-
built in August 1965 as a symbol of united Malaysia and a
newly
independent.
NATIONALMOSQUE
ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY 2
(ARC60203)August 2016
PROJECT 2 : REPORTTutor : Ms. Patmaselvi Paramarajah
TAN YAN JIE 0323906 | TANG FU HONG 0323092 TANG YING JIEN
0322357 | TAY SIEW WEN 0322879
TEH WEI HONG 0323743 | TENGKU SYAKIRA 0323079
-
Content PageNumber
Introduc2on 1-3
1. SiteContextAnalysis
(TAYSIEWWEN0322879)4-17
2.ArchitecturalLayoutoftheBuilding
(TANYANJIE0323906)18-29
3.ArchitecturalStyleAnalysis
(TEHWEIHONG0323743)30-44
4.BuildingConstruc2on,Structure&MaterialAnalysis
(TANGFUHONG0323092)45-61
5.ArchitecturalElements/ComponentsAnalysis
(TENGKUSYAKIRA0323079)
(TANGYINGJIEN0322357)
62-70
71-82
Conclusion 83
ReferencesList 84
TABLE CONTENT
-
Page 1
Introduction
Thena2onalmosquewasbuiltinAugust1965asasymbolofunitedMalaysiaandanewlyindependent.
Thearchitecturalstyleofna2onalmosquearethemixtureofIslamicandModernist.Thena2onal
mosqueisoriginallydesignedbyathreearchitectwhichwereHowardAshley,HishamAlbakriand
BaharuddinKassim.Thena2onalmosqueislocatedatJalanPerdana,50480KualaLumpur.
KeyPlan
-
Page 2
SitePlan
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Page 3
History
A`erMalaysiahadgainedindependencefromtheBri2shin1957,therewasaboominthearchitecture
worldtoportrayasuccessfuldemocracy.Henceon30July1957,theFederalExecu2veCouncilpropose
tobuildana2onalmosqueasasymbolofMalaysia'sindependence.
TheMasjidNegarainKualaLumpurisheavilyinfluencedbytheearlyModernisminMalaysian
architecture.Thearchitectswantedtoimitatethe"freeplan"designofLeCorbusier,theywerethefirst
toignorestrictsymmetryofearliertradi2onalMosque.Asformismoreexclusivethanfunc2onality,the
principalfunc2onsofamosquefollowstheinternalspaceandshape.Resultsina2levelgrandprayerhall
thataccommodate5000worshippers.Themostradicaldesignthatdefiesthetradi2onalmosquedesign,
istheumbrellashapedroofwhichactasasymbolicheadsofstatefortheMuslim.Itwasagenius
combina2onofMiddleEasternandMogularchitecturewhichinspiredthe360foldedplatestructure.
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TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 3
SITE CONTEXT ANALYSIS01
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BUILDING ACCESSIBILITY
TheNa2onalMosqueisplacedinacategoryofthegovernmentadministra2onenclaveinKuala
Lumpur.
Eventhoughtheloca2onofthesiteisfarfromMuslimresiden2alareas,itisnearertomajor
landmarkssuchastheRailwaysta2on,MerdekaStadium,Na2onalStadium,Parliamentandother
governmentoffices.
Figure1:Loca2onplan
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TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 5
ItislocatedcrosswiseoppositeCentralRailwaySta2onon13acreoflow,flatland
alongSultanHishamuddinRoadattheEast,CenderasariRoadattheNorthand
LembahVenningRoadattheSouthboundary.
Figure2:Siteplan
SultanHishamuddinRoad
LembahVenningRoad
CenderasariRoad
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TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 6
Undergroundwalkwayisconnectedfromthemosquetotherailwaysta2on.
Publicfacili2eslikeschoolsandothermarkedbuildingssuchastheGeneralPost
OfficeHeadquartersandrecrea2onalplacesarelocatedthere.
Publicfacilities
NationalMosque
Residentialarea
Figure3:Siteplan
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TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 7
Thesiteofthemosqueisnotlimitedbycompoundwall
exceptfortheSouth-WestandNorth-Eastsidearea.
Thereisnopropergateway.
TwolowirongrillgateswerefoundattheSouth-Westand
North-Eastsideofthemosqueforpublicandmosque
authori2esthatdirecttoanopencarpark.
PeopleareabletoenterfromtheSouth-East,North-West
andNorth-Eastsideofthemosquefromanopen
courtyard,thatislocatedbesidethe3mainroads.
Visitorshadtopassthroughsomeoftheopencourtyards,
wheretheman-madepoolsandwaterfountainswillbe
foundthere,beforeenteringthebuilding.
Figure4:AccessandcompoundwallofNa2onalMosque
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TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 8
NationalMosque
Figure5:Locationofsurroundingbuildings
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Relationship of Building to the Surroundings
NameofBuilding Dayabumi Na2onalMosque
Similari1es InspiredbyMoorish
Islamicbuildings,covered
withfretworkrefined
palernedwiththeeight
pointstarsoftheIslamic
mo2fsandpaintedwhite
toshowthepurityof
Islam.
Theseelementsarealso
foundintheNa2onal
Mosque.
Dayabumi
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TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 10
NameofBuilding SultanAbdulSamad
Building
Na2onalMosque
Similari1es Hasvariousstylesof
arches,horseshoearches
andpointarches
Hasvariousarchesfound
inthebuildingaswell.
Differences Hasnarrowveranda Haslargeandwide
veranda
Sultan Abdul Samad
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TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 11
NameofBuilding TheOldRailwaySta2on Na2onalMosque
Similari1es Mixtureofwesternand
Mughal(similartoMoorish
revivalarchitecture)
Na2onalMosqueandThe
OldRailwaySta2onshared
thesamearchitectural
style
The Old Railway Station
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TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 12
NameofBuilding TheIslamicArtMuseum Na2onalMosque
Similari1es Itisoneofthe
landmarksinKuala
Lumpur.
Islamicarchitecture
style.
Arabiccalligraphy
drawnoncolumns
andotherplaceson
thestructure.
Na2onalMosqueandThe
IslamicArtMuseumareof
thesameIslamic
architecturestyle.
The Islamic Art Museum
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TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 13
Respond to Climate
TheNa2onalMosqueisthebestexampleofthemixtureofamodernis2creinterpreta2onof
tradi2onalMalayArchitecturewithafoldedplatedomewithametaphorofaroyal
umbrella.
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TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 14
A
TheroofofthemainprayerhallismadeoffoldedconcreteplatethatrepresentstheMalayroyalcanopy.Thediameteroftheroofis61mandsupportedby16maincolumns.Theexternalpartoftheroofiscoveredwithlayersofgreenandbluetiles.Theinteriorpartoftheroofispaintedinplainwhitewithnodesignonitssurface.
B
Threesidesofthemainprayerhallissurroundedbyanopenverandaarea.RooJingstructureattheverandaareaismadeofconcreteslabthatiscoveredbyseriesofsmallconcretedomesthatareinbluetiles.Thesedomesareplacedatproperlayoff.
C
Underneaththefoldedplateroofthatcoversthemainprayerhallisaseriesofcolouredglasswindowtoallownaturallighttopassthrough.
D
AtthepeakofthefoldedplateroofisadecorativedesignthatresemblesthedomecentrepieceofSultanAhmetmosqueinIstanbul.
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TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 15
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TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 16
A
Fo lded p la tes o f theconcretemainroofweretoachieve the large
spansrequired in the maingatheringhall.
B
Thepurposesoftheconcretegrillesareforprivacyfromthemainroad.Also,thesegrillesareforventilationandallownaturallightingtoentertheverandaarea.
C
Aserambi'orverandaspacewithlightcourtsandairwellstoprovideampledayligh2ngandpassivecoolingtothebuilding.Itwillblockoutdirectsunlightandprovidesshadeforprayersandkeepsthemosqueinacomfortabletemperature.
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TAY SIEW WEN 0322879 Page 17
Thepoolsandfountainstherewerespreadthroughoutthecompoundasitcancooldown
thetemperatureofthesurrounding.
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ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF THE BUILDING
02
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DRAWINGS
Floor Plan
Elevation
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Thediagrambelowshowstheinteriordesignofthena2onalmosquewiththelegend.
Building Layout
LEGENDOFNATIONALMOSQUE(Groundand1stFloor)
1. MainPrayerHall
2. TheWomanPrayerHall
3. Library,imamsroom,Administra2onoffice
4. Verandah
5. ConferenceHall
6. Mausoleum
7. Rectangularpoolwherethemineratstands
8. Openwalkway
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TAN YAN JIE 0323906 Page 20
-Anuniquecontribu2ontotheideaofmosquearchitectureaswellasamonumenttothestrifefora
na2onalarchitectureiden2tywhichisthena2onalmosquethatislocatedinKL.
-ThedesignoftheNa2onalMosque,KualaLumpurisacombina2onofcontemporaryarchitectureand
theIslamictradi2onalarts.
-Themosqueiscompriseoftwofloors.Thefirstfloorconsistsofmainprayerhall,administra2veoffice,
library,royalantechamber,imamsroom,verandaharea,conferencehall,mausoleumandrectangular
pool.
PLAN TO SECTION ANALYSIS
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TAN YAN JIE 0323906 Page 21
CIRCULATION TO USE SPACE
Thediagramshowsthecircula2onofthena2onalmosque.Theboldpartismainlymorepeoplewillpass
byanditisalsoreactasthemainpathway.
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TAN YAN JIE 0323906 Page 22
Aswalkthroughthelinearpath,itwillpassbyamineratwhichlocatedattherectangular
poolbesidethepathway.
Linearpath:ThepaththatleadtotheWorriorstombislinear.
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TAN YAN JIE 0323906 Page 23
Passbyspacesistherela2onshipbetweenspacesandpathway.Theconfigura2onofthepath
fromentrancetoWarriorstombisflexible.Buttheloca2onofthespaceestablishesthat
path,whichistheWarriorstomb.Thepath-spacerela2onshipisusedtoapproachandenter
func2onallyorsymbolicallyimportantspaces.
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TAN YAN JIE 0323906 Page 24
MAUSOLEUM : WARRIORS TOMB
Themausoleumscontainstwotypesofarchitecturalelementswhichis:acircularplinthwhichprovide
shelterbutneedwallsandcolumntosupportit.
Mausoleumsarebuildingswhicharelarge,openandstatelyonewhereitisfortheshelterofthetombs.
Besidethat,thewell-wisherswhoofferprayersorvisitorswhocometovisitisprotectedbytheshelter.
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TAN YAN JIE 0323906 Page 25
Theopeningofthemausoleumswhichlookslikeatriangularshapethatfoldswhicharelargeenoughto
allowanuninterruptedviewfromoutsideandbutatthesame2meitallowbreezetoflowthroughthe
structure.Itgivesusthefeelingofbeinginsideofanoutsidespace.
Itwasbuiltin1965andthecombina2onofIslamicandModernistdesignprincipleswereusedinbuilding
WarriorsTomb,Na2onalMosque.Thecolour,textureandcoolnessofthemarbleandthewhitenessof
theroofaretoenhancethequalityofspaceandlightintheinteriorofthemausoleum.
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TAN YAN JIE 0323906 Page 26
ORGANIZATION SPACES
Balanceisachievedthroughthestructuralplanofthismosqueintermsofpropor2onandspa2al
sequences.Astheformofthisbuildingisbasicallyquitesimpleandbasicwhereitisalmostsymmetrical
toeachsiteoftheplanaswellastheeleva2on.
Thestructuralplanisasequenceshaped,hypostylemosque,meaningitisaflatroofsupportedby
columns.Asfortheeleva2ontheweightofeverybuildingisalmostthesamebecauseofthesizeandthe
height.
Symmetry and Balance
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TAN YAN JIE 0323906 Page 27
SymmetricalBalancethroughplan-theshapeofthetworoofshowsthebalanceofthebuilding.
SymmetricalBalancethrougheleva2on-thesizeandheightofthebuildingshowsthebalancebetween
eachbuilding.
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TAN YAN JIE 0323906 Page 28
Agridorganiza2onconsistsofformsandspaceswhoseposi2onsinspaceandrela2onship
withoneanotherareregulatedbyathree-dimensionalgridpalernorfield.The
arrangementofthepillarsinthatareaisperpendicularsetsofparallellinesthatestablisha
regularpalernofpointsattheirintersec2ons.
Grid Organization
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TAN YAN JIE 0323906 Page 29
Thena2onalmosquedoesntshowquitemuchofthehierarchybecausefromtheplanit
showbalancewhereasoneleva2on,eachbuildinghavetheirownspecificshapeandsizes.
Hierarchy
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ARCHITECTURAL STYLE ANALYSIS
03
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 30
INTRODUCTIONtoNa2onalMosquearchitecturestyle
Architecturestyleisoneoftheimportantfactorswhichmakesthebuildingsosignificantandhistorically
notable.Elementsliketheuniquemethodtoconstruct,theforms,func2onofthebuilding,oreventhe
buildingmaterialscouldaffectthearchitecturestyleofthebuilding.
Firstofall,theideatobuildaNa2onalMosqueistocommemorateasasymbolofanewlyindependent
andunitedMalaysiaa`erMalaysiaindependentwhichis1957.TheNa2onalMosquewasconstructedin
1965anditwasdesignedbyateamofBri2shandMalaysianarchitectswhichcreatesacombina2onof
cusng-edgemodernistdesignandIslamicarchitecturecanbeeseeninthebuilding.ThiscausesNa2onal
Mosqueinfluencedbywesternstyle,anditconsistssomeofwesternfeaturesforexample,landscaped
gardens,fountains,poolsandadecoratedcourtyard.
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 31
Na2onalmosqueconsistsoftwomainstructurewhichisamainprayerhallandaMausoleum.
MainprayerhallMausoleum
Minaret
Ontheotherhand,the
minaretwasinspiredbythe
shapeofafoldedumbrellato
createacontrastbetween
them.
Fortheexteriorbrightbluefolded
platesofthemaindomeandit
representsanopenedumbrella,
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 32
Insidethemainprayerhallisavast
spacewithintricatelypalernedwalls,
colour-glasswindowsandelaborate
chandeliers.
AMausoleumoraceremonialareaisconnected
tothemainprayerhallwhichlandscapedwith
ornamentalpoolsandisusedforformal
ceremoniesandhousesthebodiesofkey
Malaysianpoli2calfigures.
Poolsandpathwaystogoinrepresentsamoat
andbridges.
Asaconclusionforthis,theformsofna2onalmosquefollowsthefunc2onneededandmostofthe
elementsorstyleareadaptedfromlocal,Islamicarchitecture,post-independencearchitectureandsome
westerninfluence.
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 33
TheRoyalUmbrella
Besidesthefoldedplatedomerepresentedan
umbrellatogetsridfromthehotandhumid
tropicalclimate,italsoresembleofaroyalumbrella
whichsignifyingtheimportanceofthebuildingasa
na2onalmonument.
TheRoyalUmbrella
ThearchitecturalexpressioninNa2onalmosqueisquite
unique,becauseitreflecttothesitecontextinMalaysiaand
someoftheformswasinspiredbythecultureorlocal
produc2on.Allthesereflectsamoderninterpreta2onof
tradi2onalMalayarchitectureandIslamicarchitecture.
LOCAL ADAPTATIONS OF MODERNISM
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 34
Thisprecastconcretepanelprovides
asenseofrhythm,scale,formand
texturetothefaade.
SkinofPineapple
Theprecastconcretepanellingpartwithnumerouswell
ornamentaldetailsofthebuildingthatenvelopethe18-storey
towerblockisthemostexpressive,andfunc2onalist.
Importantlyitisinspiredbyapineapplesskinfor
atheis2cpurposethatallownaturallightsto
penetrateinandatthesame2meprovidesan
openingforven2la2ontopreventthehotclimatein
Malaysia.
Toovercomelocalhotandhumidclimate
Thearchitectdesignedanextensivesetofserambior
verandahspacewithlightcourtsandairwellsinNa2onal
Mosquetoprovidesufficientdaylightandpassivecooling
tothebuildingwithlargefenestra2onforven2la2on.
Asitcanbeclearlyseenthatthewholemosqueare
surroundedbytheconcretepanelthroughfigureonthe
le`.
Local Adaptations of Modernism
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 35
Horse Shoe Arch
MosqueisaplaceforMuslimtoworshipGods,whichIslamicarchitectureisoneoftheessen2al
requirementstobeappliedinthatbuilding.
Bycomparingtotypicalmosque,mihrabisthemost
importantstructuretoownbyeachmosqueto
showstheuniquenessofamosque,butminbaris
notthatimportantasitcanbeappliedornottobe.
ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Figurele`showsthevaria2onofhorseshoearches,whichappliedin
thedesignofmihrabinNa2onalMosque.
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 36
Moreover,thetechnologyandthematerialsusedinNa2onalmosquemakesIslamaprogressiveand
dynamicreligionasitrespectthespiritoftheagein.Forexample,thetradi2onal2mbermosquesof
Malaysiawerebuiltaccordingtotheirspiritofthe2mesinrela2ontotheconstruc2onandstructural
technologyofthatperiod.
Reinforcedconcreteiswidelyusedinthe
construc2onofNa2onalMosquewhichshowsa
modernisminfluence.
Theornaments'palernsorformsappliedshows
thatNa2onalmosquecans2llportraymosque
architecturalexpressionwhichconcernstheidea
ofspiritofthe2mes.
Minaret
Besides,thereisanancillaryfeature
thatshouldbeinstalledineach
mosqueasatypicalrequirementsin
Islamicarchitecture,whichisthe
minaretormuezzin.Itfunc2onisto
giveacalltofountainorprayerfor
ambula2on.
21
Islamic Architecture
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 37
WESTERN AND MODERNIST INFLUENCES
TheNa2onalMosqueisoneofthewesterninfluencedmosquesinMalaysia.Thisisbecause,atthat
par2cular2me,themajorideaofhavingbuildingswithwestern-designedmosquesinMalaysiaare
derivedfromsultandesiresandthenobilitytoshowsgrandnessofBri2shculture.
Besides,Mosquesarebuiltduring18and19centuryfollowedtheGeorgianarchitecture,whichwas
widelyusedinEngland.Georgianarchitectureconsistssymmetricalbuildings,grandstructures,andmost
ofthemaredecoratedwithclassicalmo2fssuchascapitalisedcolumns,keyedarchesandpediments.
Ornamentedcolumns,pedimentsandarcheswithclassicalmo2fs
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 38
Symmetricalplanning
Influenced by Georgian Architecture
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 39
TajMahal(Indian,Mogularchitecture)
Moreover,incasetoachieveapala2aleffectinthebuildings,Bri2shcourtschoosetoenlargethespace
insidealthoughthespaceisbeyonditsfunc2onatthat2me.
BesidesGeorgianarchitecture,IndianorMogulstyleofarchitecturewerealsopreferredbytheBri2sh
administrators,aswellasofthegrowingIndianMuslimcommunityinMalaysiaduringthelate19thand
early20thcenturies.
Western and Modernist Influences
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 40
1 2
First floor Ground floor
FreeplanbyLeCorbusier
'Itreferstoanopenplanwith
nonload-bearingwallsdividing
interiorspace.
Construc2onoftheNa2onalMosque,in1965wasprobablythemostsignificanteventinthehistoryof
earlyModernisminMalaysiaarchitecture.Itwasthefirstbuildinghavingthedesignwhichisdifferent
fromthestrictsymmetrylayoutoftypicalmosques,anditalsocreateafreeplan'feelingthatinspiredby
LeCorbusier(1887-1965),thewell-knownFrencharchitect.
Thebuildingitselfcontainoftwofloors,thefirstfloorwithpilotedcolumnswhichsurroundedthemain
prayerhallanditispreservedlikeawideverandas.Itisdedicatedforprayersperformanceand
ceremoniesaswell.Hence,thegroundfloorhouse18publicfacili2es,suchastheadministra2onoffice
forcollec2onofzakat,aclinic,andclassroomsforreligiousinstruc2on.
POST-INDEPENDENCE MODERNIST
Byalachingtotheprincipleofformfollows
func2on'thatwidelyusedintheearly
Modernist,thespacesinsideNa2onal
Mosquearearrangedtoitsfunc2on
respec2vely.
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 41
Themostsignificantarchitecturalstyleof
Na2onalMosqueistheumbrellaroof.It
isa360degreefoldedplatestructure
whichcomesfromacrea2veconstruc2on
whichcreatesauniquecombina2onofthe
twomajorstyleofMalaysianmosque
architecture,modernismstyle(material)
andtradi2onalvernacularmosque(form).
Na2onalMosquewasasuccessmasterpiece,whichcorrespondtoaninterna2onaltrend,itsstructural
system(thealachmentofsymbolicmeaningstothestructureofabuilding)becamethepredominant
inspira2onforearlypost-independenceMalaysianmosques.
Post-Independence Modernism
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 42
COMPARISON TO A TYPICAL MOSQUE
Na1onalMosque,Malaysia BlueMosque,Istanbul
Mainprayerhall
Minaret
Domes
Ornaments
Elements (Arches)
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 43
Pulpit (Mimbar)
Other features
Heroes Mausoleum
Fountain
Large Courtyard
Landscape
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TEH WEI HONG 0323743 Page 44
Asaconclusionasacomparison,everymosquesconsistsofalargeprayerhallwhichcalleda
Sahn'whichisalargecourtyardtobeheldalargenumberofprayer.Moreover,thereisatower
calledminaret,itisoneofthemostobviousfeaturesinmosquearchitecture,whichatalltower
locatednearbyamosqueorevenalachedtogether.Besides,Qubba,domesofmosquescalled
inArabic,issymbolicrepresen2ngthevaultofaheaven.Itisasignificantfeaturetobeowned
foreverymosquebutitisnotaritualrequirementlikeminaret,thetowerforcallingothers
prayer.
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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE & MATERIAL ANALYSIS
04
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TYPICAL MOSQUE CHARACTERISTICS
Concrete,bricks,steel,stone
andmarblearethematerials
thatfrequentlyusedinthe
construc2onofthecurrent
modernmosque.
Themodernmosquesusuallycomewith
Plants,palernedpavements,
gardenligh2ngs,waterfeatures
andsignagesarethepleasing
landscapefeaturesthatusually
incorporatewiththemodern
mosques.
Tallminarets,onion-shapedor
top-shapeddomes,andhigh
ceilingsarethetypicalelements
thatfoundinthemodern
mosque.
BlueMosque(SultanAhmedMosque)locatedatIstanbul
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 46
MalaysiaNa2onalMosquecomeswitha245feet
minaretandanumbrella-likeroofwhichrecognize
asanimpressiveexampleforexpressionism.
Themosquewasconstructedof
reinforcedconcreteinstalledwithItalian
marble.Themainprayerhallofthe
mosquecanaccommodatemorethan
3,000peopleforprayeratone2me
whilst.
Apartfromthat,thegalleriesroofedwithplen2ful
smalldomessurroundedthemainprayerhallcan
withstandaddi2onalof5,000people.
Meanwhile,theNa2onalMosqueinspiredbythemodernmosquebutendswithuniqueelementssuch
as
Na2onalMosquesketch
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 47
Before Construction
AnInterna2onaldesigncompe22onwasheldbytheKualaLumpursTownshipArrangementand
thisproposalwasrejected.Then,theydecidedtoholdthecompe22onna2onallyandwasturned
downtoo.Thiswasbecausetheyfounditwasdifficultandcostly.
Finally,theyresolvedthisbygivingthisjobtothePublicWorksDepartmenttodesignthemosque.
ThePublicWorksDepartmentsarchitectscollected,analyzedandcomparedthefamousmosques
designs.Mr.BaharuddinbinAbuKassimandanothertwoarchitectswereassignedtodesignthe
mosque.Mr.BaharuddinhadvisitedandstudiedfamousmosquesfromPakistan,Iran,Turkey,
Spain,ArabandIndia.InJune1960,hisdesignwasacceptedbythemosquecommilee.
CONSTRUCTION TIMELINE
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 48
During
ConstructionBeforetheystartedthisproject,theydemolishedthepreviousbuildingonsite.Then,the
levellingtheground,pilingworksandconstruc2onofwatersystemwerecarriedout.Thedesign
oftheNa2onalMosquewasknownforitsmodernismexpressionismarchitecture.
Thefoldedplatedomemetaphorizearoyalumbrellawhichisthetradi2onalMalayArchitecture
signifiedtheimportanceofthebuildingasana2onalmonument.Theconstruc2onmethodofthe
mosqueshowedtheadvancementinbuildingtechnologyandengineering.
The245feet(about75meter)highminaretwiththeumbrella-likeroofwastheexampleof
expressionisminNa2onalMosque.ReinforcedconcretecoveredwiththeItalianmarbleswere
alsoconstructedinthismosque.
After
ConstructionThemainhallprayercanshelterover3,000peopleforprayerandthesurroundinggallerieswith
numeroussmallerdomescanaccommodate5,000morepeople.
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 49
ThestructuralsystemoftheNa2onalMosqueinKuala
Lumpurgenerallyisafusionofpostandbeamconcrete
structure.
Reinforcedconcreteisconcreteinwhichsteelisingrainedsothe
twomaterialsacttogetherinresis2ngforces.Towithstandthe
badweathercondi2onssuchasmonsooninMalaysia,the
reinforcedconcretewasappliedasitwasmoreforcefulthan
normalconcrete.
Post
Beam
Concrete
Steel
Structure
Post and Beam Concrete Structure
Reinforced Concrete
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 50
TheNa2onalMosquebuiltwiththereinforcedconcrete
foldedplateroofwhichwasaModerniststylepopular
duringthat2me.
Construc2onmethodsalsoincludedseverallevelsofcra`smanshipneededfor
eachmosque,coveringthebrand-newtechnicalknowledgebroughtinbyChinese
andIndianbuildersinconjunc2onwiththeBri2sh-educatedengineersand
architectsworkingwiththePublicWorksDepartment.
Theconstruc2onoftheroofalongtheverandawasbuiltinwaffleslabs.
Pansremoved
nearcolumns.
Waffleribs.
Finished
withblue
2les.
Waffle Slabs
Reinforced Concrete Folded Plate Roof
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 51
MATERIALS USED Exterior Facades
Thecoolnessandtextureofmarbleflooringandthewhitenessofconcreteroofof
theHeroesMausoleumembellishthequalityofthespacebyreflec2ngthelightin
theinteriorofthemausoleumthroughthewhitenessofthematerialsused.
InIslamicstudy,thecolourwhiteisconcordwithfuneralrites.
Heroes Mausoleum
TheHeroesMausoleumisapar2ally
outdoorspacelocatedatthewestof
Na2onalMosque.
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 52
Theconcretegeometricalgrilledpalernslocatedatthenorthandeast
sidesoftheexteriorfacade.Provideven2la2onwhichallowsthewind
topassthroughaswellasblockingthedirectsunlightduringthe
day2me.
Concrete Geometrical Grilled Patterns
Provideven2la2onwhichallows
thewindtopassthrough.
Blockingthedirectsunlightand
providesufficientdaylightintothe
building.
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 53
Plaincreamcolouredmarblesareinstalledonthenorth,southandeastwallsexceptfor
themihrabwall.Decora2veelementsarelimitedtothemainprayerhalloftheNa2onal
Mosque.Thus,alineofQuranicverseswrileningoldthatcomesacrossthewalls
func2onsasthedecora2veelementinaprudenceway.
Main Prayer Hall
MATERIALS USED Interior Facades
BandofgeometricalpalernsandQuranicversesrunacrossthemainprayerhall.
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 54
ThemainprayerhallinterlacedwiththeQuranicversesdesignedwithaband
ofgeometricpalernsmadefrombrown,greenandbluecolouredglaze
ceramic2leswithso`lightpenetratedfrombackground.
Main Prayer Hall
Quranicverses
Greencolouredglazedceramic2les
Bluecolouredglazedceramic2les
Browncolouredglazedceramic2les
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 55
Themainprayerhallissupportedby16mainconcretecolumnsandthese
columnsareelaboratedwithmuqarnasplasteratthetopandglazedceramic
2lesorganizedindiamondpalernatthebolom.
Main Prayer Hall
Muqarnasplaster
Glazedceramic2les
diamondpalernat
thebolom.
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 56
Theverandahcomeswithterrazzoflooringand154concretecolumns
furnishedwithunglazedblackmosaic2lesarebuilttosupportthebillowy
concreteroofatthesame2me.Thesecolumnsaccomplishedwithstripsof
anodizedgoldcolouredaluminiumatthetopandbase.
Verandah
TerrazzoFlooring
AnodizedGoldColouredAluminium
AnodizedGoldColouredAluminium
UnglazedBlackMosaicTiles
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 57
Thewallsonthethreefacadesofthemainprayerhallwereinstalledwithninealuminium
slidingdoorsanodizedwithgoldcolour.
Aluminium Sliding Doors
Aluminiumanodizedwithgoldcolour
givesagrandnessfeeling.
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 58
Pavillion
The48concretecolumnsofthepavilionbuiltattheeastsideofthemain
prayerhallarefurnishedwithunglazedwhite2lemosaic.Thesecolumns
areusedtowithstandtheparasolroofstructureoftheNa2onalMosque.
UnglazedGoldTileMosaic
UnglazedWhiteTileMosaic
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 59
SIMILARITIES WITH THE MODERN BUILDING
The Similari2es with the Modern Building in the West Based on
the
construc2on of the Na2onalMosque,we can see some similari2eswith
the
construc2onofoneofthemostwell-knownresidences
inthewest,designed
byoneofthemodernmasters,FrankLloydWright.Thehousemen2onedisthe
FallingwaterinBearRun,Pennsylvania.
FallingWater,Pennsylvania Na2onalMosque,Malaysia
Falling Water
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 60
OneoftheSimilari2esisthatFallingwaterwasbuiltusingreinforcedconcrete.
Reinforced concrete is commonly used in themodern building as it
was the
new technology at that period. Wright had also designed the
house with
can2levered floors. This reflects back to the Na2onal Mosques
can2levered
roofdesign.
Reinforced Concrete
Reinforced concrete was used as the beam and
suppor2ngstructureof theFallingWater.Wright
had also designed the house with can2levered
floors.
Na2onalMosquescan2leveredroofdesign.
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TANG FU HONG 0323092 Page 61
Lastly,thethirdsimilaritywastheuseofwaffleslabs.Wrightusedwaffleslabs
intheconstruc2onofFallingwaterasitprovidedalighterands2fferslabwhich
reducedtheextentof
founda2ons.Thisslabwasmadeofathintoppingslab
and narrow ribs spanning in both direc2ons between columnheads
or band
beams.Thecolumnheadsorbandbeamsarethesamedepthastheribs.
Waffle Slabs
Theconstruc2onoftheroofalongtheverandawasbuiltinwaffleslabs.
Pansremoved
nearcolumns.
Waffleribs.
Wafflesslabtechnique
wasusedastheFalling
Watersbase.
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TENGKU SYAKIRA 0323079 Page 61
ARCHITECTURAL ELEMENTS / COMPONENTS ANALYSIS
05
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TENGKU SYAKIRA 0323079 Page 62
ROOF
Oneofthemostprominentfeaturesofthemosquewouldbethebrightblueroofthatholdsveryhigh
significance.Asothermosqueswouldhaveroundeddomeroofs,theNa2onalMosquefeaturesinsteada
foldedblueroof.Themosquewasdesignedwiththeinten2oninemphasisingMalaysiasadvancementin
buildingtechnologywithoutforgesngtheoriginsandincorpora2ngtheinfluencesoftradi2onalMalay
style.Indesigningtheroof,thearchitectwasinspiredbyhowroyalsarefrequentlyescortedbyumbrellas.
However,theuseofconcretemeantthatstraightlineswereneeded.Hefoundthatthepayungkertas
commontotradi2onalMalaysianculturehadstraightlines.Thefinaldesignissimilartoasemi-opened
umbrellawith16points.Thedesignnotonlycombinestradi2onalandmodern,itbecameaninteres2ng
wayincrea2ngalargerspanasitcoversthemainhall.
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TENGKU SYAKIRA 0323079 Page 63
Theroofofamosquehavecomealongwayfromthefirstmosquewhichisarectangularbuildingmade
offourmudwallstogigan2csemicirculardomethatdominatesthewholebuildingwithitsiconicIslamic
design.Mostoftheoldergenera2onofMosquefoundinMalaysiaareinfluencedbytheMughalStyleand
NorthIndianStyleastheycarryadis2nguishableonionshapeddome.
When theMalayan soil gain its independence,modernismstarts to
set intoMalaysiaarchitecture.The
Na2onal Mosque are heavily influenced by Modernis2c
Expressionism which carries a metaphoric
messageinastructurallyexpressiveform.Confron2ngwithpreviousdomeshapemosquewhichsignifies
aperfectcirclethatmeansaperfecthaven,theNa2onalMosqueignoredthetradi2onalvernacularstyle
andfollowsthemetaphorofaroyalsymbolicicon,thegoldenpayungkertas.
Roof Analysis
Roof of the National Mosque Payung Kertas
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TENGKU SYAKIRA 0323079 Page 64
Inperspec2ve,oneofthemostvisibleandeye-catchingfeatureofamosquewouldbetheminarets.It
canusuallybeseenfromfarandholdstheimportanceofbeingthepointinwhichacalltoprayeris
recitedasitresonatesthroughoutthesurroundingareas.Aminaretisalsousedasavisualmessageof
thepresenceofIslamthroughoutacitysskyline.AttheNa2onalMosque,theminaretstandsupto73-
metreshighandisbuiltnexttoalongpoolwherethereflec2onofthedominantminaretcanbeseen
fromthemainhall.Toppingoffthetallminaretisadesignthattakesa`ertheiconicroof,itresemblesa
closedumbrella.ThetopisveryunlikelyfoundinmostIslamicarchitecturethusmakingthetowering
minaretaveryiden2fiablelandmark.
MINARET
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TENGKU SYAKIRA 0323079 Page 65
TheMinaretinIslamicreligiousarchitecturehavealwaysbeenabeacontothefaithfulprayers.The
minaretwasinfluencedbyformerGreekwatchtowers.ItwasbuilttobethelandmarkofIslam.
BeforetheNa2onalMosquewasbuilt,thepreviousminaretofancientmosquevariesfrompencil-slim
towerstofatsquaresha`stowers.Inconjunc2onwithdifferentsizesofminaret,theNa2onalMosque
wantedtobreakthetypicalnormandformtheuniqueoctagonalshapedminaret.
Minaret Analysis
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TENGKU SYAKIRA 0323079 Page 66
WATER FEATURES
ThroughoutthecompoundoftheNa2onalMosquevariouswaterfeaturesaredistributed.Thewater
fountainsaredesignedtohaveanoctagonalbasewhichiscommoninIslamicArchitecture.
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TENGKU SYAKIRA 0323079 Page 67
WaterhasalwaysbeenanimportantelementinIslamiclifeastheysaylivingthingsaremadeofwater.
WaterfeatureshaveplayedavitalroleinIslamicarchitectureassymbolizepurifica2ontolife.
Viewedinanarchitecturalperspec2ve,waterfeaturesfoundinmosqueareusuallyusedtotackletohot
climates.Thewaterfeaturesalsohelpstoprovideaspaceforworshipperstocleansetheirbodybefore
enteringthemosqueforprayers.ItalsoplaysapartintheIslamicarchitecturedecora2onasthewater
reflectstheNa2onalMosque'sfacadebyemphasizingthedetailsofthedecora2ons.
Water Features Analysis
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TENGKU SYAKIRA 0323079 Page 68
MAIN HALL
ThemainhalliswheretheprayersaremostlyheldandfrequentlyoccupiedbyMuslims.UpholdingtheIn
the hall, an important feature in a mosques architecture; the
mihrab. The mihrab is important in a
mosqueas it indicatesthedirec2onofprayer.Thus
italsodeterminesthedirec2onandposi2onofthe
structuretoincreasethecapacityofpeoplewithinthespace.
Enclosedbythefoldedroof,themainhalloftheNa2onalMosqueisdecoratedwithbluestainedglass.As
naturallighthitsthestainedglassit is
illuminatedshowingtheQuranicinscrip2onsmeanttoserveasa
passivereminderoftheteachingsinIslam.
The main hall is designed to have an open floor plan allowing an
increase in spa2al capacity to
accommodatemasscrowdscominginduringprayer2mes.
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TENGKU SYAKIRA 0323079 Page 69
COURTYARD
Afeaturethatcanbefoundinallcongrega2onalmosqueswouldbethecourtyard.Itisimportantthata
mosqueisabletoholdtheen2remalepopula2onofthetownespeciallytoalendforFridayprayers.The
Na2onalMosquecourtyardissemi-enclosedthuscanbeusedtoaccommodateupto15,000Muslims.
Thecourtyardisdesignedtoallowsunlighttopenetrateintothearea.Thecourtyardhasconcrete
parasolshelpbyuniformedpillars,gapsinbetweenarefilledwithglasstoonlyallowlighttoenterand
keepstheareadryfromrain.Thewallsaremadeofoctagonalshapesreflec2veofIslamicarchitecture,
thespacesinthepalernallowsforven2la2onaswindpassesthrough.Atmiddaythecourtyardbecomes
well-litasthelightisreflectedbythewhite2lescrea2ngapurevibeinthearea.
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TENGKU SYAKIRA 0323079 Page 70
Themostbasicdesignforamosquearchitectureistobeabletoaccommodatealargeamountofprayers.
ThisspacesarecalledSahnandareinfluencedbythehouseofProphetMuhammadthatconsistofalarge
courtyard.
Asperceived,olderMosqueusuallyhavetheirSahnintheopenspace,buttheNa2onalMosquehadit
builtitinasemi-enclosedarea.Thiscanbeanalyzethattheclimateofanareaaffectsthespacesinthe
Mosque. As Malaysia is hot and humid, a semi-enclosed area
provides a cool and dry area for the
worshipperstocarryouttheirprayers.
Courtyard Analysis
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TANG YING JIEN 0322357 Page 71
Landscape
Roofingforlowthermalcapacitythat
givegoodshadingagainstsunlight
S2ltedstructureto
keepthebuildingcool
Maincomponentof
theBuilding
TheNa2onalMosqueisbuiltinrela2on
withatradi2onalMalayhouseandits
surroundinglandscape.
Landscape Analysis
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TANG YING JIEN 0322357 Page 72
Coldairentersthebuildingfrom
thes2ltstructureandcoolsthe
wholebuildingthroughconvec2on
Hotairescapesfromthe
upperpartofthebuilding
TheNa2onalMosquethatareinfluencedby
tradi2onalMalayhousehavecolumnsthatactas
s2ltstoallowcoolairtoenterfromthebolomof
themosque
Landscape Analysis
-
TANG YING JIEN 0322357 Page 73
Columns
The48concreteparasol-likecolumnsinthemain
courtyardarefringedsidedbysideofthetwo
rectangularpools.Itwasarepresenta2veof
coconutstreesasthecolumnsandpondsasthe
poolsthathoversovermainprayerareaand
keepsitcool
haveasimilar
designofagrowing
coconuttree
Columns Analysis
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TANG YING JIEN 0322357 Page 74
Columnsthatarebuildinsidethegrandhallhave
awiderandthickersizetosupportahugeloadof
worshippersandtheheavyumbrella-shapedroof
widerandstumpier
insize
supportstheheavy
weightload
Columns Analysis
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TANG YING JIEN 0322357 Page 75
Theideaofhavingabunchofcolumnsinfrontof
theprayerhallistos2mulateaforestofcoconut
trees.Italsoprovidesprivacyasitblocksofthe
visibilityoftheprayerhallsmainentrance.
Columns Analysis
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TANG YING JIEN 0322357 Page 76
Facade
Asmostmosquearemodelleda`erIslamic
architecture,thefaadesaregenerallyin
symmetricaldesignwithclassicalmo2fssuchas8
pointedstarsandbasicpolygonshapes
Themosquewasscreenedby
complexgrillmetalframes,
paintedwithwhitepaints
DoorsfoundinNa2onalMosque
havetransparentfaadeto
allowtheflowofaircircula2on
withinthemosque
Whitefacadewallrunsacross
somepartoftheexterior
Mo2fsthatarecommonlyfoundinthefacadeof
Na2onalMosque
Facade Analysis
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TANG YING JIEN 0322357 Page 77
Windblowsinto
theNa2onalMosque
allowgoodair
ven2la2on
Faadewithmetalframesareplacealongthe
exteriorofthemosquetoactasawalltoallow
onlycoolwindtopassthroughandblocksofthe
hotsun,forallowingtheworshipperstocarryout
theirprayerinacoolatmosphere
Sunlightsarereflected
topreventitfromhea2ng
uptheinterior
Facade Analysis
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TANG YING JIEN 0322357 Page 78
Carpet
Thereisalsoavaria2on
inthecolourofthe
diamonddesigntoshow
thetopandbolompoint
BolomPoint
TopPoint
Thedesignofthecarpets
arebasedongeneralIslamic
mo2fs,whichinthiscase,
theyusediamond-likeshape
todecoratethecarpets
CarpetusedintheNa2onalMosquehavea
universalideawhichistoensurecleanlinessof
theplaceoftheprayerandcarpetshaveastrong
symbolicmeaningtoIslamicculture
Carpet Analysis
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TANG YING JIEN 0322357 Page 79
NorthWest
Na2onalMosque
Mecca
Palernoncarpet
showingthedirec2on
Theuseofgeometricalshapesaretohavea
sharppointthatpointsdirectlytowardsthe
Meccawithadefinitebolompoint.Givingahint
forworshipperstoknowwhichdirec2ontopray
to.
Carpet Analysis
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TANG YING JIEN 0322357 Page 80
Mausoleum
Grandhallroofdesign
Mausoleumroofdesign
themausoleumsfacetedroofechoesthegrand
hallsroofdesign.Itwastosignifythehonouring
forthesevenna2onalheroesbyshelteringthem
withagoldenpayung
Mausoleum Analysis
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TANG YING JIEN 0322357 Page 81
themausoleumissurroundedbyacircularpond
asacircleissymbolictoasafehavenforthe
na2onalheroestorestupon
Acircularplan
ofthemausoleum
Mausoleum Analysis
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TANG YING JIEN 0322357 Page 82
Comparingtothegrandhallthathavecomplex
designandblue2ling,themausoleumhavea
whiteconcretefinishingaswhitecolour
symbolisepureheartsofthena2onalheroes
GrandHallwith
blue2lefinishing
Mausoleumwith
whiteconcretefinishing
Mausoleum Analysis
-
Page 83
Beforethisassignment,wehaveknownnotmuchofinforma2onaboutNa2onal
Mosque.Duringthewholeassignment,ourgrouphasdonequitealotof
researchaboutthecharacteris2csoftheNa2onalMosqueandtheNa2onal
Mosqueitself.ThedesignoftheNa2onalMosqueisquiteinteres2ngbecause
theyuseddifferenttypesofelementstoconstructit.Otherthandoing
researchesontheinternet,wewenttotheNa2onalMosquetoexperienceit
ourselves.Beforewewentintothemosque,wewereaskedtoweartheirclothes
fornotbeingtooexpose.
AswewentinsidetheNa2onalMosque,weexperiencethecircula2onandhow
thedesignreallylooklikeinsteadofseeingitintheinternet.TherewasaUstaz
whoexplainedmoredetailaboutthehistoryoftheNa2onalMosqueandthe
reasontheyconstructtheNa2onalMosque.A`erthesitevisitandthroughthe
explana2onofthatUstaz,welearntalotabouttheNa2onalMosqueandweare
abletoproceedtodividedtheworksandproducedareportabouttheNa2onal
Mosqueindetail.
CONCLUSION
-
Page 84
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