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NASA Earth Science Report to ET-SAT

Dr. Jack Kaye*

Associate Director for Research

Earth Science Division

Science Mission Directorate

NASA Headquarters

• This talk is prepared with input and assistance from numerous

colleagues at NASA HQ, NASA centers, and the broader research

community!

• April 4, 2017

Landsat 9

(2020)

PACE (2022)

NISAR (2022)

SWOT (2021)

TEMPO (2018)

JPSS-2 (NOAA)

RBI, OMPS-Limb (2018)

GRACE-FO (2) (2018)

ICESat-2 (2018)

CYGNSS (>2018)

ISS SORCE, (2017)

TCTE (NOAA) NISTAR, EPIC (2019)

(NOAA’S DSCOVR) QuikSCAT (2017)

EO-1 (2017) Landsat 7

(USGS)

(~2022)

Terra (>2021)

Aqua(>2022)

CloudSat (~2018)

CALIPSO (>2022)

Aura (>2022)

SMAP (>2022)

Suomi NPP

(NOAA) (>2022)

Landsat 8 (USGS) (>2022)

GPM (>2022)

OCO-2 (>2022)

GRACE (2) (2018)

OSTM/Jason 2 (>2022)

(NOAA)

(Pre)Formulation

Implementation

Primary Ops

Extended

Ops

Earth Science Instruments on ISS: CATS, (2020)

LIS, (2020)

SAGE III, (2020)

TSIS-1, (2018)

ECOSTRESS, (2017)

GEDI, (2018)

OCO-3, (2018)

CLARREO-PF, (2020)

TSIS-2 (2020)

Sentinel-6A/B (2020, 2025)

MAIA (~2021)

TROPICS (~2021)

geoCARB (~2021)

Formulation

Implementation

Primary Ops

Extended

Ops

InVEST/Cubesats

MiRaTA (2017)

RAVAN (2016)

IceCube (2017)

HARP (2017)

TEMPEST-D (2018)

RainCube (2018*)

CubeRRT (2018*)

CIRiS (2018*)

CIRAS (2018*)

LMPC (----)

*Target date, not yet

manifested

FY17 ESD Program of Record

Overview of Talk

NASA Earth Science Satellite Fleet and Changes • Launches – CYGNSS (12/16), SAGE III/LIS to ISS (2/17);

CubeSat(s) from InVEST (RAVAN 11/16)

• Selections – MAIA, TROPICS (3/16), GeoCARB (12/16)

• Endings – End of RapidScat (11/16), EO-1 (3/17)

• Advances – Many missions have advanced through Key Decision Points as they move forward

• Uncertainty – Administration’s FY18 “Skinny Budget” calls for termination of development activities 3 missions (PACE, OCO-3, CLARREO-PF) and termination of analysis activities for Earth viewing instruments on DSCOVR.

Activities Related to Current and Future Satellites • Satellite Calibration Interconsistency Study Program

• US Participating Investigator Program

• USGEO Satellite Needs Working Group

• NASA/ESA Joint Program Planning Group

• Surface-Based and Airborne Measurements – cal/val and complementary observations

Most Recent Launches

CYGNSS (via Orbital Science Pegasus)– December 15, 2016

SAGE III and LIS to ISS (via SpaceX Falcon 9)– February 19, 2017

4

CYGNSS Constellation Deployment

5 Artists’s Conception of Deployment

Direct Overpass of TC Enawo near Madagascar

FM02 overpass of Tropical Cyclone Enawo on 6 March 2017 at 18:47 – 18:52 UTC Normalized bistatic radar scattering cross section (NBRCS, Level 1B science data product) along storm transect matched against GDAS ground truth winds JTWC reported Vmax = 56 m/s on 7 March at 06:00 UTC GDAS Vmax = 34 m/s probably too low by 25-50%

BRCS (left)

Scattering Area (right)

From CYGNSS Project (C. Ruf, PI)

SAGE III/ISS First-Light O3 Profile

April 13, 2017 From J. Zawodny/LaRC

ISS/LIS First Image

8

Near Real Time Latest 12 Hour Browse Image

From R. Blakesley/MSFC and R. Kakar/NASA HQ

SAGE III (2017)

CATS (2015-) HICO (2009-2014)

GEDI (2019) ECOSTRESS (2017)

OCO-3 (2018)

RapidSCAT (2014-)

ISERV (2012-2015)

LIS (2017)

CLARREO Pathfinders (CY2019)

10

MAIA Instrument

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/missions/multi-angle-imager-for-aerosols-maia/

Observations of small atmospheric aerosols from the Multi-Angle Imager for Aerosols

(MAIA) will be combined with health information to determine the toxicity of different

particulate matter types in airborne pollutants over the world’s major cities. MAIA uses a

twin-camera instrument that will make radiometric and polarimetric measurements

needed to characterize the sizes, compositions, and quantities of particulate matter in air

pollution. David Diner of NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California,

is the principal investigator.

https://tropics.ll.mit.edu

TROPICS provides

up to 30-minute

refresh over entire

tropical cyclone

latitude band

R. Atlas

R. Bennartz

M. DeMaria

J. Dunion

F. Marks

R. Rogers

C. Velden

Measures temperature,

humidity, precipitation

from a constellation of up

to 12 cubesats

12

The GeoCARB Instrument

Warm

Optical

Bench

Radiator

Cold Optical

Bench Radiator

Electronics

Radiator

Calibration

Diffuser

Dual Axis Scan

Mirror System

Aperture

Entrance and Baffles

X Y

Z - Nadir

1.295m

Instrument Complement

• Measures O2 , CO2, CH4,and CO (and SIF)

• Scanning IR slit spectrometer (0.76, 1.61, 2.06, 2.34 μm)

• 3-5 km resolution

From Berrien

Moore/OU, Dean

Read/LMCO

13

GeoCARB

Possible scan blocks at an

85°West orbital slot

Moving the slit from East to

West, geoCARB provides

continental-scale “mapping-

like” coverage

From Berrien Moore/OU, Dean Read/LMCO

Looking Forward in Earth Science

Technology Instrument Incubator Program (IIP)

17 new projects awarded in early FY17 to develop scalable instrument architectures to enable

science from cubesats, smallsats, and larger platforms. Numerous airborne flight tests of

emerging instruments are also planned for 2017, including: internal ice sheet temperature, wind

measurements using sounding technique, and thermal imaging using microbolometers.

Advanced Information Systems Technology (AIST) New awards are expected in 2017 for innovative operations, computational, and data-centric

technologies, as well as in the areas of satellite sensor webs, automation, artificial intelligence, and

machine learning. The AIST program anticipates further innovation in virtual/augmented reality for

science visualization and progress in SAR and GNSS data exploitation.

Advanced Component Technologies (ACT) A solicitation will be released in 2017 seeking a new cohort of critical components and

subsystems for advanced instruments and observing systems.

In-Space Validation of Earth Science Technologies (InVEST) 3 CubeSat validation project are scheduled to launch in 2017:

March - IceCube will validate 883 GHz sub-mm radiometer for cloud ice remote sensing; and HARP

will demonstrate a 2-4 km wide FOV hyperangular polarimeter for cloud & aerosol characterization.

June – MiRaTA will validate a new microwave radiometer and GPSRO technology for all-weather

sounding.

Ob

se

rva

tio

n

Sustainable Land Imaging-Technology (SLI-T)

Six new new technology studies, selected through a competitive solicitation in 2016, are

underway to enable and reduce costs for future land imaging (Landsat) measurements.

Info

rma

tio

n

Va

lid

ati

on

ESTO Technology Developments for Future Earth Science Measurements

U-Class Candidate Development Satellites

TEMPEST-D Colorado State University

Launch: March 2018

5 Frequency mm-Wave

Radiometer

Technology demonstrator

measuring the transition of

clouds to precipitation

RainCube Jet Propulsion Lab

Launch: March 2018

CubeRRT Ohio State University

Launch: March 2018

ESTO InVEST 2015 Program Venture Tech

CIRiS Ball Aerospace

Launch: March 2018

CIRAS Jet Propulsion Lab

Launch: June 2018

Infrared Atmospheric Sounder Demonstrate ability to measure spectrum of upwelling infrared

radiation and validate 2D infrared detector material, a micro pulse tube cryocooler, and a grating spectrometer

Precipitation Radar Validate a new

architecture for Ka-

band radars on

CubeSat platform and

an ultra-compact

deployable Ka-band

antenna

Radiometer RFI Demonstrate

wideband RFI mitigating

backend technologies

vital for future space-

borne microwave

radiometers

Infrared Radiometer Validate an uncooled

imaging infrared (7.5 um to 13 um) radiometer

designed for high radiometric performance

from LEO

Satellite Calibration Interconsistency Study

Provides focused opportunity for intercomparison of data sets from NASA and non-NASA satellites. Most recent selection includes:

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PI Inst. Tite

B. Barnes U. S. Florida Synergistic Multi-Sensor Calibration for Global and Coastal Observations of

Aquatic Environments

A. Colliander NASA/JPL Intercalibration of Low Frequency Brightness Temperature Measurements for

Long-Term Soil Moisture Record

J. Czapia-

Myers U. Arizona Intercalibration of GEO and LEO Sensors Using the Radiometric Calibration

Test Site (RadCaTS) at Railroad Valley, Nevada

D. Doelling NASA/LaRC Open Access Spectral Band Adjustment Factors for Consistent Inter-Satellite

Calibration and Retrievals

E. Fetzer NASA/JPL A Merged Temperature and Water Vapor Record from Modern Sounders

M. Gunshor U. Wisconsin Re-Calibrate Water Vapor Bands from International Geostationary Satellites for

Consistency with AIRS

C. Kummerow Colorado St. U. A Long-Term Satellite Climate Data Record of Global Precipitation

C. Li U. Maryland Producing Consistent Trace Gas Retrievals Through Inter-Calibration of

Hyperspectral UV Measurements from OMI and GOME-2A

H. Norouzi NY City Coll. Of

Tech. A Multi-Sensor Calibration Algorithm for Improving Emissivity Retrieval by

Integrating Microwave Brightness Temperature Diurnal Cycle

L. Strow UMBC A Homogenous Infrared Hyperspectral Radiance and Level 3 Climate Record

Combining NASA AIRS, JPSS CrIS, and EUMETSAT IASI.

E. Vermote NASA/GSFC Toward a Consistent Land Long Term Climate Data Record from Large Field of

View Polar Orbiting Earth Observation Satellites

J. Warner U. Maryland Tropospheric Ammonia Derived from AIRS and CrIS for a More Continuous

Data Record Using a Uniform Retrieval Algorithm

US Participating Investigator Program

Allows US scientists to propose to be part of non-NASA (usually non-US) mission at early stage (5 years). Most recent selections (2016) include:

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Year PI Institution Mission/ Sensor Partner

2016 P. Minnett U. Miami Sentinel-3/PSSG EUMETSAT/

EC

2016 D. Mach USRA US/UEUMETSAT Lightning

Mappers NOAA,

EUMETSAT

2016 E. Vermote GSFC Sentinel-3 EC

2016 S. Saatchi JPL BIOMASS ESA

2016 V. Natraj JPL PSSG EUMETSAT

2016 R. Bennartz Vanderbilt U. Multiple EUMETSAT/

EC

2016 O. Torres GSFC GEMS KMA

Year PI Institution Mission/ Sensor Partner

2014 C. Gentermann RSS, Inc. GCOM-W AMSR-2 (cont.) JAXA

2014 B. Franz GSFC GCOM-C/SGLI JAXA

2014 N. Krotkov GSFC Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI ESA

2014 T. Moore UNH CCI/GLaSS EU

2014 S. Tanelli JPL CPR/EarthCares ESA/JAXA

2014 C. Ao JPL ROPH-PAZ Spain

2014 C. Frankenberg JPL Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI ESA

Agency Count

Agriculture Research Service USDA 2

Bureau of Land Management DOI 3

Bureau of Reclamation DOI 1

Environmental Protection Agency 5

Farm Service Agency USDA 1

Federal Emergency Management Agency DHS 1

Foreign Agricultural Service USDA 3

Forest Service USDA 3

National Agriculture Statistics Service USDA 1

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration DOC 8

National Science Foundation 1

Natural Resources Conservation Service USDA 2

Department of Energy DOE 13

Risk Management Agency USDA 2

U.S. Agency for International Development 9

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service DOI 5

U.S. Geological Survey DOI 17

Grand Total 77

DHS 1 DOC 8 DOE 13 DOI 26

NSF 1 USAID 9 USDA 14 EPA 5

Satellite Needs Working Group - Needs

Submitted by Agency and Department

Examples of NASA-Supported Ground

Networks AGAGE

NDACC

AERONET

MPLNet

ILRS TCCON

PANDORA

SHADOZ

Altitu

de

(km

asl)

Ozo

ne

Mix

ing R

atio

(p

pb

v)

O3-Sonde

Launch DC-8

Overpasses

JPL ESRL

UAH LaRC

GSFC AMES

TORONTO TOLNet: GSFC TROPOZ

DIAL at

Taehwa, Korea 4 May, 2016

TOLNet/TROPOZ measurements at the Taehwa site in support of all aircraft overpasses (black triangle

denotes DC-8). Following a deep cyclonic depression and jet stream trough over the Korean Peninsula, we

observed stratospheric air in the free troposphere. Ozone remained near 40-50 ppbv at the surface for nearly

the entire day. O3-sonde was launched near 03:30 UT to further characterize the stratospheric intrusion.

Balloon profile indicated ozone near 200 ppb at 8 km, coupled with very dry and cold air conditions.

Airborne Science Upcoming/Recent Campaigns

• Earth Venture Suborbital-2 (EVS-2) • North Atlantic Aerosols and Marine Ecosystems Study (NAAMES) deployment to

Canada/Azores

• Oceans Melting Greenland (OMG) deployment to Iceland/Greenland

• Atmospheric Carbon and Transport – America (Act-America) deployment to Central US

• Atmospheric Tomography Mission (Atom) flew nearly pole-to-pole over Atlantic and Pacific

Oceans

• ObseRvations of Aerosols above CLouds and their intEractionS (ORACLES) Namibia

deployment

• CORAL: COral Reef Airborne Laboratory deployments (HI, Palua, Mariana Island,

Australia Great Barrier Reef)

• AVIRIS-ng India deployment (Flights 2015-2016)

• HyspIRI Tropical (HI) deployment (Winter 2017)

• Korean air quality mission (KORUS – AQ) deployment (Spring 2016)

• NOAA operational evaluation of Global Hawk aircraft (SHOUT) mission

• Operation IceBridge (Arctic and Antarctic) (Fall/Spring)

• UAVSAR (L/P/Ka band radars) investigations (variety of programs including

earthquakes, levy monitoring, soil moisture, ice, etc.)

• California Airborne Methane Observations

• Student Airborne Research Program (June/July)

GEDI Lidar: Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation Lidar

PI: Ralph Dubayah

Mission:

GEDI will characterize the effects of changing climate and land

use on ecosystem structure and dynamics, enabling improved

understanding of Earth’s carbon cycle and biodiversity. GEDI will

provide the first global, high-resolution observations of forest

vertical structure.

Goals: GEDI will address the following questions:

•What is the above-ground carbon balance of the land surface?

•What role will land surface play in mitigating atmospheric CO2?

•How does ecosystem structure affect habitat quality and biodiversity?

GEDI measurements will quantify the following:

•Distribution of above-ground carbon at fine spatial resolution

•Changes in carbon resulting from disturbance and subsequent recovery

•Spatial and temporal distribution of forest structure and its relationship to

habitat quality and biodiversity

•Sequestration potential of forests over time w/changing land use, climate

Instrument: Lidar

Heritage: HOMER (laser); GLAS, CALIPSO (optics); IceSat,

(detectors)

Mission & Science Team: Principal Investigator: Ralph Dubayah, UMD

Project Manager: Kenneth Anderson, GSFC

Instrument System Engineer: Cheryl Salerno, GSFC

Deputy PI Instrument / Instrument Scientist: Bryan Blair, GSFC

Deputy PI Science: Scott Goetz, WHRC

Instrument Deputy Project Manager: Thomas Johnson, GSFC

Mission & Science Team: University of Maryland, College Park

Goddard Space Flight Center

Woods Hole Research Center

US Forest Service

Brown University

Instrument Details:

• Self-contained laser altimeter

• 3 lasers are split into 7 beams dithered to produce 14 ground track spot

beams.

• Beams have a 25 meter footprint and are spaced 500 m cross-track and

60 m along-track to produce fine grids of forest structure.

• 70 cm diameter telescope/receiver.

• Detector has 75% transmission and 50% quantum efficiency.

• Si:APD detectors: Near-photon-noise limited, >500:1 dynamic range

• IFOV matched to contain return spot beams

• GPS, IMU, Star Trackers give precise ranging, attitude and position.

• A single-axis mechanism rotates the instrument about the roll axis,

providing off-nadir pointing for global coverage.

• Canopy profile accurate to 1 m

• Geolocation < 10 m for plot calibration

• Biomass error < 20% at pixel level

FY16 Cost: ~$94 M

Threshold: Acquire canopy vertical profile to estimate above-ground

woody carbon density for vegetated areas at <1 km.

Mission type: Class C, ISS

Mass = 230 kg

PwrOrb Avg = 516 W

Data rateavg = 2.1 Mbps

ECOSTRESS: ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station

PI: Simon Hook

Mission:

ECOSTRESS will provide the first high spatiotemporal

resolution thermal infrared measurements of Earth’s surface

from ISS. Measurements at varying times over the diurnal

cycle will reveal answers related to water stress in plants and

how selected regions will respond to future climate changes.

Goals:

• Identify critical thresholds of water use and water stress in key climate-

sensitive biomes.

• Detect the timing, location, and predictive factors leading to plant water

uptake decline and/or cessation over the diurnal cycle

• Measure agricultural water consumptive use over the contiguous United

States (CONUS) at spatiotemporal scales applicable to improve drought

estimation accuracy

Instrument: Thermal infrared radiometer

Heritage: Prototype Hyperspectral Infrared Imager (HyspIRI)

Thermal Infrared Radiometer (PHyTIR; a laboratory

instrument); Algorithms: ASTER, MODIS, Landsat

Mission & Science Team:

Principal Investigator: Simon Hook, JPL

Project Manager: Thomas Glavich, JPL

Lead System Engineer: Marc Foote, JPL

Alternate Project Manager: Renaud Goullioud, JPL

Major Partners:

Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Instrument Details:

• Cross-track whisk broom scanner

• Swath width: 384 km (51°)

• Spatial resolution: 38 m x 57 m (nadir) pixels

• Five thermal IR bands between 8.3 and 12.1 microns

• Noise equivalent delta temperature: ≤ 0.1 K

• Two COTS cryocoolers for 60 K focal plane

• Typical revisit of 90% of CONUS every 4 days at varying

times over diurnal cycle

FY16 Cost: ~$30M

Threshold: Same as baseline.

Mission type: Class D, ISS

Mass = 266 kg

PwrOrb Avg = 527 W

Volume = 1.30 m3

Data Rateavg = 2.32 Mbps

TEMPO Science Overview

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• US air quality standards continue to become more stringent to better protect human health

• New and transient pollution sources (e.g., vehicular traffic, oil & gas development, trans-boundary pollution) are growing in importance yet are very difficult to monitor from ground networks

• Many areas that are not currently monitored are expected to violate proposed ozone standards

• TEMPO measurements will provide data to help solve this national challenge

US EPA ozone 8-hour design

projections to 2020

TEMPO science questions

1. What are the temporal and spatial variations of

emissions of gases and aerosols important for air

quality and climate?

2. How do physical, chemical, and dynamical

processes determine tropospheric composition and

air quality over scales ranging from urban to

continental, diurnally to seasonally?

3. How does air pollution drive climate forcing and how

does climate change affect air quality on a

continental scale?

4. How can observations from space improve air

quality forecasts and assessments?

5. How does intercontinental transport affect air

quality?

6. How do episodic events, such as wild fires, dust

outbreaks, and volcanic eruptions, affect

atmospheric composition and air quality?