Nationalism: Italian and German Unification Failure of 48 for liberals and Romantics demonstrated that strong idealism not enough to accomplish revolutionary.

Nationalism: Italian and German UnificationNationalism: Italian and German Unification

Failure of ’48 for liberals and Romantics demonstrated that strong idealism not enough to accomplish revolutionary goals

–After 1850 “age of realism” replaced Romanticism as dominant philosophy–A political representation of realism is the notion of realpolitik: accomplishing one’s political goals via practical means (as opposed to idealism driving political decisions).–Nationalist goals were achievesd step by step. Who does this sound like from the past?–Yes, him. Ital. Unificcation, Germ. Unification, Hungarian autonomy

Emergence of realpolitik:

Italian UnificationItalian Unification Story of three menStory of three men

– Giuseppe Mazzini—publicist “The Heart”Giuseppe Mazzini—publicist “The Heart”– Camillo Cavour—stateman “The Head”Camillo Cavour—stateman “The Head”– Giuseppe Garibaldi—soldier “The Sword”Giuseppe Garibaldi—soldier “The Sword”

Until 1850 Italy was dominated by outsidersUntil 1850 Italy was dominated by outsiders Austrian Empire and Pope led oppositionAustrian Empire and Pope led opposition Many different visions of a united ItalyMany different visions of a united Italy

– Mazzini: centralized dem-rep based on univ. male suffr. and will Mazzini: centralized dem-rep based on univ. male suffr. and will of the peopleof the people

– Gioberti: Cath priest.—federation of existing states under Gioberti: Cath priest.—federation of existing states under presidency of a progressive popepresidency of a progressive pope

– Sardinia-Piedmont (autocratic kingdom) ala Germans and PrussiaSardinia-Piedmont (autocratic kingdom) ala Germans and Prussia Many were apathetic to ideaMany were apathetic to idea

NationalismNationalism

Movement spread by a secret society—Movement spread by a secret society—Carbonari(coal-burners)Carbonari(coal-burners)– Influenced by French RevolutionInfluenced by French Revolution– Led revolts in 1820 and 1831Led revolts in 1820 and 1831– Giuseppe Mazzini—prophet of Italian Giuseppe Mazzini—prophet of Italian

NationalismNationalism» Formed new group called Formed new group called Young ItalyYoung Italy

» Campaigns for national Italian dialect

Unification comes by military and Unification comes by military and diplomatic meansdiplomatic means

Primarily under the leadership of the one Primarily under the leadership of the one state in Italy under Italian control, the state in Italy under Italian control, the Kingdom of Sardinia/PiedmontKingdom of Sardinia/Piedmont

Count Camillo CavourCount Camillo Cavour

Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia under Prime Minister of Kingdom of Sardinia under King Vic E.King Vic E.

Build Sardinia/Piedmont into modern Build Sardinia/Piedmont into modern economically sound stateeconomically sound state

Clear objectives for Sardinia- Politics of realityClear objectives for Sardinia- Politics of reality– Northern Italy under Sardinia’s controlNorthern Italy under Sardinia’s control

» Not interested in Southern ItalyNot interested in Southern Italy Too different-poor and agrarianToo different-poor and agrarian

– Establish kingdom as a serious European powerEstablish kingdom as a serious European power» Fights in Crimean warFights in Crimean war» Negotiates French support in war with AustriaNegotiates French support in war with Austria

Creation of a Unified Northern ItalyCreation of a Unified Northern Italy

Prompted by Piedmont’s victory over Prompted by Piedmont’s victory over Austria, several Italian revolt.Austria, several Italian revolt.

Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna Tuscany, Modena, Parma and Romagna revolt and vote to join Piedmont.revolt and vote to join Piedmont.

By 1869, Italy consists of three region, a By 1869, Italy consists of three region, a northern Italian Kingdom, the Papal States northern Italian Kingdom, the Papal States and the Kingdom of Two Siciliesand the Kingdom of Two Sicilies

Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi

Leader of a guerilla movement Leader of a guerilla movement Expedition of the Thousand (Red Shirts)Expedition of the Thousand (Red Shirts)

– Venture south into Sicily to bring about Venture south into Sicily to bring about revolutionrevolution

– Quickly overthrow the corrupt government of Quickly overthrow the corrupt government of the Two Siciliesthe Two Sicilies

– Cavour now invades the south and “takes” (or Cavour now invades the south and “takes” (or is it “unites”?) the prize from Garibaldi.is it “unites”?) the prize from Garibaldi.

UnificationUnification

By 1861, all of Italy except Rome and By 1861, all of Italy except Rome and Venetia are united.Venetia are united.

Leadership under King Victor Emmanuel II Leadership under King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardiniaof Sardinia

Venetia will be added in 1866Venetia will be added in 1866 Rome seized in 1870.Rome seized in 1870.

Problems after UnificationProblems after Unification

Italy—poor w/ large illiterate populationItaly—poor w/ large illiterate population Division between church and stateDivision between church and state Economic divisions between the North and Economic divisions between the North and

SouthSouth Localism too strong in many areasLocalism too strong in many areas

– Development of local strongmenDevelopment of local strongmen– Little knowledge of and participation in gov’tLittle knowledge of and participation in gov’t

Solutions to problems?Solutions to problems?

Industry and trade were fostered by govt—Industry and trade were fostered by govt—transformismotransformismo

Improved agricultural methods developedImproved agricultural methods developed Gov’t encouraged emigration to US—ease Gov’t encouraged emigration to US—ease

over-popn due to high birthrateover-popn due to high birthrate High taxes pd to support growing Army and High taxes pd to support growing Army and

NavyNavy

German UnificationGerman Unification

The last big unification piece of the 19The last big unification piece of the 19 thth century century– Most important in Europe from 1848 to 1914Most important in Europe from 1848 to 1914

– Transformed the economic, military and diplomatic Transformed the economic, military and diplomatic balance of powerbalance of power

The question of German unification would center The question of German unification would center around the two dominate German speaking around the two dominate German speaking countries of the period—Prussia and Austriacountries of the period—Prussia and Austria

After 1848, Prussia was the increasing dominant After 1848, Prussia was the increasing dominant power.power.

Otto von BismarckOtto von BismarckComes to dominate Prussian, then German politics Comes to dominate Prussian, then German politics

from 1962-1890from 1962-1890– Prussian Chancellor from 1862Prussian Chancellor from 1862– One of most remarkable leaders of 19One of most remarkable leaders of 19thth century century– Came from Junker class (noble landlord) in East PrussiaCame from Junker class (noble landlord) in East Prussia– Practiced realpolitik, little faith in liberalism or Practiced realpolitik, little faith in liberalism or

nationalism. Practical, pragmatic. By any means nationalism. Practical, pragmatic. By any means necessarynecessary

– Conservative, but willing to work with middle class Conservative, but willing to work with middle class liberalsliberals

– Iron and Blood speech(1862)—willing to use force to Iron and Blood speech(1862)—willing to use force to unify Germany, strengthen Prussiaunify Germany, strengthen Prussia

Early Steps to UnificationEarly Steps to Unification

Existing PiecesExisting Pieces– Zollverein—customs unionZollverein—customs union

» Maintained economic linksMaintained economic links

» Excluded AustriaExcluded Austria

– Frankfurt Assembly—Assembly of all German states to Frankfurt Assembly—Assembly of all German states to exchange ideas exchange ideas

Bismarck needed to establish dominance in the Bismarck needed to establish dominance in the Prussian governmentPrussian government– Weaken power of liberalsWeaken power of liberals

– Issue of taxation for expanded armyIssue of taxation for expanded army

Wars of UnificationWars of Unification

War with Denmark(1864)War with Denmark(1864)– Dispute over Schleswig-HolsteinDispute over Schleswig-Holstein– Supported by AustriaSupported by Austria– Joint occupationJoint occupation

War with Austria(1866)War with Austria(1866)– Seven Weeks’ War (Austro-Prussian War)Seven Weeks’ War (Austro-Prussian War)– Quickly defeated Austria and German alliesQuickly defeated Austria and German allies– Austria forced to give up role within GermanyAustria forced to give up role within Germany

North German ConfederationNorth German Confederation

Formation of the North German ConfederationFormation of the North German Confederation– Prussia annexes Hanover, Hesse, Nassau and FrankfurtPrussia annexes Hanover, Hesse, Nassau and Frankfurt

– Sets up basis of political structuresSets up basis of political structures» Appearance of liberalism but in reality a military Appearance of liberalism but in reality a military

monarchymonarchy» 2 House Legislature-- Bundesrat and Reichstag2 House Legislature-- Bundesrat and Reichstag

Little real powerLittle real power

– Liberalism defeated by dream of unificationLiberalism defeated by dream of unification

Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War

In many ways can be viewed as the first In many ways can be viewed as the first shots of World War I.shots of World War I.

Napoleon III realizes after Prussian Napoleon III realizes after Prussian victories in Denmark and Austria that he victories in Denmark and Austria that he must prevent German unification.must prevent German unification.

Bismarck’s goal was to complete Bismarck’s goal was to complete unification by bringing into union the unification by bringing into union the Catholic South German states.Catholic South German states.

Ems TelegramEms Telegram

Bismarck finds an diplomatic issue as excuse for Bismarck finds an diplomatic issue as excuse for warwar

Question of member of German Royal Family Question of member of German Royal Family assuming Spanish throneassuming Spanish throne– France opposes for strategic purposes (encirclement)France opposes for strategic purposes (encirclement)– Pressures Wilhelm I to refusePressures Wilhelm I to refuse– Pushes issue too farPushes issue too far– Bismarck edits telegram from Kaiser –makes it appear Bismarck edits telegram from Kaiser –makes it appear

as a German insult to Franceas a German insult to France Popular press forces France to declare war on Popular press forces France to declare war on

Prussia—matter of honorPrussia—matter of honor

WarWar

France is ill-prepared for conflictFrance is ill-prepared for conflict– Technologically backward compared to PrussiaTechnologically backward compared to Prussia

War was over in 6 monthsWar was over in 6 months The states of Southern Germany joined the The states of Southern Germany joined the

Northern German Confederation against France.Northern German Confederation against France. Prussians strike a devastating defeat on the French Prussians strike a devastating defeat on the French

at Sedanat Sedan– Captured 100,000 French troopsCaptured 100,000 French troops

– Take Napoleon III prisonerTake Napoleon III prisoner

Peace TermsPeace Terms

France forced to pay a humiliating price for France forced to pay a humiliating price for defeatdefeat– 5 billion franc reparations5 billion franc reparations– Alsace and Lorraine turned over to GermanyAlsace and Lorraine turned over to Germany

» Important industrial region of FranceImportant industrial region of France

– Northern France occupied for three yearsNorthern France occupied for three years Plants the seeds for future yearPlants the seeds for future year

– French will vow revenge for embarrassmentFrench will vow revenge for embarrassment

Creation of a German EmpireCreation of a German Empire

Bismarck and William I proclaim a German Bismarck and William I proclaim a German Empire at Versailles.Empire at Versailles.

» Another insult to FranceAnother insult to France

– German Princes remained heads of their respective German Princes remained heads of their respective states within the Empire.states within the Empire.

Culmination of Bismarck’s activitiesCulmination of Bismarck’s activities– Consolidated German Empire: uniform currency and Consolidated German Empire: uniform currency and

legal codelegal code– Suppress Catholics in South: Kulturkampf:restrict Suppress Catholics in South: Kulturkampf:restrict

church , esp. in ed and clergychurch , esp. in ed and clergy

ImpactImpact Fact and manner of German unification produced long term Fact and manner of German unification produced long term

effects on Europeeffects on Europe– New German Empire far stronger than Prussia aloneNew German Empire far stronger than Prussia alone

» Militarily, economically it is strongest nation in Militarily, economically it is strongest nation in EuropeEurope

– Blow to European liberalismBlow to European liberalism» New state is a conservative monarchyNew state is a conservative monarchy

– Major impact on Balance of PowerMajor impact on Balance of Power» France and Austria weakenedFrance and Austria weakened» Simmering French hatredSimmering French hatred

– Germany will now become a defender of the status quoGermany will now become a defender of the status quo

Other Actions of BismarckOther Actions of Bismarck Tried to suppress the socialists:Tried to suppress the socialists:

– Socialists appealed to urban workers who resented low Socialists appealed to urban workers who resented low pay and bad working conditions.pay and bad working conditions.

– Bismarck tried to suppress them forcibly 1878 w/ anti-Bismarck tried to suppress them forcibly 1878 w/ anti-socialist laws, but failed.socialist laws, but failed.

– By the 1880’s, Bismarck began to undermine them by By the 1880’s, Bismarck began to undermine them by supporting social legislation to gain the support of the supporting social legislation to gain the support of the workers.workers.

– These programs incl. unemployment insurance & These programs incl. unemployment insurance & workers’ comp., and soc. Sec. payments for retired workers’ comp., and soc. Sec. payments for retired Germans.Germans.

GermanyGermany

1888: William II (defender of divine right) 1888: William II (defender of divine right) became king and Bismarck remained the became king and Bismarck remained the chancellor, until he was dismissed by chancellor, until he was dismissed by William.William.

William II did the following:William II did the following:– Built up a strong army & navyBuilt up a strong army & navy– Encouraged industry & commerceEncouraged industry & commerce– Encouraged imperialism and annexationEncouraged imperialism and annexation

Austria-HungaryAustria-Hungary Emperor Francis-Joseph tried to solve problems, they Emperor Francis-Joseph tried to solve problems, they

were too great for one ruler were too great for one ruler Problems faced by the empire included:Problems faced by the empire included:

– The great number of national minorities which were living The great number of national minorities which were living in the empirein the empire

– Over-extension of the empire into areas, such as ItalyOver-extension of the empire into areas, such as Italy– Failure to compete with the growing power of Prussia.Failure to compete with the growing power of Prussia.– Absolutist, dynastic and agrarianAbsolutist, dynastic and agrarian liberal, nationalistic liberal, nationalistic

and industrialand industrial

Dual MonarchyDual Monarchy Revolts occurred in the Hungarian part of the empire between Revolts occurred in the Hungarian part of the empire between

1861 & 1867.1861 & 1867. Defeat by Prussia and losses in Italy cause Austria to decl. in Defeat by Prussia and losses in Italy cause Austria to decl. in

influence and powerinfluence and power 1867: Ausgleich:1867: Ausgleich:

» Austria and Hungary under one monarch--Dual Monarchy Austria and Hungary under one monarch--Dual Monarchy (Austro-Hungarian empire)(Austro-Hungarian empire)

» Hungary given control of its own affairs and control over its Hungary given control of its own affairs and control over its own minorities, make its own lawsown minorities, make its own laws

» the Hungarians (Magyars) dominant over other nationalities in the Hungarians (Magyars) dominant over other nationalities in regionregiondoes not give autonomy to other minorities\does not give autonomy to other minorities\

» Hungarians recog’d the emperor and accepted common policies Hungarians recog’d the emperor and accepted common policies for finances & foreign policy.for finances & foreign policy.

Austria faced many revolts between 1860 & 1914Austria faced many revolts between 1860 & 1914