NATIONAL LIBRAR of MEDICINY E - United States National ...

NATIONAL LIBRARY of MEDICINE

PROGRAMS and SERVICES

Fiscal Year 1982

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

National Institutes of Health

National Library of MedicineBethesda, Maryland

May 1982

Contents

Page

Preface vii

Policy and Direction 1Board of Regents 1MEDLARS Studies 1Financial Resources 1Personnel 2

Staffing Activities 3Awards 3

Equal Employment Opportunity 3Modernization of the Building 3Lobby Exhibits 4

Library Services and Operations 5Training Programs 6

Associate Program 6Librarian Career Development Program 6NIH Library Technology Training 6

Regional Medical Library Program 6Network Activities 6Network Changes 7Network Programs 7Region IV 8

Medical Subject Headings 8Bibliographic Services 9

Indexing 9MEDLARS Management 10

History of Medicine 12Reference Services 13Technical Services 14

Office of Information Systems 17MEDLARS III 17Computer and Communications Systems 17

Equipment 18Bibliographic Retrieval 18INQUIRE Activities 19Data Communications 19Local Area Network 19Computer Operations 20

III

Page

Specialized Information Services 21Project Management System 21CITE 21CSIN 21Hazardous Substances Information Services 22Information Support to NTP 22Query Response Activities . . . . : 22Publications 23Online Services 23

CHEMLINE 23RTECS 23TDB 23TOXLINE 24

Audiovisual Programs 25Materials Utilization 25Educational Research and Evaluation 26Educational Training and Consultation 26Learning Resources Laboratory 27

Advanced Terminal System 28Health Professions Resource Group 28

Materials Development 28

Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications 31Knowledge Base Research Program 31Electronic Document Storage and Retrieval Program 31Video Processing Laboratory 32Integrated Library System 32Distributed Information System 32Computer Based Education 32Board of Scientific Counselors 33

Extramural Grants and Contracts 35Research Programs 35Training Programs 35Medical Library Resource Grants 36Publication Grants 36

International Activities 39International MEDLARS Agreements 39Collaboration with the World Health Organization 40Collaboration with the PanAmerican Health Organization 41Special Foreign Currency Program 41ICSU/AB Meeting 41Visitors and SpecializedTraining 42

Appendices1 Staff Bibliography 432 Grant-supported Publications 453 P.L.-480 Supported Publications 474 NMAC Audiovisual Materials Produced 49

IV

Tables

Table 1. Financial Resources and Allocations, FY1982Table 2. Personnel Staffing, FY1982Table 3. Bibliographic ServicesTable 4. Online SearchesTable 5. Offline SearchesTable 6. History of Medicine ActivitiesTable 7. Circulation StatisticsTable 8. Reference ServicesTable 9. Cataloging StatisticsTable 10. Acquisitions StatisticsTable 11. Growth of CollectionsTable 12. Selected Statistics, NMACTable 13. Extramural Grant and Contract ProgramsTable 14. Non-U.S. MEDLARS Centers

Page229

1011121313151516293739

Preface

At the beginning of Fiscal Year 1982, the Library noted the 10th anniversaryof the inauguration of MEDLINE Online access by a few institutions to a databaseof 130,000 references was begun in October 1971. In the intervening decade thismodest network has expanded to some 1,800 U.S. institutions at which more than2 million searches are being conducted annually on a series of databases contain-ing more than 4 million references. These MEDLARS databases, collectively, andthe online network through which access is provided, constitute the world'slargest scientific bibliographic retrieval system.

Among the highlights of FY 1982 that are described in this report:

• The completion of two Congressional studies of MEDLARS;• The installation of new MEDLARS computers; and• A major reconfiguration of the Regional Medical Library network.

I am also pleased to announce that at the end of FY 1982 A History of theNational Library of Medicine: The Nation's Treasury of Medical Knowledge waspublished The result of many years of research by Wyndham D. Miles, Ph.D., ofthe History of Medicine Division, it is a comprehensivechronicle of the evolutionof this institution from a shelf of books for Army medical officers to an interna-tional resource of biomedical literature. The story is one in which the Americanmedical community can take pride.

As usual, none of the accomplishments noted throughout this report couldhave taken place without a competent and dedicated staff. We were also assistedby the careful and critical reviews made by our Board of Regents and the Boardof Scientific Counselors.

Martin M. Cummings, M.D.DirectorNational Library of Medicine

VII

POLICY AND DIRECTIONKenneth C. CarneyExecutive Officer

Board of RegentsAt all three of its meetings in FY 1982, the NLM

Board of Regents discussed at length the complexissues involved in the pricing of NLM computerizedproducts and services: domestic and foreign use;online use versus leasing of tapes; commercial andnonprofit use.The Board (October 30,1981) adopted aresolution recommending that there be no differentialpricing structure for different categories of onlineusers. At the same meeting, the Board reviewedNLM'sinternational bilateral quid pro quo MEDLARS ar-rangements and passed a resolution endorsing thebasic concept of these arrangements while makingcertain modifications in the way they are imple-mented. At the meeting on May 20,1982, the Regentsadopted a policy defining the cost elements andcharging formula for pricing NLM online services.Among other important issues considered by theRegents in FY 1982 were: the plans to integrate theLister Hill Center and the National Medical Audio-visual Center; the development of MEDLARS in; thereconfiguration of the Regional Medical Library net-work; and the computers-in-medicine grant program.

Four new Regents were appointed in FY 1981: L.Thompson Bowles, M.D., Ph.D., Dean for AcademicAffairs and Professor of Surgery at the GeorgeWashington University; Lois E. DeBakey, Ph.D., Pro-fessor of Scientific Communication at the Baylor Col-lege of Medicine; Charles C. Edwards, M.D., Presidentof the Scripps Clinic and Research Foundation; andDavid O. Moline, D.D.S., of the Salem Dental Croupin Salem, Oregon. William D. Mayer, M.D. waselected Chairman of the Board for 1982-83.

MEDLARS StudiesTwo studies of the policies and practices of NLM

in making available MEDLARS services were issued bythe Congress in FY 1982. The first was "NLM's MedicalLiterature Analysis and Retrieval System," HRD-82-66, conducted by the General Accounting Office andreleased in April 1982. Although the report madeseveral recommendations to modify NLM's proce-

dures to recover costs from non-health related users,it concluded that "NLM's pricing policy establishinguser charges to recover those costs associated withaccessing the MEDLARS data bases appears consistentwith existing statutes and regulations. In addition, themethods NLM used to identify MEDLARS-related costsand determine its user charges seem reasonable."

The second study, issued in September 1982, was"MEDLARS and Health Information Policy: A TechnicalMemorandum," conducted by the Office of Technol-ogy Assessment. This more extensive report (150pages) is also generally supportive of MEDLARS andNLM's policies in providing its services to the health-science community. Among its findings are thatNLM's pricing policies are consistent with existinglaws and regulations, that NLM's data bases do notduplicate others available in the private sector, thatNLM's pricing policies have not impaired the growthof the commercial information industry, and that, insummary, MEDLARS is "warranted by NLM's extensivecollection of biomedical materials, by its legislativemandate, and on economic grounds."

Two other studies are pertinent to this subject.The National Commission on Libraries and Informa-tion Science published a report, "Public Sector/Private Sector Interaction in Providing InformationServices," that surveyed the topic broadly and enun-ciated a series of principles to guide the future rolesof the two sectors. Also, the Department of Healthand Human Services is conducting a study of NLM'spolicies with regard to the provision of services inresponse to requirements of the Paperwork ReductionAct. The Department's report will be issued inSeptember 1983.

Financial ResourcesFor FY 1982, the NLM had a total appropriation

of $45,035,000. This amount includes a supplementalappropriation received in September to offset payraise costs. Table 1 displays the FY1982 NLM budget,including reimbursements collected from otheragencies.

1

Programs and Services, FY1982

The Department of Health and Human Services(DHHS) will begin FY1983 operating under a continu-ing resolution. The resolution provides DHHS withfunds through December 17,1982 and thus will allowtime for the Congress to complete action on appro-priations for the fiscal year. On an annual basis, thecontinuing resolution provides NLM with $45,035,000,the, same amount as FY 1982.

PersonnelNLM is.now operating under a Full Time Equiva-

TabfelFinanctaMtetources and AllocationsFY19tt(fn thousands of dollars)

lency (FTE) personnel system in which ceiling is basedon "work years," not, as in the past, on the number ofemployees onboard at the end of the year. Under thisnew system in FY 1982 NLM utilized 469 FTE's of itsallotted full-time permanent ceiling of 485 (table 2).This system provides an incentive to managersto im-prove the management of personnel resources and toutilize part-time employees when appropriate.

There is a plan for a reorganization to merge theLister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communi-cations (LHNCBC) with the National Medical Audio-

Amounts available for obligationAppropriation, NLM

Plus: ReimbursementsTotal

Amounts obligatedMedical Library Assistance Act 7,588Intramural Programs and Services 33,838

Library Operations (t5,138)Off ice of Computer and Communications Systems {6,800)Lister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications (5,203)National Medical Audiovisual Center « f3,191)Specialized Information Services ' . . . (3,506)

Direct Operations 1,566Program Management ' 3,330

Total , . . . . ' . . . , 46,322

$45,035

1,28746,322

Pereotmel Staffing, FY 1982Full-Time Permanent FTE's

Program FY7982*

Office of the DirectorOffice of Inquiries and Publications ManagementOffice of AdministrationOffice of Computer and Communications SystemsExtramural ProgramsLister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communications.Specialized Information ServicesNational Medical Audiovisual CenterLibrary Operations

Total

164

4154

'18402648

222

469

'Actual use

Policy and Direction

visual Center (NMAC). When approved by the Officeof the Secretary, DHHS, and after the approval isgranted, the reorganization and reassignments of per-sonnel will be announced and the new functionalstatements published in the Federal Register.

Staffing Activities, lohn Anderson was appointedDirector of Information Systems, NLM. Mr. Andersonhas held the position of Head, MEDLARS in task force.

Duane Arenales was appointed Acting RegionalMedical Library Coordinator.

Dennis Benson was appointed as an Expert withthe Computer Technology Branch, Lister Hill Center.Mr. Benson previously held an Intergovernmental Per-sonnel Act (IPA) position with LHNCBC.

Dennis Black was appointed Contract Officer,NLM. Mr. Black previously served as a SupervisoryContract Specialist with the Division of Adminis-trative Services, NIH. Mr. Black succeeded NormanOsinski who was selected for a policy position in theOffice of the Assistant Secretary for Health.

Lois Ann Colaianni was appointed Acting Asso-ciate Director for Library Operations. Currently theDeputy Associate Director for Library Operations, Ms.Colaianni is acting for Dr. Joseph Leiter who has beenappointed a Special Assistant to the Director, NLM.

William C. Cooper, Ph.D., was appointed ActingDirector for the Lister Hill Center and the NationalMedical Audiovisual Center. Dr. Cooper has held theposition of Associate Director for Planning, NLMsince 1980.

Ste//a A. Craves was appointed Personnel Officer,NLM. Mrs. Graves has been with NLM since 1980 andpreviously was a Personnel Management Specialist.Mrs. Graves succeeded Thomas Reed who wasselected for the position of Administrative Officer forthe Clinical Center, NIH.

B. Earl Henderson was appointed Acting DeputyDirector for the Lister Hill Center.

Joseph Leiter, Ph.D., was appointed Special As-sistant to the Director, NLM. Dr. Leiter had held theposition of Associate Director for Library Operations.

Karen Patrias was selected as Head, ReferenceSection, Reference Services Division. Ms. Patrias waspreviously a Supervisory Librarian with the NIHLibrary. Ms. Patrias succeededPhyllis Mir sky.

Stanley Phillips was selectedas Deputy ExecutiveOfficer, NLM. Mr. Phillips was formerly with theHealth Resources Administration. Mr. Phillips suc-ceeded Kenneth Cooke who was selected for the posi-tion of Executive Officer in the National Eye Institute.

Peri Schuyler was selected as Deputy Chief,

Bibliographic Services Division. Mrs. Schuyler hasbeen with the Division since 1972. Mrs. Schuyler suc-ceeded Richard Dick.

George Thoma, Ph.D., was appointed ActingChief, Communications Engineering Branch, ListerHill Center.

Awards. NIH Merit Awards for 1982 were presented tolohn Blake, Ph.D., Division of Library Operations; lohnCox, Office of Computer and Communications Sys-tems; Carol Ditzler, Division of Library Operations;terry Edge, Division of Specialized Information Serv-ices; and Roy Standing, Lister Hill Center.

Frieda We/'se received the NLM Director's Awardin recognition of the outstanding manner in which shehas exemplified the Library's mission of contributingto the medical literature and expanding and improv-ing the dissemination of biomedical information.

Mary E. Corning, D.Sc., received an HonoraryDoctorate of Science degree from Mount HolyokeCollege in Massachusetts. Dr. Corning is the AssistantDirector for International Programs, NLM.

Equal Employment OpportunityThe FY 1982 Equal Employment Opportunity Ad-

visory Committee (EEO) focused its attention on theCareer Ladder Training Program initiated by NLM in1980. The program was established in order to aug-ment existing career ladder opportunities by pro-viding a limited number of developmental positionsfor NLM employees. The Committee this year beganan evaluation of the program to determine if objec-tives were being met successfully. The EducationalResearch and Evaluation Branch, National MedicalAudiovisual Center, working with the EEO Committee,conducted the evaluation.

In addition, the Committee distributed a revisedAffirmative Action Plan which identified new policieson recruitment, education and training, and manage-ment of the EEO Program at NLM. This new plan willbe discussed in management meetings throughout theorganization in the months ahead with the hope ofbuilding a realistic understanding of the principles ofa viable Affirmative Action Plan, responsive to theneeds of all NLM employees in a time of governmentrestrictions and cutbacks.

Modernization of the BuildingThe construction of the National Library of

Medicine building was completed in 1962. Althoughthe facility is still relatively young, the past 20 yearshave brought many rapid changes in Library activitiesand the present building is now inadequate to meetthese needs.


Congress, recognizing the serious problem ofovercrowding of the Library, appropriated funds forthe Lister Hill Center building "to restore space in theNLM to its originally intended use."

From the outset of this renovation project, it wasapparent that the modifications would involve majorredesign of NLM to accommodate more efficientlevels of operation while creating a safe, pleasant andeffective work setting. Systems furniture was designedfor specific Library functions to aid in processingmaterial and to conserve as much space as possible.Included in the renovation project is the installationof a new and more efficient fire protection system toprovide security for the NLM's priceless collectionand safety of the public and staff.

The contract to modernize the Library wasawarded in 1981 with a completion anticipated inmid-1983.

Lobby ExhibitsThe first exhibit in the lobby in FY 1982, "The

Evolution of Anatomic Illustration," was a carryoverfrom last year. The next exhibit, also assembled by thestaff of the History of Medicine Division, was "The

History of Medical History in the United States." Itopened on April 12, and ran through the end of thefiscal year.

This exhibit traced the development of the his-tory of medicine in the United States as a medicalspecialty, as an avocation, and as a scholarly pursuit,from 1769 to the present. Featuring books and photo-graphs from NLM's collections, together with pictorialand archival material on loan from other institutions,the exhibit illustrated the rise of museums, profes-sional societies, journals, and teaching departmentsdevoted to the history of medicine. Considerable at-tention was devoted to such physicians as OliverWendell Holmes and William Osier who, as avid col-lectors of rare books, made possible the creation ofexcellent libraries in many American medical socie-ties and schools.

The exhibit was timed to coincide with the an-nual meeting of the American Association for theHistory of Medicine (April 26-May 1) in Bethesda. TheNLM was one of three host institutions. In addition toviewing the exhibit, the members of the Associationwere shown the new NLM-produced film, "The Palpa-ble Osier."

LIBRARY SERVICES AND OPERATIONSLois Ann ColaianniActing Associate Director, Library Operations

Library Operations, the largest NLM component,selects, acquires, catalogs, indexes, provides accessto, and disseminates the information in NLM's collec-tions. Library Operations has four operating divi-sions—Bibliographic Services, History of Medicine,Reference Services, and Technical Services; MedicalSubject Headings (MeSH) Section; and the RegionalMedical Library Program. Each is discussed in thispart of the report.

The MEDLARS in activities, formerly reported inthis section of the report, were administratively trans-ferred in March to the Office of Information Systemsand will be discussed in that chapter. However, exten-sive liaison continues between Library Operations andthe MEDLARS in Team and some activities reported inthis chapter relate directly to MEDLARS in de-velopment.

Two of the key indicators of the quality and levelof service are requests for interlibrary loans andreader service. In FY 1982 the number of interlibraryloan requests received declined from 237,000 in FY1981 to 227,000; however the number of requestsfilled increased slightly. The fulfillment rate for lend-ing original materials was 83 percent and the rate forphotocopies was 89 percent. About 90 percent of theloans for original materials and 83 percent of the re-quests filled with photocopies were sent out in fourdays. See Table 7 for circulation figures.

A public-access, online catalog was planned asthe long term alternative to the card catalog whichwas closed in January 1981. This year a study was con-ducted comparing two prototype online catalog sys-tems developed at NLM, CITE (Current InformationTransfer in English), and ILS (Integrated LibrarySystem). NLM patrons and staff participated in thestudy using one or both systems and completing ques-tionnaires designed to elicit data upon which to com-pare the systems' features.

The number of NLM authoritative catalogingrecords available through CATLINE increased substan-tially due to a 55 percent reduction in the catalogingbacklog and the addition of 106,566 retrospective

records to the file. Cataloging statistics are shown inTable 9. Cooperation with the Library of Congress andthe National Agricultural Library expanded in theareas of acquisitions, cataloging-in-publication, andname authority control.

Progress continued on building the National Bio-medical Serials Holdings Database. The healthscience serials holdings of over 800 libraries havebeen merged into one database. This will be updatedand augmented to form the basis for the productionof union lists and, eventually, the automated routingof interlibrary loan requests.

Procedures have been developed to reduce theprocessing time for journal articles to be indexed,revised, keyboarded and input into the databases. Theuse of the online system has continued to increase(Tables 4, 5). The number of online searches rose from1,434,539 in FY 1981 to 1,679,952 in FY 1982. Thenumber of offline searches declined three percent to571,711 searches in FY 1982. Several hypotheses forthis decline have been suggested but none has beentested.

Considerable staff effort was spent preparing therequest for proposal for the Regional Medical LibraryProgram to define the goals and objectives of the pro-gram incorporating the revisedmission statement andthe reconfigured regions. Upon receiving the pro-posals from the seven Regions, staff worked with out-side reviewers to evaluate the proposals, request clari-fications, and provide assistance to the contractspecialists throughout the negotiation. The new con-tracts, while recognizing the regional differences,emphasize the national priority of improving the pro-vision of information to health professions throughdocument delivery, local self-sufficiency, resourcesharing, locating resources, improving basic skills oflibrary intermediaries, reference services, etc. An im-portant goal for the next three years is to improveservice in underserved areas of the country.

The programs in Library Operations, both thoseinternal to NLM and those that affect other healthsciences libraries through the Regional Medical


Library Program, complement each other and worktogether to provide timely information services tohealth professionals

Training ProgramsIn addition to staff development. Library Opera-

tions sponsors and participates in several training pro-grams including the NLM Associate Program, Librar-ian Career Development Program, and NIH librarytechnology training

AMOciate Program. The NLM Associate Program is aone-year, intensive post-graduate training program forhealth sciences library/information professionals It isdesigned to provide work experience and research op-portunities at NLM for outstanding individuals withhigh leadership potential The Associate Program hastrained 71 librarians in the past 16 years The five can-didates in this year's program were selected from agroup of 62 nationwide applicants

During 1981 the Associate Program underwent acomprehensive review which focused on the pro-gram's mission, selection process, curriculum, andevaluation methods Subsequent to the review, a six-member advisory group was constituted to advise theAssociate Director on this program A broad-basedtraining experience was established involving a ten-member faculty representing all components of NLMThe curriculum was designed to include modularizedtraining units with core and elective topics and is tobe carried out through work rotations, classroom in-struction, seminars, projects, and field work The ma-jor effects of this comprehensive review are to beimplemented for the 1982/83 program, for which fourcandidates have been selected

This year the Associates spent two five-monthperiods on work rotations and individualized projectsFormal coursework, seminars, and field work ac-counted for the remaining two months Highlights ofthe Associates' independent work included 15 proj-ects related to various activities m the Library EachAssociate also participated in a one-week field prac-ticum to study the information resources and servicesof other organizations Libraries at universities,medical centers, hospitals, government agencies, andprivate industry served as hosts for the practicumsessions

Librarian Career Development Program (LCDP).Library Operations began participating in a two-yearLibrarian Career Development Program sponsored byNIH Modeled on the STRIDE Program, the LCDP pro-vides a career opportunity in the library profession byfunding a master's level degree program in conjunc-tion with direct training and work experience at NLM

The LCDP, open to NIH employees on a competitivebasis, selected two candidates for the period of June1981-June 1983 At the end of the program thetrainees will be assigned to NLM positions

NIH Library Technology Training. A library tech-nology training program was started at NLM m 1981It is funded through the NIH Career Education Centerand the training is provided by the University of theDistrict of Columbia Six academic courses wereselected that will lead to a certificate The coursesare

Level 1 Introduction to Library/Media ServicesSupport Operation for Technical ProcessesSupport Operation for Public Services

Level 2 Cataloging and ClassificationSpecial LibrariesAdministration of Media Systems

Since the fall of 1981 six sessions of Level 1courses were held with 65 registrants The 1982 term,which introduced Level 2 courses, began with 36 regis-trants in three courses About 30 library employeesare enrolled in this training

Regional Medical Library Program

Network Activities. The Board of Regents, at its Octo-ber 29-30,1981, meeting approved both a revised mis-sion statement for the Regional Medical Library (RML)Program and a reconfiguration of the RML networkThis is the first major change m geographical bound-aries m the program's 14-year history The mission,which reemphasizes the importance of service to thenation's health professionals, is "to provide healthsciences practitioners, investigators, educators, andadministrators m the United States with timely, con-venient access to health care and biomedical informa-tion resources The program is coordinated by the Na-tional Library of Medicine and carried out through anationwide network of health sciences libraries andinformation centers"

In order to provide decentralized services andequalize health professionals' access to information,the United States is divided into geographical regionsWithin each region, a major medical library—theRegional Medical Library —is under contract to NLMto develop and manage a Regional Services Plan fornetwork libraries to share and improve their resourcesthrough cooperative document delivery, online serv-ices, acquisitions, and other technical and biblio-graphic services Regional Medical Libraries alsoimprove health professionals' access to informationby training health science librarians in the skillsnecessary to provide basic information services, by

Library Operations

providing consultation for institutions whose healthinformation services need improving and by develop-ing groups of institutions into consortia to share theirresources.

In addition to the RMLs the Regional MedicalLibrary Network consists of approximately 105Resource Libraries and more than 3,000 Basic HealthScience Libraries, often hospital libraries. The Na-tional Library of Medicine provides back-up supportfor the entire Network which delivered nearly twomillion interlibrary loans to health professionalsinFY1982.

Network Changes. The reconfiguration of the networkfrom eleven to seven regions dominated RML activi-ties during this fiscal year. The new configuration isdesigned to take advantage of the existing strongworking relationships and programs developed overthe past 14 years, while providing a more cost-effective mechanism to meet current and anticipatedbudget restraints. The reduction will be effected bymerging the five Eastern seaboard regions into twolarger groupings and combining two existing regionsin the Midwest. The Midcontinental, Pacific North-west, Pacific Southwest and South Central Regionsare to remain basically unchanged.

In January NLM issued competitive contract re-quests for each of the seven new regions. Therequestsfor proposals from institutions interested in serving asRMLs emphasized network management in support offour national goals: (1) provision of a basic level ofinformation service for health professionals; (2) im-proved service levels at health science libraries; (3) in-creased sharing of resources and expertise; and (4)promotion of improved methods of informationtransfer.

From April, when the responses were received,through the end of the fiscal year, technical reviewgroups composed of health professionals, librarians,and NLM staff reviewed proposals and negotiationswere conducted. Approximately $2.5 million is to beawarded to the successful regional libraries tooperate RML programs during the coming year. Con-tracts for services in the current 10 (NLM has func-tioned as the 11th RML) will end between September25 and the end of the year and the new RMLs will bephased in over the same period. Two awardswere an-nounced in September. The University of Washingtonwas selected as the RML in Region 6, the PacificNorthwest, and the University of California at LosAngeles as the RML in Region 7, the Pacific South-west. Other awards were to be announced shortlythereafter.

Network Programs. Network service programs con-

tinued strong in all areas despite some uncertaintiesabout reconfiguration. By the end of the fiscal yearthe transition from Federal to local or user funding ofdocument delivery was virtually complete. In connec-tion with this shift an RML Interlibrary Loan (ILL) UnitCost Working Croup collected data from selectedhospital and resource libraries to test a methodologyfor periodic determination of ILL costs as a basis forestablishing the maximum network charge.

All regions strengthened their ability to locatesources for biomedical information by improvingregional locator tools,-especially for serials. RMLscontinued to coordinate the collection of journalholdings from major academic and hospital librariesfor input to NLM's National Biomedical Serials Hold-ings Database. During the summer NLM merged theseparate holdings lists into one database and pro-duced the first products —a hardcopy serials locatortool for the Pacific Southwest and a microfiche serialslisting for the Kentucky-Ohio-Michigan Region. Loca-tor tools for the remaining regions will follow.

The Midwest Region continued to develop anonline union catalog of monographs and the Midcon-tinental Region to prepare an online catalog of serials.Both regions are implementing automated documentrequest and routing systems based on their onlinecatalogs. At the national level, five central andwestern RMLs began a six-month test of an improvedversion of NLM's pilot automated interlibrary loansystem, DOCLINE.

UCLA and the University of Nebraska continuedto assist NLM in training online search analysts, offer-ing both initial and advanced classes. Abbreviatedthree-day classes also were offered in all regions ex-cept the Pacific Northwest. These classes combinedwith those offered by NLM provide cost-effectivedecentralized training for librarians throughout thecountry.

The Videocassette Loan Program completed asuccessful year. In this cooperative program NLM'sNational Medical Audiovisual Center (NMAC) depos-ited copies of 300 NMAC-produced videocassettes ata selected library in each RML Region. Participatinglibraries agreed to fill ILL requests for these materialsand forward any unfilled requests to NMAC for proc-essing. Although the program is still being evaluated1,000 ILL requests for these materials were filled dur-ing the first six months of the program.

RML Directors met twice in FY1982—once in thefall at the University of Nebraska in Omaha, and thesecond time in June in conjunction with the MedicalLibrary Association meeting in Anaheim, CA. The fallmeeting included a review of the Midcontinental RMLProgram and a discussion of reconfiguration, estab-

Programs and Services, FV 7982

lishing maximum document delivery fees for the net-work, locator tool development, and improving thesystem for requesting document delivery from NLM.The June meeting featured general information on thecontract negotiation process, DOCLINE and holdingsdatabase updates, and reports from the University ofIllinois and the University of Nebraska on the regionalautomated document delivery systems.

Region IV. The Mid-Atlantic Regional MedicalLibrary, headquartered at NLM, provides biomedicalinformation to health professionals in the District ofColumbia, Maryland, North Carolina, Virginia, andWest Virginia. This year, in keeping with the regionalplan adopted in 1980, specialemphasis was placed onresource sharing projects and the basic skills trainingprogram.

Greater resource sharing was accomplishedthrough developing union lists and strengthening theinterlibrary loan system. Approximately 300 institu-tions (including 26 military medical libraries) from theregion have contributed their holdings for an esti-mated 7000 titles. Completion is expected by early1983. The Audiovisual Committee continued its workon developing a union catalog of audiovisual mate-rials. The initial catalog will include bibliographic andclassification data for an estimated 10,000 titles from150 Region IV institutions. There are plans to publisha second edition which will add holdings from RegionVI after the two regions are merged in the reconfigura-tion. An academic health sciences library is workingwith the Committee to study the feasibility of publish-ing the list in 1983 on a cost recovery basis.

Statistics for interlibrary loans indicate an in-crease in the number of requests referred fromresource libraries to NLM, In 1979 when a fee systemwas introduced, it was projected that the number ofrequests would decrease substantially and remain lowfor two years. Loan requests declined from 89,517 in1979 to a low of 63,472 in 1981 and are nowincreasingas anticipated; 68,044 requests were received thisyear, an increase of 4572 over last year.

The Online Services Committee contributedregularly to the regional Newsletter with an "OnlineHotline" column and has prepared an informationpacket on the costs involved in setting up a MEDLINEcenter. Its members have prepared "search hedges" inthe areas of epidemiology, geriatrics, immunology,cancer and psychology. The number of online centersin the Region increased by 45, to 336.

The Education Committee assessed the need ineach state for basic skills training on a state by statebasis. The top five categories in which workshopswere requestedare:

1. Budgeting for the hospital library2. Audiovisuals in the hospital library3. How to write a policy and procedure manual4. Organization and management of hospital

libraries5. Preparing for hospital accreditation

This year 32 workshopswere held, each tailoredto the training needs of the individual state. Emphasiswas placed on the team teaching concept with localrepresentation on the instructional team to insure thelevel of instruction was targeted for the audience. Ef-forts continue to develop a cadre of instructors ineach state who are interested and qualified to teachbasic library skills and techniques.

A series of meetingswith health science librariesin various parts of the region encouraged the develop-ment of state health sciences library associations inthe District of Columbia, Virginia, West Virginia, andNorth Carolina. Numerous other meetings were heldin Virginia, Maryland and West Virginia to encourageand promote consortia development projects.

Meetings were held with individuals from RegionIV and Region VI when they attended NLM's InitialOnline Training Classes. This gave these libraries anopportunity to meet the Region IV staff, discuss theregional programs and ask questions about NLM.

Medical Subject Headings Section (MeSH)The consultants who advise NLM on the selection

of literature for Index Medicus reviewed and rated275 journals that were candidates for inclusion in FY1982. Of these, 71 were accepted for indexing. Theconsultants also carried out a thorough review of theIndex Medicus journals concerned with dermatology,ophthalmology, and veterinary medicine. On the basisof the consensus of the consultants,the NLM Directorapproved a policy of limiting the contents of IndexMedicus to serial literature.

In order to minimize the amount of relearning re-quired by users, and their need to reconstruct existingstored search strategies, MeSH staff continued thepolicy of limiting Medical Subject Heading changesto the most essential. For the 1983 MeSH, 129 head-ings were added; of these, 98 are entirely new and 31replace deleted headings. An additional 92 obsoleteor rarely used headings were deleted without replace-ment. The added terms represent a wide variety ofsubjects without emphasis on any particular subjectarea. About 4200 chemical entities encountered in theindexed literature were added to the chemical subfileof MeSH. This subfile was extensively edited in antici-pation of the production of a publicly availableprinted version.

Library Operations

Several new features were added to the 1983printed edition of MeSH as a convenience to users, in-cluding an indication of the descriptors for which pre-explosions are available online, and a list of the 1983changes in the hierarchical "trees."

Bibliographic ServicesThe Bibliographic Services Division (BSD) is

responsible for indexing the biomedical literature forIndex Medicus, entering the citations into the data-bases, and coordinating the training and use of NLM'sonline network.

High standards for indexing were maintainedwhile BSD staff developed and implemented proce-dures to reduce the processingtime of Index Medicusjournals. BSD also coordinated the development ofstandardized testing routines to-ensure the reliabilityof yearly database maintenance operations.

Indexing. A total of 282,950 citations were added tothe various NLM databases in FY 1982 (Table 3). Ananalysis of this figure showed that 259,874 citationsappeared in Index Medicus, 15,872 were entered forspecial recurring bibliographies, 5,654 were for theHospital Literature Index and the associated HEALTHPLANNING & ADMINISTRATION database, and 1,550 cita-tions were printed in the Index to Audiovisual Serialsin the Health Sciences.

Work continued on developing an in-houseonline indexing capability. The general design for thissystem known as the Automated Indexing and Man-agement System (AIMS) was completed and the de-tailed design effort was begun. The system is expectedto be in operation in mid-FY 1983.

While efforts continued toward the developmentof the AIMS, two improvements were made to the pres-ent manual system in order to increase the speed withwhich journals are processed and citations enteredinto the database. The first, centralized control ofjournal distribution, produces a more efficient routingof journals through the indexing, revision, and key-boarding processes and results in a shorter time lag

between receipt of journals at NLM and appearanceof their citations in the databases. This plan was im-plemented for high priority journals in late FY1982.Initial analysis of this control plan shows that through-put time for priority one journals has been reduced by50%.

The second improvement resulted from the crea-tion of an experimental automated tracking file. Thefile provides management control for all journalsthrough the indexing, revision, and keyboarding proc-esses. The file permits the locating of a journalanywhere within the processing flow, identifying bot-tlenecks, and monitoring journals that remain at anypoint in the flow beyond a specified length of time.The file is used to generate daily management work-load reports of and to assist in the assignment androuting of journals to Index Section staff. Its use hasimproved the speed with which citations from jour-nals are prepared for inclusion in Index Medicus andMEDLINE. The basic features of this file are being inte-grated into the Automated Indexing and ManagementSystem.

Several actions were taken to improve the con-sistency of Indexing and the accuracy of databaseinput. Twenty-three Technical Memoranda and twoTechnical Notes were prepared and distributed to allindexers and five additional automated input-editvalidations were installed. A total of 98 automatedvalidations are now performed at the time of inputand/or editing. This reduces the staff time necessaryfor editing and improves the quality of the printed andonline products.

Staff also prepared a draft guide for selectingand indexing proceedings of congresses, meetings,and symposia that appear in the journal literature,wrote the annual Indexing Orientation syllabus, up-dated the 1983 MeSH Tree Annotations, prepared the1983 addenda to the Indexing Manual, and createdand input annotations for 557 MeSH terms.

During the year a study was conducted compar-ing the availability of chemicals in CHEMLINE and inthe MESH VOCABULARY file. Analysis of users', searches

Table 3.Bibliographic Services

Serv;'ces FY1979 FY1980 FY 1981 FY 1982

Total items indexed*• For Index MedicusRecurring bibliographies .Journals indexed for Index MedicusAbstracts entered

254,210•. . . . 230,427

282 595

98,501

266,730243,873

272,661

111,629

279105256112

242664

126742

282 950259 874

252697

124511

•Includes special list articles, audiotapes, and Health Administration citations.


indicated that approximately 45 percent of the chemi-cals searched were available in the MeSH file, whileabout 75 percent were available in CHEMLINE. Theresults show that despite the significantly smaller sizeof the MeSH file (34,000 records compared to over500,000 records in CHEMLINE), it offers a reasonablechance of success for locating chemical informationfor MEDLINE searches.

MEDLARS Management. The NLM online user net-work began its eleventh year in October 1981. TheMEDLARS Management Section is the public's contactpoint in the daily operation of the network. The staffof the Section answered telephone and written in-quiries about the various databases, maintained bill-ing records, processed applications for access to thenetwork, mailed offline andoff search prints, producedmanuals and other descriptive materials, and coor-dinated training in the iise of the online MEDLARSsystems. (Tables 4 and 5 show the numbers of onlineand offline searches, respectively, from FY1980 to FY1982).

Effective October 1,1981, evening hours of com-puter service were expanded to 9:00 p.m. ET Mondaythrough Friday on the NLM computer or the backupcomputer at the State University of New York atAlbany (SUNY). The NLM computer was also madeavailable from 8:30 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. ETon Saturdays.At the same time, a new procedure was implementedpermitting access to the NLM computer to those userswho normally access databasesat SUNY on Saturdaysand when SUNY is unavailable for more than thirtyminutes.

A revised NLM Educational Access Programbecame effective in February 1982. This program pro-vided MEDbARS access codes at nonprime time rates todomestic institutions of higher education, profes-sional schools, or societies that incorporate instruc-tion on online retrieval systems in regularly scheduledcourses. For this specialized use institutions can pro-vide computer experience to students while payingthe least expensive connect time rates regardless ofthe time of computer access.

The number of domestic and foreign online serv-

Table 4.Online Services

OnlineDatabases

AVLINEBIOETHICSCANCERLITCANCERPROJCATLINE..CHEMLINE.. .CLINPROTEPILEPSYLINEHEALTHHISTLINEMEDLINE

MED79MED77

MESH VOCABULARYNAME AUTHORITYPOPLINERTECSSDILINESERLINESTORED SEARCHTDB (TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK)TOXLINE

TOXBACK74

TOTAL

FY 1980

17,6563,426

41,7955,002

208 63959 7671 5582,511

46,9713,291

682,802

6,5825,406

12,537* 18,978

37,197101

982086,333

1.250.372

FY1981

20,3973,762

41,4573,700

191 314550391 8252,448

61,5643,652

741,632

105,82219,044

7,21911,61614,74717,55137,645

1151424377,1352,612

1.434.539

FY1982

18,3763,409

42,3653,270

224 559463751 7531,607

70,7353,978

784,625118,877144,18519,01610,61816,48314,76117,77044,916

1761446668,7688,864

1.679.952

10

Library Operations

TaMeS.Offline Searches

Databases FV 7980 FY1981 FY1982

AVLINE 29 21 33BIOETHICS 13 35 6CANCERLIT 3,778 6,026 5,385CANCERPROJ 276 173 40CATLINE 247 141 145CHEMLINE 43 84 18CLINPROT . . : 11 6 6EPILEPSYLINE • 28 7 7HEALTH 547 902 3,285HISTLINE 5 7 11MEDLINE . .: 45,828 45,779 36,666

MED79 44,817MED77 : 83,202 83,864 63,267MED75 106,358 94,975 72,616MED72 78,593 70,523 56,646MED69 62,269 56,409 42,094MED66 44,187 40,346 30,374

MESH VOCABULARY 0 7 18NAME AUTHORITY 44 0 1POPLINE 765 2,208RTECS 134 257 2%SDILINE 108,978 147,109 178,774SERLINE 17 15 27TDB (TOXICOLOGY DATA BANK) 99 185 238TOXLINE 17,208 22,409 21,798

TOXBACK* 8,424TOXBACK74 578 8,919 6,204TOXBACK65 545 8,578 6,731

TOTAL 561,441 587,542 571,711

•TOXBACK was divided into two new TOXLINE backfiles (TOXBACK74 and TOXBACK65) in September 1980.

ices users increased to 2,679 in FY1982. NLM and staff tions, and the capability for users to specify variousat Regional Medical Libraries held 40 classes with 783 print formats not previously available in the program,individuals receiving initial or advanced online serv- There are twenty-five Recurring Bibtiographiesices training. Classes were held in Dallas, Chicago, currently in production that provide citations fromPhiladelphia, Detroit, New York, Boston, Atlanta, the MEDLARS system in printed formats. The most re-Omaha, and Los Angeles in addition to those in the cent, Bibliography of Acute Diarrheal Diseases, beganWashington area. publication in 1981. It is published semi-annually in

Highlights of MEDLARS database changes in FY cooperation with the World Health Organization. The1982 included: AACR2 cataloging changes to CATLINE first issue included citations input to the MEDLINEand AVLINE, CANCERLIT file regeneration to include database from July through December 1981.Medical Subject Headings on records entered after Some of NLM's online databases continue to be1979, and the enhancement of POPLINE with data from available domestically through agreements with twoPrinceton University's publication, Population Index. commercial database vendors. Both DIALOG Infor-Changes to the NLM Automatic SDI Program (a month- mation Services and Bibliographic Retrieval Servicesly current awareness service) resulted in expansion to (BRS) offer MEDLINE and its backfiles and the HEALTHinclude service for the HEALTH PLANNING ANDADMINIS- PLANNING & ADMINISTRATION database. In May 1982,TRATION database, the capability to sort printed cita- the British Library (BLAISE) discontinued mounting

11


MEDLARS databases on its own computer in England.With the cooperation of the National Library of Medi-cine, users in the United Kingdom began directly ac-cessing the NLM computer via the new BLAISE serv-ice, BLAISE-LINK.

The 1982 revision of the NLM Online ServicesReference Manual became available during the sum-mer. This revision contains a Mini-Manual for readyreference; information concerning AACR2 changes toCATLINE, AVLINE and the NAME AUTHORITY FILE; MeSH

headings in CANCERLIT, the regeneration of TOXLINE,and the addition of. pre-1965 records in CATLINE. Acopy of the manual was mailed to each MEDLARS ac-cess code holder. Additional copies are availablefrom the National Technical Information Service.

History of MedicineAs in the past years,the History of Medicine Divi-

sion hascontinued to serve the public by making therich resources of its varied collections available forscholarly research and publication, and by dissemi-nating information on the field through its biblio-graphic and other publications.

During the year the historical resources of theLibrary were enlarged by the addition of some 248books, 92,000 manuscript items, and 475 prints andphotographs (seeTable 6). The books ranged from six-teenth century editions of various works by Galen anda rare treatise on urology by Giustiniano Arcellaprinted in 1568 to the first English translation (1902) ofthe work on gastric secretion for which Pavlov wasawarded a Nobel Prize in 1904. Among the rare eight-

eenth century items added were Dominique Anel,Suite de la nouvelle methode de guerir les fistuleslacrimales (Turin, 1714), which supplements Anel'soriginal classic publication on this subject, and fourtheses defended in 1781 and 1782 by the famous car-diologist jean Nicolas Corvisart in the course of ob-taining the M.D. degree at the University of Paris. Oneearly manuscript was added, an ophthalmologicaltreatise by Sadaqa ibn Ibrahim al-Misri al-Hanafi al-Shadhili (floruit 14th century), which hasbeen praisedby George Sarton ajs "remarkable for its comprehen-siveness and relative originality." The text apparentlyremains unpublished. Additions to the modern manu-scripts collection included additional oral history in-terviews relating to the history of the Food and DrugAdministration, further papers from Dr. William B.Bean, and the papers of Emanuel Libman, amongothers.

In order to make its holdings more widely knownand available, the Division has continued its tradi-tional cataloging program and started preparations toenter its existing records for pre-1801 publicationsinto the Library's computerized database, CATLINE.Looking toward a more distant future, the Divisionhascooperated actively with its counterparts at theLibrary of Congress in the development of supplemen-tary manuals for Chapter 4 (manuscripts) and Chapter8 (graphic materials) of the Anglo-American Catalogu-ing Rules (2nd edition) which should facilitate even-tual automation of records for the manuscripts andthe prints and photographs collections. The Divisionprepared and published the annual Bibliography of

Table 6.History of Medicine Activities

FY1980 FY 1981 FY 1982

AcquisitionsBooksModern manuscriptsPrints and photographs

ProcessingTitles catalogedModern manuscriptscatalogedPictures indexedArticles indexedPages microfilmed

Public ServicesReference questions answeredILL and pay orders filledReader requests filledPictures supplied

32951,651

479

2,70946,603

335,266

92,938

2,1072,5%4,5512,151

290133,423

570

2,87047,750

1504,863

120,944

2,2872,2446,3481,913

24891,953

475

3,02853,100

4204,498

103,869

2,4212,5155,9032,427

12

Library Operations

the History of Medicine and added correspondingcitations to the HISTLINE database.

Staff members have also contributed to medicalhistorical studies by presenting the results of theirresearch at professional meetings and institutions. Dr.James H. Cassedy was elected president of the Ameri-can Association for the History of Medicine at itsannual meeting in April.

Reference ServicesThe Reference Services Division is the Library's

principal public service component for the provisionof reader, reference, and bibliographic services andinterlibrary loans, and is responsible for maintainingand preserving the General Collection.

Requests for interlibrary loans dropped slightlyagain this year, while reference inquiries and the de-mand for material from the Genera! Collection for usein the Reading Room increased (tables 7 and 8).

The Name Card Catalog was compressed, releas-

ing the space occupied by one case in the CatalogArea to permit installation of a centralized staff areafor providing reference assistance and for use of thenewly installed online catalog computer terminals.This area, just inside the main entrance to the Library,includes CATLINE and MEDLINE terminals, microfilm

.readers containing listings of both monographs andserials, and two Reference Information Desks. CITE(Current Information Transfer in English) and ILS (Inte-grated Library System), two user-friendly onlinesearch systems, were offered for public use beginningin April. A comparative study is under way to evaluatethe merits of each system.

DOCLINE (Document Delivery Online), a prototypefile for controlling interlibrary loan traffic, was usedto monitor the processing and circulation of materialsloaned in the original form and for the preparation ofcomputer-produced overdue notices. The system alsogenerates management information reports and, withminor modifications, can be used in the future to in-

Table 7.Circulation Statistics

Activity

Requests received: . . . . . . .For interlibrary loanFor readers .

Requests filled:for interlibrary loan

PhotocopyOriginal

For readers

Requests unfilled:Interlibrary loan

RejectedReferredReturned as unavailable .

Reader ServiceReturned as unavailable . .

FY1980

434,533242 077192456

341,433179,770163,8301 5,940

161,663

93,10062 307220008217

32,090

. . . 30 793

FY 1981

41 5,31 5236,837178,478

327,1601 75,454161,01714,437

151,706

88,1 5561,38324,3994,413

32,571

26,772

FY 7982

411,343226,991184,352

332,356175,657163,07812,579

156,699

78,98751,334225881,652

27,094

27,653

Table 8.Reference Services

Service

Requests by telephoneRequests by mailReaders assisted

Total

Reading Room users registered

FY1980

11,102389

31,614

43105

28,710

FY1981

12,399427

30957

43783

25407

FY1982

12,886301

37,297

50484

22,078

13


dicate trends and forecast traffic patterns. FiveRegional Medical Libraries began using and testingthe system for referring interlibrary loan requests toNLM. This is a pilot project intended to evaluate theinitial phase of an expanded DOCLINE network.

Some 35 new titles were added to the LiteratureSearch list of printed bibliographies prepared by theReference Section. Over 80,000 of these searcheswere distributed to individuals and institutions. Onenew title was added to the Reference InformationSeries. This Series is composed of publications fordistribution to Reading Room patrons to introducethose unfamiliar with various subjects to general in-formation sources in the field that are available atNLM. The most recent addition. Dentistry: a guide tosources of information, brings to eleven the total titlesin the Series.

Plans were formulated for a system which wouldbridge the gap between the book on the shelf and thebibliographic data describing the book which exists inthe computer data base. A label on each book, identi-fying individual items in the collection will eliminatelabor-intensive tasks of shelf-reading and certain func-tions in the circulation process. Much effort wasdevoted to preparation of a Request for Proposal andevaluation of proposals for the attachment ofMachine Readable Identifiers (MRI) in the form of barcodes, principally to the monograph collection. Thisproject will lay the foundation for automated inven-tory control and circulation under MEDLARS enchance-ment now under way.

The major work in renovating the Library build-ing took place on the three stack levels. The Circu-lation and Control Section showed commendablepatience, good humor, and a positive attitude andmaintained high levels of service to on-site patrons inthe Reading Room and the world at large through in-terlibrary loan despite drilling through concrete,workmen, and dust and debris. During the entire year,there were only brief suspensions of service to theReading Room due to spray painting of the ceilingover the stacks.

Technical ServicesThe Technical Services Division selects,acquires,

and catalogs all post-1870 literature added to theLibrary's collection. Materials acquired includebooks, serials, and audiovisual programs in the healthsciences. The Division is also responsiblefor the distri-bution of authoritative cataloging data for biomedi-cal materials and for the collection, organization, anddissemination of serials locator and holdings data forbiomedical libraries throughout the United States.

During FY 1982, the Technical Services Division

concentrated on improving the creation and distribu-tion of bibliographic data and expanding significantlythe body of authoritative NLM cataloging recordsavailable to the field. The Division made steady prog-ress toward the elimination of NLM's cataloging back-log of foreign language materials and older Englishlanguage monographs; continued work on major dataconversion and collection activities essential to anenhanced MEDLARS system; expanded areas of coop-eration with the Library of Congress (LC) and the Na-tional Agricultural Library; and modified some of thespecial processing services received from book deal-ers and subscription agents in order to eliminateduplicate receipts from vendors and provide betterreceipt records. New Division initiatives included theimplementation of direct online input of catalogingrecords by NLM catalogers and a plan for review andrevision of the Scope and Coverage Manual of the Na-tional Library of Medicine. By the end of FY 1982, theDivision had filled several long standing vacanciesand was close to full staffing levels for the first time Inseveral years.

FY 1982 was the first full year of application ofthe revised system for assigning materials to full orlimited cataloging based on language, age, and sub-ject matter and also the first full year of expandeduseof contract support for cataloging foreign languagemonographs and older materials. As a result of thesenew procedures, the total number of new catalogingrecords released to CATLINE during the year increasedto 22,852, about double the number added to CATLINEin FY 1981. During FY 1982 the cataloging backlog offoreign language and older English language materialwas reduced from 17,366 to 7,798 items. The longterm prognosis for cataloging production improvedconsiderably when four cataloger vacancies werefilled and the Library embarked on new cooperativeventures with LC and other institutions such as theCentral Medical Library in Finland. LC has offered theservices of its New Delhi office to provide descriptivecataloging and a brief content summary of each ofNLM's acquisitions in Indian languages. The CentralMedical Library hasagreedto supply NLM with copiesof its cataloging records for Finnish language itemswhich NLM has acquired. NLM staff will transcriberecords received from these sources for input toCATLINE.

A new effort to improve productivity and de-crease the overall throughput time for addition of rec-ords to CATLINE and AVLINE is the development of atransitional system for direct online input of authorityand bibliographic records by catalogers. This systemwill be used until major MEDLARS enhancements per-mit catalogers to use automated in-process control

14

Library Operations

Table 9.Cataloging Statistics

Item FY 1980 FY1981 FY 1982

Completed catalogingFullLimited

Total . .

14,3522,286

16,638

11,2032,468

13,671

10,80016,19026,990

records as the basis for full cataloging records. Theinitial phase of the transitional system, known as thefront-end cataloging system, was implemented inMarch 1982, when catalogers began online input of allauthority records. The second phase, which coversonline input of bibliographic records, began for audio-visual catalogers in July 1982 and will be extended toall monograph and serial catalogers in early FY1983.

NLM continues to contribute name authorityrecords to the LC authority file as part of the NameAuthority Cooperation (NACO) project. At present,NLM contributes headings for its serial catalogingrecords and pre-1870 materials. NLM and LC are dis-cussing methods for automatic transfer of data fromNLM's Name Authority File to LC's file, which wouldpermit expanded NLM contribution to the NACOproject.

The implementation of AACR2 in January 1981necessitated extensive changes to the formats ofCATLINE, AVLINE, NLM cataloging publications, andNLM's MARC distribution tapes. By the end of FY 1982all cataloging products contained properly formattedAACR2 data. With the availability of properly taggedAACR2 data on NLM's MARC distribution tapes, theResearch Libraries Information Network (RLIN) be-came a CATLINE tape subscriber, which should lead toeven broader availability of NLM's catalogingrecords. »

AACR2 changes to existing files and publicationsdelayed production of new microfiche cataloging

publications scheduled for FY 1982. The first of these,the 1976-1980 cumulation of the National Library ofMedicine Current Catalog, will appear in early FY1983.

Beginning in 1982, an audiovisuals section wasadded to the National Library of Medicine CurrentCatalog Proof Sheets; this new section is intended toassist media acquisitions in health sciences libraries.

In addition to efforts to improve the availabilityof current cataloging records, FY 1982 saw a steadygrowth in the number of retrospective cataloging rec-ords added to CATLINE. More than 100,000 retrospec-tive cataloging records were added to CATLINE duringthe year, bringing the total of pre-1965 records in thefile to about 223,000. By the end of FY 1983, CATLINEwill contain about 550,000 cataloging records cover-ing essentially all printed monographs and serials in

e NLM collection. The file will then provide a par-ticularly rich resource for scholars in the history ofmedicine. Retrospective records will be published inCOM format and also will be distributed on MARCtapes.

The present Scope and Coverage Manual of theNational Library of Medicine was published in May1977. In FY 1982, the Division initiated a re-examina-tion of the manual which should result in the publi-cation of a new edition in FY 1984. In addition tomany NLM staff, a liaison from the NLM Board ofRegents and outside consultantswill participate in thereview.

NLM will continue to coordinate its collection

Table 10.Acquisitions Statistics

Acquisitions

Current serial titles receivedPublications processed

Serial piecesOther

TotalObligations ($) for

PublicationsIncluded for Rare Books

FY1980

22,753

179,08922,299

201,388

1 ,650,00051,000

FY1981

23,364

174,58520,267

194,852

1,809,99370,408

FY1982

23,694

146,70822,342

169,050

2,261,00060,000

15


policy with the policies of LC and NAL. During 1982,LC further curtailed its retention of technical works inthe field of clinical medicine. This change in policyresulted in the transfer of some 1500 volumes of medi-cal serials from LC to NLM to fill gaps in the NLM col-lection. It also led to a 40% increase in the number ofcurrent medical monographs routinely sent to NLMby LC.

The Division continues to refine and enhance itsspecial dealer processing arrangements. Two U.S.book dealers now routinely search and update NLM'smonograph in process file (INPROC) before supplyingbooks on approval. Their useof the system hascut thenumber of duplicate copies of books received byNLM substantially and also reduces the NLM stafftime required to process the books when they arereceived. In April .1982, two subscription agents whoparticipate in the off-site check-in program began toenter data on issues they supply online into NLM'sMaster Serials System. The other dealers who performoff-site check-in for NLM continue to send machinereadable issue data on tape for batch loading at the

Library. As of June 1982, NLM is capturing and storingmachine readable data for all serial issues receivedbythe library. All issues not supplied by off-sitecheck-indealers are now checked in online by NLM staff.Although the online check-in mechanism used will bealtered significantly to improve its efficiency, theavailability of machine readable data for all receivedissues already is assisting interlibrary loan and ref-erence activities and has streamlined serial claimingprocedures.

The development and use of the National Bio-medical Serials Holdings Data Base also advancedduring FY1982. At the end of the fiscal year, the database included about half a million holdings state-ments collected from 888 libraries throughout theUnited States. Sample regional union lists were gen-erated in (COM) format for the eleven current regionsin the Regional Medical Library Network. In FY 1983,regular procedures for updating and generating prod-ucts from the holdings data base will be establishedwith the Regional Medical Libraries in the reconfig-ured network.

Table 11.Growth of Collections

Collection

PreviousTotal

(Sept.1981)Added inFY1982

NewTotal

Book materialsMonographs:

Before15001501-16001601-17001701-18001801-1870Americana1871-Present

Theses HMDPamphletsBound serial volumes ..Volumes withdrawn

Total volumes,

Nonbook materialsMicroforms:

Reels of microfilm . . .Number of microfiche

Total microformsAudiovisualsPicturesManuscripts

5675,5839,812

23,52439,4962,300

414,017281,548172,021657,456(26,282*)

1,580,042

31,79986,809

118,60838,12773,844

1,068,993

02934

1202513

22,38218

28,538(302)

50,857

1,47918,37519,8541,645

47591,953

5675,6129,846

23,64439,5212,313

436,399281,566172,021685,994(26,584)

1,630,899

33,278105,184138,462

39,77274,319

1,160,946

'This figure includes all volumes previously listed in the "Brief-listed INPROC" category. These volumes were either removed from the collec-tion altogether or will appear in the "Monographs: 1871-Present" category as they are given full or limited cataloging.

16

OFFICE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMSJohn AndersonDirector

MEDLARS IIIDuring FY 1982 the MEDLARS in Design Team has

concentrated on the preparation of a Request for Pro-posal (RFP) to be issued to the private commercialsector as an invitation for competitive bidding. Whilethis RFPwas originally scheduledto be released to thepublic during April, delay in obtaining the necessaryadministrative approvals has caused some slippage.The revised schedule calls for an October 1982 datefor release of the RFP, with an anticipated award ofcontract in May 1983.

The preparation of the Request for Proposal hascentered on the development of detailed specifica-tions that will guide the design and implementation ofMEDLARS ill. These specifications are divided into threebroadcategories.

• Technicalspecifications, which address the tech-nical aspects of the computer system, such assystem architecture and global system capabil-ities.

• Application specifications, which focus on thelibrary-specific elements of the system, e.g., sup-port for acquisition, cataloging, indexing, circula-tion and collection control, and interlibrary loanrouting and control.

• User facilities specifications,which describe theMEDLARS ill retrieval language and capabilities,and other user-oriented features of the system.

The total MEDLARS in development cycle is ex-pected to require three years following contractaward. In order to provide maximum control by NLMover the contractor, MEDLARS in is being divided intothree separate contracts. This will allow for a phasedimplementation of capabilities and provide a measureof flexibility in subsequent contracts. The threephases are currently planned to consist of the follow-ingactivities:

Phase I—Implementation of: (1)basic system-widesoftware centered on a Data Base Man-agement System; (2) the nucleus of an in-

formation retrieval system; and (3) initialapplication software to support the selec-tion and acquisition function.

Phase II —Extend the library processing applicationto incorporate the primary bibliographiccontrol components: cataloging, indexing,and authority control.

Phase III —Development of the interlibrary loan rout-ing and control system, along with activi-ties to manage the collection.

Also during FY 1982, MEDLARS in initiated severalinterim system developments to bring about more Im-mediate improvements In bibliographic processing.The first of these, front-end cataloging, has been com-pleted. Front-end cataloging will enable catalogers toinput catalog data directly online. The second interimproject, front-end indexing, is currently in the designstage. This project, which will enable indexers to indexjournal articles online, is expected to be operationalby January 1983. A third project Is an improved auto-mated interlibrary loan capability, scheduled for com-pletion in June 1983.

Computer and Communication* SystemsThe Office of Computer and Communications

Systems (OCCS) provides data processing and datacommunications support for all elements of theLibrary. It has a critical supporting role for LibraryOperations as well as Specialized Information Serv-ices. Computer analysts and programmers work close-ly with subject area specialists to determine their dataprocessing requirements and to convert these require-ments into new or improved data processingcapabili-ties. OCCS provides systems and programming sup-port for the MEDLARS n system and is responsible forthose capabilities providing the transition to theMEDLARS ill system. Support for all of NLM's produc-tion data processing is provided by OCCS on an IBM3033 multi-processor system and Data General 230and 350 minicomputer systems.

17


Equipment. In early 1982 NLM reviewed its projectrequirements for data processing equipment to sup-port its ongoing workload and the development ofMEDLARS ill. This requirements analysis indicated thatadditional computer capacity was required to meetthese needs over the next five-year period. Therefore,a competitive procurement was conducted to up-grade the IBM 370/168 system. This competitive pro-curement resulted in the purchase of an IBM 3033multi-processor system and Its installation in Augustand September 1982. NLM was able to acquire the sys-tem for one-third of the equipment commercial listprice by use of this competitive process. The newsystem has twice the processingcapacity of the previ-ous system and will meet the Library's requirementsthrough 1987.

For the past ten years, the State University ofNew York at Albany (SUNY) has supported NLM's on-line retrieval services with supplemental backup andworkload capacity. With the upgrade to the new com-puter system this year, NLM Is now in a position toshoulder the full workload of the online bibliographicservice. Therefore, the use of SUNY was reviewed andNLM decided to bring all of the workload into theLibrary. This transition is planned to be completedover the first three months of FY1983. During the ten-year period of cooperation with SUNY, it has providedexcellent support to the Library.

Considerable emphasis has been placed on tak-ing advantageof the capacity of the new 3033 system:additional disk storage and storage control units wereInstalled and the new equipment provides improveddata and program security, improved programmerand user productivity, a graphics capability for usethroughout NLM, and improved access to the TELENETand TYMNET communications services.

During FY 1982 the Systems Support Branch pro-vided all required support for NLM mainframe oper-ating systems and related software, provided trainingin the use of systems software, and resolved userreported problems and inquiries. Notable activities ofthe Systems Support Branch during FY 1982 include:

• Installation and maintenance of systems soft-ware packages—MVS/SP, the current version ofthe IBM operating system that provides supportfor the planned 3380 disk storage units as well asincreased system reliability and performance.

• Installation of the spool transfer program whichImproves systems availability by providing thecapability to transport printer output betweencomputer systems and the Interactive OutputFacility (IOF) which improves user services byproviding the ability for users to view printer out-put at their terminal.

• Installation of CICS (Customer Information Con-trol System) and the Series/1 protocol converter.The increased emphasis of the use of computerterminals by NLM professional staff to improvestaff productivity required an improved methodof providing computer services. CICS providescontrol for data base/data communications(DB/DC) applications and will be one of the crit-ical building blocks for MEDLARS in. The protocolconverter provides the ability for ASCII termi-nals—those used throughout NLM—to use thevast library of 3270 applications and servicesavailable on the 3033 system.

• Pascal, a newhigher level language, wasInstalledfor use by the MEDLARS MI team for evaluationpurposes.

In addition to systems support, the following userservices and training were provided:

• Basic TSO training was provided to 32 users.• Advanced TSO training was provided to 43 users.• 250 user assistance requests and/or problem re-

ports were satisfied.• The Users Guide to OCCS wasrevisedthree times

to reflect changes in available computer serv-ices.

• 300 TSO user access codes were added to thesystem.

Bibliographic Retrieval. Much of the MEDLARS supporteffort provided by the MEDLARS Support Branch is notdirectly visible to the users of NLM services. Qualityand quality control are taken for granted. In 1982,sig-nificant changes to the MEDLARS system were imple-mented In citation processing, expansion of the MeSHvocabulary, completion of the expansion of CATLINEwith the addition of retrospective (prior to 1965)records, and the accommodation of AACR2 stan-dards.

MEDLINE and its backfiles were updated to re-flect the new 1983 vocabulary. Both MeSH and chemi-cal terms were updated. A new citation file wascreated for BIOETHICS.

The TOXLINE database was extensively rebuilt,with some 300,000 citations moved to a new backfileand the current file reworked to accommodatechanged input from the Chemical Abstracting Service(CAS). CHEMLINE was rebuilt and adjusted in midyearto align CAS registry pointers to the proper TOXLINEfile.

Major international standards changes in Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, Version 2 (AACR2) re-quired complete revision of the input and update pro-cedures and programs (MEDIEM, MEDCFM, and MEDNAM)along with a rebuilding of the CATLINE and AVLINE files.

18

Information Systems

The new data elements and changes to prior datastructures resulted in extensive reworking of theweekly and monthly catalog publications and the pro-grams that generate MARC formatted tapes for distri-bution. Retrospective catalog data were successfullyadded In the new AACR2 format. Also, records wereconverted, accepted, and added to the online filesfrom the new Front End Cataloging procedure. ThePublic Access Catalog Study was supported by assist-ing LHC In building a retrieval file for the IntegratedLibrary System, and assisting SISin the online environ-ment specifications.

A fourth generation online application develop-ment tool, ACT/1, was selected and acquired for in-teractive system development. Using "live" citationdata, OCCS demonstrated the data flow linkage froman IBM 3279 terminal through ACT/1 and programlogic into an INQUIRE DBMS file and back again. ACT/1has been used to develop sets of user screens for in-dexers, revisers, and contractor editors and is beingused in MEDLARS in initial capabilities development.

Major changes to the CATLINE database and allsupporting processing programs were implemented toaccommodate AACR2. The Name Authority inputprocess (MEDNAM) was expanded to accommodatemany more concurrent users, and CATLINE wasexpand-ed by over 50% to hold retrospective records (whichwill continue to be added). Security measures wereadded to all input programs so online users are lim-ited to the elements they can modify in the online file.Internal documentation was generated for year-endprocessing and recurring file regeneration.

Significant resources were devoted to the Na-tional Cancer Institute database processing, includinga tutorial training session for one of their contractors.The CANCERLIT database was enhanced by the additionof MeSH terms. This major enhancement was accom-plished over an extended period of time and requiredclose coordination between NCI, its contractors,andOCCS.

INQUIRE Activities. INQUIRE is the Data Base Management System (DBMS) software used to provide man-agement and automation support throughout manyareas within the NLM. The User Language is a signifi-cant component of this software and is used by morethan 200staff members in addition to OCCS computerpersonnel support staff. The Applications SupportBranch provides continuing support to the software,its databases and resultant applications as well asdevelopment of new applications. Some of thesedevelopments include:

• MRI (machine readable identifier) Data Base: insupport of Library Operations in the generation,

tracking, and management of the application ofbar code labels on the NLM collection;

• Summary Holdings Data Base: in support ofLibrary Operations in the collection and management of summary holdings statements, integrat-ing these with the Master Serials System, and theproduction of regional union lists. Regionalunion lists are now being prepared and dis-tributed on microfiche.

• Miscellaneous databases to support develop-ment of management reports and statistics.

The major INQUIRE enhancement which becameoperational this year is the generalized full screenprocessor and data dictionary. A prototype of thissystem was installed at NLM in FY1981. This year useof full screen processing came into its own and it isnow being used for a number of INQUIRE applications.

Data Communications. The principal data communi-cations activities during this fiscal year included: (1)planning for the extension of the broadband coaxialcable to the Library building; (2) continued devel-opment of the coaxial cable local area network forthe Library and the Lister Hill Center buildings; and (3)enhancements to the data communications services.

Refinements were made to the communicationscapabilities in the new computer facility. Capabilitiessuch as microprocessor-based flow control deviceswere developed which permit devices to operate atspeeds lower than the communications circuit. Theport contention and switching device was upgraded toinclude additional ports and thereby increase thesharing of resources.

New software and hardware were installed forthe TYMNET and TELENET network connections. Theseupgrades will permit an increase in concurrent users,provide a more efficient access method, and permitthe coexistence of TELENET and TYMNET in the samecommunications controller.

Local Area Network: Significant progress has beenmade in the implementation of the NLM's Local AreaNetwork (LAN). NLM procured Bus Interface Units(BlUs) for four Federal agencies: NLM; Tri-Medical-(Army, Navy, USAF)-Information Services (TRIMIS);NASA-Lewis Research Center; and Wilford Hall(USAF). The BlUs will be used to interconnect a vari-ety of CRT terminals, word processing systems, print-ers, and microcomputers to many host computerports via a broadband coaxial network. Delivery ofthe units began in the first quarter of FY 1982.

Several user related capabilities were developed:(1) a print server nucleus which will permit resourcesharing of printers on the LAN and (2) a prototype

19


Local Area Network Directory (LAND) which will pro-vide user assistance on network connections and hostservices.

Implementation began on the software based onthe standard for interfacing packet networks. Thisstandard protocol will provide: (1)a gateway from theLAN to public networks; (2) asynchronous access forlarge numbers of users; (3) dial-in access to the LAN;and (4) out-dialing to non-LAN host computers. Thisdesign permits terminal-to-terminal, terminal-to-computer, and computer-to-computer communica-tions via the LAN to remote hosts/terminals.

Operational testing of the LAN began in Novem-ber 1981 on the pilot cable plant in the Lister HillCenter building. The LAN became operational for alimited number of users after the installation of themain cable plant was completed In May 1982. The sys-tem will be extended to the main library building asthe renovation of each floor is completed.

Computer Operations. The Government has an impor-tant program to assure the effective utilization offunds by contracting out those services which can be

done more economically by the private sector. As partof this program, the Computer Operations Section,i.e., that section which Is responsible for operating allof the NLM computer systems, is the subject of anA-76 Evaluation Study. The results of this study willdetermine whether this function should be placedunder contract or continued to be performed by Gov-ernment employees. The evaluation is a major under-taking of the Library and was initiated over one andone-half years ago. The OMB Circular A-76 for theOperations Section was finalized during this fiscalyear. Extensive drafts were completed and approvedby all parties concerned. Briefings were given andquestions answered. Over 80 potential contractors re-quested copies of the RFPand a tour was scheduledand given for all interested potential contractors. Thisis the first such document produced for a technicalarea under OMB Circular A-76 and It has alreadybecome the standard or sample document within theDepartment. Several other agencies have also re-quested a copy of the document for efforts in theirown areas. Responses to the RFP are due early in FY1983.

20

SPECIALIZED INFORMATION SERVICESHenry M. Kissman, Ph.D.Associate Director

This is the 15th year since the Toxicology Infor-mation Program (TIP), which is the major responsibili-ty of the Library's Division of Specialized InformationServices (SIS), was established in 1967. This occurredin response to recommendations made in the 1966report, "Handling of Toxicological Information,"prepared by the President's Science Advisory Commit-tee. The general objectives of TIP are: (1) the creationof computerized toxicology data bases from the sci-entific literature and from the files of collaborating in-dustries, academic institutions, and Governmentagencies; and (2) the provision of toxicology informa-tion products and services to the scientific communi-ty. These services consist of a variety of online infor-mation retrieval services, query response services, andseveral publications.

Project Management SystemDuring the course of this fiscal year, a new SIS

Project Management System (PMS)was gradually im-plemented. It is based on a modified matrix manage-ment concept to meet the unique needs of the Divi-sion. Under the PMS, projects are identified and staffis assigned to project teams according to their exper-tise and experience. Project teams usually meet on ascheduled basis, with senior staff free to attend as adhoc members. Team leaders are required to preparebrief reports of their meetings and to contribute to theSIS monthly report.

An integral part of the PMS is planning andreview. A planning and evaluation group has beenestablished to provide support in this area to the Of-fice of the Associate Director for SIS.This group alsoprovides a planning link to the NLM Director throughthe Associate Director for Planning.

An important feature of this new managementsystem is a computerized Management InformationSystem (MIS) using the Model 204 software. The MISreceives weekly data from staff members, who reportactual hours spent on each project task, subtask, orother activity. The project leaders provide informa-tion on milestones, project tasks and subtasks, and

staff assignments.The MIS will have the capability oftracking "issues" and their resolution. Although theMIS is still under development, most of the files re-quired for the system have now been established anddata from the various projects are being gathered.

A number of important benefits of the PMS arebecoming apparent: projects have been organized Interms of objectives and milestones, staff responsibili-ty has been fixed and project assignments clarified,and there is better staff utilization.

A Compound Monitoring System,to track chemi-cals of interest to SIS, is also being implemented. Thiscomputerized system will contain a base record foreach chemical and sub-records on its status within thechemical/toxicological files, as well as the availabilityof documentation concerning the compound.

This report will focus on the projects Identified inthe matrix of the new Project Management System.Some of these projects are relatively new and there islittle to report except that they have been initiated Inthe past year. Other projects are much older, utilizemany SIS resources, and claim accomplishments.

CITE (Current Information Transfer inEnglish)

The CITE Project Team developed a "user-friendly" prototype which provides a natural lan-guage search interface to NLM's computerized bookcatalog file (CATLINE). The CITE/CATLINE onlinecatalog enables walk-in patrons of the Library to findbooks of interest by performing their own searches ata computer terminal. An evaluation study of this pro-totype was conducted during the summer of 1982.

CSIN (Chemical Substances InformationNetwork)

SIS continues to collaborate with the Environ-mental Protection Agency (EPA) to develop the proto-type CSIN system. In November 1981, SIS hosted thetraining of the first users of the prototype. The SISstaff also monitors the CSIN interface to NLM onlinedatabases.

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In order to make the benefits of CSIN technologyavailable to a wider audience, a study was initiatedunder a jointly-funded contract with Bolt BeranekandNewman (BBN), to determine if CSIN software couldbe implemented in microcomputers. Based on thisstudy, further contract efforts were initiated in FY1982 to begin the conversion of the prototype CSINsoftware to a microcomputer version.

Hazardous Substances Information ServicesThis is a new activity, initiated in 1982, to provide

health-related information support to the Departmentof Health and Human Services (DHHS) in meeting itsresponsibilities under the Comprehensive Environ-mental Response, Compensation, and Liabilities Actof 1980 (CERCLA), also referred to as the "SuperfundLaw." The NLM signed an interagency agreement withthe Centers for Disease Control, the lead agency forDHHS in this area, on July 15,1982, to establish anddevelop the Hazardous Substances Information Serv-ices. The objective is to develop a capability for theefficient delivery of toxicology and related informa-tion to health officials responsible for assessing thehazards from chemicals present in waste disposalsites or major accidental spills.

One approach to achieving this is to enhanceex-isting databasesand make them as complete as possi-ble with factual data on hazardous chemicals. To dothis in the most cost-efficient manner, existing NLMdatabases, particularly the Toxicology Data Bank(TDB), are being augmented with new chemicals andnew data categories of relevance to hazardous sub-stances in spills or disposal site clean-up.

Another component of these services is to pro-vide information support to the newly formed Hazard-ous Waste Information Evaluation Subcommittee ofthe DHHS Committee to Coordinate Environmentaland Related Programs. This subcommittee will be ad-visory to the National Toxicology Program on toxic itytesting of hazardous waste chemicals and to the NLMon database development.

During 1982, emphasis was placed on expandingthe TDB with data on known hazardous chemicals.About 175 new records on chemicals relevant to thehazardous substances area were added to TDB (seep. 23). In 1983, these services will expand to Includesupplementing TDB or other databaseswith new datacategories of importance to hazardous chemicalresponses, and the development of an informationdelivery system for the field.

Information Support to the NationalToxicology Program (NTP)

The NLM/NTP project team continued its support

functions, including the preparation of tables and in-dexes to the two sections of the FY 1982 NTPAnnualPlan; updating and maintaining the NTP ChemicalRegistry System; and providing systems analysis andassistance to NTP in the development of the NTPManagement Information System.

Among the new activities initiated in FY1982 forNTP were the public distribution of the NTP ChemicalRegistry Handbook via the National Technical Infor-mation Service, and the estimation of toxicity (basedon structure-activity relationships) for about 200NTPchemicals. Work was begun on the preparation of amaster list of possible carcinogens. A computer-ized chemical name sorting program — NLM-CHEM-SORT—was developed and successfully applied tolists of chemicals in the tables and indexes of NTPpublications.

Query Response ActivitiesQuery response and literature search services in

toxicology are provided both by SISand through theNLM-sponsored Toxicology Information ResponseCenter (TIRC) at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory.Within the framework of the new SISManagement In-formation System, an enhanced query response activ-ity was introduced. Staff continued to monitor TIRC'sactivities, reports, procedures, and interagencyagreements. A reporting procedure for all queryresponses and searches processedby the SISstaff wasInstituted. In six months, 324 queries and 817 requestsfor information about SISproducts and services werehandled by SIS staff.

All TIRC products and services are delivered tousers on a cost-recovery basis. Fees for searches andcustom bibliographies provided by TIRC are billedthrough the National Technical Information Service(NTIS). TIRC offers literature search services tousers at $30 per hour ($35 for foreign users). DuringFY 1982, TIRC completed 657 information searches.This compares with 525 searches for FY 1981—a25% increase.

One special user of TIRC's literature search serv-ices Is the Interagency Information Response toChemical Concerns (IRCC) Project, sponsored by theDHHS Committee to Coordinate Environmental andRelated Programs and several agencies. The primaryobjective of the IRCC project is to provide the spon-soring organizations with "express" literaturesearches (48-hour turnaround) on demand. A second-ary objective is to prepare comprehensive bibliogra-phies on topics selected by the IRCC Project commit-tee as being of general concern to the sponsoringagencies.

22

Specialized Information Services

PublicationsIn 1980, NLM negotiated an agreement with the

Federation of American Societies for ExperimentalBiology for printing and promoting IRCC Project-sponsored bibliographies. Two more of these publica-tions become available in 1982 under this agreement.They are:

• The Effects of Environmental Chemicals on theImmune System, a Selected Bibliography withAbstracts, 1969-80.

• The Health Effects of Environmental Chemicalson the Adult Human Reproductive System, aSelected Bibliography with Abstracts, 1963-81.

Tox-Tips (Toxicology Testlng-in-Progress) is pro-duced by SISfor the OHHS Committee to CoordinateEnvironmental and Related Programs (CCERP). Thispublication reports primarily on new toxlclty testsunder way by the Government, industry, and aca-demic laboratories. It also describes epidemiologicstudies of chemicals to determine toxic effects andbriefly reports on publications concerning new meth-ods of testing chemicals for biological effects. Thequick publication of information on new testing pro-grams is intended to minimize duplicative testing.Tox-Tips is published monthly through the NTIS at anannual subscription rate of $40 for mailings in NorthAmerica and $80 for foreign mailings. About 625 sub-scribers worldwide received Tox-Tips during FY 1982.Voluntary contributions of data to the publicationwere obtained chiefly from Federal agencies and in-dustrial testing programs.

The Proceedings of the Symposium on Informa-tion Transfer in Toxicology was published in August.This symposium was sponsored by the DHHS/CCERPand the Interagency Toxic Substances Data Commit-tee. It took place on September 16-17, 1981 in theLister Hill Center Auditorium of the National Libraryof Medicine. Copies of the publication are now avail-able from NTIS (order number PB82-220922) at a costof $12 per copy.

Database documentation and educational mate-rials represented a major effort of the SIS publicationsproject team. During FY 1982, various user-aids wereprepared for the chemical and lexicological data-bases. These consisted of user manuals with detailedinstructions for accessing and searching the files, andpocket cards and fact sheets concisely describingeach database. In addition, an instructional packagefor use in teaching CHEMLINE, consisting of a workbookand slides, has been prepared, tested in NLM onlineservices training classes, and is now available. Similarinstructional packages for the other SIS databases willbe prepared in FY1983.

SIS staff instructed twelve initial NLM OnlineServices training classes (240 students) in the use ofthe chemical/toxicological files. Advanced trainingwas provided on seven occasions in FY 1982 for 90participants.

Online ServicesCHEMLINE (Chemical Dictionary Online). NLM's

online chemical dictionary file is Intended to assistusers with the nomenclature of the chemical sub-stances that are reported in TOXLINE and some of theother NLM online services. CHEMLINE is updatedbimonthly and regenerated annually. The file wasregenerated in August 1982, and now contains 534,112records for chemical substances. The EPA Toxic Sub-stances Control Act Inventory (TSCAINV) of chemicalsubstances is included. The growth of CHEMLINE isstabilizing in the range of 35,000-40,000 additionalrecords per year. This, however, is dependent on thegrowth of the files it supports (TOXLINE. TDB, RTECS andMEDLINE). It is of interest that some 12,000 CHEMLINErecords now direct users to MEDLINE via its directoryfunction. Use fees charged by Chemical AbstractsService (CAS), the provider of CHEMLINE content, haveincreased markedly in the past few years resulting inhigher online rates to CHEMLINE users. Because ofthese increases the average number of online hoursdecreased to 286 hours per month in 1982 from 356hours per month in 1981.

RTECS (Registry of Toxic Effects of ChemicalSubstances). The RTECS file, built and maintained fromdata provided by the National Institute for Occupa-tional Safety and Health (NIOSH), continues to growin both size and scope, increasingfrom 48,569 recordsin October 1981, to 55,174 records by September1982. In addition to the 6,605 chemical substancesadded to the file, more than 6,000 records were up-dated during the year to reflect new toxiclty datafound in the literature, as well as new classes of datasuch as detailed mutation data and human reproduc-tion data. NIOSH undertook a comprehensive qualitycontrol effort to review and update important data inRTECS such as the official Threshold Limit Values andthe references to International Agency for Researchon Cancer (IARC) Monographs. In addition, CAS Reg-istry Numbers were verified with names of chemi-cal substances, and corrections were made whenrequired.

TDB (Toxicology Data Bank). The ToxicologyData Bank is an online fact retrieval service in toxi-cology, describing chemical substances that may behazardous and may have significant humanexposurepotential. For each substance, TDBcontains informa-

23


tion on pharmacology and toxicology, manufacturingand use, and•environmental/occupational exposure.Data are extracted from monographs such as text-books and handbooks, and are evaluated by the TDBPeer Review Committee (PRO, a group of lexicolo-gists associated with the NIH Division of ResearchGrants Toxicology Study Section. In the course of thisevaluation for correctnessand comprehensiveness, in-formation from the current literature may be added tothe chemical record at the request of the PRC. Staff atthe Oak Ridge National Laboratory carry out the re-quired data extraction, editing, and computer inputwork for NLM.

By the end of FY 1982, the online file containedmore than 3,000 completed records of which 700 wererevisions. During the year, 448 new records wereadded to the TDB file, while 460older records were up-dated and revised. All of these records were subjectedto comprehensive review during four meetings of thePRC. TDB'S usage continues to grow slowly, as doc-umented by more than 1,800 hours (about 40,000searches) of online use in FY1982 compared to 1,740hours in FY 1981.

Several initiatives were undertaken to enhancethe utility and responsivenessof TDB. A user assess-ment of the file was conducted by the Life SciencesResearch Office of the Federation of American Soci-eties for Experimental Biology and a report is forth-coming. In addition, SISinitiated a collaborative proj-ect with the Computer Technology Branch of NLM'sLister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communi-cation to establish a minicomputer-based system tobuild, maintain, and deliver TDB in a more cost-effective and user-friendly manner.

TOXLINE (Toxicology Information Online). TOXLINE,an online bibliographic retrieval service, is composedof an extensive collection of citations and abstractsderived in large part from the published journal litera-ture dealing with human and animal toxicity studies,biological effects of drugs, pesticides, food additives,industrial and household chemicals, radioactive mate-rials, and toxic pollutants. TOXLINE is updated monthlyand, including its backfiles, now encompasses morethan 1.3 million records. Because suppliers of TOXLINEsubfiles increased their royalty charges, costs to usersfor each hour of prime time usage increased from S35(including royalties of $13) as of October 1,1981, to

$52 (including royalties of $30) as of October 1,1982.Online usage of TOXLINE has decreased from 10,470connect hours in FY 1981 to 8,905 during FY 1982.Online usage of TOXBACK74 was 1,001 hours in FY1982;it was available only four months (June-September) inFY 1981 and used 290 connect hours.

TOXLINE was regenerated in April 1982. Afterremoving duplicate citations, the publication years1977 and 1978 were moved to TOXBACK74. Coverageofthe three files now includes TOXBACK65 from pre-1965through the 1973 publication years, TOXBACK/A from1974-1978, and TOXLINE primarily from 1979 to thepresent. TOXLINE and TOXBACK74 are online files;TOXBACK65 must be accessed through OFFSEARCH.

A number of changes to the TOXLINE subfiles oc-curred during the year. Of the 11 sectionsin the CBACsubfile, which is obtained from Chemical Abstracts(CA), three (Sections 108,159 and 160) will no longerbe available beginning with the 11th Collective Indexperiod. Arrangements were made to lease the CASearch file In order to recover content from thesethree sections. Abstracts are not available with CASearch; therefore, various subject headings indexedby CA were placed into TOXLINE'S Abstract data ele-ment. This provides the user with entry terms forsearching. Three new data elements, ClassificationCode (CA Section/Subsection), Corporate Name andPublication Type, were added to the file to accom-modate the changes in the CBAC subfile. In addition,three other data elements previously available toTOXLINE are now being used in the CBAC subfile: Inter-national Standard Serial Number, Country, and Zip-code.

As of January 1982, the International Pharma-ceutical Abstracts subfile, obtained from the Ameri-can Society of Hospital Pharmacists,was divided intothree "tracks." TOXLINE includes only the Researchand Action tracks and not the Practice track. The lastcovers such areas as economics, legislation, and phar-macy practice.

The Environmental Protection Agenqy termi-nated funding for the publication Pesticides Abstracts.The PESTAB subfile in TOXLINE was a by-product ofthis publication. The last update to this subfile oc-curred in December 1981. Efforts are under way tofind a replacement for the unique information inPESTAB.

24

AUDIOVISUAL PROGRAMSWilliam C. Cooper, Ph.D.Acting Director, National Medical Audiovisual Center

During what was the last year of its existenceas aseparate organization, the National Medical Audiovis-ual Center (NMAC) carried on a vigorous program ofin-house researchand development while planning forfuture consolidation of its activities. The MaterialsUtilization Branch has been transferred to LibraryOperations; plans for the other branches are still be-ing developed. Although NMAC activities are re-ported below under the separate branches, many ofthe programs have required an unprecedented degreeof cooperation within and without the NationalLibrary of Medicine. The NMAC programs reportedhere are:

Materials Utilization BranchEducational Research and Evaluation BranchEducational Training and Consultation BranchLearning Resources LaboratoryHealth Professions Resource CroupMaterials Development Branch

Materials Utilization BranchOn October 1,1982, the functions performed by

NMAC's Materials Utilization Branch were transferredto Library Operations where a new section, the Audio-visual Resources Section, was created. The transferserved to unite reference and distribution services fornonprint media at NLM with comparable services formore traditional materials.

The Audiovisual Resources Section will provide1) integrated management of audiovisual and othernonprint information materials; 2) a focus for externalrelationships with health professionals and theirorganizations regarding the availability and use ofaudiovisual educational materials; 3) management ofthe historical film program; and 4) continuation of AVmaterials distribution services. The section will alsodevelop and operate an expanded Learning ResourceCenter.

A major objective of NMAC has been to providehealth sciences audiovisual materials and informationto health professionals and students. Large collec-tions of medical motion pictures and videocassettes

are available on loan. Selected AV packages pro-duced by NMAC are placed with the sales program ofthe National Audiovisual Center, General ServicesAdministration.

The 16mm Film Loan Program provides directloan service of approximately 750film titles to healthscience professionals. In FY 1981, more than 15,000films were borrowed. In October 1981, a $10 servicecharge was initiated for each loan to help defrayoperational costs. As anticipated, the fee had anegative impact on loan volume for FY 1982.

. When the National Medical Audiovisual Centermoved from Atlanta to Bethesda in 1980, planningwas begun for a new Videocassette Interlibrary LoanProgram, coordinated with the 11 Regional MedicalLibraries to take advantage of the existing documentdelivery network. The program became operational inFebruary 1981 at NLM with a collection of 1,000 of thevideocassettes listed in AVLINE. By January 1982, all 11regions were also making available subsets of 300videocassettes to regional users through satellite col-lections. From January through September 1982, over1,500 loans were provided in this manner. One impor-tant outcome has been to demonstrate that the shar-ing of videocassettes can be handled in much thesame manner as books and journals, through existingloan networks.

In March 1982, after 9 years, the AVLINE MaterialsReview Contract with the Association of AmericanMedical Colleges came to a close. In those 9 years,AVLINE has grown to include over 11,000 titles and hasbecome a major bibliographic tool for identifyinghealth science audiovisuals. Titles are no longer peerreviewed under the AAMC-developed system. NLM isexploring alternatives for evaluation including the in-creased involvement of professional societies. Pro-ducers themselves are also encouraged to be moreresponsible for quality assurance.

Reference service relating to the availability ofaudiovisual programs has been a major NMAC func-tion. Over 5,000 such telephone and letter requestswere answered this year.

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NMAC has also developed the National MedicalHistorical Film Program.The goal of this program is toserve as a major national resource for Information onmotion picture materials pertinent to the history ofthe health sciences. Nearly 1,000 historical films havebeen Inventoried and placed in proper storage condi-tions. Steady progress has been made this past yearIncluding the Implementation of a detailed policystatement, a complete inventory of the existing corecollection, physical setup, and the beginning of acataloging system and information clearinghousewhich will allow rapid retrieval and the preparation oflists and catalogs.

Education Research and Evaluation Branch(EREB)

EREB's In-house research program was con-cerned with planning and evaluation of several NLMInternal studies. EREB planned, conducted, and hasreported a diagnostic evaluation of NLM's Career Lad-der Training Opportunity Program. The results of thisseven month (part-time) project were forwarded to theNLM Director and to the EEOCommittee in Septem-ber. EREB also prepared the data collection plans re-quired for a major NLM study of two prospectiveonline public-access catalog systems (CITE-CATLINE andthe ILS retrieval module). The staff scheduled, super-vised, and took part in the study's spring and summerdata collection effort, during which about 325 NLMpatrons used, evaluated, and provided detailed dataon each system's performance. Data analyses andassistance with final report preparation are scheduledfor early In FY1983.

EREB staff continued to direct the on-goingevaluation and survey of the NMAC-MUB film andvldeocassette loan program clients. OMB authoriza-tion to extend this survey was secured early in FY1982. Survey responses from clients now total about1200 for film and about 600 for videocassettes. Pre-liminary data analyses for the latter program, whichwas instituted as an experimental service early in FY1981, are scheduled for the first half of FY 1983.

A fourth internal study is associated withNMAC's microscopy-pathology video-disc project.EREB has planned and is overseeing the formativeevaluations required for the project. This project andEREB's responsibilities to it extend through FY 1983.The EREB staff has a similar role and responsibilitiesIn the recently begun project relating to the researchuse of human subjects. This collaborative effort withthe Office for Protection from Research Risks, NIH,Involves planning and implementation of evaluationstudies, monitoring of evaluator-consultants, and pro-ject consultation. In addition, the staff prepared

an evaluation study of a videodisc trainingworkshopfor the NMAC staff, helped evaluate three RML op-tional task proposals, advised Library Associates ondesign and analysis of their research projects, and isparticipating In current planning for an NLM study ofMEDLINE users and other online service patrons.

The EREB staff co-authored a major article onmedia use for the Encyclopedia of EducationalResearch, 5th Edition, a publication sponsored by theAmerican Educational Research Association. Theyalso edited and arranged for limited distribution of avideodisc state-of-the art paper prepared by a formerstaff member.

An EREB staff member completed an 800-itembibliography on cognitive and psychological aspectsof aging, a project begun in an earlier graduateseminar. The past year saw the adoption of a set ofNMAC-sponsored immunology teaching materials byalmost Vi of all U.S. medical schools. Originallydeveloped under an EREB-monitored contract, thematerials are now distributed free by a major phar-maceutical firm. The staff is continuing to compile areading file of review articles that interpret the grow-ing research literature on aptitude-treatment interac-tions; this literature represents the most importantnew direction in instructional and media research.Finally, the staff compiled a set of 1980 researchlibrary statistics to test certain growth predictions ithad made and published prior to 1970. Among otherthings, the observed growth confirmed that suchlibraries generally double their holdings every 17years, as predicted; extensions of this work are underdevelopment. Under EREB leadership, a research con-tract was awarded to the University of Iowa to fund aunique 18 month project to systematically study theprocess by which teaching faculty judge and select in-structional materials for later adoption or use. It dealsdirectly with audiovisual materials, with the roleof AVLINE in the search-selection process, and withhealth professions faculty. For purposes of com-parison, it also examines how these same facultyselect other, more traditional instructional materials(such as textbooks) and how other faculty, not in thehealth professions, proceed in their selection ofaudiovisual materials.

Educational Training and ConsultationBranch

The Educational Training and ConsultationBranch (ETCB) continued to assist health profes-sionals in planning, designing, using and evaluatingaudiovisual instructional materials. This assistancewas provided through workshops, training resources,and direct consultation.

26

Audiovisual Programs

In FY1982, the Educational Training and Consul-tation Branch conducted six workshjops in Bethesda,Maryland, and eight at field training sites. Two hun-dred and forty-eight health professionals attendedthese workshops. A new workshop on "Using Video-technology to Teach Communication Skills to HealthProfessionals" wasfield tested in Bethesda and will bemade available to the field training sites in FY1983. Inaddition, plans were initiated to provide workshops intwo new areas: computer literacy and instructionalsimulations for microcomputers.

Two sets of training resources were field testedand made available for health professionals: a train-ing kit for designing and conducting lecture skillstraining and a set of seven instructional manuals onteaching communication skills to health profession-als. The training kit includes a review of contem-porary approaches to teaching lecture skills, adescription of the salient lecture skills, methods forteaching and an annotated bibliography of audio-visual teaching resources. The seven instructionalmanuals provide information on planning, imple-menting, and evaluating instruction, in addition totechniques for teaching specific communicationskills. Both sets of materials are available for pur-chase through the National Technical InformationService.

The Educational Training and ConsultationBranch provided over three hundred in-house con-sultations to health professional teachers and ad-ministrators. In addition to these consultations, theBranch participated in collaborative activities withother National Library of Medicine programs. Twomajor collaborative activities dealt with MEDLARStraining and a study of online catalog users. In theMEDLARS training activity, ETCB staff participated inthe development of objectives and training guidelinesfor initial online training. The online catalog study in-volved staff participation in the development andtryout of written user Instruction and online user in-struction. Both of these activities provided trainingstaff with the opportunity to apply Instructionaldesign and training skills to the special problems andconsiderations involved with online computer use.

Learning Resources LaboratoryCurrent applications research In the Learning

Resources Laboratory is a logical next step in thedecade-long history of computer based education(CBE) activities in the Lister Hill Center. Theemergence of two new technologies during the late70's and early 80's afforded the opportunity for ex-citing new approaches in this arena. The reference isto powerful, low-cost microcomputers and to the

laser discs (optical videodisc). The microprocessorsmake possible the development of local CBE withstand-alone systems. The videodisc player under pro-gram control by a microprocessor adds a new dimen-sion to health professions CBE by the incorporation ofa large, high-quality, full-color, visual database. Thisrepresents an advance in that, previously, hardwarere-quired separate display devicesfor computer and pic-torial outputs and pictorial material wasgenerally notunder program control. In addition to using a singledisplay device, this hardware configuration permits afull range of graphic capabilities.

During 1981-82, standard, off-the-shelf micro-computers were acquired for the Learning ResourcesLaboratory and two pilot videodiscs were mastered Inorder to demonstrate prototype CBE modules utiliz-ing these new technologies. Collaboration was ob-tained in the areas of content and computer sciencefrom government and nongovernment experts.

The first pilot videodisc utilized existing video-tape material from the University of Arkansas. Thisvideodisc can serve both as a stand-alone presenta-tion of a specific content area ("Cellular Alterationsand Adaptations") as well as a visual databasefor CBEmodules. The second pilot videodisc contains, pri-marily, the visual database for a dental case stimula-tion. The program was developed under an NLM con-tract with the University of Nebraska. The computerprogram was written in TUTOR (the PLATO author-ing language) and has been translated into the PILOTlanguage to run on the Advanced Terminal System(ATS). It is planned to make a further translation ofthe ATS version so that it will run on commerciallyavailable microcomputers. Other program materialsincluded on the second videodisc are some tropicalmedicine visuals and several radiographs. Demonstra-tion courseware (software) was developed for bothpilot videodiscs which were mastered in FY 1981. Twomodules each in basic medical pathology (videomi-croscopy) and vldeoradiology were developed andtested.

In collaboration with others outside government,two new programs in videomicroscopy were recordedfor eventual transfer to videodisc. They are "CellularAlterations and Adaptations" (re-recorded In higherquality) and "Cell Injury and Cell Death." In col-laboration with the Bureau of Radiological Health(FDA), the Uniformed Services University of theHealth Sciences, and the American College of Radiol-ogy; a premasterlng of a second videodisc has beencompleted. This disc represents a sampling of theAmerican College of Radiology Learning File ofRadiographs.

The LRL was visited in FY 1982 by some 250

27


health professions educators and others who were In-terested In being briefed on, or In getting "hands on"experience with, the latest hardware/softwareavailable.

Advanced Terminal System. The Advanced TerminalSystem (ATS) was developed by the LHNCBCs Com-puter Technology Branch. It has been described in theLHNCBC chapter of previous years' reports. Fieldtesting by the National Medical Audiovisual Centerwas completed in September 1982 and evaluationreports are now being prepared. This evaluation of theATS field tests will result in a better understanding ofthe requirement and need of the health sciences com-munity In the area of comuter based educationaltechnology. This information, along with an analysisof the activities taking place In the private sector, willhelp to define the future scope and role of the Na-tional Library of Medicine's efforts In CBE for thehealth sciences.

Health Professions Resource Croup. The Health Pro-fessions Resource Croup was organized to providetechnical assistance to health care and educationalInstitutions in Identifying health science and learningmaterials. The group is NMAC's primary contact withthe health professions community for collaboration insolving educational and communication problemsand issues. Issues addressed concerned the use ofmedia to enhance curricula and communications—problems not likely to be addressed by the privatesector.

Among the projects carried out by the group inFY 1982 were the following:

• Planning and initiating a program, under an inter-agency agreement, for the Education Program forHealth Professionals in the Protection of HumanSubjects in Research Risks.

• Experimenting with cataloging and preserving inpermanent form a rare collection of human brainsection slides.

• Developing education programs in dental diag-nostic simulation.

• Developing short-term learning programsfor spe-cialized groups of health professionals.

Assistance has been requested from BostonUniversity Center for Educational Development inHealth's Collaborative Project for Curriculum Devel-opment In Preventive Medicine in developing anindexlng-cataloglng and retrieval system for the in-struction materials currently being field tested.HPRC, In cooperation with other branches in NLM, is

in the process of addressing the details of the request,I.e., exploration of appropriate indexing, catalogingand retrieval system features required, as requested.The results of this exploratory activity are expectedduring mid-FY 1983.

Materials Development BranchIn FY 1982, a large part of the electronic equip-

ment and systems planned for NMAC's Bethesdaoperation became operational, including one-inch,two-inch, and '/i inch (vldeocassette) videotape re-cording and editing systems to support the Branch'smaterials development projects. These projects en-compass applied research, production of prototypehealth sciences education units, and collaborativeaudiovisual projects.

During FY 1982, MDB became active In the pre-masterlng of materials for the production of opticalvideodiscs. A prototype disc was produced on "Den-tal Simulation," which included also selectedradiographs and visual materials from the field ofhuman genetics. In conjunction with the University ofArkansas and professional associations in the field ofpathology, videodisc materials were also developedfor evaluation as possible self-standing or microproc-essor-controlled teaching units utilizing videomicros-copy. Other videodisc experiments were begun in FY1962 in collaboration with the History of MedicineDivision and the LHNCBC's Human Genetics Knowl-edge Base Program.

In cooperation with NLM's Office of Inquiriesand Publications Management, MDB revised and ex-panded a film/videotape documenting the establish-ment of the Lister Hill Center Building, to provide abrief overview of all major NLM program activities. Aslide-tape/videotape on NLM's organization and serv-ices, entitled "The NLM Story," was also expandedand updated for use in the orientation of new NLMemployees. The last in a videotape series of "Distin-guished Leaders in Nursing," featuring Martha Rogers,was completed and turned over to the MaterialsUtilization Branch for entry into NLM's distributionsystems.

The Branch's Office of Training Facilities Coor-dination now has responsibility for scheduling, coor-dinating and providing of audiovisual support tomeetings held in the Lister Hill Center Auditorium andin the NLM conference/training rooms. Auditoriumuse, primarily by non-NLM users, increased 75 percentover FY 1981. Auditorium meetings, seminars, andtraining programstotaled 433 hours during 77 days ofactual use.

28

Audiovisual Programs

Table 12.Selected Program Statistics, NMAC

Activity Number

Films shipped 8,000Videocassettes shipped 1,500Teaching packages sold through CSA 900Reference requests answered 5,000NMAC-based consultations 300Monographs issued 2NMAC-based workshops 6Regional workshops 8Auditorium presentations 54Audiotapes 40Photo prints/slides 11,975Slide/tape units 1TV productions 4

29

LISTER HILL NATIONAL CENTER FORBIOMEDICAL COMMUNICATIONSWilliam C. Cooper, Ph.D.Acting Director

The Center conducted the following research anddevelopment activities during FY 1982:

Knowledge Base Research ProgramElectronic Document Storage and Retrieval Pro-gramVideo Processing LaboratoryIntegrated Library SystemDistributed Information SystemComputer Based Education Program Develop-ment

Knowledge Bate Research Program (KBRP)The KBRP is a fundamental research program

that requires long term support. Its purpose is to findnew ways to structure medical knowledge, to orga-nize it, and to represent it in the computer In waysthat can be responsive to the information needs'ofhealth care professionals. The three components ofthe KBRP are medical content research (textual andvisual information), medical computer scienceresearch, and biomedical information processes.

A derivative product of the KBRP from theHuman Genetics Knowledge Base (HCKB) project wasthe preparation of machine-readable tapes, an ex-panded index, an author index, and introductorymaterial for publication of the 6th edition ofMendelian Inheritance in Man, November 1982. Thisbook will provide the latest synthesis of textual andreference information for approximately 3,400 gene-tic phenotypes, which have been reviewed by a panelof experts. It will also be a focal point for expandingtextual entries; restructuring information; and identi-fying, selecting, and indexing visuals coordinated withtextual information.

The activities of the Program are being directedtoward the computer representationof medical infor-mation, building on our experience with the experi-mental Hepatitis Knowledge Base and other text databases in human genetic and peptic ulcer disease. Webelieve it is best to focus on the representation of

medical knowledge rather than more productionoriented activities. Therefore, most of the effortshavesupported the compilation of domain-specific vocab-ularies, concept identification and organization, Infor-mation structure and vocabulary relationships, andmethods for logically and physically representing theinformation In the computer. The goal of this activityIs to merge modern technology with biomedical tex-tual and visual Information to provide rapid transferof appropriate knowledge to health professionals toassist the medical decision-making process.

Electronic Document Storage and Retrieval(EDSR) Program

The goal of this effort Is to research and developdocument storage and retrieval techniques that willaddress a major mission of the NLM, viz., that of pro-viding an archival storage capability for biomedicalliterature. The Immediate objective Is to develop anengineering prototype system capable of demonstrat-ing the feasibility of key features, such as scanning,storage, retrieval and reproduction of black and white(two-tone) representations of materials from booksand journals. The program will also explore areas suchas the following:

1. The ability to Input biomedical informationrecorded in different forms and media, Includingbound volumes, loose-leaf pages, film, and Inmachine-readable form.

2. The reproduction of half-tone Images such asphotoprint.

3. The increase in storage capability by the Incor-poration of appropriate data compressiontechniques.

4. More rapid document handling capability.The present status of ongoing activities may be

briefly summarized as follows: The loose-leaf scan-ning capability of the document capture subsystemhas been Integrated as a unit, and is operating. In addi-tion, a bound volume scanner Is being designed and

31


will be completed in FY 1983. Interfaces have beendeveloped and demonstrated for the display sub-systems, including hardcopy, softcopy, and a dual-mode hardcopy/softcopy device. The system con-troller that exercises supervision and control over thesubsystems is being developed and integrated withthe other subsystems. Following the system integra-tion phase, the prototype system will be evaluated fortechnical performance and be used to explore ad-vanced techniques in document storage and retrieval.

Video Processing LaboratoryThe Video Processing Laboratory (VPL) has

established an inhouse capability to aid the develop-ment, evaluation, and simulation of various video andimage processing technologies. An example is thedevelopment and evaluation of a videodisc pre-mastering capability to enable the transfer andassembly of still images and motion video segments,coupled with audio and computer data, onto highquality videotape. This videotape is the mediumsubsequently required to create a master for the massreplication of videodiscs. The premastering capabilitywas developed and evaluated in the VPL and hasbecome operational. At present, the VPL is being usedto develop an image processing capability to supporthealth care information systems through the applica-tion of state-of-the-art systems handling video, audio,and electronically manipulated graphic and textualmaterials.

Integrated Library SystemThe Integrated Library System (ILS) R&D program

is creating a computer-based system to handle themain functions of libraries, such as acquisition ofdocuments and control of their circulation. Much ofthe research and design effort has been put into mak-ing it easy to use without prior training in the com-puter field. The ILS is approaching the completion ofits R&D phases. Because the system will have greatpotential to many libraries and because it will have tobe maintained in order for that potential value to berealized, it is appropriate to plan for an orderly proc-ess of technology transfer. We plan to initiate twoseparate evaluations of ILS,one to evaluate the pro-gram and the other to evaluate the impact of suchautomated facilities as ILS on the users of biomedicallibraries. The ILS program development will be ter-minated in December 1983.

The Integrated Library System is now operationalat the following libraries: Army Library, Pentagon;University of Maryland Health Sciences Library,Baltimore; Johns Hopkins University; Welsh MedicalLibrary; National Library of Medicine Staff Library;

Naval Research Laboratory Library; and Carnegie-Mellon University Libraries. Evaluations of ILS areunderway at United Technologies Research CenterLibrary, Hartford, CT, and the British Library, London,England.

ILS Version 2.1 License and Interagency Agree-ment with the National Technical Information Servicehave been approved. Libraries may obtain the ILSsoftware from NTIS or the Federal Software Exchange.

Distributed Information SystemThe Computer Technology Branch plans to ex-

tend the development of both an interactive textmanagement capability and a Distributed Informa-tion Delivery System (DIDS) as integral componentsof an overall Distributed Information Systems (DIS)program. The objective of the DIS program is to deter-mine whether the extension of the DIDS model (pre-viously used for the delivery of Hepatitis KnowledgeBase information together with an Interactive TextManagement System) could be adapted for the Tox-iocology Data Bank (TDB). The Division of Special-ized Information Services views this collaborativeproject as an alternative way of creating and main-taining a "knowledge" base like TDB in a more cost-effective manner as well as providing a more conven-ient interface for user access via an interactivedelivery system.

The goals of the Distributed Information SystemProgram are: 1) to extend previous LHC/CTB efforts inthe application of computer systems to the delivery ofbiomedical information; 2) to extend previous effortsin interactive text management in order to provide analternative form of delivery for data bases containingstructured as well as free text fields; 3) to provide in-tegrated online support for a peer review process; and4) to demonstrate transferability to systems at dif-ferent levels of technology.

Computer Based EducationThe Computer Based Education (CBE) program

has been active since the early 1970's and has playeda leading role in advancing the state-of-the-art for thecommunity. Past accomplishments include:

1972 —implementation of the CBE languagePILOT on an 8-bit microprocessor (re-leased to the public domain)

1973-1975—establishment of a nationwide net-work for CBE utilizing existing institu-tional courseware and available com-munications network (now privatelyoperated as the Health Education Net-work)

32

Lister HHJ Center

1976

1976

— hosting a nationwide computer con-ference on CBE, with emphasis onPILOT, to gather and exchange infor-mation, ascertain needs, etc.

—establishment of Learning ResourceLaboratory to be able to review a crosssection of current technology in asingle setting (this laboratory is nowmaintained in NMAC)

1978 — implementation of COMMON PILOTin UCSD PASCAL (in the public sectorit is also called APPLE PILOT with wellover 1,000 licensees)

1976-1982-development of LHC ATS PILOT andLHC 8080 PILOT (released to thepublic via NTIS)

1976-1982—development of the Advanced Ter-minal System (ATS) (field test effortsfinishing September 1982)

Board of Scientific CounselorsThe Board of Scientific Counselors of the Na-

tional Library of Medicine met for the second time, onOctober 5-6, 1981, to review the programs of theLister Hill National Center for Biomedical Communi-cations. The Board found all of the LHNCBC programsto be scientifically and technically sound, but recom-mended certain changes of emphasis. The KnowledgeBase Research Program, for instance, should work ondeveloping means of knowledge representation (withthe computer science team) rather than building newdatabases. The Distributed Information System Pro-gram should work more closely with Specialized In-

formation Services for possible application of DIS tothe Toxicology Data Bank. The Electronic DocumentStorage and Retrieval Program is in the process ofcompleting its hardware efforts, but will require addi-tional resources in the areas of maintenance, soft-ware, and hardware. Further development of the Ad-vanced Terminal System should await results of thefield trials and evaluations. The Integrated LibrarySystem should continue technical development whilemonitoring commercial development. Decreased em-phasis of the Digital Videodisc Project was recom-mended, although the Board felt that inhouse com-petence in the field should be maintained.

The third meeting of the Board of ScientificCounselors took place on April 22-23, 1982. TheBoard reviewed LHNCBC staff presentations on: theKnowledge Base Research Program, Advanced Ter-minal System, Electronic Document Storage andRetrieval Program, Integrated Library System, and theDistributed Information System. Board members pre-pared special reviews of two programs,the IntegratedLibrary System and the Distributed InformationSystem. They predicted that if the ILS is imaginativelyand forcefully transferred to the library community, itwill be widely viewed as an outstanding contributionof advanced research, technology development andapplication development. The Board welcomed theDistributed Information System as an opportunity forLHNCBC to engage in a useful collaboration withNLM's Division of Specialized Information Services.The successful outcome of this initiate may serve as amodel for similar collaborative efforts with otherFederal agencies concerned with sharing informationand health-related data bases.

33

EXTRAMURAL GRANTS AND CONTRACTSArthur J. BroeringActing Associate Director tor Extramural Programs

The National Library of Medicine's ExtramuralPrograms, authorized by the Medical Library Assist-ance Act (MLAA) of 1965 and extensions, support Im-provements in health information services andblomedlcal communications by providing grants todevelop and extend library services, strengthen infor-mation resources, conduct research in ways of Im-proving communication and knowledge transfer, trainhealth information personnel, and produce criticalreviews and other publications on important healthtopics. In addition, contracts provide for a nationalnetwork of Regional Medical Libraries with the neces-sary resources and services to give backup support forlocal medical libraries. During FY 1982, awards weremade for 40 new grants, and 61 continuation grantsfor activities begun in prior years.

The total MLAA expenditure for FY 1982 was$7,500,000 (seeTable 13), which was a 25% reductionfrom the FY 1981 level and a 16% reduction from theinitial FY 1982 budget request. The immediate impactof the $7.5 million level, the result of a one-yearMLAA extension In the Omnibus Reconciliation Act ofAugust 1981, has been a reduction of support levels(about 6%) for current projects.However,such reduc-tions should not be presumed to be related to con-gressional disenchantment with the MLAA authorities.The House report on the extension of the MLAA pro-grams acknowledges that "the support provided by(the programs of) this Act represents an important in-vestment in promoting rapid transfer of medical infor-mation essential to reduce the critical time lag be-tween discovery and practice."

The Congress Is presently considering legislationto renew MLAA authority for all programs for threeyears (FY1983-85) at amounts of 8, 8.5, and 9 milliondollars.

Research ProgramThe goal of this program is to improve the man-

agement of health knowledge by sponsoring investi-gations of issues relative to biomedical information. Aformal assessment of the program in FY 1982 con-

cluded that investigators supported by NLM researchgrants are productive and are in fact making the con-tributions foretold In their proposals. The program hastwo complementary areas: Computers-in-Medicine,and Health Sciences Librarianship-lnformationScience. In both areas, special emphasis Is given tothe career growth of young investigators.

The aim of the Computers-ln-Medlcine programis to exploit and adapt the potential of the computersciences for better representing, managing, and utiliz-ing recorded health knowledge. Investigations In thisarea, both theoretical and applied, include systemsfor knowledge representation, attributes of languagein medical context, and the cognitive processes in-volved In medical decision-making and problemsolving.

The aim in the Health Sciences Librarianship-lnformation Science area is to develop new ap-proaches to information access and to resolve seriousproblems of Information delivery such as the organi-zation, access, and dissemination of literature; biblio-graphic analysis to describe current scientific activity;and applications of the computer and Informationsciences for a variety of roles In library operations andhealth Information delivery.

Training Program*In 1973 a training grants program in Health

Sciences and Computer Technology was initiated byNLM. More than $12 million hasbeen awarded for theprogram (including commitments made for 1983 and1984). Initially, the program was relatively small;however, it grew rapidly and by 1981 had exceeded$1.3 million annually, almost 20% of the total grantbudget.

The background, current status, and future direc-tions for the training program were thoroughly re-viewed during the year. It was decided that the pro-gram should be continued because It represents avery Important endeavor, and remains neglected byother Federal funding agencies.The momentum builtup since 1973 would be Irretrievably lost If the pro-

35


gram were discontinued. However, because funds willbe severely limited and because it is unlikely that theprogram can be expanded in the near future, applica-tions In this area will undergo especially vigorousreview In FY 1984.

Awards were made to nine institutions in 1982.These are: University of California, San Francisco;University of Missouri-Columbia; University of Illi-nois, Urbana; University of Minnesota; Case WesternReserve University; The Ohio State University; DukeUniversity; University of Virginia; and New EnglandMedical Center. Stipend funds to support 50 traineesare Included.

Medical Library Resource GrantsThis grant program is Intended to improve health

science libraries by expanding their resources. Specifi-cally, there are two types of Resource Grants—theResource Improvement Grant and the Resource Proj-ect Grant. The Improvement Grant is intended todevelop basic collections, and Is available to singlehealth science Institutions and to consortia of varioustypes of organizations involved In health scienceeducation, research, and patient care. In FY 1982there were nine new awards both to consortia and tosingle Institutions.

The Resource Project Grant enables healthscience libraries to undertake new or expand existingservices. In FY 1982 five new project awards weremade:

• A two-year grant to Ellis Hospital In Schenectady,New York, will enable the 29 members of theSAVE (Shared Audiovisual Equipment) Consor-tium to share audiovisual software and hardware.The members consist of hospitals, nursing homes,and other health institutions.

• Altoona Hospital in Pennsylvaniawasawardedagrant to develop a microprocessor-based systemfor Its total library operations.

• The Huntington (W. Va.) Health Science LibraryConsortium received a grant to purchasebindingequipment which can be shared among Its twelvemembers. Marshall University is administeringthe grant for the consortium.

• A one-year grant was awarded to the HealthSciences Library at the University of Utah to up-date Its computer hardware and software In orderto produce the MEDOC Index. This is an Index toU.S. government publications in the healthsciences and It Is distributed to more than 350subscribers.

• TheUniversity of Wyoming in Laramiereceivedathree-year grant to develop a statewide healthsciences information network.

Publication GrantsThe Publication Grant Program funds a variety of

nonprofit, biomedical scientific publications. Admin-istered in the International Programs Branch, theseprograms utilize both domestic and internationalresources. The international biomedical publica-tion program, authorized under Public Law 480 andfunded with special foreign currencies, is described inthe next chapter.

Publication grants under the Medical LibraryAssistance Act provide selective support to U.S.health professionals for the preparation and/orpublication of critical reviews and monographs inhealth fields: secondary literature tools (such asbibliographies, atlases, and catalogs); publications inlibrary science,biomedical communication, and infor-mation and computer sciences; temporary support forperiodical publications; studies in the history ofmedicine; translations of current foreign biomedicalmonographs; and proceedings of symposia related toU.S. health needs.

During FY 1982, 20 publication grants wereawarded, totaling $503,452. Of these, seven were newawards, including a study of the life and contributionsof the American public health statesman, C.E.A.Wlnslow (1877-1957), who became one of the mostpotent forces in public health advancement in theUnited States. The continuing emphasis in this pro-gram upon high-quality, but low-cost, projects thatare scheduled for early publication was reflected inthe average amount of a publication grant in FY 1982,which was $25,172, including both direct and indirectcosts.

Among the studies published in FY 1982 whichhad received earlier support in the Publication GrantProgram was The Social Context of Medical Research,edited by Henry Wechsler, et al. (Cambridge, Massa-chusetts: Ballinger Publishing Co., 1981), which ex-plores issues and problems related to the conduct ofmedical research and the application of research find-ings. A significant, multi-authored volume publishedthis year aims at bridging the gap between basicmicrobiology and clinical disease—Alfred S. Evans,ed., Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiology andControl, Second Edition, (New York: Plenum MedicalBook Co., 1982). Also completed this year with sup-port from this NLM program was a major history ofWestern medical thought, written by Dr. Lester King,adistinguished U.S. medical historian: Medical Think-ing: A Historical Preface (Princeton, N.J.: PrincetonUniversity Press, 1982).

(See Appendix 2 for a complete listing of books,periodicals, and journal articles received in FY1982resulting from NLM Publication Grants.)

36

Extramural Programs

Table 13.Extramural Grant and Contract-Programs(in thousands of dollars)

Category

ResearchResource ProjectsResource ImprovementTraining*Special Scientific ProjectsRegional Medical Libraries*Publications*

Total

FY

(32)(26)(47)(10)(6)(8)

(35)

(164)

7980

$27941 003

5931 638

1432,967

787

$9,925

FY

(31)(21)(35)(10)(7)(9)

(34)

(147)

1981

$2774895747

1 308289

2,999818

$9,830

FY

(3D(14)(25)(9)(2)(9)

(20)

(110)

7902

$2574520551930

222,399

504

$7,500

NOTE: Figures in parentheses refer to number of projects.•Includes contract funding.

37

INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIESMary E. Corning, D. Sc.Assistant Director for International Programs

The international programs of the NationalLibrary of Medicine are a natural extension of NLM'sdomestic responsibilities. These activities are coop-erative in nature and have relevancy to both thedeveloped and the developing world. During the pastyear there has been a continuation of the Interna-tional MEDLARS Agreements and a meeting was held ofthe policy officials of those countries where NLM hasbilateral arrangements. Cooperation with the WorldHealth Organization has been expanded to includethe preparation of two specialized recurring bibliogra-phies. The Special Foreign Currency Program is activein the production of critical reviews and history ofmedicine projects. Other NLM international activitieshave included specialized training for colleaguesfrom abroad, the NLM publications exchange pro-gram, as well as numerous professional visitors fromabroad.

International MEDLARS AgreementsTable 14 lists the existing non-U.S. MEDLARS

Center countries and their nature of access to theMEDLARS system. In September 1982, the KarolinskaInstitutet of Sweden hosted a meeting of the policyofficials from each of these Centers. The meeting in-cluded a description from each of the foreign centersabout its recent developments, plans for the future,quid-pro-quo arrangements, the role of government inproviding biomedical information, the impact of tech-

Table 14.Non-U.S. MEDLARS Centers

nology, and the relationship between developed anddeveloping countries.

In their discussions of the role of the government,the members of the group prepared a statement whichthey asked be forwarded to the Director of the Na-tional Institutes of Health and the Secretary of Healthand Human Services. This statement reflects the pro-fessional recognition that biomedical and healthinformation is a basic necessity to maintain and ad-vance biomedical and health research, education, andcare. The statement follows.

The INTERNATIONAL MEDLARS POLICY ADVISORYCROUP represents health related scientific and educa-tional institutions and libraries in 12 countries. Wewish to emphasize that there is an existing and growingneed to supply high quality information as efficientlyand economically as is possible.

We view the MEDLARS system as the most valuable na-tional and international resource which assists andenhances medical research, education and health caredelivery throughout the world. The imaginative and in-novative programs developed in NLM as the MEDLARSgroup of information services have become an Integralpart of the research cycle which creates new knowl-edge not only in the United States but in our own coun-tries and therefore internationally. Any action whichhinders the operation of this cycle by placing undue

Tapes Tapes/Software Online NLM

GermanyJapanSwitzerland

AustraliaPAHOSweden

CanadaColombiaFranceItalyMexicoSouth AfricaUnited Kingdom

39


financial barriers in the way of those who make use ofthe information reduces the value of the investmentwhich the taxpayer has already made in this importantfield.

Our relationships through bilateral arrangements,based on sharing knowledge, expertise and facilitieswith NLM have been in existence for 75 years. Theresult is an international medical and health care infor-mation network operating successfully and notablyresponsive to the needs of public health and societygenerally. The effective dissemination of medical infor-mation to all countries including those of the develop-ing world has been greatly advanced.

We believe that our responsibilities and functions arefundamental to the public good and that this servicecould not adequately be undertaken by commercialprofit making interests in whom we do not have thesame level of confidence.

We therefore view with great concern the pressure be-ing exerted on the U.S.National Library of Medicine bycertain commercial information interests. The respon-sibility for the continued functioning and developmentof this system, fundamental to the health informationneeds of many countries, cannot be transferred to com-mercial enterprises but must remain firmly anchored inpublic sector authorities.

The allegations that NLM represents unfair competi-tion are not valid. Each non U.S. MEDLARS Centreprovides an equitable return to NLM in the form ofservices directly or indirectly by payments to U.S. in-formation industry to perform these services for NLM.This contribution is equivalent to the costs for accessto the MEDLARS system.

We ask that this expression of our concern and our sup-port for NLM be made known to its parent organiza-tions: The National Institutes of Health and Depart-ment of Health and Human Services.

Collaboration with the World HealthOrganization

The National Library of Medicine and the WorldHealth Organization Special Program for Researchand Training in Tropical Diseases continued to coop-erate in the publication of the Quarterly Bibliographyof Mayor Tropical Diseases. NLM prepares camera-ready copy which WHO prints and distributes to ap-proximately 5,500 institutions in the developing coun-tries. The bibliography is prepared from the MEDLINEsystem and covers those diseases WHO had identifiedfor special attention—filariasis, leishmaniasis, lepro-sy, malaria, schistosomiasis, and trypanosomiasis.

Furthermore, the WHO Program for Control ofDiarrheal Diseases requested NLM's assistance in a

recurring Bibliography of Acute Diarrheal Diseases.This bibliography has been issued for the first timewithin this fiscal year using the same mechanism ofNLM producing camera-ready copy from MEDLINE andWHO printing and distributing.

NLM and WHO continued the collaborative ar-rangement for provision of photocopy of journal arti-cles to developing countries of the WHO Regions ofAfrica, Eastern Mediterranean, and South East Asia.Under the arrangement, WHO supports one individualwho is in residence at NLM to provide this service. Thelevel of activity is modest and it responds only partial-ly to the existing biomedical and health informationneeds of developing countries.

WHO hasbeen active in working with developingcountries to identify existing resourcesfor biomedicaland health information and to develop mechanismsfor providing information services. The Director ofthe National Library of Medicine is a member of theWHO Advisory Committee on Medical Research Sub-committee on Biomedical Information which ischaired by Professor Sune Bergstrom, Rector Emeritusof the Karolinska Institute! and Chairman of the WHOGlobal Advisory Committee on Medical Research.The Assistant Director for International Programs ofNLM is the Director's alternate. They attended ameeting of this Subcommittee following the Interna-tional MEDLARS Policy Advisory Group. Included in thesummary and recommendations of the final report ofthe ACMR Subcommittee on Information were thefollowing:

"Regional and national medical libraries and in-formation networks to share scarce resourcesare now being planned or are under implementa-tion or development in all Regions in close con-tact with Headquarters. Those efforts are to beexpanded and sustained as they are a prerequi-site for the successful implementation of WHOhealth plans. The model of resource sharing andnetwork implementation that is being developedby BIREME should be examined for its potentialapplication in other areas of the world.

"The Subcommittee is pleased that severalregions have or are preparing regional IndexMedicus, that PAHO and Headquarters havedeveloped document information services usingthe 'Medical Subject Headings' (MeSH) vocabu-lary, and that SEARO and Headquarters areplanning a pilot project for the bibliographiccontrol of fugitive health literature on healthservices research.

"The Subcommittee recognizes that there existnational literature, documents, audiovisual

40

International Activities

materials, etc., which are not now accessible inan organized manner. There is a need for stud-ies to assess the size, scope and quality ofsuch fugitive material. Efforts to collect, orga-nize and index such material into bibliographicsystems should use the same internationally-accepted cataloguing rules and standards andMeSH. In this manner, the resulting bibliograph-ic systems and products in the whole health fieldwill be compatible with each other and with theregional and global Index Medicus/MEDLARS.

"The Subcommittee considers the selective dis-semination of bibliographic information withabstracts as exemplified by the Quarterly Bibli-ography of Mayor Tropical Diseases as an impor-tant and cost-effective method to keep healthresearchers in developing countries informedabout progress in their field of interest. Accessto full articles should be improved by resourcesharing networks, regional interlibrary loans(photocopies) services and library manpowertraining."

Collaboration with the Pan American HealthOrganization

The Library's Assistant Director for InternationalPrograms is a member of the Scientific Advisory Com-mittee for the PAHO Regional Library of Medicine—BIREME—and participated in a meeting of this com-mittee. The Director of BIREME, Dr. Abraam Sonis,has retired and the current Director is Dr. FernandoRodriguez Alonso. BIREME is unique in the world as aregional resource. It provides library services,computer-based bibliographic services from the sub-set of the MEDLINE database, trains Latin Americanlibrarians and has produced a Latin American IndexMedicus.

Special Foreign Currency ProgramThe Library's Special Foreign Currency Program,

authorized by Public Law 83-480,as amended, utilizesappropriations of U.S.-owned, local foreign currenciesto make awards for scientific writing and publicationprojects in cooperating countries, including Egypt,India, Israel, Pakistan, Poland, and Yugoslavia. Theprograms in Israel and Poland were continued undercollaborative bilateral research agreements.

Projects in the six cooperating countries includethe preparation of critical reviews and monographsanalyzing biomedical research and practice; transla-tions of foreign monographs in the health sciences;studies in the history of medicine; the publication ofmajor international symposia and conference pro-ceedings; and the preparation and publication of

bibliographies, guides and other literature tools in thebiomedical sciences. The program enables the Libraryto draw on foreign scientific personnel and resourcesin obtaining and disseminating information impor-tant to U.S. health educators, practitioners, andresearchers.

The projects are multiyear, and during FY 1982,there were 89 active studies, totaling $1,013,844(equivalent) in foreign currencies.Over 50 percent ofthe current program is carried out in Poland andEgypt, with about 20 percent in India. New criticalreviews and monographs in health fields constitute 45percent of the projects, with history of medicine proj-ects representing another 30 percent.

Among the new P.L. 480 projects activated in FY1982 were a critical review on the endocrine system inpatients with acute renal failure, the publication inEgypt of the seventh volume of a major internationalbibliography of ticks and tickborne diseases, and atranslation of a Russian study of the geographicalpathology of atherosclerosis. Among the publicationsreceived in FY1982, resulting from prior support, wasa monograph by J.W. Czaczkes and A. Kaplan De-Nour on Chronic Hemodialysis as a Way of Life (NewYork: Brunner Maze! Publishers, 1978). Written by twointernationally renowned experts, and addressed tomedical and psychiatric practitioners, the bookcovers every aspect of hemodialysis. Another studyrecently published with support from the P.L.480 pro-gram was an English language translation of the lastwork of the late Alexander R. Luria, a universallyrecognized Soviet neuropsychologist—translated inIndia and printed in the United States: Language andCognition (Washington, D.C.: V. H. Winston and Sons,1981). Among the recently published studies in thehistory of medicine was: Two Great Scientists of theNineteenth Century; Correspondence of Emit Du flo/s-Reymond and Carl Ludwig (Baltimore: The JohnsHopkins University Press, 1982). This book presents afifty-year correspondence between two of the mostimportant figures in the development of modernphysiology, and offers an Insight into nineteenth-century medicine. The text was translated in Tunisiaand printed in India. (For a complete list of books andjournal articles resulting from the NLM P.L. 480 Pro-gram received in FY 1982, see Appendix 3.)

International Council of Scientific UnionsAbstracting Board (ICSU AB)

The Assistant Director for International Programsand the Deputy Director, as the NLM representativeand alternate, respectively, to the International Coun-cil of Scientific Unions Abstracting Board (ICSU AB),attended the annual meeting of the Board. ICSU AB

41


consists of information organizations from a numberof countries. Topics discussed included collaborativeundertakings, status of document delivery in variousregions including the proposals of the Commission ofthe European Communities, working groups in varioussubject matter fields, copyright, and an examinationof the future role of ICSU AB in international, scien-tific and technical activities.

Visitors and Specialized TrainingNLM continues to receive international visitors

who during FY 1982 represented approximately 84countries as well as specialized delegations. Formaldelegations were concerned with internationalcom-munications, library management and resources, in-formation systems management, and the impact oftechnology.

42

APPENDIX 1: STAFF BIBLIOGRAPHY

The following works were published by NationalLibrary of Medicine staff in FY 1982:

Amani, M. and Humphreys, B L Analysis of characteris-tics of serials held by libraries in PHILSOM which are not inthe NLM collection Bulletin of the Medical Library Associa-tion 70(3) 324-328, July 1982

Benson. D A , Standing, R A , and Goldstein, CM Amicroprocessor-based system for the delivery of full-text en-cyclopedic information Proceedings of the American Socie-ty for Information Science 18 256-259,1981

Cookson, J.P . Magnetic videodisc image storage experi-ment. Proceedings MEDCOMP '82. I £.£.£. Computer SocietyFirst International Conference on Medical Computer Science/Computational Medicine, Sept. 23-25, 1982. Los Angeles,I E E E Computer Society Press, 1982, pp. 362-365

Corning, M E Redes de mformaci6n biomedica. ex-penencia de la Bibhoteca National de Medicma de LosEstados Unidos de America (Biomedical information net-working—the experience of the National Library of Medi-cine of the United States) Education Medica y Salud 15424-441, 1981

Cosmides, G J Information transfer in toxicology InCosmides, G J (Ed ) Proceedings of the Symposium on Infor-mation Transfer m Toxicology, Bethesda, Md., Sept 76-77,7907. Springfield, Va , National Technical Information Serv-ice, 1982, pp 1-3

(Ed ) Proceedings of the Symposium on Infor-mation Transfer in Toxicology, Bethesda, Md., Sept 76-77,7907 Springfield, Va , National Technical Information Serv-ice, 1982, 181 pp

Cummmgs, M M Libranogenesis and librancide thePhiladelphia connection Transactions and Studies of the Col-lege of Physicians of Philadelphia 4(1) 1-11, March 1982

Medical information services for public goodor private profit? The Information Society lournal 1(3)249-260, 1982

and Mehnert, R B MEDLARS services of theNational Library of Medicine public resource or marketcommodity? Annals of Internal Medicine 96(6, pt 1)772-774, June 1982

Epstein, M N and Lewis, B Methodology for creationof and access to a clinical data base Proceedings MED-COMP '82. I.E.E.E. Computer Society First International Con-ference on Medical Computer Science/Computational Medi-cine, Sept. 23-25, 1982 Los Angeles, I E E E ComputerSociety Press, 1982, pp 470-477

Freiburger, C , Dick, R S , Olsen, S , and Bova Spies, PAn online MARC authority program Proceedings of theAmerican Society for Information Science 18 97-100,1981

Goldstein, C M Optical disk technology and informa-tion Science 215 (4534) 862-868, Feb 12,1982

, Payne, E A , and Freiburger, G The Inte-grated Library System online public catalog Proceedings ofthe American Society for Information Science 18. 279-281,1981

The LHC Digital Videodisc Project StatusReport Springfield, Va, National Technical InformationService, 1981, 56 pp

and Dick, R S The Integrated Library Systemdesign for collection management and control CollectionManagement 4(1-2). 65-94, Spring/Summer 1982

and Russel, W The NLM/LHNCBC VideodiscDigital Storage Program Status Report. Springfield, Va, Na-tional Technical Information Service, 1981, 31 pp.

Hanke, M K Recent developments in health sciencelibraries in the United States In O'Hare, J et al (Eds) TheBowker Annual of Library & Book Trade Information. NewYork, R R Bowker Company, 1982, pp 52-60

Kissman, H M Overview of the symposium In Cos-mides, G J (Ed) Proceedings of the Symposium on Informa-tion Transfer in Toxicology, Bethesda,Md., Sept. 16-17,1981.Springfield, Va, National Technical Information Service.1982, pp 5-7

, Fisher, K D, and Elliott, D A Toxicologicaldata from generation to primary publication In Cosmides,G J (Ed) Proceedings of the Symposium on InformationTransfer in Toxicology, Bethesda, Md., Sept. 16-17, 1981.Springfield, Va, National Technical Information Service,1982, pp 9-31

Koff, R S , Schimmel, E M , Siegel, E R , and McCahan,J F Hepatitis and information retrieval and use a seminarfor fourth-year medical students Bulletin of the MedicalLibrary Association 70(3) 323-324, July 1982

Krivatsy, P Az amenkai Orszigos Orvostudoma'nyiKdnyvtar tevekenysege, szolgaltatisai es hunganka-Allomanya (The work and mission of the National Library ofMedicine and Hunganca in the Library) Ktinyvtari FigyelO27 104-106,1981 KGIfinszim

Kuenz, M A Intellectual, Psychological and Neurologi-cal Functioning in the Older Adult. Springfield, Va , NationalTechnical Information Service, 1982,104 pp

Lenzmi, R T and Koff, E Converting serial holdings tomachine-readable format an account of the University of

43

Illinois-Urbana experience. In Gellatly, P. (Ed.): The Manage-ment of Serials Automation. New York, Haworth Press, 1982.pp. 71-81.

Mehnert, R. B.: National Library of Medicine. In O'Hare,J. and Sun, B. (Eds.): The Bowker Annual of Library & BookTrade Information. New York, R.R. Bowker Company, 1982,pp. 112-116.

Miles, W. D.: A History of the National Library of Medi-cine: the Nation's Treasury of Medical Knowledge. NIH Publ.No. 82-1904, 1982, 531 pp.

Schoolman, H. M.: Anatomy, physiology and pathologyof biomedical information. Western lournal of Medicine137:460-466,1982.

: Information transfer: past, present andfuture. Mob/us 2(2): 38-43,1982.

: Views from government libraries in the infor-mation industry. Minutes of the 99th Meeting of theAssocia-tion of Research Libraries, October 1981. Washington, D.C.,Association of Research Libraries, 1981, pp. 27-30.

Schultheisz, R. J.: TOXLINE: Evolution of an onlineinteractive bibliographic database, lournal of the AmericanSociety for Information Science 32: 421-429,1981.

Seibert, W. F. and Ullmer, E. J.: Media use in education.In Mitzel, H. E. (Ed.): Encyclopedia of Educational Research,5th Edition. New York, Macmillan and Free Press, 1982, pp.1190-1201.

Siegel, E. R.: Transfer of information to health practi-tioners. In Dervin, B. and Voight, M. J. (Eds.): Progress inCommunication Sciences, Vol. 3. Norwood, N.J, Ablex Pub-lishing Co., 1981, pp. 311-335.

Snelderman, C. A., Falkenberg, C. C. W., andFraser, C. R.: Quality filtration of the published biomedicalliterature: some methods and strategies. In Cosmides, C. J.(Ed.): Proceedings of the Symposium on Information Transferin Toxicology, Bethesda, Md., Sept. 16-17, 1981. Springfield,Va., National Technical Information Service, 1982, pp.99-109.

Smith, K. A.: National Library of Medicine. In Wedge-worth, R. (Ed.): The ALA Yearbook, Vol. 7. Chicago, AmericanLibrary Association, 1982, pp. 187-188

Standing, R. A.: Briefings on microprocessors. Bulletinof the American Society for Information Science 8(4): 19-22,April 1962.

Suthasinekul, S.: Recent developments in optical datastorage. Proceedings of the SPIE — The International Societyfor Optical Engineering. 318(pt. 1): 65-71, January 1982.

Wexler, P.: Information Resources in Toxicology. NewYork, Elsevier/North Holland, 1982, 333 pp.

Willmering, W. J.: Automated serial records in the on-line catalog: the Northwestern Luis system. In Gellatly, P.(Ed.) The Management of Serials Automation. New York,Haworth Press, 1982, pp 43-52

Wooster, H.: Biomedical communications. In Williams,M. E. (Ed.): Annual Review of Information Science andTechnology. White Plains, N.Y., Knowledge Industry Publica-tions, 1982, pp. 187-224

Yep, S. and Rashldian, M.: Microcomputer-ControlledWorld Time Display for Public Area Viewing. Springfield, Va.,National Technical Information Service, 1982,123 pp.

44

APPENDIX 2: GRANT-SUPPORTED PUBLICATIONS

Carlson, Eric T.; Wollock, Jeffrey L. and Noel, Patricia S.Benjamin Rush's Lectures on the Mind. Philadelphia: Ameri-can Philosophical Society, 1981, 735 pp.

D'Amore, Archangelo R. T. "Psychoanalysis in America:1930-39," Psychoanalytic Quarterly, I, 1981, pp. 570-586.

Detweiler, O.K. "The Use of Electrocardiography in Tox-icological Studies with Beagle Dogs " In: Cardiac Toxicology,Vol. Ill, by Tibor Balazs Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press,Inc., 1981,240pp.

Evans, Alfred S. Viral Infections of Humans: Epidemiol-ogy and Control. Second Edition. New York: Plenum MedicalBook Company, 1982, 720 pp.

Forbes, Thomas R. "To Be Dissected and Anatomized,"lournal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, Vol.XXXVI, No. 4, October 1981, pp. 490-492.

"A Study of Old Bailey Sentences Between

1729 and 1800," Guildhall Studies in London History, Vol V,No. 1, October 1981, pp. 26-35.

"Early Forensic Medicine in England: TheAngus Murder Trial," lournal of the History of Medicine andAllied Sciences, Vol. XXXVI, No. 3, July 1981, pp 296-309

"A Quack in Court," Trans. Studies Coll. Phys.Phila. Series, Vol 3,1981, pp. 148-150

"Births and Deaths in a London Parish. TheRecord from the Registers, 1654-1693 and 1729-1743," Bul-letin of the History of Medicine, Vol. 55, Fall 1981, pp371-391.

Frieden, Nancy Walker Russian Physicians in an Era ofReform and Revolution, 18S6-T905. Princeton UniversityPress, Princeton, N.J , 1981

Froom, Jack. "An International Glossary for PrimaryCare," The lournal of Family Practice, Vol 13, No 5, 1981,pp 673-681.

45

APPENDIX 3: P.L-480 SUPPORTED PUBLICATIONS

Borman, Joseph B. and Cotsman, Mervyn S (Eds)Rheumatic Valvular Disease in Children. New York Sprmger-Verlag, 1960, 231 pp

Cabanls, Pierre-Jean-George On the RelationsBetweenthe Physical and Moral Aspects of Man, Volumes I and II,Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981, 7% pp

Czaczkes, J.W.,and De-Nour, A Kaplan. Chronic Hemo-dtalysis as a Way of Life. Brunner/Mazel Publishers, 1978,235 pp.

Hoogstraal, Harry Bibliography of Ticks and TickborneDiseases: From Homer (About 800 B.C.) to 31 December 1981,Volume 7. Cairo, Egypt: United States Naval MedicalResearch Unit Number Three (NAMRU 3), May 1982, 219 pp

Jarcho, Saul "Some Historical Problems Connectedwith the Study of Egyptian Mummies," Bulletin De L'lnstitutD'Egypte, Vol. 58-59,1981, pp 106-122.

Kulka, R.C. and Loyter, A. "The Use of Fusion Methodsfor the Microinjectlon of Animal Cells," In Current Topics inMembrane Transport, Edited by F Bronner and A. Klein-zeller. New York: Academic Press, 1979, pp 365-439

Kussmaul, Adolf. Memoirs of an Old Physician. NewDelhi, India; Amerind Publishing Co Pvt. Ltd , 1981, 352 pp.

Lewis, Basil S. and Gotsman, Mervyn S "Current Con-cepts of Left Ventricular Relaxation," American Heart lour-nal. Vol. 99, January 1980, pp. 101-112.

Luria, Alexandria R Language and Cognition. Edited byJames V. Wertsch. Washington V H Winston and Sons,1981, 261 pp.

Razln, Shmqel "The Mycoplasma Membrane." InOrganization of Prokaryotic Cell Membranes, Vol 1. Editedby B.K. Ghosh. Boca Raton, Florida CRC Press, 1981, pp165-250.

Rottem, Shlomo "Membrane Lipids of Mycoplasmas,"Biochlmica et Biophysica Acta, Vol 604,1980, 65-90

Two Great Scientists of the Nineteenth Century; Corre-spondence of Emit Du Bois-Reymond and Carl Ludwig. Col-lected by Estelle Du Bois-Reymond Notes and Indexes byPaul Diepgen. Edited, with a Foreword by Paul F CranefleldPrinted in India Baltimore, Maryland The Johns HopkinsUniversity Press, 1982,183 pp

Gibbons, Norman E , Pattee, Kathleen B and Holt, JohnG. (Co-Eds.) Supplement to Index Bergeyana. BaltimoreWilliams & Wllklns, 1981. 442 pp

Gelfand, Toby. Professionalizing Modern Medicine:Paris Surgeons and Medical Science and Institutions in the18th Century. Westport, Connecticut Greenwood Press,1980, 280 pp

"Deux cultures, une profession, les chlrur-giens francais au XVIII siecle," Revue d'Histoire Moderne etContemporaine, Vol 27, juillet-septembre, 1980, 468-484.

"Two Cultures, One Profession: The Surgeonsof France in the Eighteenth Century." The Consortium onRevolutionary Europe Proceedings 1978, 1980, pp. 171-187.

"Les caracteres ongmaux d'un hospice par!-sien a la fin de I'Ancien Regime " In Mensch und Cesund-heit in der Ceschichte—Les hommes et la sante dans I'his-toire, ed Arthur E Imhof, Abhandlungen zur Geschlchte derMedizm und der Naturwissenschaften, Heft 39, Husum: Mat-thiesen Verlag, 1980. pp 339-355

"Gestation of the Clinic," Medical History,Vol 25, 1981, pp 169-180

Hegreberg, Gerald and Leathers, Charles (Eds.). Bibliog-raphy of Induced Animal Models of Human Disease. Pull-man, Washington. Washington State University ComputingServices Center, 1981, 304 pp

Bibliography of Naturally Occurring AnimalModels of Human Disease. Pullman, Washington: Washing-ton State University Computing Services Center, 1981, 146PP

Gnnspoon, Lester and Bakalar, James B. PsychedelicDrugs Reconsidered. (Second Edition). N.Y.: Basic Books,Inc. Publishers. 1981, 383 pp

Crob, Gerald N "Public Pol icy-Making and Social Pol-icy," Policy Studies Review Annual, Vol 5, 1981, pp.701-730

Hamburg, Joseph (ed ) Review of Allied Health Educa-tion: 4. Lexington, Kentucky. The University Press of Ken-tucky, 1981,148 pp

"Index to Graduate Theses and Projects In AlliedHealth," journal of Allied Health, Vol. 8, No. 4, November1979, pp 258-282, Vol 9, No 4, November 1980, pp. 294-305, Vol 10, No 4, November 1981, pp 283-295

King, Lester S Medical Thinking: A Historical Preface.Princeton, New Jersey Princeton University Press, 1982, 336PP

Kirschenbaum, Donald M "The Bane of a Compiler IsMainly in the Data " In The Information Community: AnAlliance for Progress- Proceedings of the 44th ASIS AnnualMeeting, Volume 18. Edited by Lois F Lunin, et al WhitePlains, New York. American Society for Information Science,1981, pp 264-266

"Molar Absorptivity and Ai£m Values forProteins at Selected Wavelengths of the Ultraviolet and Visi-ble Regions — XX," journal Quant. Spectrosc. Radlat. Trans-

47

fer, Vol 27, No 1,1982, pp 23-38—XXI, "lournal Quant. Spectres. Radiat.

Transfer, Vol 27, No 1,1982, pp 39-53Leavitt, Judith Walzer The Healthiest City: Milwaukee

and the Politics of Health Reform Princeton, New JerseyPrinceton University Press, 1982, 294 pp

Lihenfeld, Abraham M "Ceteris Paribus: The Evolutionof the Clinical Trial," Bulletin of the History of Medicine,Vol 56,1982, pp 1-18

Lihenfeld, David E "Epidemiology 101 III A 19th Cen-tury Example," International journal of Epidemiology, Vol10, No 1,1981,pp 69-72

Lihenfeld, Abraham and Lihenfeld, David E "A Centuryof Case-Control Studies Progress," /. Chron. Dis., Volume 32,1979, pp 5-13

"The 1979 Heath Clark Lectures, 'The Epi-demiologic Fabric'. II The London Bridge—It Never Fell,"International lournal of Epidemiology, Vol 9, No 4,1980, pp299-304

"A Workshop on Needs for New Animal Models ofHuman Disease," The Amer/can lournal of Pathology,Volume 101, Number 3S, December 1980 Supplement, 271PP

Magoun, H W "Revival of the Horsley-Clarke Instru-ment, in Studies of Posture and Locomotion, at Ranson's In-stitute of Neurology," In Stephen Walter Ranson: Ground-breaking Neuroscientist, Memories of His Students and Col-leagues at His Centenary, Edited by W F Windle LosAngeles, California UCLA-Brain ResearchInstitute, 1981, pp107-122

Magoun, H W and Marshall, L H "CorrespondenceBetween Ranson, Herrick, Fulton, Forbes, and Ingram " InStephen Walter Ranson: Groundbreaking Neuroscientist,Memories of His Students and Colleagues at His Centenary,Edited by W F Windle Los Angeles, California UCLA-BrainResearch Institute, 1981, pp 185-231

Magoun, H W, and Fisher, Charles "John B Watsonand the Study of Human Sexual Behavior," The lournal ofSex Research, Vol 17, No 4, November 1981, pp 368-378

Neuburger, Max The Historical Development of Experi-mental Brain and Spinal Cord Physiology before Flourens.Translated and edited, with additional material, by Edwin

Clarke Baltimore The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1981,391 pp

Patterson, K David "The Veterinary Department andthe Animal Industry m the Gold Coast, 1909-1955," Interna-tional lournal of African History, Vol 13,1980, pp 457-491

Health in Colonial Ghana: Disease, Medicine,and Socio-Econom/c Change, 1900-1955. Waltham, Massa-chusetts- Crossroads Press, 1981,187 pp

Sheridan, Richard B "Slave Demography in the BritishWest Indies and the Abolition of the Slave Trade " In TheAbolition of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Origins and Effects inEurope, Africa, and the Americas. Edited by David Ellis andJames Walvin Madison, Wisconsin University of WisconsinPress, 1981 pp 259-285

Ward, Patricia Spam "Antibiotics and InternationalRelations at the Close of World War II " In: The History ofAntibiotics. John Parascandola (editor) Madison, Wisconsin,American Institute of the History of Pharmacy, 1980, pp101-112

"In Recognition of Esther Everett Lape, Bornc 1880," Women & Health, Vol 5, No 2, Summer 1980, pp1-3

"The American Reception of Salvarsan,"lournal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences, VolXXXVI, No. 1, January 1981, pp 44-62

Walters, Leroy (Ed ) Bibliography of Bioethics. Volume7 N Y The Free Press, 1981 283 pp

Wechsler, Henry, Lamont-Havers, Ronald W, andCahill, George F (Eds) The Social Context of MedicalResearch. Cambridge, Massachusetts Balhnger PublishingCompany, 1981, 334 pp

Zguta, Russell "The One-Day Votive Church A Reli-gious Response to the Black Death in Early Russia," SlavicReview, Vol 40, No 3, September 1981, pp 423-432

Periodical Publication!

The Behavioral and Brain Sciences. Vol. 3, Number 4,September 1981, N Y Cambridge University Press (andfollowing issues)

1KB; A Review of Human Sub/ecrs Research. Hastmgs-on-Hudson, N Y The Hastings Center, Institute of Society,Ethics and the Life Sciences, Vol 3, No 7, August/September1981 (and following issues)

48

APPENDIX 4: NMAC AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALSPRODUCED

Videotapes

NLM: Communicating for the '80sVideomicroscopy Units I, IIDistinguished Leaders in Nursing: Martha Rodgers

Slide/Tape Sets

The NLM Story

49

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