Naohito Saito, Kyoto Univ Naohito Saito, Kyoto Univ ersity ersity First Results from RHIC Spin First Results from RHIC Spin Program Program and Future Prospects and Future Prospects Spin 2004 October 11-16, 2004, Trieste, Italy Spin 2004 October 11-16, 2004, Trieste, Italy Naohito Saito Naohito Saito Kyoto University Kyoto University
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Naohito Saito, Kyoto University First Results from RHIC Spin Program and Future Prospects Spin 2004 October 11-16, 2004, Trieste, Italy Naohito Saito Kyoto.
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Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
First Results from RHIC Spin Program First Results from RHIC Spin Program and Future Prospectsand Future Prospects
Spin 2004 October 11-16, 2004, Trieste, ItalySpin 2004 October 11-16, 2004, Trieste, Italy
Naohito SaitoNaohito Saito
Kyoto UniversityKyoto University
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
OutlineOutline
Spin Structure of the Nucleon from Global QCD Spin Structure of the Nucleon from Global QCD AnalysisAnalysis
RHIC Spin Program RHIC Spin Program First ResultsFirst Results
– Gluon Polarization in the ProtonGluon Polarization in the Proton– Single Transverse Spin AsymmetrySingle Transverse Spin Asymmetry– pp/pC Elastic Scatteringpp/pC Elastic Scattering– Neutron asymmetryNeutron asymmetry
– Need a Collider to Need a Collider to extend kinematical extend kinematical coveragecoverage
Q2 (GeV2)
g1
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Polarised PDFPolarised PDFAAsymmetrysymmetry A Analysis nalysis CCollaboration ollaboration
M. Hirai, S. Kumano and N. Saito, PRD (2004)M. Hirai, S. Kumano and N. Saito, PRD (2004) Valence Dist’s Valence Dist’s
are determined are determined wellwell
Sea Dist’ is Sea Dist’ is poorly poorly constrainedconstrained
Gluon can be Gluon can be either >0, =0, <0either >0, =0, <0
Even if we Even if we assume assume gg((xx))=0, =0, Chi-square Chi-square changes only changes only 2.5%2.5%– Sea quark error Sea quark error
is reducedis reduced
Error size in the previous plot
Error size in the previous plot
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
RHIC Spin Physics ProgramRHIC Spin Physics Program Accelerate and Collide Polarized Proton Accelerate and Collide Polarized Proton
Beams with Hi-Polarization and LuminosityBeams with Hi-Polarization and Luminosity
Brief HistoryBrief History– 1990: Polarized Collider WS in Penn-State U1990: Polarized Collider WS in Penn-State U– 1991: RHIC Spin Collaboration Formed1991: RHIC Spin Collaboration Formed– 1993: PHENIX and STAR integrated Spin 1993: PHENIX and STAR integrated Spin
ProgramProgram– 1995: RIKEN-BNL Collaboration (~$20M) 1995: RIKEN-BNL Collaboration (~$20M) – 2002: First Polarized Proton Collision!2002: First Polarized Proton Collision!– Significant supports from KEK, DOE and NSF Significant supports from KEK, DOE and NSF
1232max scm102,GeV500,200%,70 LsPB
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
What Do We Measure at RHIC?What Do We Measure at RHIC? We measure spin asymmetries for cross sectionsWe measure spin asymmetries for cross sections AALLLL: double helicity asymmetry: double helicity asymmetry
– Useful in extracting Useful in extracting gg((xx)), , qq((xx)) etc. etc.
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Run-4 Achievements (5+1 weeks)Run-4 Achievements (5+1 weeks) Improved Polarisation at AGS Improved Polarisation at AGS
– With a new Helical Snake: 40% With a new Helical Snake: 40% 50 % 50 %– Further improvement with additional snake is expected Further improvement with additional snake is expected
in Run-5in Run-5 Established a better working point at RHICEstablished a better working point at RHIC
– Previous tune ~ 0.22 Previous tune ~ 0.22 ~ 0.70 ~ 0.70– Better beam life time and polarisation observedBetter beam life time and polarisation observed
Established a vacuum improvement with NEG Established a vacuum improvement with NEG coatingcoating– Significantly higher beam current can be expected in Significantly higher beam current can be expected in
Run-5Run-5 Commissioned Polarised Gas Jet TargetCommissioned Polarised Gas Jet Target
– Need for absolute beam polarisationNeed for absolute beam polarisation Commissioned Exp’s for Hi-LuminosityCommissioned Exp’s for Hi-Luminosity
– Luminosity Monitor, DAQ, etc. Luminosity Monitor, DAQ, etc.
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Pol’d Gas Jet Target for Absolute Pol’d Gas Jet Target for Absolute PPBB Polarized Hydrogen Gas
Jet Target– thickness of > 1012 p/cm2
– polarization > 90% (~95% !)– no depolarization from beam
wake fields Use a Silicon recoil
spectrometer to measure – The left-right asymmetry AN
in pp elastic scattering in the CNI region to AN < 10-3 accuracy.
Transfer this to the beam polarization– Calibrate the p-Carbon
polarimeters In (2004) the goal was to
measure PB to 10%
T. Wise and A. Zelenski in //-session 8
H. Okada in //-session 4A. Bravar (invited) in //-session 7
H. Okada and O. Jinnouchi in //-session 4
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Online Plots from Pol-J-TgtOnline Plots from Pol-J-Tgt
Hor. pos. of Jet 10000 cts. = 2.5 mm
Num
ber
of e
last
ic p
p ev
ents Jet profile
FWHM ~ 6 mmAs designed
Data collected so far in this run:
• 100 GeV ~ 700,000 events at the peak of the analyzing power (~ 3 x 106 total useful pp elastic events)• 24 GeV ~ 120,000 events at the peak of the analyzing power (~ 5 x 105 total useful pp elastic events)
TD
C: 1
ct =
1.2
ns
ADC: 1 ct = 40 keVCNI peak AN 1 < E REC < 2 MeV
Recoil protons elastic pp ppscattering
prompt eventsand beam gas
sourcecalibration
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
PPBB in Collision Point: Local Pol. in Collision Point: Local Pol. Significant Collaboration of PHENIX-STAR Significant Collaboration of PHENIX-STAR
– Higher-twist effectsHigher-twist effects– Or combination of aboveOr combination of above
Do not forget more E704 Do not forget more E704 results results
GeV 4.19at sXpp Left Right
)(
)(
)(
XppD
XppA
XppA
NN
N
N
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
PHENIX Results: Central RapidityPHENIX Results: Central Rapidity ZERO asymmetry:ZERO asymmetry:
Charged hadrons
Neutral pions
h- h+
Polarization scaling error ~30% not included
0
PHENIX Preliminary
PHENIX Preliminary
AN for both charged hadrons and neutral pions consistent with zero.
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
STAR Results: Forward RapiditySTAR Results: Forward Rapidity Large Asymmetry Large Asymmetry
MeasuredMeasured To distinguish models, To distinguish models,
jet axis reconstruction is jet axis reconstruction is requiredrequired
Probably…Probably…AANN requires requires large large xxBJBJ, which is only , which is only achievable in hi-achievable in hi-ppTT in in Central rapidity (small Central rapidity (small xsection)xsection)
Global Analysis with Global Analysis with HERMES results would HERMES results would be beneficialbe beneficial– Factorization has to be Factorization has to be
proven!!!proven!!!
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
See A. Ogawa’s See A. Ogawa’s talk in //-session 2talk in //-session 2
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
ExploreExplore xxFF and p and pTT
h+h+ h-h-
pionpion 219K219K 216K216K
kaonkaon 46K46K 26K26K
protonproton 165K165K 17K17KIntegrated yields of , K and proton in xF range 0.15-0.35
xF and pT range of the data PHENIX and STAR to PHENIX and STAR to Explore xExplore xFF~0 and hi-p~0 and hi-pTT
STAR and BRAHMS to STAR and BRAHMS to explore hi-xexplore hi-xFF and and lo~mid-plo~mid-pTT
BRAHMS data being BRAHMS data being analysed…analysed…
STARSTAR
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
AANN in in pp pp pppp and and ppCCppCC Hadronic Spin Flip Exist : Hadronic Spin Flip Exist : ppC >> C >> pppp
GeV 200 E704 FNAL
GeV 100Jet -pol RHIC
beam
beam
P
P
preliminarypppp
preliminary
GeV 100
GeV 22
beam
beam
P
P
CC pp
r5=0
H. Okada’s talk in //session-4 O. Jinnouchi’s talk in //session-4
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Hadron Spin Hadron Spin Flip existsFlip exists
Indicating Indicating hiE>loE???hiE>loE???
Need to Need to Explore!!!Explore!!!
See See I.Alekseev’s I.Alekseev’s talk in talk in //session-4!//session-4!
AANN in in pp pp pppp in Hi-Energy in Hi-Energy
Statistical errors only
GeV 200@ spppp
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
AANN in FWD neutron production in FWD neutron production Large Asymmetry discovered (~3mrad) : Large Asymmetry discovered (~3mrad) : AANN~ -10%~ -10% Xsection(ISR) reproduced with OPE=Fully Spin Xsection(ISR) reproduced with OPE=Fully Spin
Flip!Flip!
deg0~@nXpp
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
onpolarizati 70%with
GeV 500at pb800
GeV 200at pb320
assuming
1
1
sLdt
sLdt
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
W Production in pp CollisionsW Production in pp Collisions WW is produced through pure V-A is produced through pure V-A
– Chirality is fixed Chirality is fixed ideal for spin structure studies ideal for spin structure studies
WW couples to weak charge ~ flavor couples to weak charge ~ flavor– Flavor is (almost) fixed Flavor is (almost) fixed ideal for flavor structure ideal for flavor structure
studiesstudies
Parity Violating Asymmetry Parity Violating Asymmetry AAL L ::
)()()()(
)()()()(
baba
babaWL xuxdxdxu
xuxdxdxuA
J. Soffer et al.
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Sensitivity GoalSensitivity Goal Studies with PHENIX Studies with PHENIX
Muon ArmsMuon Arms– STAR Endcap STAR Endcap
Calorimeter provides Calorimeter provides similar sensitivitysimilar sensitivity
– AALL~~u/u(x)~u/u(x)~0.7-0.9 (!) at 0.7-0.9 (!) at large-large-xx
– Central Rapidity covered Central Rapidity covered by both PHENIX and by both PHENIX and STARSTAR
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
RHIC Spin and HERMES SIDISRHIC Spin and HERMES SIDIS Complementary!Complementary!
– RHIC WRHIC W No fragmentation No fragmentation
ambiguityambiguity xx-range limited-range limited Useless for Useless for
– HERMES Semi-HERMES Semi-Inclusive DISInclusive DIS Wide Wide xx-range-range Could be used for Could be used for
transversity studiestransversity studies
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Transversity MeasurementsTransversity Measurements Drell-Yan Production of Lepton PairsDrell-Yan Production of Lepton Pairs
– Clean, but low statistics (Clean, but low statistics (QEDQED process) process) – Precision will be improved by Precision will be improved by LL upgrade upgrade
ii
ii
TTTT xqxqe
xqxqeaA
)21()()(
)21()()(
212
212
PHENIX Muon200 GeV
O. Martin, A. Schaefer, M. Stratmann, W. Vogelsang PRD60 (99) 117502
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Transverse Jet ProductionTransverse Jet Production Advantages:Advantages:
– Enormous yield could Enormous yield could overcome the smallness overcome the smallness of asymmetriesof asymmetries
– No mixture with Gluonic No mixture with Gluonic contributioncontribution
Caveats:Caveats:– Control of systematics Control of systematics
will be the key for the will be the key for the successsuccess AATTTT~0.2% = 0.1% (if ~0.2% = 0.1% (if
PPBB=70%)=70%)
– AATTTT is cos2 is cos2 moment: moment: statistics will be divided statistics will be divided into several into several -bins-bins
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Single Transverse Spin AsymmetriesSingle Transverse Spin Asymmetries If we have analyzer of final state quark If we have analyzer of final state quark
polarization…polarization…– We can use Spin We can use Spin Transfer Double Transfer Double Spin Asymmetry Spin Asymmetry to probe Transversity!to probe Transversity!
Spin Dep. Frag. Fn.Spin Dep. Frag. Fn. Can be studied in Can be studied in e+e- collisionse+e- collisions BELLEBELLE HERMES IFFHERMES IFF
Spin Transfer Double Spin Asymmetry
- 1
- 0.8
- 0.6
- 0.4
- 0.2
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
- 1 - 0.5 0 0.5 1
cos q
aTT(if)
qgqqqq'qqbarFn.) Frag. Dep.Spin (
)(1
if
TTT axhA
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Searches for New PhysicsSearches for New Physics Anomalous Parity Violation Anomalous Parity Violation
in Jet Production in Jet Production – Contact Interaction (Scale Contact Interaction (Scale ))
CDFCDF>1.8 TeV (obsolete)>1.8 TeV (obsolete) D0 D0 >2.4 TeV (obsolete)>2.4 TeV (obsolete) RHIC Spin Reach RHIC Spin Reach ~3.3 TeV~3.3 TeV
– New Gauge Boson Z’New Gauge Boson Z’ Need higher energy to Need higher energy to
provide useful informationprovide useful information But see T.Gehrmann’s new But see T.Gehrmann’s new
workwork
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
M.Togawa, E. Kinney and J.Sowinski’s talk in //session-2
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Hadron Collider Physics
TEVATRON LHC
Growing Fields…Growing Fields…
RHIC-SpinGluon PolarizationQuark PolarizationTransversityPol. FragmentationRole of Strangeness
Precision Structure Studies
Ongoing Spin Experiments COMPASS,HERMES JLab
Ongoing Unpolarized Studies HERA-II
Future Projects J-Parc,GSI -Factory?
EIC (ep, eA)? JLab-12?
Mechanism of Confinement Lattice-QCD、 Effective Model
N elastic scattering
e+e- Data … LEP, BELLE
Hi-E Heavy Ion Physics RHIC, LHC
Dark Matter
Neutron EDM
Precision,small-xLarge-x
Large-x
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
SummarySummary After a decade of efforts, RHIC Spin started to After a decade of efforts, RHIC Spin started to
produce physics resultsproduce physics results– Precision QCD tests (Precision QCD tests (00, prompt photon xsection), prompt photon xsection)– Gluon polarization by Gluon polarization by 00/Jet/Jet production production– Single transverse spin asymmetriesSingle transverse spin asymmetries
Inclusive hadron productionInclusive hadron production pp/pC elastic scatteringpp/pC elastic scattering
Run-4 commissioning was very successful Run-4 commissioning was very successful – Machine/Pol-Jet/ “Unexpected” Physics resultsMachine/Pol-Jet/ “Unexpected” Physics results
More excitements are coming soon!More excitements are coming soon!– Theorists: predictions are welcome (rather than post.) Theorists: predictions are welcome (rather than post.) – Experimentalists: join to share excitement! Experimentalists: join to share excitement!
“Prospects for Spin Physics at RHIC” G. Bunce, N. Saito, J. Soffer and W. Vogelsang
Ann. Rev. of Nucl. And Part. Science 2000
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Future UpgradesFuture Upgrades – Inner and Forward Tracking – Inner and Forward Tracking u(x)d(x)
_ _
Parity violating long. asymmetry in W production allows extraction of
ALW- ~ u(x1)d(x2)+d(x1)u(x2)
_ _
Polarized q Flavor Asymmetryrelated to the nature of the sea
_
Large d-u_ _
Nadolsky and Yuan, Nucl. Phys. B666 (2003) 31.
3-layer Si strip barrel and pixel detector
Si planes and GEM for forward tracking
• Sensitivity in forward region• Requires tracking for up to
pT~40 GeV e+/e- sign determination
• Tracking upgrade
STARSTAR
AL
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Transiency of TransversityTransiency of Transversity Transversity is Detectable only in combination Transversity is Detectable only in combination
with other function even in Lepton Scatteringwith other function even in Lepton Scattering– Chiral-odd transversity should be multiplied by Chiral-odd transversity should be multiplied by
another chiral-odd function (= mostly unknown)another chiral-odd function (= mostly unknown)
Requires Trans-world efforts covering Trans-Requires Trans-world efforts covering Trans-reaction data set reaction data set
– Universality of functions is crucial ! Universality of functions is crucial ! Applicability of Factorization Theorem should be clarifiedApplicability of Factorization Theorem should be clarified
21
sin
1211
11
11sin
))(()(
...)(),()()(
)()()(
...)()()'(
zHXeeA
zHxxexhXppA
xhxhXllppA
zHxhXeepA
T
N
TT
UT
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
““Analyzing Power” of pp CollisionsAnalyzing Power” of pp Collisions Quark and Gluon Quark and Gluon
contribute to acontribute to aLLLL
Only Quark contributes Only Quark contributes to ato aTT TT and smalland small
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
AANN: Qiu-Sterman predicted : Qiu-Sterman predicted non-zero Anon-zero ANN at x at xFF~0~0
With away-side jet With away-side jet reconstructionreconstruction– sine-moment analysis is sine-moment analysis is
possiblepossible– Partonic kinematics can be Partonic kinematics can be
reconstructedreconstructed
)(
)()(
)(
)())((
2
2
zD
zDqqga
xqe
xqeXppA
q
qifTT
q
qT
With polarized With polarized 33He, He, u-u-d d separation is possibleseparation is possible
P1
P2
k2
k1
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
What Do We Learn?What Do We Learn? We need more statistics! We need more statistics! pp collisions are so sensitive to pp collisions are so sensitive to gg((xx)) so that it so that it
already provides similar constraints to two decades already provides similar constraints to two decades of polarised DIS experimentsof polarised DIS experiments– (yes, our preparation also taking a decade)(yes, our preparation also taking a decade)
Caveats:Caveats:– Applicability of pQCD: Applicability of pQCD:
some confirmation with xsection measurement DONEsome confirmation with xsection measurement DONE Intrinsic-Intrinsic-kkTT, fragmentation functions, fragmentation functions
– AALLLL((00)/)/AALLLL(jet)(jet) are sensitive to are sensitive to
((gg22++ qqgg+ + qqqq) ; what about sign?) ; what about sign? It is very important to have both lepton and hadron It is very important to have both lepton and hadron
scattering data to reveal possible systematics scattering data to reveal possible systematics involved.involved.
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Sivers or Collins-Heppelman?Sivers or Collins-Heppelman? AANN for Drell-Yan : only from Sivers for Drell-Yan : only from Sivers
– How about AHow about ANN for Prompt Photon? for Prompt Photon? No fragmentation contribution at LO, but in NLO…No fragmentation contribution at LO, but in NLO…
AANN for Hadron with Jet-reconstruction? for Hadron with Jet-reconstruction?– Sine moment analysis is possible?Sine moment analysis is possible?– Intrinsic kIntrinsic kTT could damage coplanarity? could damage coplanarity? kT~ a few GeV/c: linearly grow with log(s) kT~ a few GeV/c: linearly grow with log(s)
(Sterman+Collins): s=partonic CM energy(Sterman+Collins): s=partonic CM energy
– Similar possibility in photon-jet productionSimilar possibility in photon-jet production next slidenext slide
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Helicity Amplitudes and PDFsHelicity Amplitudes and PDFs Parton Distribution is connected to Forward Parton Distribution is connected to Forward
Scattering Amplitude of Proton and Parton by Scattering Amplitude of Proton and Parton by Optical TheoremOptical Theorem
For Proton (spin=1/2) there are 3 possibilities For Proton (spin=1/2) there are 3 possibilities
2
= Im
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Dig out Dig out g(x) & g(x) & g ! g ! Current ExperimentsCurrent Experiments
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Polarised Parton DistributionsPolarised Parton Distributions Global QCD Analysis to Extract Polarized Global QCD Analysis to Extract Polarized
Quark and Gluon Distributions Quark and Gluon Distributions – ((a laa la MRST, CTEQ) MRST, CTEQ)
Four Independent Distributions are often Four Independent Distributions are often extracted – e.g. extracted – e.g. UU((xx,,QQ22)),,DD( ),( ),S S ( ),( ), g g ( )( )– In unpolarised case, even more In unpolarised case, even more
We have ONLY TWO independent We have ONLY TWO independent measurements measurements gg11
pp((xx, , QQ22) and ) and gg11nn((xx,,QQ22))
– QQ22 evolution helps? evolution helps?
gtbcssdduu ,,,,,,,,,
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
DIS of Lepton from NucleonDIS of Lepton from Nucleon Structure Probed by PhotonStructure Probed by Photon
– Function of Function of xx and and QQ22=-=-qq22
– ∝∝Charge SquaredCharge Squared Not distinguish Down and StrangeNot distinguish Down and Strange Insensitive to GluonInsensitive to Gluon
Objective isObjective is
Observables areObservables are
kk’
q
p
p’
PxP=
Elastic
),(9
1),(
9
4),(
9
1
2
1),(
),(9
1),(
9
1),(
9
4
2
1),(
22221
22221
QxSQxDQxUQxg
QxSQxDQxUQxg
n
p
SDU
Proton
Neutron
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University
Separation of Pol’ Quark Dist’sSeparation of Pol’ Quark Dist’s Only two independent measurements Only two independent measurements
gg11pp((xx, , QQ22) and ) and gg11
nn((xx,,QQ22)) Separation into 3 quark dist’s relies on Separation into 3 quark dist’s relies on
– 11stst moments (employ moments (employ -decay const’s), -decay const’s), unless unless direct measurement of sea-quarkdirect measurement of sea-quark
– Different coupling with Different coupling with gg((xx)) thru thru QQ22 evolution evolution
SDU
DU
SDU
a
a
28
3),()(
2
)(
)(ln
),( 2,
2
2
2
QxqxPQ
Q
QxqNSNSq
SNS
),(
),()()(
)()(
2
)(
),(
),(
)(ln 2
22
2
2
2 Qxg
QxxPxP
xPxPQ
Qxg
Qx
Q gggq
qgqqS
Non-Singlet Quark Distribution
Singlet Quark Distribution
How much do we know about g(x)?
Naohito Saito, Kyoto UniversityNaohito Saito, Kyoto University