NATION STATES IN INDIA Pre – War background Pre – War background: AMRITSAR MASSACRE:

NATION STATES IN INDIANATION STATES IN INDIA

Pre – War backgroundPre – War background:

•AMRITSAR MASSACRE:

NATION STATES IN INDIANATION STATES IN INDIA

Pre – War backgroundPre – War background:

•Used ahimsaahimsa (non-violence) and civil disobedience against unjust laws after experiencing racism

Mohandas GandhiMohandas Gandhi

Pre – War backgroundPre – War background:

•Used ahimsaahimsa (non-violence) and civil disobedience against unjust laws after experiencing racism

Mohandas GandhiSalt MarchSalt March

12 March 1930Tax resistance and nonviolent protest against the British salt

monopoly in colonial India•Triggered a world reaction to the British and a wider Civil

Disobedience Movement

INDIAINDIA

World War II - World War II - post-pones attempts at Independence

•Gandhi and the Congress party the Congress party were Hindu•The Muslim League The Muslim League – Muhammad Ali Jinnah• Feared discrimination • Demanded a Separate nation – Pakistan

INDIAINDIANew nations

August 15, 1947

IndiaIndia – Hindu

PakistanPakistan - Muslim

INDIAINDIA

Refugee Violence•Muslims slaughtered by Hindus and Sikhs•Hindus slaughtered Muslims

Gandhi was devastated by the divisionGandhi was devastated by the division•Spoke out against it.•He was assassinated by a Hindu radical•https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4zq_JH_uxvA

INDIAINDIANuclear Arms Race• Hindu principles

India is the Worlds Largest DemocracyTwo major parties:–Pro Hindu part–Pro separation of religion/government party

AFRICAN DE-COLONIZATIONAFRICAN DE-COLONIZATIONAND NATIONALISM AND NATIONALISM

GhanaGhana (The Gold Coast) – 1957

Kwame NkrumahKwame Nkrumah•leader of Ghana and its predecessor state, the Gold Coast•Overseeing the nation's independence from British colonial rule in 1957•The first President and Prime Minister of •20th-century advocate of Pan-Africanism

Sub-Sahara African De-Colonization

Ghana (The Gold Coast) – 1957Ghana (The Gold Coast) – 1957Kwame NkrumahKwame Nkrumah

Kenya – Kenya – 19631963•European population blocked independence

•Led to armed revolt

•Constitution: • Queen Elizabeth II, was represented as head of state by a Governor-General of

Kenya. • provided for a bicameral parliament - the National Assembly• Senate and the House of Representatives

Sub-Sahara African De-Colonization

Republic of Congo Republic of Congo Belgium left behind chaos and civil warBelgium left behind chaos and civil warFighting continues….

1955 - publishes a "30-Year Plan" for granting the Congo increased self-government.1959 – Belgium begins to lose control over events in the Congo following serious nationalist riots in Leopoldville

http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13286306

Sub-Sahara African De-Colonization

South AfricaColonized government began in 1910

ApartheidApartheid – segregation laws – segregation lawsMajority black population given no rights87% of land controlled by British (whites)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jgQBoXsxr8w

South Africa

African National Congress (ANC)African National Congress (ANC)Organizes resistance to South African government

The Sharpeville massacre (1960)The Sharpeville massacre (1960)After a day of demonstrations against the Pass laws, a crowd of about 5,000 to 7,000 black protesters went to the

police station. The South African police opened fire on the crowd, killing 69 people.

Changed the course of resistance in South AfricaLed by Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela, the resistance became violent by bombing sites

present-day South Africa, 21 March is celebrated as a public holiday in honor of human rights and to commemorate the Sharpeville massacre.

South Africa

African National Congress (ANC)African National Congress (ANC)Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela

convicted and sent to prison for 27 years

South AfricaColonized government began in 1910

Apartheid – segregation lawsMajority black population given no rights87% of land controlled by British (whites)

African National Congress (ANC)Organizes resistance to South African government

United Nations Boycott and economic sanctionsUnited Nations Boycott and economic sanctions

South AfricaColonized government began in 1910

Apartheid – segregation lawsMajority black population given no rights87% of land controlled by British (whites)

African National Congress (ANC)Organizes resistance to South African government

United Nations Boycott and economic sanctions

National Party takes apart Apartheid – 1989National Party takes apart Apartheid – 1989Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela released from prisonMandela becomes first freely elected President of South Africa

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjYm78K6aNI

RwandaRwanda – 1994•Unrelated ethnic groups fought for power once European power left•100 day genocide - Hutu killed Minority Tutsis…Million Tutsis diedhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcC8NCk82WAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GYlHZq01O2c

Sub-Sahara African De-Colonization