1 University of Technology Department of Materials Engineering 3 rd Grad Nanotechnology (Lec.1+2) By: Dr. Mayyadah S. Abed 2014-2015 NANOTECHNOLOGY Historical Review • Before unknown billionths years, the universe was created by the creator Allah, even before the humans’ creation. The universe consists of the materials, the materials consist of atoms. Then the atom was before the human. • But the human didn’t know that the materials consist from the atoms till before 200 years from now, means in 1803 A.C. Since then we have seen chemists come to understand the elements and their interactions, we have seen engineers make and use new materials to improve our lives. • 1803: before two hundred years ago, atomic theory was first proposed by the English chemist John Dalton. According chemical analysis (he didn’t see the atom at that time) • All matter is composed of individual particles called atoms. • Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
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University of Technology Department of Materials Engineering
3rd Grad Nanotechnology (Lec.1+2)
By: Dr. Mayyadah S. Abed
2014-2015
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Historical Review
• Before unknown billionths years, the universe was created by the creator
Allah, even before the humans’ creation. The universe consists of the
materials, the materials consist of atoms. Then the atom was before the
human.
• But the human didn’t know that the materials consist from the atoms till before 200 years from now, means in 1803 A.C. Since then we have seen chemists come to understand the elements and their interactions, we have seen engineers make and use new materials to improve our lives.
• 1803: before two hundred years ago, atomic theory was first proposed by the English chemist John Dalton. According chemical analysis (he didn’t see the atom at that time)
• All matter is composed of individual particles called atoms.
• Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.
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University of Technology Department of Materials Engineering
3rd Grad Nanotechnology (Lec.1+2)
By: Dr. Mayyadah S. Abed
2014-2015
• 1900: atomic nucleus was discovered by Rutherford.
• 1957: the Physicist Richard Feynman, the father of nanotechnology, said (There
is plenty of room at the bottom) when he describe the molecular machines
building with atomic precision.
• 1981: Nanotechnology revolution started when scanning tunneling microscope STM was discovered in by Gerd Binnig and Heinric Rohrer (at IBM Zürich).
• 1985: Bucky ball fullerene (C60) was discovered by Richard Smalley and his team.
There is plenty of room at the bottom
880 pm=0.88 nm Note: Pico meter (pm) = 10-12 m 1 nm=1000 pm
University of Technology Department of Materials Engineering
3rd Grad Nanotechnology (Lec.1+2)
By: Dr. Mayyadah S. Abed
2014-2015
• 1991: Carbon Nanotubes CNTs was discovered by Japanese Scientist Sumio
Iijima.
• Today, in the young field of nanotechnology, scientists and engineers are taking
control of atoms and molecules individually, manipulating them and putting them
to use with an extraordinary degree of precision.
Graphene sheet
140 pm= 1.4 Å
C atom
CNT Carbon Nanotube
Dia=1-100 nm
Length µm-mm
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University of Technology Department of Materials Engineering
3rd Grad Nanotechnology (Lec.1+2)
By: Dr. Mayyadah S. Abed
2014-2015
Introduction to Nanotechnology The subject of nanotechnology is the science of the small. Nano is Greek for dwarf, and nanoscience deals with the study of the molecular, atomic particles, and world that is measured in nanometers 10-9.
Nanoscience: is the study (theory) of the properties of materials structures and devices which have at least one dimension with (1-100 nm), in all fields (chemistry, physics, materials, biology, environmental… etc.)
Nanotechnology: is (application of nanoscience). It is ability to convert the nanoscience theory to useful application by observe, measure, manipulate, assemble, control and manufacture matter at the nanometre scale depending on nanoscience.
In 2013, the US National Nanotechnology Initiaves NNI defines the Nanotechnology as “a science, engineering, and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about (1 to 100 nanometers). Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering”. [NNI, 2013]
• We should distinguish between nanoscience, and nanotechnology:
Nanoscience: is a convergence of physics, chemistry, materials science and biology, which deal with manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales.
Nanotechnology: is the ability to observe measure, manipulate, assemble, control and manufacture matter at the nanometer scale.
Hi, 3rd grade I am dwarf
(Nano in Greek)
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University of Technology Department of Materials Engineering
3rd Grad Nanotechnology (Lec.1+2)
By: Dr. Mayyadah S. Abed
2014-2015
Nanomaterials: are defined as those which have structured component with at least one dimension less than 100nm. Nanomaterials can be divided in to three groups: (each dimension in size 1-100 nm is considered zero dimension)
1. 0D (zero dimensions); which are the nanoparticles with nano scale (1-100 nm) in three dimensions (x, y, and z) like nanoparticles, and quantum dot.
2. 1D (one dimension); which are nanowire, nanofiber, nanotubes with nano
scale (1-100 nm) in two dimensions only like x,y or x,z etc .
nm y
nm z
nm x
nm z
nm y
nm x
Nanotubes
Nanowires
30 n
m
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University of Technology Department of Materials Engineering
3rd Grad Nanotechnology (Lec.1+2)
By: Dr. Mayyadah S. Abed
2014-2015
3. 2D (two dimensions) which has one coordinate in nm scale like thin film.
Solar cell
Surface coating thickness in 1-100 nm
Classification of nanomaterials by size of their structural elements: 0D (zero-
dimensional) clusters; 1D (one-dimensional) nanotubes, fibers and rods; 2D (two-
dimensional) films and coats; 3D (three-dimensional) polycrystals.