nasa biology 6

8/14/2019 nasa biology 6

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UNIT 1.6

Technologies for Space

Biology: New Horizons

Presented by:

Mr. John Hines


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INTRODUCTION

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UNIT 1.6

Technologies for Space Biology: New HorizonsMr. John Hines

Vocabulary:

Biomimetics Biophotonics In situ Mesoscale Nanotechnology

Outline:

1. Technology Challenges of Biology in Space

2. Scope of NASA Biological Sciences Research3. Introduction to NASA programs

a. Astrobiology

b. Fundamental Space Biology Programc. Biomolecular Systems Research Program

4. Technology Drivers for Space Biology Research

5. Advanced Technologies for Space Biotechnology

6. Technology Application Examplesa. Automated Ion-Monitoring System for Cell-Culture Flight Experiments

b. In situ Cell Flow Cytometer

c. Maskless Array Synthesizer / Automated Gene Sequencer (In situGenomicsTechnologies)

d. BioExplorer Program BioNanoSatellite

e. In situ Gene Expression on Nanosatellites (ISGEN) Technology Accelerator

Projectf. Remote Automated Yeast Gene Expression Analyzer using Gene-Promoterg. Pill-Shaped Biotelemetry Transmitters

h. Sensors 2000 Flight Technology Demonstration

i. Smart Healthcare Management Systems Physiological Monitoring ofAstronauts

j. Stanford Cell-Based Biosensor System

7. Reference Materials and Web Links


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INTRODUCTION

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Pump

Reactor

Motor

Technology Challenges of Biology in Space

As NASA defines and expands its goals and objectives for long duration exploration

of space, interest in genetics, cell, and molecular biology have become key and critical

topics. Increasingly, the capability to perform autonomous, in-situ acquisition,

preparation and analysis of biological samples and specimens to determine thepresence and composition of biological components is required for both space biology

and medical researchers. Technology developments and advances are needed to

support applications across all of the relevant technology application areas, includingBioastronautics, Fundamental Biology, and Astrobiology.

Biological and Biomolecular/Genomic research is enabling unprecedented insight intothe structure and function of cells, organisms, and sub-cellular components and

elements, and a window into the inner workings and machinations of living things.

Triggered by advances in microelectronics and related areas, we are now able tofabricate and construct devices and components such as sensors, actuators, machines,

motors, valves, switches, pumps, and other items on the same scale as the biologicaltargets of interest, even in some cases on the order of tens of nanometers in size. This

directly scaled relationship allows for new strategies and interactions between physicaldevices and living systems.

These techniques and technologieshave permitted the emergence of a

new class of instruments and devices,

generally described as mesoscaletechnologies. Many devices,

techniques and products are now

available or emerging, which allowmeasurement, analysis andinterpretation of the biological composition at the

molecular level, and which permit determination of

DNA/RNA and other analytes of interest.

Finally, advances in information systems and

technologies, and bioinformatics, provide thecapability to understand, simulate, and interpret the large amounts of complex data being

made available from these biological-physical hybrid systems. These synergistic

relationships facilitate the development of revolutionary technologies in many areas, and

bode well for the future of space biology research objectives.


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INTRODUCTION

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Scope of NASA Biological Sciences Research

Human

Operations

Emphasis

Biological

Research

Emphasis

Astrobiology Emphasis

Biochemistry,

Fundamental and

EvolutionaryBiology

Fundamental Physics

and Chemistry,

Cosmology

Geology, Planetary

Ecosystems and

Evolution

Galactic

Ecosystems

Human Space

Flight Tech. and

Habitability

Bio-Technology,

Nanotechnology,Information Tech.

Atomic,Molecular

Physics

and

Biology


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INTRODUCTION

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Astrobiology

Astrobiology is the study of life in the universe. It

provides a biological perspective to many areas ofNASA research, linking such endeavors as the

search for habitable planets, exploration missions toMars and Europa, efforts to understand the origin of

life, and planning for the future of life beyond Earth.

Interdisciplinary research is needed that combines

molecular biology, ecology, planetary science,astronomy, information science, space exploration

technologies, and related disciplines. The broad

interdisciplinary character of astrobiology compelsus to strive for the most comprehensive and

inclusive understanding of biological, planetary

and cosmic phenomena.

Astrobiology addresses three basic questions that have been asked in various ways for

generations. How does life begin and develop?

Does life exist elsewhere in the universe?

What is the future of life on Earth and beyond?

Life is a central theme that unifies NASA's vision and mission. A golden age has begun for

the life sciences, an age in which science and technology will benefit enormously from afundamental understanding of the full potential of living systems.


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INTRODUCTION

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Fundamental Space Biology Program

Fundamental Space Biology is NASA's program for the study of fundamental biological

processes through space flight and ground-based research. Bringing together state-of-the-art

science and technology, the program seeks to answer the most basic questions regarding the

evolution, development, and function of living systems.

Yeast,Bacteria,

CellsC. Elegans,

Drosophila

Arabidopsis

Rodents,(Humans)

Integrated Payloads

(Multi-Specimen)

Model

Organism

Emphasis


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INTRODUCTION

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Integrated Biology Research Program

Technology Development Matrix

Specimen/Sample

ManagementExperiment

Logistics

Data Acquisition

And MonitoringInformation

Management

Experiment

Operations

Technology Categories

FBRP Program Elements

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INTRODUCTION

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Biomolecular Systems Research Program

The NASA Biomolecular Systems Research Program is an integrated

research program focused on developing molecular level technologies to

monitor cellular signals and processes with applications to crew health and

safety, basic biology research, life detection, planetary protection, andnanotechnology.

Biomolecular Signatureso Identification of signatures of life via thermodynamics and

kinetics of metabolism

o Detection of molecular level structures and anomalies

o Detection of chemical disequilibria and microscale chemical analyses

o Models for biological metabolism

o Genomic and protein signatures indicative of disease

Signal Amplificationo Single, specific molecular detection among high background noise

o Sensitivity enhancerso Utilization of biological amplification or self-amplification of target

molecules

o Signal enhancement from targeted molecules

Biomolecular Sensing and Manipulation

o Biomolecular probes

o Nanotube-based actuators and force sensors

o Biologically-based and biomimetic sensors

o Molecular engineered biosensors

o Molecular manipulators

o Single molecule sensing and recognition

Biomolecular Imagingo New technologies for imaging protein expression in cells

o Nanoscale imaging to resolve protein or DNA structure, correlate with

function

o Image cellular activities

o Development and refinement of optical/electromagnetic techniques

Biomolecular Informatics / Information Processingo Data: Pattern recognition, data mining, data fusion

o Modeling: genomics, kinetics of biological processes and cellular function

o Knowledge Discovery: real-time medical diagnostics and treatment

Nanoscale Sensing


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INTRODUCTION

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Technology Drivers for Space Biology Research

GROW - Autonomous, Multigenerational Habitatso In-flight systems and modules will permit growth and nurturing of cells,

tissues, and higher organisms

SENSE In Situ Biosensors and Sample Managemento Development of biosensors, DNA chips and automated sample management

and handling systems will permit in-situ measurement and analysis of

biological processes

OBSERVE - Microscopy and Advanced Imaging Systemso Incorporation of new advances in optical, nano- and information technologies

will allow in-situ imaging systems to visualize changes in cell

shape and configuration

ANALYZE - Information Systems and Technologies

o Revolutionary developments in bioinformatics, modeling, simulation, and

adaptive - autonomous bioanalytical systems will enable rapid conversion of

raw data to information/knowledge FLY - Free Flyer BioNanosatellite Development

o Development and flight demonstration of advanced in-situ biological

technologies and platforms

Critical Space

Technology Drivers

Reduce Crew Time Requirements Power

Volume / Weight

Accuracy / Stability

Cost

Operate in Remote Environments

Operate In Microgravity

Measurement Systems

Design and Development Elements

Sample Collection, Preparation,Handling, Reduction

Parameter Sensing and Transduction

Signal Pre-Conditioning

Signal Processing

Communications (all levels - interand intra)

Data Acquisition, Monitoring,Control, Display

Power Conditioning andManagement

Data Reduction, Analysis,Distribution, Archiving


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INTRODUCTION

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Advanced Technologies for Space Biotechnology

Tools of the Trade (In Situ)

Sample Management and Handlingo Microfluidics

o Mesoscale Systems Nanotechnologies

Biosensors

Tissue-Based Biosensors

DNA Technologieso Isolation

o DNA Detection

o Purification

o Amplification

o Decision making

o Analysis

Gene Chips and Arrays

cDNA Libraries

Bioinformatics / Biocomputation

Bioimaging / Biophotonics

Biomaterials

Micromachining

Biomimetics

Optics and Optical processing

Microscopy (some examples)o Confocal

o

Atomic Forceo Scanning Tunnel

o Fluorescence

o Multi-Photon

o Hyperspectral

Cell Culture Systems

Molecular Components and Function Blocks

Biotelemery and Wireless, Modular Instrumentation Architectures


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INTRODUCTION

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TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION EXAMPLES

BIONA-C

Automated Ion-Monitoring System for Cell-Culture Flight Experiments

STS-93

July 23-27, 1999

Sensor array onpre-amplifier PCB(Sensor Card)

Foursensor cards oncontroller CB

Sensors andcontroller onCCM rail withpumps, valves

SensorArray

Indicator electrodeReference electrode

Thermistor

Reference Indicator

Electrolyte

Ag/AgClWire

Epoxyplug

p-HEMAplug

PVCbody

Ion-SelectiveMembrane

Ag wire

Sensor Electrodes


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INTRODUCTION

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TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION EXAMPLES (continued)

In SituCell Flow Cytometer Flow Cell

InjectorTip

Sheath

fluid

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SSiiggnnaallss

FFooccuusseedd

LLaasseerrBBeeaamm

Purdue University

Cytometry Laboratories


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INTRODUCTION

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Maskless Array Synthesizer / Automated Gene Sequencer

(In SituGenomics Technologies)

Objective

To develop the capability to:

Produce DNA array chips (MMaasskklleessssAArrrraayy

SSyynntthheessiizzeerr). The MAS can print DNA microarrays on

any simple UV transparent surface glass or plastic

substrate, which could be produced on a spacecraft.The MAS could also be integrated into multipurpose

platforms or a fully automatic system

Expand MAS capabilities and develop an AAuuttoommaatteeddGGeenneeSSeeqquueenncceerr((AAGGSS)) to provide the capability to

manufacture in-situ biological countermeasures, andother biological/genetic products.

These systems are intended to allow state of the artgenomic analysis and intervention in space on any

biological sample: human, animal, bacterial or

unknown with a minimum of operator input, and with

remote operator capabilities.


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INTRODUCTION

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BioExplorer Program

The intent of this new program is to develop, demonstrate and utilize small free-flying

orbital spacecraft, BioExplorers, to support Principal Investigator-led sciencemissions that have been selected through peer review.

BioNano SatelliteSatellite with Cage Assembly and Biology Module Exploded

Experiment Systemo Cage Assembly

o Biology Module

Satellite Buso Structure

o Control and Data Handling

o External Camera System

o Power System

o Communication System

o Stabilization Systemo Data logger System

o Software


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INTRODUCTION

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In SituSpace Gene Expression on Nanosatellites (ISGEN) Technology

Accelerator Project

1. Single protein: fluorescent/ luminescent assay in

multiwell plate

a. Multiple proteins: different target in each

well (12 - 48)

b. Multiple proteins: multiple color (2 - 4)indicators per well

2. Tissue-type-specific proteins: 5 - 10 m lateral

resolution imaging fluorescence/luminescence

a. Multiplex: multiple wells, colors; multiple

constructs by tissue type

3. Multiplexed proteins: Liquid arrays requiring

minimal sample prep from Luminex, Qdot,Nanoplex, ACLARA (3 - 50 targets per assay)

4. Multiplexed genes: amplification plus fluorescent

tagging

a. Cepheid system adapting PCR to zero

gravity (2 - 5 targets per optical unit)

b. Multiplexed genes (5 - 30 targets):

ACLARA eTag system or Luminex beads

incorporating amplification step5. Gene microarray: fully automated sample prep,

hybridization, readout (100s - 1000s of targets)

T

0

2 yr

4 yr

ISGEN Stages


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Remote Automated Yeast Gene Expression Analyzer using Gene-Promoter

/ Luciferase-Reporter Constructs


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INTRODUCTION

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Pill-Shaped Biotelemetry Transmitters

ASIC

Ion-selective Micro-Electrode

..

Drug Reservoir

Biosensor Drug Release Holes

Pressure/Temperature Pill

pH/Temperature Pill

pH/Temperature/Pressure Pill

Heart rate/Temperature Pill

pH/Pressure/Temperature/Heart Rate Pill

ECG/Temperature Pill

Responsive Drug Delivery Pill

35 mm (1.38)

Printed Circuit Boards with

SMT components and bare diesSilver-Oxide

Batteries

Shell coated with silicone Pressure Sensor

Pressure/Temperature Pill-Transmitter

9 mm(0.35)


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INTRODUCTION

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Sensors 2000 Flight Technology Demonstration

WASP

Cell-Culture Modu le Rail

pH-Tx Ca2+-Tx K

+-Tx pH-Tx Wearable

Computer

Displayand

AnalysisDevicesReal-Time

Data-Baseand Data

Server

WASP

AEM

AEM

WASP

WASP

AEM


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Smart Healthcare Management Systems: Developing systems to monitor thehealth and performance of NASA personnel and the functional status of the

systems that support them.

Physiological Monitoring of Astronauts

Biotelemeter implanted in animals,or ingested by/attached toastronauts senses BodyTemperature, Blood Pressure,Blood pH, and Heart Rate.

TriSponderquickly displaysHealth Status.

Physiological Signal

Conditioner (PSC)acquiresECG, EEG, EMG, and EOG(and other bio-parameters ofinterest).

Transponderrelaysbiotelemeter signalto other monitoring

devices.

Laptop monitorsand analyzesPhysiologicalParameters.


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Stanford Cell-based Biosensor System

Cardiac cells growing on a sensor chip

Portable, hand-held cell sensor system

with microenvironment chip.

50 m


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Reference Materials and Web Links

Astrobiologyhttp://www.nai.arc.nasa.gov/

http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/http://astrobiology.arc.nasa.gov/roadmap/index.html

Fundamental Space Biology and Ames

http://fundamentalbiology.arc.nasa.gov/

Biomolecular Systems Research Program

http://nasa-nci.arc.nasa.gov/

Liquid Array examples:QuantumDot Qbead system

http://www.qdots.com/new/technology/beadtech.html

ACLARA eTag system

http://www.aclara.com/etag_reporters.asp

Luminex LabMap systemhttp://www.luminexcorp.com/

GeneXpert Products

http://www.cepheid.com/


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INTRODUCTION

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Notes:


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