (Peninsular Grid) Potential for drinking water supplies to coastal towns/cities/industrial towns such as

Tiruppur by desalination of sea-water Imperative of re-charging and sustaining ground-water tables, tank-networks Restoring kudi-maraamattu (Peoples’ self-help) Forestation of uplands (Sahyadri ranges) Sharing of scarcity? Needed National Water Grid, to bring Brahmaputra to

Kanyakumari

7 Peninsular rivers: 45 mhm (rains) 8.75 lakh sq. km. (delta area)

Brahmaputra: 53.7 mhm (glaciers) 1.94 lakh sq. km. (delta area)

Potential for adding 11 m. ha. Under command area of irrigation (4.5 m. ha. directly through canal network; 6.5 m. ha. through tank network)

Hydro-power generation: 2754 MW National Waterway, Peninsular component: 1,000 kms. Need for bringing waters from Hoganekal to the uplands of TN, Karnataka, Kerala Need for a contour canal on Sahyadri ranges (paralleling the Konkan Railway) Water management by peoples’ participation, designed as Peoples’ Project

Kerala watershed: water, water Kerala watershed: water, water everywhere, not a drop to drinkeverywhere, not a drop to drink Desiccation of kulam-s surrounding each settlement Sand-mining on river run-offs Conversion of kulam-s into real estate plots and residencial

areas; resultant depletion of the ground water table without provision for recharging groundwater

Suggestions for watershed management Regulation of groundwater use, regulation of sand-mining

on river beds Contour canals on Sahyadri ranges Traditional knowledge systems for eco-friendly water

harvesting

Grain problem of BharatGrain problem of Bharat 2134 kg/ha yield: India; 4664 kg/ha yield: China 2134 kg/ha yield: India; 4664 kg/ha yield: China

1951 2001 Vision 2020

Population 33 crores 100 crores 150 crores

Agri. Prod. 65 m.t. 200 m.t. 400 m.t.

Irrig. area 22.6 m. ha. 90 m. ha. 175 m.ha.

Productivity Irrigated

Unirrigated

2.1 ton/ha

0.75 ton/ha

3 ton/ha

1 ton/ha

Water Resources of BharatWater Resources of BharatGlaciers 1.725%Groundwater .775%Rivers, tanks, swamps .025%Sea water (7500 km. coastline) 97.475%

Fresh water: – Glaciers 68% – Groundwater 31%– Rivers, tanks, etc. 1%

70% water is used for agriculture

Interlinked tanks: satellite viewInterlinked tanks: satellite view

Cooler temperatures at higher elevations Cooler temperatures at higher elevations thoughout the globethoughout the globe

Glacial InventoryGlacial InventoryGlacial ice currently covers 10 percent (16 million kmGlacial ice currently covers 10 percent (16 million km22) of the ) of the earth's surface.earth's surface.To grow a To grow a glacierglacier, annual snow accumulation must be greater , annual snow accumulation must be greater than the annual summer melt.than the annual summer melt.Most glaciers outside polar regions occur in mountains resulting Most glaciers outside polar regions occur in mountains resulting from collisions between tectonic plates.from collisions between tectonic plates.

Water fetishism: water as a Water fetishism: water as a commoditycommodity Water shortages (rather than land shortage) are affecting

growth in food production Ground-water tables in Tamilnadu have dropped 30 metres

in 30 years, dangers of ingress of sea water , dangers of arsenic poisoning

Need to maintain minimum flow levels in rivers Water has become a commodity, is more expensive than

milkhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/worldsummit2002/earth/story/

0,12342,777661,00.html Concepts of virtual water (Import water? Import food!)

Rights Vs. ResponsibilitiesRights Vs. Responsibilities

Right to life = Right to WaterWater Resource should be conserved and

perpetual access to water ensured – for people, – for food production and – for the environment

Water as a resource to be conserved for future generations

Water Grid vs. Power GridWater Grid vs. Power GridPower Grid is a network --When a consumer puts on an electric switch, power

flowsSource can be from any part of India, from hydro-,

thermal-, nuclear-power

Water Grid is a network --When a consumer opens a water-tap or switches on

a bore-pump, water flowsSource can be from any part of India, from

desalinated sea-water, from glaciers, from river run-offs, from swamps, from groundwater

SEASONAL SEASONAL RAINFALL: JULY RAINFALL: JULY 20022002Drought ReliefDrought Relief : :Rs. 15000 crores p.a.Rs. 15000 crores p.a.Flood reliefFlood relief::Rs.30000 crores p.a. Rs.30000 crores p.a. Avoiding these Avoiding these recurring expenses recurring expenses alone will justify the alone will justify the Grid investmentGrid investment

HIMALAYAN COMPONENT

It will have 14 Links

Construction of Dams on Tributaries of Ganga and Brahmaputra Rivers in India, Nepal & Bhutan

Linking of Brahmaputra and its Tributaries with Ganga and Ganga with Mahanadi Benefiting Assam, West Bengal, Bihar, Jharkhand & Orissa

Interlinking Canal Systems to Transfer Surplus Flows of Eastern Tributaries of Ganga to the West Benefiting U.P., Uttaranchal, Haryana, Rajasthan & Gujarat

HIMALAYAN COMPONENT(PROPOSED LINKS UNDER STUDY)

NEPAL

BHUTAN

PENINSULAR COMPONENT

It will have 16 Links

Transferring Mahanadi & Godavari Surpluses to Deficit Basins of Krishna, Pennar, Cauvery & Vaigai Benefiting Orissa, A.P., Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Pondicherry (with 9 Link Canals)

Lift Essential for Transfer of Water From Godavari to Krishna – Proposed in one of the above 9 Links (to lift 1,200 cumec over 116 m)

PENINSULAR COMPONENT(PROPOSED LINKS UNDER STUDY)

PENINSULAR COMPONENT

Transferring Water From West Flowing Rivers of Western Ghats to the East to benefit Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & Kerala

Transferring Water From Ken River to Betwa River to Benefit M.P. & U.P.

Inter linking Parbati, Kalisindh & Chambal rivers to benefit M.P. & Rajasthan

Interlinking of West Flowing Rivers, North of Bombay &

South of Tapi, to benefit Maharashtra & Gujarat


LINKS IDENTIFIED FOR PREPARATION OF FEASIBILITY REPORTS

1. Mahanadi (Manibhadra) – Godavari (Dowlaiswaram)

2. Godavari (Inchampalli) - Krishna (Nagarjunasagar)

3. Godavari (Inchampalli Low Dam) – Krishna (Nagarjunasagar Tail Pond)

4. Godavari (Polavaram) – Krishna (Vijayawada)

5. Krishna (Almatti) – Pennar

6. Krishna (Srisailam) – Pennar (Prodattur)


7. Krishna (Nagarjunasagar) - Pennar (Somasila)

8. Pennar (Somasila) – Cauvery (Grand Anicut)

9. Cauvery (Kattalai) – Vaigai – Gundar

10. Ken – Betwa Link

11. Parbati – Kalisindh – Chambal

12. Par – Tapi – Narmada

13. Damanganga – Pinjal

14. Bedti – Varda

15. Netravati – Hemavati

16. Pamba – Achankovil –

Vaippar


BENEFITS FROM PENINSULR COMPONENT

13 Million Ha of Additional Irrigation

4,000 Mega Watt of Power

Drought Mitigation to Some Extent in the States of A.P., Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & M.P.

Flood Control to Some Extent in Mahanadi & Godavari basins


At the Nuclear Desalination Demonstration Project in Kalpakkam. S.R. Jayaraman, Project Engineer (Civil), is seen.

Use of semi-permeable membrane and pressurised sea-water

Desalination using nuclear powerDesalination using nuclear power Water is abundant on planet earth and in coastal cities of Bharat, with

a long coastline of 7517 kms.; about 97.3 percent occurs as sea-water.

“Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC) has successfully developed technologies of Multi-stage Flash and Reverse Osmosis (MSF-RO) for desalination of water. The MSF and RO pilot plants set up by BARC have been operated to study operational parameters. A 6300 cubic metre/day combined MSF-RO Nuclear Desalination Demonstration Plant is to be set up at Kalpakam.” The cost of desalination will be 4.5 paise per litre of pure, distilled water. By using advanced techniques for use of permeable membranes, which can be developed indigenously, further efficiencies can be achieved.

http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/powerrevolution1.htm

National Water Grid Authority; Peninsular Grid, Regional National Water Grid Authority; Peninsular Grid, Regional and sub-regional Grids and sub-regional Grids

Autonomous, statutory bodies (like Konkan Railway Autonomous, statutory bodies (like Konkan Railway Corpn.) Corpn.)

Self-financing, with peoples’ participationSelf-financing, with peoples’ participation

Replace the River Board Act 1956 with Water Security Replace the River Board Act 1956 with Water Security Act enacted under Entry 56 of List I (Central List) Act enacted under Entry 56 of List I (Central List) because because

Control and development of a River Valley (Entry 56 Control and development of a River Valley (Entry 56 List I) is integrally linked to the four major sources: List I) is integrally linked to the four major sources: glaciers, groundwater, run-offs and sea-waterglaciers, groundwater, run-offs and sea-water

Ecological, Social Issues, Ecological, Social Issues, Peoples’ ParticipationPeoples’ Participation

Fragmentation of Water management– Vacuum at peak; confusion at bottom– Climate changes impact rivers– People-centred water management, transparency

issues– 40% evaporation loss from reservoirs, canals

With and without Grid: desalination, recycling of water

Watering the land? Supplying water for growth of crops!

Flood controlFlood controlPositive impacts of Flood control

– Wildlife habitat management– Greenways and trails– Water Storage, Groundwater recharge– Erosion and sediment control– Sand and gravel deposits

Problems to be addressed– Pollution propagation– Subsidence– Glacial outbursts, floods– Sea-level rise– Episodic and chronic erosion

Areas of eco-importance & ChallengesAreas of eco-importance & Challenges Draining of Wetlands Avoidance of water-logging Land degradation; conversion of land for agriculture Ecological development institutional arrangements Introduction of exotic species of plants and animals Dredging for river navigation has exacerbated problems of

river-bank erosion

ChallengesUse of natural resources to alleviate poverty, the greatest polluter

Involving civil society on right levels; resettlement of people

Incentives for cooperation

Aquatic ecosystems, pushing out ingress of sea-water

Co-operation imperativesCo-operation imperatives

Co-operation with Nepal, Bhutan, Sikkim, Bangladesh, China, Pakistan

Co-operation among States within BharatCo-operation among Centre, States and PanchayatsCo-operation between National Waterways and

National Highways to minimise land-acquisition and bridge construction costs

Conflict resolution and environmental impact analyses through arbitration procedures in-built with National Water Grid

3-D Satellite 3-D Satellite radar radar topographytopography

*Superimpose *Superimpose GIS data, to GIS data, to expedite expedite choice of choice of optimal optimal waterwayswaterways

*To monitor *To monitor waterflowswaterflows

Available from Available from NASA for the NASA for the globe, 90m. globe, 90m. resolutionresolution

Blues and greens are lower elevations, rising through yellows and browns to white at the highest elevations.

Get on a bike, Get on a bike, Bhagiratha, Bhagiratha, Gangaikonda Chola!Gangaikonda Chola!

5000 engineering students 5000 engineering students on motorbikes to design on motorbikes to design alternative networks of the alternative networks of the National Water GridNational Water Gridsuperimposing GIS data on superimposing GIS data on 3-D Radar Topographs 3-D Radar Topographs - from Brahmaputra to - from Brahmaputra to KanyakumariKanyakumari- from Sharada River to - from Sharada River to Sabarmati RiverSabarmati River

Financial arrangements: optionsFinancial arrangements: options Konkan Railway model: Floating Mahanadi-Kaveri Bonds Distribution of 11 m. ha. (2.75 crore acres of land to 2.75 crore poor

families); – distribution of loans, pricing each acre at Rs. 25,000 – this will fetch Rs. 69,000 crores from the financial system, to cover the cost of

Peninsular Water Grid and the initial capital cost of Peninsular Grid Authority– repayable over 20 years with 5 year grace period– Rehabilitation of about 5 lakh people (or, 1 lakh families)– Restoration of submerged forests (43000 ha) by afforestation in uplands

Levy of cess for new irrigated lands Surcharge on fuel to fund the cost of canal- and tank-networks No need for foreign loans, no need for foreign technology, no need for

Govt. budget support Finance Commission can be asked to study the financing

arrangements to Panchayati Raj Institutions for maintaintenance and day-to-day operations of the Grid

Social Cost-Benefit Analysis: National Social Cost-Benefit Analysis: National Water GridWater Grid

Increase in foodgrain production (Addl. 200 m.t.)Increase in forest cover from 19% to 33%Enhanced livelihood for 60% agricultural population15000 kms. of National Water Way (Multiplier

Economic effects)Savings in imported fossil fuels due to Water Way

(Rs. 3,000 crores per annum)Social Cost avoidance

– Flood damages (Rs. 30,000 crores per annum)– Drought relief (Rs. 15,000 crores per annum)– Water-sharing disputes (denting national unity)

Potential waterwaysPotential waterways GANGA: BETWEEN ALLAHABAD AND HALDIA

(1620 KM.) BRAHMAPUTRA: BETWEEN SADIYA AND DHUBRI

(891 KM.) WEST COAST CANAL, KERALA: BETWEEN

KOLLAM AND KOTTAPPURAM (168KM.); CHAMPAKARA CANAL (14 KM.); UDYOGMANDAL CANAL (22 KM.)

BUCKINGHAM CANAL SUNDERBANS BRAHMANI EAST COAST CANAL DVC CANAL

National waterways of National waterways of National water gridNational water grid

14,500 KM. OF INLAND NAVIGABLE WATERWAYS (2002)– CANALS, BACKWATERS (KERALA),

CREEKS, RIVERS (GANGA-BHAGIRATHI-HOOGHLY, BRAHMAPUTRA, BARAK, GODAVARI, KRISHNA RIVERS AND RIVERS IN GOA

– 3,700 KM. USE MECHANISED CRAFTS18 M. TONNES CARGO

1760-1840 - The Canal Age1760-1840 - The Canal Age in Britain in Britain

2000 2000 Canal age dawns anew in UKCanal age dawns anew in UKThe Waterways Trust was set up by the operator of the The Waterways Trust was set up by the operator of the UK's 2,000-mile national canal network, British UK's 2,000-mile national canal network, British

Waterways, but is now an independent charity.Waterways, but is now an independent charity.

A Pickfords canal barge around 1800.

.

There are multitudes of old native works in various parts of India . . . these are noble works, and show both boldness and engineering talent.

They have said, we are a kind of civilised savages, wonderfully expert at fighting, but so inferior to their great men, that we would not even keep in repair the works they had constructed, much less even imitate them in extending the system . . . it was from the native Indians we learnt how to secure a foundation in loose sand of unmeasured depth.

With this lesson about foundations, we built bridges, weirs, aqueducts and every kind of hydraulic work . . . we are thus deeply indebted to the native engineers.

Sir Arthur Cotton Founder Modern Irrigation Programme,1784.

Greening of the desert: Sarasvati Mahanadi Rupa Nahar, Mohangarh, 55 km. west of Jaisalmer, 40 ft. wide, 12 ft. deep

(Feb. 2002)

Sarasvati River valley at Adi Badri (May Sarasvati River valley at Adi Badri (May 2004)2004)

Sarasvati Sarovar at Adi Badri (October 2004)Vedic herbal garden; water harvesting with 11 check-dams; afforestation

Great Water Tower for 250 crore peopleGreat Water Tower for 250 crore peopleHimalaya is the source of major rivers for 2.5 billion people; Manasarovar in Tibet yields Sindhu, Himalaya is the source of major rivers for 2.5 billion people; Manasarovar in Tibet yields Sindhu, Sutlej, Sarasvati, Mahakali-Karnali-Sharada and Tsangpo-Lohitya-Brahmaputra rivers; other rivers Sutlej, Sarasvati, Mahakali-Karnali-Sharada and Tsangpo-Lohitya-Brahmaputra rivers; other rivers flowing from eastern Himalaya are: Irawaddy, Salween, Mekong, Yangtse and Huanghe. flowing from eastern Himalaya are: Irawaddy, Salween, Mekong, Yangtse and Huanghe. Precipitation levels increase along the Himalaya from Karakorm (250 cm. per annum) to Precipitation levels increase along the Himalaya from Karakorm (250 cm. per annum) to Cherrapunjee, Assam (1410 cm p.a.) registering the highest rainfall regions of the world. Cherrapunjee, Assam (1410 cm p.a.) registering the highest rainfall regions of the world. Since Since 1959, Chinese government estimates that they have removed over $54 billion worth of timber.1959, Chinese government estimates that they have removed over $54 billion worth of timber.

Gangaikonda Gangaikonda Chola, 11Chola, 11thth cent. cent. Tribute of Ganga Tribute of Ganga water into Chola water into Chola ganga water tankganga water tank

Kallanai, Grand Anicut: 2000 years’ Kallanai, Grand Anicut: 2000 years’ old engineering marvel of old engineering marvel of Karikala CholaKarikala Chola

An engineering model which is also found in Southern Africa

L-shaped Gabar bands on River Sindhu as Anicuts

Dholavira: Rock-cut reservoirDholavira: Rock-cut reservoirThe largest measures 263 feet by 39 feet and 24 feet in depth; reservoirs

together held more than 325,000 cubic yards of water.

A profile of a Gabarband, on river Hab.A profile of a Gabarband, on river Hab. At Mehergarh Period II (Burj Basket

Market period): "The charred seeds of wheat and barley belonging to the species triticum sphaerococcum and hordeum phaerococcum that, according to L. Costantini, grow only on irrigated fields, also were collected from the ashy layers" of P:eriod II (Jarrige, Jarrige, Meadow and Quivron, 1995, Mehrgarh: Field Reports 1974-1985, from Neolithic times to the Indus Civilization, Karachi, Department of Culture and Tourism of Sindh, Pakistan, Department of Archaeology and Museums, French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, pp. 318-19)"

MOHENJODARO:PUSHKARINI, WITH STEPS & DRAIN

Floor of the tank is water tight due to finely fitted bricks laid on edge with gypsum plaster and the side walls were constructed in a similar manner. To make the tank even more water tight, a thick layer of bitumen (natural tar) was laid along the sides of the tank.

Bhandara

Khadin

Johad

Kere

Kul

Kuis

Kund

Naula

Pat

Singaverapura, Allahabad

The earliest The earliest reservoir and reservoir and dam for irrigation dam for irrigation was built in was built in Saurashtra, Saurashtra, Gujarat Gujarat (Western India). (Western India). According to According to Saka King Saka King Rudradaman I of Rudradaman I of 150 BCE a 150 BCE a beautiful lake beautiful lake called called 'Sudarshana' 'Sudarshana' was constructed was constructed on the hills of on the hills of Raivataka during Raivataka during Chandragupta Chandragupta Maurya's time.Maurya's time.

Adilaj Baoli, AhmedabadAdilaj Baoli, AhmedabadSurangam: KeralaSurangam: Kerala

WATER TEMPLES

Panna Mia stepped-pond; Vasant Garh stepped-pond, Rajasthan; Rani-ki-vav, Patan, Gujarat

Hadi Rani Well, Toda Raisingh, Rajasthan; Nimrana stepwell, Rajasthan

Stepped well in S’iva vadi temple, Bikaner; Cistern, Nahgarh fort, Jaipur [After Morna Livingstone, Milo Beach, 2002, Steps to Water; The Ancient Stepwells of India.]

Major dams resulting in increase in irrigated area rom 22.6 mha (1951) to 90 mha (2001)Major dams resulting in increase in irrigated area rom 22.6 mha (1951) to 90 mha (2001)

[Sources: Bandyopadhyay J. and D. Gyawali, 1994, Himalayan Water Resources in: Mountain Research and Development [Sources: Bandyopadhyay J. and D. Gyawali, 1994, Himalayan Water Resources in: Mountain Research and Development 14 (1); Central Statistical Office, Royal Govt. of Bhutan, 1987, Statistical yearbook of Bhutan, Thimpu; UNDP, 1991, 14 (1); Central Statistical Office, Royal Govt. of Bhutan, 1987, Statistical yearbook of Bhutan, Thimpu; UNDP, 1991, Bhutan. Development Cooperation Report, 1990, New York]. Bhutan. Development Cooperation Report, 1990, New York].

Constraints with dams: tectonic impact; generation of electricity remote from beneficiaries; silting reduces life-span of Constraints with dams: tectonic impact; generation of electricity remote from beneficiaries; silting reduces life-span of dams; resettlement of people; shifts in transportation routes.dams; resettlement of people; shifts in transportation routes.

D a m s i t e R i v e r S y s t e m C o u n t r y H t . o f d a m ( m . )

P o w e r ( M W )

B h a k r a S u t l e j B h a r a t 2 2 6 1 0 5 0 N a n g a l S u t l e j B h a r a t P o n g B e a s B h a r a t 1 3 3 1 2 0 0 P a r v a t i P a r v a t i B h a r a t 1 6 7 1 9 0 0 T e h r i ( p l a n n e d ) B h a g i r a t h i B h a r a t 2 6 0 2 2 0 0 K o t e s ’ w a r B h a g i r a t h i B h a r a t 1 0 4 K o t l i b e l B h a g i r a t h i B h a r a t 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 U t a y a s u A l a k n a n d a B h a r a t 2 4 6 1 0 0 0 T a n a k p u r S ’ a _ r a d a

( M a h a k a l i ) B h a r a t / N e p a l 6 , 8 0 0

P a n c h e s ’ w a r M a h a k a l i N e p a l 2 3 2 2 0 0 0 C h i s a p a n i K a r n a l i N e p a l 2 7 0 1 0 , 8 0 0 B a r a h a s h e t r a K o s i N e p a l 2 3 0 3 , 6 0 0 A r u n I I I ( p l a n n e d )

A r u n N e p a l 6 8 2 0 1

C h u k h a ( p l a n n e d )

W a n g c h u B h u t a n 2 0 2 6

S u n k o s h B h u t a n T i p a i m u k h B a r a k B h a r a t 1 6 1 1 5 0 0

Water Security is integrally linked to Gender equalityWater Security is integrally linked to Gender equality

(35% of India’s population is less than 15 years of age: 2001 (35% of India’s population is less than 15 years of age: 2001 census)census)

Women in the workforce: girls should go to school, that should be Women in the workforce: girls should go to school, that should be our Sarasvati Vandanaour Sarasvati Vandana

This will happen when water is available at the turn of a tap or turn This will happen when water is available at the turn of a tap or turn

of a bore-pump-switchof a bore-pump-switch (water + energy = Bharat Vision 2020)(water + energy = Bharat Vision 2020)

Nationalwatergrid28oct04

Technology

tamil nadu

national water

west flowing

peninsular

peninsular

water tables

integrally

gangaikonda