National Geodetic Survey 101 geodesy.noaa.gov
Jan 12, 2016
National Geodetic Survey 101
geodesy.noaa.gov
What is geodesy?
Geodesy is the science of measuring
and monitoring the size and shape of
the Earth.
The Earth is an irregular surface, difficult
to model.
Accurate positions are required for a wide
variety of applications.(e.g. monitoring climate change impacts and sea level change)
Why is geodesy important?
The Earth constantly changes.
Monitoring position and height is important!
Benchmark set at 0.2m (1980)
NGS’ MissionTo define, maintain and provide access to the National Spatial Reference System (NSRS) to meet our Nation’s economic, social, and environmental needs. …………………………………………….........................
The NSRS is a consistent coordinate system that defines latitude, longitude, height, scale, gravity, orientation, and shoreline throughout the United States.
Geodetic control (NSRS) is the foundation for all geospatial products.
Without a geodetic control “base map” layer, GIS applications will not work properly!
Accurate positions beginwith accurate coordinates!
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Inconsistent geospatial information results in inconsistent positions.
Some GPS units provide 70 different datums!
(Location of a flagpole in Riverside, California)
INSERT GRAPHIC WITH BULLSEYE PROPERLY SIZED(Brian Shaw will look for an alternative graphic to use instead.)
Passive Control(Monuments)
The National Geodetic Survey (NGS) has been around a long time!Our Nation’s first civilian science agency.
NGS and the NSRS continue to evolve!
The National Spatial Reference System continues to evolve with us.
1878Ferdinand HasslerU.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey
1807Thomas JeffersonSurvey of the Coast
GPSGNSS
1970NOAA is established
ActiveControl(CORS)
Expansion of the National Spatial Reference System
Video available at: http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/foundations/spatial/survey_network.html
1816 to 2006
NGS ProgramsModernizing the NSRS
OPUS GPS Satellite Orbits
CORS GRAV-DHeight Modernization ECO
Airport Surveys VDatum
Geodetic Advisor Program
Emergency Response Imagery
Coastal Mapping
NGS Products and Services
Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)
Enable accurate positing
Provide interface between land and ocean observing systems
CORS at tide stations: contribute to local and global sea-level rise calculations
CORS data used to:
monitor and predict distribution of moisture and electrons in the atmosphere
produce ionosphere models of total electron content impacting GNSS-derived position accuracy
~ 1900 Stations
2014 CORS Network
http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/CORS/
Over 2.8 millions solutions processed since 2002
Processed automatically on NGS computers
Solution via email in minutes
Online Positioning User Service (OPUS)
http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/OPUS//
Fast, easy, consistent access to NSRS
GPS Satellite Orbits
NGS is one of several Analysis Centers (AC) of the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service (IGS).
The accuracy of a user-determined GPS position is directly related to the accuracy of the GPS orbit information used.
Data from Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) and IGS stations are used to determine GPS satellite orbits, station positions, and Earth orientation.
http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/orbits/
Height Modernization
Used to determine accurate heights using GPS/GNSS with traditional
leveling, gravity, and modern remote sensing observations.
Dam, levee safety
Evacuation planning
Hazard mitigation
Flood-plain mapping
Subsidence monitoring
Determining high-water
marks
http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/heightmod/Regional.shtml
Making evacuation routes safer for citizens to escape flood-prone areas
Evacuation Route Analysis
Gravity for the Redefinition of the American Vertical Datum (GRAV-D) http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/GRAV-D/
Project to collect gravity data to
redefine the U.S. vertical datum
by 2022 (at current funding levels)
Target: 2-centimeter accuracy
relative to sea level (orthometric
heights) using GPS/GNSS and a
geoid model.
GRAV-D Status May 2014: 35%
Ellipsoidal Datums
Orthometric Datums
Tidal Datums
MHHW, MHW, MTL, DTL, LMSL, MLW, MLLW
NAVD 88, NGVD 29
WGS 84, NAD 83 (NSRS) +17 others
(MSL)
VDatum
All elevation data are referenced to a vertical datum.
Many different vertical datums are used around the Nation.
For elevation data sets to be blended together, they must be referenced to the same vertical datum.
VDATUM provides a solution!
http://vdatum.noaa.gov/
NGS ECO uses precise positioning models,
tools, and techniques for marsh
restoration and to support community
resilience in response to climate change.
NGS develops guidelines for collecting
elevation data and monitoring
restoration projects.Courtesy USGS, Patuxent Wildlife Research Center
NGS Ecosystem and Climate Operations (ECO)
http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/web/science_edu/ecosystems_climate/
NGS’ Coastal Mapping Program (CMP)
NGS produces the Nation’s shoreline to define territorial limits.
Up-to-date shoreline: is an integral component of
NOAA Nautical Charts supports wide range of coastal
applications
To survey the shoreline, NGS uses remote sensing technologies (imagery, lidar, radar, etc.) from various sources (aircraft, satellites) and continually assesses new technologies and workflows.
http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/RSD/cmp.shtml
Emergency Response Imagery
To support NOAA national security and
emergency response requirements, NGS collects high-resolution, geo-referenced imagery of
the effects of disasters such as hurricanes,
tornados, and earthquakes.
http://storms.ngs.noaa.gov/eri_page/index.html
Aeronautical Survey Program
NGS has a long-standing relationship with the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to conduct airport surveys. These surveys are used to develop runway approach procedures and obstructions charts.
Activities include:Establish quality assurance/quality control standards for third-party aeronautical survey data (primary function)
Develop survey standards, guidelines, tools, and models to assist surveyors conducting aeronautical surveys
Provide positional, height, and orientation data to the FAA in support of the National Airspace System (NAS) and safe navigation
http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/AERO/aero.html
NGS Geodetic Advisor Programhttp://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/ADVISORS/
The NGS Geodetic Advisor Program currently provides either a NOAA employee (jointly funded by NOAA and the state) or a designated coordinator residing in the state.
Geodetic advisors guide and assist the state’s geodetic and surveying programs.
Advisor program is transitioning to a regional approach for more coverage but fewer advisors.
Fishing and BoatingFishing and BoatingOil ExplorationOil Exploration
Trucking and ShippingTrucking and Shipping Surveying and MappingSurveying and Mapping
Precision AgriculturePrecision Agriculture
AviationAviation
NGS Provides the Geospatial Infrastructure Critical to Our Economy through the NSRS
Disaster ResponseDisaster Response
CORSCORS NavigationNavigation
Satellite Operations
Survey Marks
Personal Navigation
The NSRS Supports:
National Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationNSRS positioning data provides the reference for NOAA’s nautical charts, among many other geospatial applications.
Federal Emergency Management AgencyFEMA uses NSRS elevations to determine flood zones for the National Flood Insurance Program.
United States Army Corps of EngineersUSACE uses NSRS elevations to determine levee heights and positions in their Levee Safety Program.
United States Geological SurveyUSGS uses the NSRS to geospatially reference their Topographic Maps and interior water data for the nation.
National Geospatial Intelligence AgencyNSRS gravity data contributes to NGA’s geospatial mission.
Location, Location, and Elevation! NGS Positioning Products Worth Billions!
NSRS worth $2.4 billion per year, $22 billion over 15 years at a discounted rate.
CORS worth $758 million per year; $6.9 billion over 15 years at a discounted rate.
GRAV-D worth $522 million per year through implementation of a new national vertical datum; $4.8 billion over 15 years at a discounted rate, including $2.2 billion for improved floodplain management alone.
One-page handout available at: http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/INFO/OnePagers/socio_eco_handout.pdf
http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/PUBS_LIB/Socio-EconomicBenefitsofCORSandGRAV-D.pdf
Coastal Mapping Program Benefits
http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/web/news/Big_Benefits_from_NGS_Coastal_Mapping.shtml
Total economic benefits estimated in excess of $200 million per year
Combined direct and indirect return of $35 for every $1 in program cost
CMP supports ~1500 jobs including 40 full-time jobs (CMP and contractors)
The National Geodetic Survey Ten-Year Plan
Support the users of the National Spatial Reference System.
Modernize and improve the National Spatial Reference System.
Expand the National Spatial Reference System stakeholder base through partnerships, education, and outreach.
Develop and enable a workforce with a supportive environment.
Improve organizational and administrative functionality.
http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/web/news/Ten_Year_Plan_2013-2023.pdf
New Datums Are Coming in 2022!
Both a new geometric and a new geopotential (vertical) datum will be released in 2022.
The realization of the new datums will be through GNSS receivers.
NGS will provide the tools to easily transform between the new and old datums.
How will the new datums affect you?
The new geometric datum
will change latitude, longitude,
and ellipsoid height by between
1 and 2 meters.
The new vertical (geopotential)
datum will change heights on
average 50 cm (20''), with
a 1-meter (39'') tilt towards
the Pacific Northwest.
What’s Next for Geodetic Datums?
https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLsyDl_aqUTdFY6eKURmiCBBk-mP4R10Dx
New Datums: What to do now Move to newest realizations.
NAD 83(2011) epoch 2010.00USGG12 (gravimetric geoid) / GEOID12A (hybrid geoid)
Obtain precise ellipsoid heights on NAVD 88 bench marks. (OPUS-DB, contact NGS Geodetic Advisor)Improves hybrid geoid models and provides “hard points” in new vertical datum.Follow new NGS Guidelines when released.
Move from NGVD 29 to NAVD 88.Understand the accuracy of VERTCON in your area.
Move away from passive marks to GNSS.Especially, move away from classical passive control.
Require/provide complete metadata for all mapping contracts.How did they get the positions/heights? Document it!
New Datums: How can you prepare?Watch for upcoming NGS status updates via conferences, reports, webinars.
Understand the impact of changing positions and heights for your community, company, or agency.
We’re here to help! New Datums Webpage:http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/datums/newdatums/NewDatums.shtml
NGS Info Center: [email protected]
Find a Geodetic Advisor:http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/ADVISORS/AdvisorsIndex.shtml
Geometric Datum Manager:
Joe Evjen [email protected]
Geopotential Datum Manager:
Dr. Dru Smith [email protected] http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/INFO/NGSinfo.shtml
NGS Workshop, Conference, and Training Opportunities
http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/web/science_edu/training/
Training Classes
Workshops and Conferences
NGS Online Learning Resources
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/multimedia/
NOS Online Learning Resources cover NGS programs and more.
NGS Presentations Library
http://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/web/science_edu/presentations_library/
Sign up for NGS Training Notificationshttp://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/web/science_edu/training/
Sign up for the NGS ListServehttp://www.geodesy.noaa.gov/
Questions?