8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 1/33 NANOFILTRATION IN WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 1/33
NANOFILTRATION IN WATER
SUPPLY SYSTEMS
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 2/33
Generally, thereare four typesof membraneprocesses,
Microltration. Ultraltration. Nanoltration.
Reverse
MEMBRANE
RO!E""E"
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 3/33
#ilter type "ymbol
ore"i$e, m
Operatin%ressure,
psi
&ypes ofMaterialsRemove'
Microflter MF 1.0-0.01 <30 Clay, bacteria,
large viruses,suspended solids
Ultraflter UF 0.01-0.001 20-100 iruses, proteins,
starc!es,colloids, silica,organics, dye, "at
#anoflter #F 0.001-0.0001
$0-300 %ugar, pesticides,!erbicides,
divalent anions
&everse
's(osis
&' < 0.0001 22$-1,000 Monovalent salts
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 4/33
)pplications o" Micro- and Ultrafltration* Conventional +ater treat(entreplace all processes eceptdisin"ection.
/retreat +ater "or &.' and
nanofltration. ronManganese re(oval a"teroidation.
&e(oval o" / precursors.
)pplications o" &.'. and nanofltration* &.'. application (ostly desalination. #anofltration frst developed to
re(ove !ardness.
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 5/33
()"&OR* O# NANO#)+&RA&)ON
uring 1450s &' (e(branes +it! greater
operating pressures +as developed.
6!is resulted in considerable increase in
energy cost.
6!us, lo+-pressure &' (e(branes +ere
developed and ca(e to be 7no+n as #F
(e(branes.
y t!e second !al" o" 1480s,#F beca(e
establis!ed.
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 6/33
NEE #OR NANO#)+&RA&)ON
ncreasing de(and o" good 9uality
+ater due to increasing population.
&educing t!e +astage and reuse o"
+ater.
etter reliability and durability o"
flter (e(branes.
6o reduce t!e overall cost o"
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 7/33
Materials used in #F (e(branes
•
i:erent poly(ers used arepolyet!ersul"one, polysul"one,
polyp!enylsul"one, polytetra;uoroet!ylene,
polyvinylidene ;uoride, polyacrylonitriles,
nylon, polypropylene, cellulose acetate C),
regenerated cellulose, and co(posites.• Cera(ic and cintered (etals.
• carbon nanotubes.
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 8/33
6+o types o" (e(branes*i. %piral (e(branes* C!eapest, (ore
sensitive to pollution.ii. 6ubular (e(branes* Most used, not
easily polluted.
ut sur"ace area o" spiral (e(branes isgreater t!an t!at o" tubular (e(branesand !ence greater capacity.
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 9/33
Benets of Nanoltration
o+ cost o" operation.
o+ energy cost.
o+er disc!arge and less +aste +ater
t!an typical &everse 's(osis syste(.
&eduction o" =eavy Metals re(oves
4$>.
&eduction o" +ater !ardness.
&eduction &e(oval o" viruses, bacteria,
'C?s, and /esticides.
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 10/33
&eduction o" #itrates and %ulp!ides.
&eduction o" t!e salt content brac7is!
+ater.
C!e(ical - Free fltration #o use o" salt.p= o" t!e +ater can be altered "or better
!ealt!.
deal "or (unicipal +ater supply, +ell
+ater, river and rain +ater.
&e(oves ron, i(e and ot!er proble(
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 11/33
istinct properties of
Nanoltration 6!e pore siAe o" a #F (e(brane
corresponds to a (olecular +eig!t cut-o:
o" 300-$00g(ol. =ence, separation o"
t!ese co(ponents "ro( !ig!er (olecular
+eig!t co(ponents can be ac!ieved.
#anofltration (e(branes !ave a slig!tly
c!arged sur"ace. 6!e di(ensions o" pores
are close to di(ensions o" ions and !ence
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 12/33
6+o basic types o" eclusion
(ec!anis(s*
1. %teric eclusion (ec!anis(*
si(ilar to sieving. Beo(etric
eclusion o" solute particles
larger t!an pore siAe.
2. C!arge based eclusion
(ec!anis(s*
i. onnan eclusion* ue to
c!ar ed nature o" #F
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 13/33
arious )pplications*
1. ndustrial applications*
•
Food and dairy sector.
• edible oil processing sector.
• /etroleu( industry.
• rug industry.
• /aper pulp industry
2. ater treat(ent.
3. esalination o" +ater.
D. ater so"tening. #Eapp.doc
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 14/33
ra-bacs of the process of
Nanoltration/
1. Me(brane "ouling.2. nsuGcient separation.
3. 6reat(ent o" concentrates.
D. Me(brane li"eti(e and c!e(ical resistance.
$. nsuGcient reHection "or individual
co(ponents.
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 15/33
6!ere are various +ays to reduce t!e
"ouling suc! as* /eriodic pulsing o" "eed.
/eriodic pulsing fltrate
bac7+as!ing.
ncreasing s!ear by rotating
(e(brane.
ibrating (e(brane.
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 16/33
/retreat(ent.
/retreat(ent o" "eed +ater greatly
in;uences t!e per"or(ance o" #F
installations.
6!e application o" a pre-treat(ent !as
several benefts* Me(branes !ave a longer li"e-span
+!en pre-treat(ent is per"or(ed.
6!e production ti(e o" t!e installationis etended.
6!e (anage(ent tas7s beco(e
si(pler.
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 17/33
!A"E "&U*
Nanoltration Membranes for
Removal of !olour an' atho%ensin "mall ublic rinin% 0ater
"ources/
ll bli li !
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 18/33
%(all public +ater supplies t!at use
sur"ace +ater as source "or drin7ing
+ater are "re9uently "aced +it! elevatedlevels o" colour and #'M +!ic! are
precursors "or c!lorinated / "or(ation.
#F syste(s can prevent / "or(ation
by re(oving colour and #'M be"ore
c!lorination.&esearc! studies +ere conducted in Fall
a7e +ater in Minnesota and
dec!lorinated otable +ater s i7ed +it!
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 19/33
Fyne processeveloped in %cotland in 144D to treat!ig!ly coloured sur"ace +aters.&e9uires no pretreat(ent o" "eed +aterot!er t!an a coarse screen to prevent t!eentry o" large solids.
C!osen because o" its (ini(alpretreat(ent and c!e(ical cleaningre9uire(ents and its uni9ue (ec!anicalcleaning "eature. 6!e process uses a tubular se(iper(eable (e(brane to allo+ cleanfltered +ater to pass t!roug! +!ileretaining (icrobial conta(inants and (ost
o" t!e colour producing organic (aterials
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 20/33
%ur"ace +ater treatability studies +ere conductedin Fall la7e +ater, Minnesota, "or re(oval o"
(icroorganis(s and organic (atter in 2008 and2004.)dditional studies +ere conducted +it! t!e sa(eFyne process pilot unit using dec!lorinated potable+ater spi7ed +it! #'M in '!io./ilot unit +as ftted +it! t+o 3 "t vertical(e(brane (odules (ade o" acrylonitrilebutadiene styrene plastic.Iac! (odule contained 52 individual 0.41(
tubes./C type I%D0D polyet!ersul"one (e(brane +it!a D,000 alton MC', /C type C)2/F celluloseacetate (e(brane +it! a 2,000 alton MC' andin 2004, t!e I%D0D (e(brane +as tested again inMinnesota, along +it! a /C type )FC30 polya(ide
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 21/33
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 22/33
N# membrane 1u2 results fromMinnesota 345567
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 23/33
Results E"858 !A4#
#lu2 rates 948+:m4:'ay 956+:m4:'ay
Apparentcolourremoval
;;< ;=<
Removal of
particles>4?m
4.=lo% 4.8lo%
)ron an'Man%anese
!ompleteremoval
!ompleteremoval
!alcium 4=< 4=<
Ma%nesium @< @<Flu declined by 18> J 5> respectively "or t!e t+o
(e(branes.
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 24/33
N# membrane 1u2 results fromMinnesota3455;7
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 25/33
Results E"858 A#!5
#lu2 rates 948+:m4:'ay 855+:m4:'ay
!olourremovaleciency
;5.C< ;.<
Removal of
particles>4?m
4.4lo% 4.lo%
)ron an'Man%anese
!ompleteremoval
!ompleteremoval
!alcium 84< 9<
Ma%nesium 4;< @55<ot! ;u rates are greater t!an design ;u rates.
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 26/33
/ studies in Minnesota.
n 2008, t!e I%D0D and C)2/F
(e(branes re(oved 42 and 53> o" 6'C
respectively.
I%D0D and C)2/F reductions o"
ultraviolet U 2$D +ere 4K and K4>,
respectively.
n 2004, t!e I%D0D (e(brane re(oved
only 5K> o" 6'C, +!ereas t!e )FC30
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 27/33
/article count results "ro( Minnesota 2008
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 28/33
)bove table represents t!e 2 J 3L(
particle re(oval results, sa(e siAe range o"
Cryptosporidium.
n;uent +ater-average particle count o"
3DD0(l.
Iuent +ater, "or I%D0D-average particle
count-1D(l.
Iuent +ater, "or C)2/F- I%D0D-average
particle count-15(l.
6!us,44.K and 44.$> re(oval, respectively
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 29/33
Colour re(oval results "ro( Minnesota.
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 30/33
6'C and colour re(oval results "ro( '!io 2004
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 31/33
!ON!+U")ON"/n Minnesota, t!e I%D0D (e(brane
s!o+ed noticeably better per"or(ance incolour re(oval t!an t!e C)2/F(e(brane. 6!e I%D0D and C)2/F (e(branes bot!s!o+ed 44.$> re(oval eGciency "orparticles in t!e 2 and 3 N( siAe rangest!e siAe range "or Cryptosporidiu(.
6!e colour re(ovals ac!ieved by t!eI%D0D and )FC30 (e(branes in treatingFall a7e +ater +ere also satis"actory.n '!io, t!e Fyne process (e(branes
de(onstrated good colour and 6'C
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 32/33
6!e results o" t!is study indicate t!at t!e Fyneprocess nanofltration syste( could be usedat very s(all serving 2$O$00 people public
+ater syste(s to reduce colour and (icrobialpat!ogens in drin7ing +ater. 6!e 6'C re(ovale!ibited by t!e nanofltration (e(branes+ould also reduce t!e "or(ation o" /s a"terc!lorination.
6!us, t is evident t!at nanofltration +illplay a vital role in providing a 9uality,usable "or( o" +ater in t!e "uture.
8/18/2019 Nanofiltration in Water Supply Systems
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/nanofiltration-in-water-supply-systems 33/33
&(AND *OU