Nationalismand Internationalism intheModern World

C R 0 S S R 0 A D SVOLUME 1

Nationalism andInternationalism

in the Modern World

---Revised Edition---H. R. Cowie

M.A., B.Ed., Ph.D.

Nelson

Contents

1 The Modern World 1The Feudal System and the Role of the Chureh/Forees ofChange inthe Early Modern Period/Eeonomie, Politieal and Social Aspects ofthe Modern World

2 The Heritage of the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Era 10Origins of the Freneh Revolution of 1789/Causes and Stages of theRevolution/The Age of Napoleon/The Signifieanee of theRevolutionary Period to the Growth ofNationalism

3 The Concert of Europe as an Example of Internationalism 30The Conservative Reaction/'Legitimaey', the Coneert of Europe,and the Metternieh System

4 The Revolutions of the 1830s and 1848: A Turning Point? 39The Signifieanee of the Revolutions of the 1830s/The Revolutions of1848/Events in Franee 1848/Events in the German States 1848/Events in the Italian Peninsula, Austria-Hungary and Britain/Attitudes and Reactions to the Events of 1848/The Signifiearz.eeofthe Revolutions of 1848

5 Economic Faetors in the Evolution of Modern Society andNationalism 53Origins of the Eeonomie Revolution/The Agrarian Revolutionand the Growth of Population/Eeonomie Development andNationalism/Eeonomie Policies Reflecting the Coneept of'the Nation'/Results of the Eeonomie Revolution

6 Nationalism, Liber~lism and Forces of Change 62Nationalism/Major Forms ofNationalism/Liberalism as a Politiealand Soeial Foree/Seeularism, the Chureh and Conservatism/Loyalties in Conflict

I 7 Nationalist Forces at Work: Italy, Germany and Britain 78The Unifieation of Italy/The Prussianisation of Germany/Britain asa Super-Power

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8 The Socialist Challenge 93The Socialist Criticism of Capitalism/The Background to theGrowth ofSocialism/Marxian Socialism/Other Forms ofSocialism/Socialism as a Force Opposing Existing Loyalties

9 Nationalist Trends in the Major European Regimes up to 1918 104The Tsarist Regime in Russia/The Hapsburg Empire/The DecliningTurkish Empire/Germany After Unification/France Under theSecond Empire and the Third Republic/Britain as a ConstitutionalMonarchy

10 National Rivalries and Imperialism 120Motivations Behind Early Imperialism/The 'New Imperialism' as anExtension ofNationalism/Tensions Arising from Imperial Rivalries

11 The First World War: A Confliet ofNational Interests 127The Outbreak ofWar/Origins of International Tensions/Nationalism in the Balkans/Foreign Policies of the Great Powersand the 1914 Crisis/The War-Guilt Issue/Effects of the War

12 The Peace Settlement, SeIf-Determination and Nationalism in theTwentieth Century 150Problems Facing the Peacemakers/Objectives of the Peacemakers/The Nature of the Peace Settlements/Self-Determination andNationalism

13 Post-War Economic Problems and the Great Depression 159The Reparations Problem/British Economic Difficulties 1920-9/Prosperity and Depression in the USA/The World Depression'

14 The Rise of Totalitarian States 169Fascist Italy/The Weimar Republic and the Nazi Regime inGermany/japanese Militarism and Expansionism/Stalinist Russiaas a Totalitarian State/Conclusion

15 The Nature ofTotalitarian Nationalism 189Principal Features ofTotalitarian Nationalist Regimes/CommonHistorical Background Features/International Repercussions ofTotalitarian Nationalism

16 Nationalism in the United States of America 199A Nation of Mixed Races/The Constitution and PoliticalInstitutions/The Economic Aspect of Americ(m Nationalism/TheSignificance of the Frontier/The Civil War and National Unity/Nationalism and Foreign Policy/The New Deal as'aRe-definition ofAmerican Nationalism/ A Comparison with Nazi Germany/Post- War Inroads into American National Confidence

17 Liberal Nationalism and Parliamentary Democracy 226(References: Chapter 6 Section I Nationalism, Chapter 6 Section IIILiberalism) The Nature of Liberal Nationalism/ An Assessment ofParliamentary Democracy

18 The League ofNations and International Relations Between theWars 235The League ofNations and Collective SecuritylFrance and HerSearch for Security/The Foreign Policy of Soviet Russia/UnitedStates Foreign Policy 1918-3 9/The Significance of japanese ForeignPolicy/Italian Aggression and its Repercussions/German ForeignPolicy under Hitler/British Foreign Policy and Appeasement/TheSpanish Civil War/Major Events Affecting International Relations1918-39

I 19 The Second World War- The Conflict ofNational InterestsResumed 262The Causes ofWorld War II/Theories ofResponsibility/SignificanceofPolicy Decisions Made During the War/The Waras a Turn.ingPoint in World History

20 The Cold War and International Relations Since World War 11 277·Origins of the Cold War/US Foreign Policy 1945-73/RussianForeign Policy 1945-7 3/Theatres of Great Power Rivalries1945-75/Multi-Polarity in World Affairs/Great Power ForeignPolicies and Renewed Cold War Tensions 1975-85/Major EventsInfluencing International Relations in the Post- War World

21 The Revolt Against the West: The Third World and Non-Alignment 313The Emergence of the 'Third World'/Neutralism and the'Afro-Asian' Bloc/Single-Party Dictatorships in Newly EmergentNations/The Contest for the Allegiance of the 'Third World'/Economic Disparities and the 'Fourth World'

22 TheUnitedNations-AForceoraFarce? 321The Historical Background to Internationalism/Origins andObjectives of the United Nations/Organs and Agencies of theUN/The Arab-Israeli Conflict and the UN/The Role of the UN inOther International Crises/Is the UN a Farce?/Is the UN aSignificant Force?/A Comparison with the League ofNations

23 National Unity in Modern China and India 349The Emergence of Republican China/The People's Republic ofChina/Nationalism in India and Pakistan

24 Other Instruments ofInternationalism 363The Commonwealth ofNationslRegional Groupings/EconomicIntegration/ A Re-valuation ofNationalism and Internationalism

Glossary 370

Index 375

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Maps

1 Europe in 17892 Europe UnderNapoleon 18123 Europe After the Congress ofVienna 18154 Unification ofItaly 1859-705 Unification of Germany 1815-716 Europe in 19007 The Balkan Wars 1912-138 Russian Losses bytheTreatyofBrest-Litovsk 19189 Europe During World War I

10 Europe in 192311 The Territorial Growth of the USA12 The Civil War in the USA13 The Italian Invasion of Abyssinia (Ethiopia)14 The German Problem15 German Expansion 1938-916 The Spanish Civil War17 Poland 1919-3918 Hitler's Europe19 The] apanese Invasion of China20 ]apanese Expansion21 The Sub-division of Germany After World War 1122 Europe in 196023 Israel 1947 and 194924 Israel and Her Arab Neighbours25 India and Pakistan26 The Long March

Diagrams

1123328089

106112143146156205210246251254258266268273274281290330332341356

1 The Theory of Dialeetical Materialism 992 Total Defence Spending (per head of the population) of the

Major Powers 1870-1914 (in pounds sterling) 1343 The Depression Spiral 1664 Voting Patterns in German Elections 1919-33 178