National Knowledge Commission Recommendations on Higher Education 2007 * Create more Universities (1500 by 2015) * New Regulatory Body (Oversee UGC, AICT,

National Knowledge Commission Recommendations on Higher Education

2007

* Create more Universities (1500 by 2015)

* New Regulatory Body (Oversee UGC, AICT, MCI, BAR Council ……..)

* Increase Public Spending (1.5 % GDP / 6 % )

* 50 National Universities

Expansion

HigherEducation

Education Sector

* Reform Existing Universities

* Restructure Undergraduate Colleges: Autonomous Clusters

* Promote Enhanced Quality: Student Choices, Teacher Evaluation

* Salary Differentials

National Knowledge Commission Recommendations on Higher Education

2007

Excellence

Inclusion

* Ensure access for all deserving students: (Needs – Blind admission)

National Scholarship Scheme

Affirmative Action:

* Reservation* Use of Deprivation Index

Action* Reforms within Existing Systems

* Changes in Government Policies

* Amendments / New Statutes or Legislation

• Enabling role of Government• Organizational Imperatives• Role of Academic Leadership• Academic and Infrastructure Enablers to Identify and Foster Talent• Governing Mechanisms• Funding• Indian Experience

Higher Education : Public or private ? Research : Public

Funding

Challenges in Creating World Class Educational (Research) Institutions

Higher Education and Research in India

1857 Universities: Calcutta, Bombay, Madras Training of graduates for government service

1876 Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Calcutta Mahendralal Sircar (Father LaFont) 1913: C.V.Raman, 1928: Raman Effect

1896 J.N.Tata Endowment (Rs. 30, 00, 000)

Request to government: £ 5000 per year Curzon on the Tata Scheme (1901): “…..appears to have no relation either to charity, or to suffering or to the Queen or to 300 million of India.”

Deepak Kumar, Ind. J. Hist. Sci., 19, 253-260 (1984)

1909 Vesting order for establishing Indian Institute of Science

Indian Institutes of Management (IIM)• Student Selection • Placement Performance• Alumni• Industry - Interface

Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT)

• Student Selection • Undergraduate Engineering Education• Post-graduate Teaching / Research• Alumni ……. “ Brand Equity”• IIT Review 2004

Indian Institute of Science (IISc)• Post-graduate Teaching / Research• Science and Engineering• Faculty Research Emphasis / PhD degrees• Life Sciences

Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) – Pune / Kolkata….

Undergraduate Science Education in a Research Ambience

Affiliated College: Undergraduate teaching

Autonomous College: Undergraduate and Postgraduate teaching

University: Affiliation centre Postgraduate teaching Research

Research Institutions: Postgraduate teaching Research

National Laboratories: Research(CSIR, DAE, ICMR, ICAR…)

Deemed Universities: Degree granting device

Deemed and Customized Universities: Dept. Atomic Energy (DAE), Dept. of Space, Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO)

Research Universities

• Harvard, Stanford, Berkeley, Cambridge, Oxford ………. Faculty and Student Scholarship

• Indian Models

Kolkata, Madras, Delhi, Banaras, Allahabad ……..

Pre-independence : Primarily Teaching

Post-independence : 1950s – 1960s ---- Surge of Research 1970s ---- Accelerating Decay of Research

• Specialist Institutions versus the Broad – Based Institutions

Small or Large ??

Models

• Governance - Institution Building - Consolidation - Expansion / Modernization

• Faculty / Student Performance - Evaluation - Carrot and Stick (Tenure and Rewards)

• Research Facilities - Funding - Development Corpus

• Promoting Scholarship - Academic Debate - Participatory Governance - Interdisciplinary Dialogue

Creating an Ambience

• Students Trained / Degrees Awarded Performance of Alumni • Research Papers Published Impact

• Intellectual Property Patents / Technology Transfer Licensing / Royalty Income

• Resources Generated Magnitude of Corpus

Parameters of Institutional Performance

The Role of Private PhilanthropyPublic – Private Partnership

“....Tata entirely owes it to me that he gets anything; and if he is not wise enough to accept it, I am ready to drop the whole

thing tomorrow.” Deepak Kumar, Ind. J. Hist. Sci., 19, 253-260 (1984)

Tata’s request (1899)

£ 5000 per year

Curzon’s response (1901)

Research and Higher Education : Indian Challenges

Science

Engineering

Medicine

Scientific Research“Science”

Fragmentation Vs Integration

Humanities, Social Sciences, Economics and Management

SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

Scientists as Inventors

“Often considered distinct, engineering

and

science are frequently difficult to

distinguish”

Henry Petroski, American Scientist, 2008, Vol 96, 368.

“The scientist seeks to understand what

is :

the engineer seeks to create what never

was”

Theodore von Karman

Discovery : Penicillin

Invention: Light BulbRelativity

Innovation : Retail Store

Ideas

Translation

Development

Marketable Product

“ Success in the laboratory does not always translate into success in the market place “

1997

Pasteur's Quadrant

Bohr Pasteur

Use Inspired Research

Fu

nd

am

en

tal R

esearc

h

Edison

Average Academic

and Industrial

R & D

Administrative flexibility

Fin

an

cia

l R

esou

rces

IDEAL

Extending Stokes Diagram

“Restructuring Indian Universities: Renewed Focus on the Research”

or“Reforming Indian Universities:

Triad of Universities, Research Institutes and Industries”

Restructuring: “Perestroika” (“Glasnost”)

Reform: “Paradigm Shift”

Postgraduate

RESEARCH

Undergraduate

TEACHING

Segregating Disciplines

Humanities Social Sciences

Science Engineering

Medicine Agriculture Law

The diminishing core of universities

IDEALUNIVERSITIES

MOSTINSTITUTIONS

Academic Space

Teaching

Researc

h

Pathways for Directed Evolution

D

C

B

A

BARRIER

Rate of Transformation

Barrier height Constant~ e

_

Pathways for Reform

A D

Dangers of Reversibility

Transformation (Reform, Restructuring)

BARRIER

Factors contributing to barrier height : * Academic Faculty

* Administrative Structure

* Public Will / Political Ambience

Issues

Faculty / Students : Recruitment Regional / National

Resources : State / Central

Governance : Autonomy Academic

Responsibility

Those who can teach, shouldEditorial, Nature Chemical Biology, Dec 2007, 737

Universities : Teaching without Research

National Laboratories: Research without Teaching

Role of Research Projects in Undergraduate and Postgraduate Education:

Writing and Communication Skills

“ He who can, does; and he who cannot, teaches”

George Bernard Shaw on creative work

“ Contrary to popular opinion, it is not usually

the equations which need to be understood for

the effective communication of science, it is

the words. Literacy is important as well as

being the door to the world of literature; why is

it not taught to graduate students ?”

George Batchelor, Research as a life style,

Applied Mechanics Reviews, 50, R11, 1997