Nationalism

Nationalism

Nationalism and theUnificationof ItalyandGermany

Nationalism

Cultural NationalismFocused on uniqueness of each

group of peopleNot better, just differentCreated appreciation for history of national communityFostered pride in cultural accomplishments

Nationalism

Political NationalismDemanded loyalty from members of

national groupNational culture was bestPreserved when all people of that culture were contained in one national state

Nationalism

Political NationalismSought to gather all members of

one national group into a single nationEspecially strong in German language areasAlso felt among various Slavic groups in Austria-Hungary, Italy

Nationalism

The Unification of Italy

Nationalism

Factors Hindering Italian UnificationAt the end of the Napoleonic Era in 1815, certain factors mitigated against Italian unification.

Nationalism

Factor OneThere was political division within the Congress of Vienna.Austria was opposed to Italian unification because it controlled the province of Venetia in northern Italy and fought any effort at unification.

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Factor TwoThe papacy was opposed because they did not want to lose control of the Papal States.

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Factor ThreeThere was discord among nationalists.Some favored a republicOthers favored a liberal monarchyThe existence of secret, patriotic societies would overcome these difficulties.

Nationalism

United Italy movement led by Count Camillo di Cavour of Piedmont and Sardinia.Allied with France to expel Austria in 1859.

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Combined with Giuseppe Garibaldi to free southern Italy.

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Southern Italy united with northunder King VictorEmmanuel in 1860.

Additional territory absorbed in next decade.

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Last to be included were the Papal States in 1870.

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Problems After UnificationThe new Italian government was

weak.The people of Italy lacked democratic tradition and responsibility.Ambitious nationalism existed without the real political and military power to accomplish it.

Nationalism

The Unification of Germany

Nationalism

Factors Hindering UnificationIn the north:

Protestant Manufacturing CommerceIn the south: Catholic Agricultural

Nationalism

Factors Hindering UnificationOpposition of Austria.

Influential in post-Congress of Vienna Europe.Suppressed liberal and nationalistic movements within Germany.

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Factors Hindering UnificationOpposition of France.

A unified Germany would challenge France’s leadership in Europe.France felt more secure with weak neighbors.

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Factors Promoting UnityCommon nationality.

Napoleon’s influence: aroused German nationalism against him.Weakened Austrian authority.Reduced German states from 300 to less than 100.

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The Failure of 1848Liberals convene the Frankfurt AssemblyProclaim a united GermanyWrote a constitutionOffered the position of Emperor to the King of Prussia

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The Failure of 1848Frederick William IV refused the offer.Liberals lacked military power to enforce ratification.Many liberals fled German territory.The way was open to autocratic leadership.

NationalismWilhelm I of Prussia

(r.1861-1888)

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Conservative.Doubled the size of the Prussian army.Junkers supported the king when the Reichstag refused monies for military expansion.Wilhelm then chose an aristocratic Junker as prime minister.

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Otto von BismarkUnification the work of Otto von Bismarck primeminister of Prussia.He was a masterof realpolitik, thepolitics of reality.

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Otto von BismarkOpposed parliamentary government but was not against a constitutional monarchy with a strong monarch.He also knew that Prussia, and eventually Germany, would need a strong industrial base.

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In series of wars from 1864 to 1870 Bismarck united previously independent German states using the expanded army.

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Victory in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 sealed the expansion.

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Wilhelm I of Prussia became Kaiser of Germany.This began the Second Reich.

Nationalism

Results of German Unification

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Powerful new central European state created.Rich in natural and human resources.Militarily and economically, the German Empire will be stronger than Prussia had been alone.

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The unification of Germany was a blow to European liberalism because the new state was a conservative creation.