nanorobots

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The Promising

Future in Medicine: Nanorobots

BY Navneet kumar

NAVNEET KUMAR [M.S.(pharm.)Second sem.]

PHARMACOINFORMATICSNIPER KOLKATA

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Overview

Introduction. Components Types Explanation Applications Conclusion Reference

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Introduction.

Nanotechnology is ability to work at molecular level , atom by atom to create a large structure a new molecular organization.

Nano-bio-robotics are part of nanotechnology deals with the study of designing programming manufacturing controlling of nanorobots at nano scale.

The concept of nanotechnology was created by Richard Feynman in California in the late 1960's. At first, it was nothing but an idea, but soon it came to life with the help of Bill McLellan. Nanobots were developed to be used to treat various diseases, illnesses, and much more. 

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Introduction

Design of nanorobot is derived from the biological model of bacteria .

Carbon will be the principle element used in construction of nanobot.

Essential component consist of mechanical parts such as bearing, motors, gears etc.

The outer shell comprised of daimonoid material due to their inert properties ,high thermal conductivity and strenghth.

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Introduction

Super smooth could reduce the chance of triggering body’s immune response.

The nanoscale gears and other components designed for special purposes could be constructed using elements hydrogen, oxygen , nitrogen and silicon

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Components

PAYLOAD :- Void section holds a small dose of drug or medicines and other diagnostic agents that transverse and release the drug at intended side.

MICRO-CAMERA:- The operators can steer while navigating through the body manually, for this a joystick is used to rotate.

ELECTRODES:- Will form battery using the electrolytes in blood.

These protruding elecrtodes could alsokills the cancer cells by generating electric current and heating up the cells.

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Components

LASER:- Laser could burn the material like artificial plaque, blood clots.

ULTRASONIC SIGNAL GENEARTORS:- Used to target and destroy the kidney stones.

SWIMING TAIL:- Acts as a means of propulsion to get in different parts of body ,like against the blood flow.

A CHEMICAL SENSOR to detect the target molecules . A MOTOR for movement and manipulator arms or

mechanical leg for mobility.

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Components

Nanorobots are provided with SWARM INTELLIGENCE for decentralization activity.

Swarm intelligence techniques are the algorithm designed for artificial intelligence of nanorobots.

This is inspired from behaviour of social animal such as ants , bees ,termites which work collaborativley without any centralized control.

swarm intelligence techniques deigned are ant colony optimization (ACO), artificial bee colony (ABC) and particle swarm optimization (PSO)

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TYPES

Types of Nanorobots:- The types of nanorobots designed by

Robert A. Freitas Jr as artificial blood are:-

RESPIROCYTES MICROBIVORES CLOTTOCYTES

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RESPIROCYTES

RESPIROCYTES:- Respirocytes work as an artificial erythrocytes by mimicking the oxygen and carbon dioxide transport functions .

5 A cc therapeutic dose of 50% respirocyte saline suspension containing 5 trillion nanorobots would exactly replace the gas carrying capacity of the patient’s entire 5.4 litres of blood.

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RESPIROCYTES

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RESPIROCYTES

Each respirocytes consist of 3 types of rotor ,one rotor will release stored oxygen while travelling through the body, 2nd will capture carbondioxide release in the lungs and 3rd will take glucose from blood stream as fuel source.

Can also manage carbonic acidity controlled by gas concn sensor and onboard nanocomputer

stored gases are released from the tank in a controlled manner through molecular pumps. The respirocytes exchange gases via molecular rotors. The rotors have special tips for particular type of molecule

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Microbivores

Microbivores are the nanorobot which functions as artificial white blood cell and also known as nanorobotic phagocytes. The microbivore is a spheroid device made up of diamond

The main function of microbivore is to absorb and digest the pathogens in the blood stream by the process of phagocytosis.

consist of 4 fundamental components: i. An array of reversible binding sites.

ii. An array of telescoping grapples . iii. A morcellation chamber. iv. Digestion chamber

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Clottocytes

 The artificial mechanical platelet or clottocyte may allow complete hemostasis in as little as ~1 second, even in moderately large wounds. 

It reduces the clotting time and blood loss. clottocyte is conceived as a serum oxyglucose-

powered spherical nanorobot ~2 mic containing a fiber mesh that is compactly folded onboard. Upon command from its control computer, the device promptly unfurls its mesh packet in the immediate vicinity of an injured blood vessel.

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Applications

Fighting cancer:-The robots could either attack tumors directly using lasers, microwaves or ultrasonic signals or they could be part of a chemotherapy treatment, delivering medication directly to the cancer site.

Parasite Removal:- Nanorobots could wage micro-war on bacteria and small parasitic organisms inside a patient. Although, it might take several nanorobots working together to destroy all the parasites.

Gout: A nanorobot could break up the crystalline structures at the joints, providing relief from the symptoms, though it wouldn't be able to reverse the condition permanently.

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Applications

Breaking up kidney stones: break up large kidney stones using ultrasonic frequencies, but it's not always effective. A nanorobot could break up a kidney stone using a small laser.

Cleaning wounds: Nanorobots could help remove debris from wounds, decreasing the likelihood of infection. They would be particularly useful in cases of puncture wounds, where it might be difficult to treat using more conventional methods.

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Conclusion

The nanorobots used in medicine are predicted to provide a wealth of promise. When the severe side effects of the existing therapies are been considered, the nanorobots are found to be more innovative, supportive to the treatment and diagnosis of vital diseases

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References

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[1] NSTC, "National Nanotechnology Initiative: Leading to the Next Industrial Revolution" A Report by the Interagency Working Group on Nanoscience", Engineering and Technology Committee on Technology, National Science and Technology Council, Washington, D.C, 2000. [2] Ummat, A., Dubey, A., and C. Mavroidis, “Bio-Nanorobotics — A Field Inspired by Nature” in Yoseph Bar-Cohen, Biomimetics: Biologically Inspired Technologies, CRC Press, 201-226, 2005.[3] Apoorva Manjunath, Vijay Kishore* Department of Biotechnology, Sapthagiri College of Engineering, Bangalore, Biomedical Science and Engineering, 2014, Vol. 2, No. 2, 42-47.[4] http://abounthisane.wix.com/mednano#!background/cjn9

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