Lec. (1) Introduction to Nanophysics, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology What is it? 1
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Lec. (1)
Introduction to Nanophysics, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology
What is it?
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Eigler et al. NATURE 363, 1993
How is nanoscience different than
• Chemistry
• Biology
• Physics
What distinguishes nanoscience from other sciences?
Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and application of extremely small things and can be used across all the other science fields, such as chemistry, biology, physics, materials science, and engineering.
What is Nanophysics, Nanoscience and Nanotechnology?
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Richard Feynman is the father of nanotechnology. with a talk entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” at an American Physical Society meeting at the California Institute of Technology (CalTech) on December 29, 1959, long before the term nanotechnology was used.
Physicist Richard Feynman
Feynman described a process in which scientists would be able to manipulate and control individual atoms and molecules.
Over a decade later, in his explorations of ultraprecision machining, Professor Norio Taniguchi coined the term nanotechnology. It wasn't until 1981, with the development of the scanning tunneling microscope that could "see" individual atoms, that modern nanotechnology began.
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STM
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is an instrument for imaging surfaces at the atomic level. Its development in 1981 earned its inventors, Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer (at IBM Zürich), the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986For an STM, good resolution is considered to be 0.1 nm lateral resolution and 0.01 nm depth resolution.[3] With this resolution, individual atoms within materials are routinely imaged and manipulated. The STM can be used not only in ultra-high vacuum but also in air, water, and various other liquid or gas ambients, and at temperatures ranging from near zero kelvin to a few hundred degrees Celsius.[4]
The STM is based on the concept of quantum tunneling. When a conducting tip is brought very near to the surface to be examined, abias (voltage difference) applied between the two can allow electrons to tunnel through the vacuum between them. The resulting tunneling current is a function of tip position, applied voltage, and the local density of states (LDOS) of the sample.[4] Information is acquired by monitoring the current as the tip's position scans across the surface, and is usually displayed in image form.
A scanning tunneling microscope (STM)
PLAR - Nanotechnology
Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices, and systems through control of matter on an atomic or molecular scale.
The creation and use of structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size.
DEFINITION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nano: The Middle Ground
Gal
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“Mac
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“Mic
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“Nan
osc
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Mo
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ub
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/Nu
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10 20 m
10 10 m10 1 m
10 -6 m10 -9 m
10 -15 m10 -10 m
?
UNIQUENESS OF NANOMATERIALS
• Grains, pores, interface thickness and defects are of similar dimensions.
• Nanomaterials have a large surface area but their volume is very small.
• Improve mechanical properties (increased strength, toughness etc.,)
• High melting point compounds.
INTERDISCIPLINARY APPROACH REQUIRED
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nanotechnology were developed for many current
challenges facing the international community, including:
• Clean, secure, affordable energy;
• Stronger, lighter, more durable materials;
• Low-cost filters to provide clean drinking water;
• Medical devices and drugs to detect and treat diseases more
effectively with fewer side effects;
• Lighting that uses a fraction of the energy associated with
conventional systems;
• Sensors to detect and identify harmful chemical and
biological agents; andTechniques to clean up harmful
chemicals in the environment.
FIELDS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology
Nanomedicine
Nanobiotechnology
Nanolithography
Nanoelectronics
Nanomagnetics
Nano Biodevices
NEMS (nano electro mechanical sys)
Nano Biomimetic materials
Nano Pulp & Paper Technology
Applications of NanomaterialBased Products
Automotive industryEngineeringMedicine CosmeticsTextile SportsChemical industryElectronic industry
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• ExxonMobil is using zeolites, minerals with pore sizes of less than 1 nm, as a
more efficient catalyst to break down or crack large hydrocarbon molecules to
form gasoline.
• IBM has added nanoscale layering to disk drives, thus exploiting the giant
magnetoresistive effect to attain highly dense data storage.
• Gilead Sciences is using nanotechnology in the form of lipid spheres, also known
as liposomes, which measure about 100 nm in diameter, to encase an anticancer
drug to treat the AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma.
• Carbon Nanotechnologies, a company co-founded by buckyball discoverer
Richard E. Smalley, is making carbon nanotubes more affordable by using a new
and more efficient manufacturing process.
• Nanophase Technologies is utilizing nanocrystalline particles, incorporated into
other materials, to produce tough ceramics, transparent sun blocks, and catalysts
for environmental uses, among other applications.
Applications of Nanotechnology in industrial and technical fields:
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The Space Elevator?
Ultra high strength materials allow tower to be built into space !(?)
What is Nanotechnology?
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Tiny machines in your body curing cancer?
What is Nanotechnology?
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DNA Computers in a beaker that vastly outperform our fastest supercomputers?
What is Nanotechnology?
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Nanotechnology
TECHNOLOGIES
Nanomaterials
Nanolithography
Scanning Probe
Microscopy
Self-Assembly
APPLICATIONS
Super fast/small computers
Super strong materials
Super Slippery Materials
Tissue Engineering
Drug Delivery
Sensors
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Materials Science: Nanomaterials
Human Made Materials
Biologicallymade materials
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Calcium phosphate
HydroxyapatiteCalcite
Silica Calcium Carbonate
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Superhydrophobic Surfaces:The Lotus Effect
NANO- TEXTILE APPLICATIONS
Nano Jacket
Student’s uniform
Nano tie and scarf
Atlantic – Aprilia fuel cell bikePhotovoltaic cell
Fuel Cell
NANOTECHNOLOGY – FUEL CELL
Hydrogen
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Carbon Nanotubes
CHIN WEE SHONG : AgS2 cubesNational University of SingaporeDepartment of Chemistry
Quantum dots
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Carbon NanotubesBuckminster Fullerene C60
Smalley, Curl, Kroto. Nobel Prize
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Graphein: (Greek) to write
Graphite
Diamond
Nanotube
Buckyball
The Forms of Carbon
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What’s the big deal about carbon nanotubes???
• Amazing Mechanical Properties
• Amazing Electrical Properties: – Can be conductors or semiconductors– Could be the building block of nanocomputing
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Applications:Composite Materials
nanotubes poking out of fractured edge of polymer composite
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Applications: Field Emission 1
Samsung prototype carbon nanotube display
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Otto Zhou. UNC Physics
Cold Cathode X-ray machine
The potential advantages of the future CNT X-ray devices are fast response time, programmable xrayintensity, programmable spatial distribution (Figure 3), ultra-fine focal spot, rapid pulsationcapacity, long lifetime, low energy consumption, miniaturization, and low cost.
Applications: Field Emission 2
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Quantum Dots
31Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)
Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Top - down method (Destruction)
Bottom-up method (Construction)
Synthesis of Nanomaterials
Top - Down method
High energy Ball Milling Lithography Gas
condensation Severe plastic deformation
Synthesis of Nanomaterials
SYNTHESIS OF NANOMATERIALS
Bottom Up
method
Physical Vapor
Deposition
Chemical Vapor
Deposition
Plasma Processes
Sol-gelProcessing
Soft-Lithography
Self-Assembly
CHARACTERIZATION AND DETECTION TECHNIQUES
• Essential requirements for the development, manufacturing and commercialization of nanomaterials is their physical, chemical and biological properties on a nanoscale level
• For determination of atomic structure and chemical composition of solid or liquid nanomaterials – spectroscopic methods, X-ray and Neutron diffraction
• For determination of size and shape – Electron microcopies (SEM or TEM)
Optical Microscope Scanning Electron Microscope
HIGH DEPTH OF FIELDNANOMATERIAL
transmission electron microscope
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AFM
www.shef.ac.uk/~htsl/afm.htm
Atomic Force MicroscopeForce
Surface Atoms
Tip Atoms
Photo detector
Laser Beam
Tip
Cantilever
Line Scan
Surface