Nanotechnology ESOH and Energy Policy Implications and ...

Nanotechnology

ESOH and Energy Policy Implications and Applications

David A. Sheets, PEArmy Environment Policy Institute

May 24, 2007

Outline• Nanotechnology and NNI 101 • ESH Research Needs • Applications of Nanotechnology

– Military – Environmental – Energy – Commercial

• Maturity of technology – Where are we?• Upcoming Nano Conferences• Backup Slides

– Army Sustainability and Nanotechnology

Nanotechnology Defined*

“Nanotechnology is the understanding and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers, where unique phenomena enable novel applications”.

* From NNI web page, http://www.nano.gov

How Small is Nano?

NNI Organization

Program Component Areas (PCAs):2007 Requested budget ($1.28B/DoD $345M)

1. Fundamental Nanoscale Phenomena and Processes–$401M/126M

2. Nanomaterials-$250M/101M3. Nanoscale Devices/Sys-$263M/84M4. Instrumentation Research, Metrology,

Stds for Nanotechnology-$77M/11M5. Nanomanufacturing - $41M/0M6. Major Research Facilities and

Instrumentation Acq - $164M/23M7. Societal Dimensions - $82M/1M

NEHI Working GroupNanotechnology Environmental Health Implications

(NEHI) Working Group of Subcommittee Nanoscale Science and Engineering Technology (NSET)• Several Federal agencies and departments

represented, including: • NSF/FDA Co-chairs, OSHA, EPA, NIH/NIEHS,

CPSC, NCI, CDC/NIOSH, Defense, Energy, Agriculture, others

• Note: Italicized Agencies have a primary ESOH research function. DoD/DOE will have most users and thus potential exposure.

E,H, and S Implication Research needs

• September 2006 Report to Congress by NEHI on “ES and H Research Needs for Nanoscale Materials”

• Five Research needs (no priority)1. Instrumentation and Metrology2. Nanomaterials and Human Health3. Nanomaterials and the Environment4. Health and Environmental Surveillance5. Risk Management Methods

• NEHI currently addressing priorities within each group

• Next version due out Summer 2007

Defense Nanotechnology Applications*

• Potential DoD future war fighting impacts in:– Chemical and Biological Defense– Weight reduction in war fighting equipment– High performance materials in platforms and

weapons– High performance information technology– Energy and energetic materials– Uninhabited vehicles and miniature satellites

*From “Defense Nanotechnology Research and Development Programs”, DoD DDR&E, May 2006

Environmental Benefits of Nanotechnology*

• Remediation and Treatment• Sensors• Benefits through Other Applications that

Support Sustainability– Water– Energy– Materials – Fuel Additives (Nano Cerium Oxide for diesel fuel)

*From US EPA Nanotechnology White Paper, February 2007

Remediation and Treatment• Nano zero valent iron (NZVI) for Chlorinated

hydrocarbons (TCE, DNAPLs)– Nano application of reactive iron walls – Emulsified NZVI (NASA, ESTCP projects)– NZVI Proven, though $ value of nano is site specific

• Dendrimers as metal chelating agents ?(Translated - nano polymers can trap and immobilize

metals)• Photo catalytic TiO2 in windows (Commercial)

– Nano coating helps breakup of VOCs

Zero Valent Iron Remediation

Iron Treatment Walls…

Presently used in groundwater treatment.

Iron in walls chemically remove environmental contaminants

Currently involves “microscale” iron (50,000 nm).

Using Nano-size iron particles

Nanosized iron enhances the reaction

Nano Fe0 is more reactive and effective than the microscale.

Smaller size makes it more flexible --penetrates difficult to access areas.

Sensors Using MEMS* and Nanotechnology

Laboratory on a chip

Pathogen detection

* Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems

Water Purification

• CNT ultra filtration membranes/mesh filters• Remove turbidity, bacteria, viruses, organics • Replace RO for lower pressure desalination

• Nanopowder Adsorbents • TiO or Magnetite for As, MnO for VOCs

• Nanoporous ceramic (SAMMs*) - Nano?• bacteria attach and digest organics• Can be treated to remove Hg, heavy metals, PO4

• Charged Nano Alumina Fibers

*Self-Assembled Monolayers on Mesoporous Supports

Energy Applications

• Department of Energy Efforts• More efficient

– Solar Power – Batteries – Fuel Cells

• Hydrogen Storage –• Lighting

DOE and Nanotechnology• Five Nanotechnology Centers of Expertise

– ANL, BHNL, LBNL, ORNL,LANL

• National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL)– CNTs - High current wire, fuel cells, ultra-

capacitors, organic photovoltaics, Li batteries, H2 gas storage in vehicles

– Quantum dots CdSe, CdS, InAs, PbSe, • Highly Efficient low cost solar cells *

– Nano catalysts – H2 production from biofuels– Nano membranes to separate gases

K. T. Nam et al., Science 312, 885 -888 (2006)

• Virus self-assembles forming rod

• Peptides coating surface of virus encourage growth of metal oxide layer

• Nano-wires assemble on macro-scale to form anode

• Result is a flexible Li-ion battery

Nano-wires for Li-ion batteries

Nano-catalysts for fuel cells*

Nano-catalystparticles

Hydrogen is fed into the anode side of the fuel cell

Hydrogen reacts on the anode nano catalyst surface

Protons move through the membrane

Electrons move through the external circuit, electricity generated.

Air is fed into the cathode side of the fuel cell

Air reacts on the cathode nano-catalyst surface, recombines with protons and

electrons

http://www.qsinano.com/technology/inyourlife_1.pdf

Hydrogen Storage Using Nanomaterials

Porous nano-phase silica storage material

NH3BH3 adsorbed in silica pores

NH3BH3 releases H2 when gently heated

Nano-enhanced Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

• Thin film organic LEDs (ORNL)

• Electrodes of CNTsand nanowires

• Current 60 W White LED equiv ~$40/bulb

• Prices coming down

©Lumileds ©OSRAM Opto ©Nichia©Cree ©Lumileds ©OSRAM Opto ©Nichia©Cree

Consumer Applications (From Wilson Center PEN*)

475 “nanotechnology based” Consumer products (May 2007)– Health and Fitness 281 – Food and Beverage 61– Home and Garden 58– Electronics/computers 42

* ([email protected])

Nanotechnology is Coming - When?

• “Sooner than you think” – says Joint Economic Committee, US Congress, March 2007

• Key points– Passive Nanostructures (2000-2005) – (Sunscreen)– Active Nanostructures (2005-2010) – (mech response) – Systems of Nanosystems (2010-2015) – (self assembly)– Molecular Nanosystems (2015-2020) – (artifcial intel– Singularity (2020 and beyond) – (growth rate infinite)

Potential?

Upcoming Nano Conferences

• Green Chemistry Conference, June 26-28, 2007 DC Hilton – Green Nano session

• 2nd Energy Nanotech International Conf, Sep 5-7 07, Santa Clara, CA

• EPA P2 thru Nano conf, Sep ??, 2007, DC• Int Symposium on Nanotech in Environ Protection

2007, 11-13 December 2007, FT Lauderdale Fl• EPA Remediation and pollution control Conf, Chicago,

Apr, 2008• Nanomaterials for Defense Applications Symposium,

Spring 2008?

Any Questions,Contact:

Mr. David A. [email protected]

(703) 604-2310

Back up Slides

(Some to be presented on May 24, 2007

• Vision: long-term Army sustainability

• Enables Business Transformation

• Supports Army in all missions• Applies to all Army units,

organizations, personnel, suppliers, support contractors, and partners.

Our Goals

• Foster a sustainability ethic• Strengthen Army operations• Meet test, training, and

mission requirements• Minimize impacts and total

ownership costs• Enhance Well-being• Drive Innovation

“Triple bottom line” Plus – Mission, Environment, Community + Economy

Army Strategy For the Environment

Does Nanotechnology Fit TBL+?•Environment – Opportunities in environmental and energy

•Mission – DoD 2007 nanotech budget, $346 M

•Community – Lifecycle Implications being intensely studied. See NEHI info in Backup slides

•Economy – Potential $ impact of nano goes into $ Billions

Nanotechnology vs. ASE Goals?

Foster a sustainability ethic Energy, water

Strengthen Army operations Stronger lighter materials

Meet test, training, and mission requirementsReal time sensors

Minimize impacts and total ownership costsEnhance Well-being

Commercial productsDrive Innovation