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Materials Sci ence & Technolog y
Nanotechnologie: Oder die Relevanz des Nanometers
Dr. Pierangelo Gröning
Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research„nanotech @ surfaces“ LaboratoryFeuerwerkerstrasse 39CH-3602 Thun
[email protected]
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1 Nanometer = 10-9 m = 0.000‘000‘001 m
Carbon Nanotube (CNT):• Diameter: 1 – 20 nm• Length: up to centimeter
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What makes „Nano“ so Interesting?
Macro Micro Nano
10-3 m 10-9 m10-6 m
Increase of the specific surface area!!
Optical behavior Quantum effectsMechanical Properties
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„Nanotechnology“ in the Middle Age
The Lycurgus Cup, 4th century AD illumination outside → green !Illumination inside → red!
“Labors of the Months” (Norwich, England, ca. 1480)
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Nanotechnology: Evolutionary & Revolutionary
According to H. Rohrer „ Il Nuovo Cimeto“ 107 A (1994)
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Si (001)
Compression Tests of Silicon Nano-Pillars
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Wire Sawing of Solar CellsGoal: Reduction of the wafer thickness from 300 μm to 100μm!
Drahtoberfläche
Wafer-Oberfläche
10μm
10μm
Wire Sawing Parameters:• wire tension• speed• size & type off abrasives• type and viscosity lubricant
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Processing with Sub-Nanometer Precision
Transmission Electron Microscope Imageof the magnetic multilayer structure
Schematic drawingof a magnetic multilayer structure
New Magnetic Memory Materials
H.Hug et al., Empa Dübendorf
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Scanning Tunnlling Microscope (STM): The Door to the Nano-Cosmos
Sensing instead of seeing!!
First STM Image (Silicon Surface, IBM 1981)Nobel Prize 1986!!
Heinrich Rohrer Gerd Binnig
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Positioning of Single Atoms and Molecules
Low Temperatur STM @ EmpaToperating = - 270 °CResolution in z: 300 fm = 0.0003 nm!! K.-H. Ernst / Empa
Propen (C3H6)
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Lotus flower: In eastern cultures the symbol for cleanness!
Nanotechnology: Mimic of Natural StructuresSelf-cleaning Surfaces
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Scanning Electron Microscope Image of the Lotus leaf surface
Lotus Effect: Self-Cleaning Surfaces
Small water droplets are lifting upa dust particle.
The naps are covered with hydrophilic wax
hairs.
A water droplet loaded withdust particles
T. Geiger et al., Empa Dübendorf
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Non-wetting Clothing
South American fishing spider(Ancylometes)
University of Bonn; ITV Denkendorf
fine air-trapping hairs
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Nano-Particles: Raw Material for Many Applications
Flammensynthese
SiO2
TiO2
ZnO
ZrO2
CeO
Al2O3
….
A. Vital et al., Empa Dübendorf
Transmission Electron Microscope Image ofnon-aggregated nano-particles
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Self-cleaning Tie
by weisbrod.ch
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Few Applications with Nano-Particles
Porous ceramics (catalysts, filters, etc.)
Transparent, hard lacquers
Zahnersatz-Keramiken
Pharmaceutics Products
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Magnetic Curing Glues: Mag. Nano-particles
Magnetic heating curves of aglue with 5% MagSilica®
Transmission Electron MicroscopeImage of MagSilica®Black: mag. Ironoxide nano-particlesGrau: Silicon Matrix
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Tumor Therapy with Mag. Nano-ParticlesDr. A. Jordan, Charité Berlin
Heating of the tumor up to 49°C
Dr. A. Jordan, Charité Berlin
Injection of a water solution with Ironoxide
nano particles (MagForce®) encapsulatedin AminosilaneConcentration ~ 100 mg/ml
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Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)
Carbon Nanotubes can be regarded as rolledup graphene sheets.
Discovered by Sumio Iijima (NEC)• Single Walled CNT (SWNT)1991• Multiwalled CNT (MWNT) 1993
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CNT-Films: Produced by Chemical Vapour Deposition
K. Hata et al., 306 (2004) 1362
Catalyst: FeCl3Gas: C2H4 (Ethylene)Growth rate: 2.5 mm in 10 minutes!!
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CNT Applications: Transparent el. Conductive Polymers
Ounais et al., Comp. Sci. & Technol. 63 (2003) 1637
νc: critical CNT concentration
νc
Polyimide/SWNT (l ~ 3 μm)
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Carbon Fiber Composites (CFC)
CFRP tendons
Dreamliner (Boeing 787)• 10% more economically due to CFC• CFC Content ~ 60%!!
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CNT Reinforced Carbon Fiber Composites
The company BMC in Grenchen (SO)developed a CNT/CFC bicycle frameof only ~ 900g in weight!
NASA's Morphing Glider
Carbon Fibre
Epoxy +C-Nanotubes
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C-Nanotubes for Flat Panel Displays
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Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)
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Metal Tip- or Spindt-Tip Technology
Field Emission Display (FED)
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Oriented Growth of Carbon Nanotubes
Courtesy: B. Milne
Homogeneity:• Diameter: σD (~ 4.1%)• Height: σH (~ 6.3%)
Fully integrated micro-electron source
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Applications with CNT Cold Electron Sources
Microwave amplifier for satellitesustained telecommunication.
f = 100 GHz, j = 10 A/cm2, i = 10 mA
New X-ray Sources
Field Emission Display (LETI (F))
Thomson
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David J. GrundlachNational Institute of Standards and Technology,Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USANature Materials, March 2007
Advantage compared to classicalSi-electronis:
much, much cheaper!!!
Applications:e.g. „Intelligent“ Packaging
Organic Electronics
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Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED)
Prototyp of a 40“ OLED-Display(SAMSUNG, 2007)
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Laser Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT)
PDC = Photodecomposible chromophore
PDC PDC
UV laser pulsehν
hν
hν hν hν
Aryltriazene photopolymerssince ~1993 for laser ablation
NN
N
R
NN
N
R
NN
N
R
NN
N
R
N N
N
R
N N
N
R
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48 h post transfer
Laser Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT)
CdSe Quantum dotsyellow: Ø = 5 nm red: Ø = 6 nm
Neuroblast B35 cells in extracellular matrix (ECM)A. Doraiswamy et al., Appl. Surf. Sci. 252, 4743 (2006)J. Xu et al., Nanotechnology 18, 025403 (2007)
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Transfer of an OLED by LIFT
0 ns 200 ns 400 ns 600 ns 800 ns
R. Fardel et al.,Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 061103 (2007)
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Self-Assembly: Mimic of Natural Concepts
Army ants
Tobacco- Mosaic Virus
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Molecular Self-Assembly
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Organic Nanowires
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Thesen zur Nanotechnologie
1) Nanotechnologie – Vorstoss an die technologischen Grenzen
2) Nanotechnologie – Wege zu neuen Verfahrenstechniken
3) Nanotechnologie – Türe zu neuartigen Komposit- & Hybridwerkstoffen
4) Nanotechnologie – Herausforderung für die Ingenieurwissenschaften
5) Nanotechnologie – Risiken sind überschaubar
6) Nanotechnologie – Potential für eine „Disruptive Technology”
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from use-inspired Basic Research
to Applications and Services
the Bridge
Thank youfor
your attention