Nanomedicine WQ WQ WQ - Medicine.

NanomedicineNanomedicinehttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GjqbUPmchttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_GjqbUPmcWQWQ

- Medicine of the future- Medicine of the future

Medical application of nanotechnologyMedical application of nanotechnology Nanotechnology: the study of the control of Nanotechnology: the study of the control of

matter at the atomic/molecular levelmatter at the atomic/molecular level

What is nanotechnology?What is nanotechnology?• Nano = 10Nano = 10-9-9

• Nanometer is one Nanometer is one billionth of a meterbillionth of a meter

• Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the Nanoscience and nanotechnology are the study and manipulation of structures, devices, study and manipulation of structures, devices, and phenomena on the length scale of less and phenomena on the length scale of less than 100 nanometers.than 100 nanometers.

All substances (including you and me) are made up All substances (including you and me) are made up of atomsof atoms

If we learn to control those atoms we will control the If we learn to control those atoms we will control the substances.substances.

Nanotech deals with substances that are 100 nm or Nanotech deals with substances that are 100 nm or smallersmaller DNA diameter: 2 nmDNA diameter: 2 nm Smallest bacteria: 200 nmSmallest bacteria: 200 nm

The comparable size of 1 nm to 1 m is…

How does nature compare?How does nature compare?

Dust mite200 m

Red blood cells

(~7-8 m)

Human hair~ 60-120m wide

Ant ~ 5 mm

DNA~2-1/2 nm diameter

Proteins~10 nm diameter

Head of a pin1-2 mm

Carbon nanotube~1.3 nm diameter

MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS) devices

10 -100 m wide

Carbon buckyball

~1 nm diameter

Milli

Micro

Nano

Nanomedicine has the potential to deliverNanomedicine has the potential to deliver Advanced drug delivery systemsAdvanced drug delivery systems New therapiesNew therapies In vivoIn vivo imaging imaging neuro-electronic interfaces (biosensors)$neuro-electronic interfaces (biosensors)$ Perhaps even….cell repair machinesPerhaps even….cell repair machines

~4 billion dollars are currently being invested ~4 billion dollars are currently being invested in research and development of in research and development of nanomedicinenanomedicine

Sales of 7 bill. In 2004Sales of 7 bill. In 2004 200 companies200 companies 130 drug delivery systems are under 130 drug delivery systems are under

development…development… https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jC8CUIID2HAhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jC8CUIID2HA

Medical UsesMedical Uses1. Drug delivery1. Drug delivery

Nanoscale particles could improve the Nanoscale particles could improve the availability of the drug to cells that most need itavailability of the drug to cells that most need it

Targeting is a huge issue: $65 billion are lost Targeting is a huge issue: $65 billion are lost each year due to poor targetingeach year due to poor targeting

Nanoparticles are easily taken up by cells Nanoparticles are easily taken up by cells because of their sizebecause of their size

Could allow for lower doses that are much Could allow for lower doses that are much more effective because of targetingmore effective because of targeting Less toxic (less side effects)Less toxic (less side effects) Less costlyLess costly

2. 2. In vivoIn vivo imaging imagingNanodyes provide better contrast for Nanodyes provide better contrast for MRI/ultrasoundMRI/ultrasound

ex. quantum dots (give off light when ex. quantum dots (give off light when excited by waves) localize to cancer excited by waves) localize to cancer tumors and allow for much better imagingtumors and allow for much better imaging Toxic!Toxic! Could THEY be used to treat tumors????Could THEY be used to treat tumors????

3. Surgery applications3. Surgery applicationsSince quantum dots localize to cancer Since quantum dots localize to cancer cells would allow much better removal of cells would allow much better removal of dangerous tissues.dangerous tissues.

Photodynamic therapy: metal nanotubes Photodynamic therapy: metal nanotubes localized to cancer cells could “melt them” localized to cancer cells could “melt them” when heated using a light source.when heated using a light source. NoninvasiveNoninvasive Not toxic to other tissues, like chemotherapyNot toxic to other tissues, like chemotherapy

Flesh welders: fix cuts by “welding”them Flesh welders: fix cuts by “welding”them together, ex. arteriestogether, ex. arteries

4. nanorobots4. nanorobotsNanosize machines that could be Nanosize machines that could be activated by light to do things inside our activated by light to do things inside our bodies…bodies…ex. fullerineex. fullerine

DNA as a nanomachineDNA as a nanomachineWe are probably We are probably years away years away from from nanomachines nanomachines that can do that can do complex taskscomplex tasksCurrent nano-Current nano-machines machines (synthetic or bio) (synthetic or bio) are very simpleare very simple

Real Nanomachines do simple Real Nanomachines do simple tasks like rotate…tasks like rotate…

A tiny blade of gold A tiny blade of gold is attached to a is attached to a carbon nanotubecarbon nanotubeAn electrical An electrical current causes it to current causes it to spinspin500 nm across500 nm across

A. M. Fennimore, T. D. Yuzvinsky, W. Han, M. S. Fuhrer, J. Cummings, A. Zettl, Rotational actuators based oncarbon nanotubes, Nature 424, 408, 2003.

DNA as a nanoscaffoldDNA as a nanoscaffoldOne approach uses “sticky ends” and DNA One approach uses “sticky ends” and DNA tilestiles

Seeman et al Nature 1991, 350, 631Seeman et al Nature 1991, 350, 631

DNA as a nanoscaffoldDNA as a nanoscaffoldVery complicated tiles can make interesting Very complicated tiles can make interesting patternspatterns

Seeman Seeman JACSJACS,, 2004 2004, , 126126, 10230., 10230.

Is this useful?Is this useful?

Can use the DNA patterns as a scaffold or Can use the DNA patterns as a scaffold or a template for other nanocomponentsa template for other nanocomponents

Seeman Seeman Proc. IEEE nano.Proc. IEEE nano.,, 2005 2005..

A new approach is called A new approach is called “DNA origami”“DNA origami”

A long piece of A long piece of DNA is chosen by DNA is chosen by a computer a computer program to fold in program to fold in a certain patterna certain patternShort “staple” Short “staple” DNA is used to DNA is used to hold the folds in hold the folds in placeplace

““DNA Origami” can make DNA Origami” can make complex patternscomplex patterns

Rothemund, P.W.K. Nature 2006, 440, 297-302.Rothemund, P.W.K. Nature 2006, 440, 297-302.

““DNA Origami” can make DNA Origami” can make complex patternscomplex patterns

Rothemund, P.W.K. Nature 2006, 440, 297-302.Rothemund, P.W.K. Nature 2006, 440, 297-302.

Is DNA nanotechnology safe?Is DNA nanotechnology safe?

Grey Goo HypothesisGrey Goo HypothesisSelf-replicating nanobotsSelf-replicating nanobots