Nationalism

NationalismUnification of Germany & Italy

Nationalism Empires in Europe were made up of many

different groups of people Nationalism fed the desire of most those groups

to be free of the rule of empires and govern themselves in their traditional lands

Nationalists were not loyal to kings, but to their people

Some rulers used nationalist feelings for their own purposes

Unification of Germany

Roots of Nationalism Napolean’s wars and Confederation of the Rhine

spark’s German NationalismNationalism Conflicts between German states and a fear of

lost power were barriers to unification Favorable unrestricted trade encouraged

cooperation Rivalry with Austria and France Failure of 1848 Revolutions made many people

happy to achieve a central government by any means

Otto Von Bismarck Becomes ChancellorChancellor of Prussia in 1862 Realpolitik- realistic politics based on tough realistic politics based on tough

minded evaluation of needs of the stateminded evaluation of needs of the state Policy of “Blood and IronBlood and Iron” unites German states

under Prussia- with war and strategy Builds the ArmyArmy into a World PowerWorld Power Bismarck is loyal to HohenzolernHohenzolern kings not to

Prussia Wants to help them rule over all German States

BISMARCK

Three Wars to Unite German States 1. Prussia allies with Austria to attack DenmarkDenmark Prussia and Austria win and take over parts of take over parts of

DenmarkDenmark 2. Prussia attacks AustriaAustria

Within weeks Prussia defeats Austria

Prussia annexes many Northern German StatesNorthern German States Bismarck dissolves the German ConfederationGerman Confederation 3. Instigates war with France3. Instigates war with France

Franco-Prussian War Empty Spanish throneEmpty Spanish throne leads to dispute between

France and Prussia Bismarck uses German nationalism nationalism to rally

people to war Bismarck tricks the French into declaring war by by

rewriting the “EMS Dispatch”rewriting the “EMS Dispatch” Well organized Prussian army crushes Frencharmy crushes French Germany is now under the control of one nation;

Prussia

Building A New Empire By 1871 Germany is the new power in Europe Industry:

#1 in Chemical and Electrical IndustriesChemical and Electrical Industries #2 in ShippingShipping to Great Britain

Germany has a large supply of coal and ironof coal and iron to expand their industry

Disciplined and Educated work force Germany becomes the major force in the

production of steelsteel and weaponsweapons

1871 - Second Reich (Empire) ConstitutionConstitution set up by Bismarck has two

house legislature to make laws Bundersat- upper house is appointed by upper house is appointed by

rulers of German states –ignored by OVBrulers of German states –ignored by OVB Reichstag- lower house; elected by elected by

universal manhood suffrage –little poweruniversal manhood suffrage –little power Power remains with emperor and

chancellor

Foreign Policy Goals of Bismarck Keep FranceFrance weak and isolated Strong links to AustriaAustria and RussiaRussia Does not compete with British Navy Build control over foreign colonies

Domestic Policy Goals of Bismarck Crush all opposition to Imperial state Attempted to get rid of the Catholic ChurchCatholic Church

and SocialistsSocialists Demanded everyone put their loyalty to

Germany above everything else

Unification of Italy

Map

Obstacles to Italian Unification Frequent warfare and foreign rule had led

people to identify with local regions Venice - Ventians Naples - Neapolitans Florence - Tuscans

Congress of Vienna ignored nationalists; Austria controlled Northern Italy; Hapsburgs and French controlled the rest

Mazzini’s Young Italy Guiseppe Mazzini

founded Young Italy Set up a revolutionary

republic in Rome French toppled it

Count Camillo Cavour Victor Emmanuel II was the

constitutional monarch of Sardinia and the leader of the Risorgimento (nationalist movement)

Made Cavour his prime minister Cavour believed in Realpolitik Defeated Austria and annexed

land Diplomacy

Garibaldi’s Red Shirts Nationalist from the

Two Sicilies who volunteers wore red shirts

Worked with Cavour to unite Italy

Victor Emmanuel II crowned King of Italy in 1861

Challenges Facing A United Italy Regional differences North: center of business and culture South: rural and poor Pope received the Vatican, but Catholics resented

the seizure of the Papal States Lacked the natural resources (such as coal) to

industrialize the whole country North industrializes and urbanizes Southerners emigrate to the U.S.