Nano technology white paper

Nanotechnology White Paper BY:

VIJAYAKUMAR.V

IV-EEE

APEC

Purpose :

Nanotechnology presents potential opportunities to create better materials and products.

Our economy will be increasingly affected by nanotechnology as more products containing nanomaterials move from research and development into production and commerce.

Nanotechnology Defined:

A nanometer is one billionth of a meter (10-9 m)—about one hundred thousand times smaller than the diameter of a human hair, a thousand times smaller than a red blood cell, (or) about half the size of the diameter of DNA.

Carbon-based materials: These nanomaterials are composed

mostly of carbon. most commonly taking the form of a

hollow spheres, ellipsoids, or tubes. Spherical and ellipsoidal carbon

nanomaterials are referred to as fullerenes, while cylindrical ones are called nanotubes.

These particles have many potential applications, including improved films and coatings, stronger and lighter materials, and applications in electronics.

Metal-based materials:

These nanomaterials include quantum dots, nanogold, nanosilver and metal oxides, such as titanium dioxide.

A quantum dot is a closely packed semiconductor crystal comprised of hundreds or thousands of atoms, and whose size is on the order of a few nanometers to a few hundred nanometers.

Changing the size of quantum dots changes their optical properties.

Dendrimers: These nanomaterials are nanosized polymers

built from branched units. The surface of a dendrimer has numerous chain ends, which can be tailored to perform specific chemical functions.

This property could also be useful for catalysis.

Also, because three-dimensional dendrimers contain interior cavities into which other molecules could be placed, they may be useful for drug delivery.

Composites:

combine nanoparticles with other nanoparticles or with larger, bulk-type materials.

Nanoparticles, such as nanosized clays, are already being added to products ranging from auto parts to packaging materials, to enhance mechanical, thermal, barrier, and flame-retardant properties.

Examples of Products that Use Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials:

Health andFitness

Electronics and Computers

Home andGarden

Food andBeverage

Other

1.Wound dressing2.Pregnancy test3.Toothpaste4.Golf club5.Tennis Racket

Skis 6.Antibacterial socks  7.Waste and stain resistant pants 8.Cosmetics 9.Air filter 10.Sunscreen  

ComputerDisplays

Games

Computerhardware

Paint AntimicrobialPillows

Stain resistantcushions

Non-stickcoatings for pans AntimicrobialRefrigerator

Canola oil

Coatings

Lubricants

Projected Stages of Nanotechnology Development:

Technological Complexity increasing

First Generation ~2001: Passive nanostructures

Nano-structured coatings, nanoparticles, nanostructured metals, polymers, ceramics, Catalysts, composites, displays

Second Generation ~Now: Active nanostructures

Transistors, amplifiers, targeted drugs and chemicals, actuators, adaptive structures, sensors, diagnostic assays, fuel cells, solar cells, high performance nanocomposites, ceramics, meta

Third Generation ~ 2010: 3-D nanosystems and systems of nanosystems Various,

assembly techniques networking at the nanoscale and new architectures, Biomimetic materials, novel therapeutics/targeted drug delivery

Fourth Generation ~2015 Molecular Nanosystems

Molecular devices ”by design”, atomic design, emerging functions  

Why Nanotechnology Is Important to EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) Nanotechnology holds great promise for creating new materials with

enhanced properties and attributes. These properties, such as greater catalytic efficiency, increased electrical

conductivity, and improved hardness and strength For example: nanosized cerium oxide has been developed to decrease

diesel emissions, and iron nanoparticles can remove contaminants from soil and ground water.

Nanosized sensors hold promise for improved detection and tracking of contaminants.

Environmental Benefits of Nanotechnology:

As applications of nanotechnology develop over time, they have the potential to help shrink the human footprint on the environment.

This is important, because over the next 50 years the world’s population is expected to grow 50%, global economic activity is expected to grow 500%, and global energy and materials use is expected to grow 300% (World Resources Institute, 2000).

increased levels of production and consumption have offset our gains in cleaner and more-efficient technologies.

This has been true for municipal waste generation, as well as for environmental impacts associated with vehicle travel, groundwater pollution, and agricultural runoff

Benefits Through Environmental Technology Applications:

Remediation/Treatment Sensors

Benefits through Other Applications that Support Sustainability:

Water: sustain water resources of quality and availability for desired uses

Energy: generate clean energy and use it efficiently Materials: use material carefully and shift to environmentally

preferable materials Ecosystems: protect and restore ecosystem functions, goods, and

services Land: support ecologically sensitive land management and

development Air: sustain clean and healthy air

Energy Savings from Eight Nanotechnology Applications:Nanotechnology Application Estimated Percent

Reduction in TotalAnnual U.S. Energy

Consumption

Strong, lightweight materials in transportationSolid state lighting (such as white light LED’s)Self-optimizing motor systems (smart sensors)Smart roofs (temperature-dependent reflectivity)Novel energy-efficient separation membranesEnergy efficient distillation through supercomputing Molecular-level control of industrial catalysisTransmission line conductanceTotal

6.2 3.52.11.20.80.30.20.214.5

Human Exposures and Their Measurement and Control:

As the use of nanomaterials in society increases, it is reasonable to assume that their presence in environmental media will increase proportionately, with consequences for human and environmental exposure. Potential human exposures to nanomaterials, or mixtures of nanomaterials, include workers exposed during the production, use, recycling and disposal of nanomaterials, general population exposure from releases to the environment as a result of the production, use, recycling and disposal in the workplace, and direct general population exposure during the use of commercially available products containing nanomaterials.

Health Effects of Environmental Technologies That Use Nanomaterials: Nanotechnology is being employed to develop pollution control and

remediation applications. Reactive zero-valent iron nanoparticles are being used to treat soil and

aquifers contaminated with halogenated hydrocarbons, such as TCE (trichloroethylene) or DCE (dichloroethylene), and heavy metals

Photocatalytic titanium dioxide nanoparticles (nano-TiO2) are being incorporated into building materials such as cement and surface coatings in order to reduce ambient air nitrogen oxides (NOx) levels.

Nanotechnology Applications:

Nanotechnology involves the understanding, manipulation, and control of matter at dimensions of roughly 1 to 100 nanometers.

Nanotechnology encompasses science, engineering and technology and involves imaging, measuring, modeling, and manipulating matter at the nanoscale.

Materials developed with nanotechnology include the following engineerednanomaterials:

Carbon buckyballs or fullerenes; Carbon nanotubes; Metal oxide nanoparticles (e.g., titanium dioxide);

and Quantum dots, which are nanoscale semiconductor

materials (e.g., cadmium selenide).

some engineered nanomaterials are produced and used in commercial applications today:

Sunscreens and cosmetics; Longer-lasting tennis balls and light-weight, stronger tennis racquets; Stain-free clothing and mattresses; Polymer films used in displays for laptops, cell phones, digital

cameras; Coatings for easier cleaning glass; Bumpers and catalytic converters on cars; and Protective and glare-reducing coatings for eyeglasses and cars.

Disadvantage of nanotechnology:Disadvantages of Nanotechnology in terms of Security: Nanotechnology can cause a brutal risk in the field of terrorism. The

terrorism and anti groups can make use of nanotechnology as a new form of torturing the communities as nanotechnology also has the capability of destructing the human body at the molecular level.

Disadvantages of Nanotechnology related to Privacy: Privacy is the other potential risk involved with Nanotechnology. As

Nanotechnology deals with the designing of compact and minute devices, there are chances for more eavesdropping than that already exists.

Nanotech devices and machines have taken place of human to work  faster and accurately which has lessen the importance of men power in the field of practical work.

Nanotechnology has increased risk to the health also , nanoparticles due to there their small size can cause inhalation problem and many other fatal diseases. by just inhaling for 60  seconds  in the air contain nano particles can damage lungs easily.

Advantages of nanotechnology:

Shaping memory materials: Nanotechnology introduced the techniques to distort the plastic and silicon

structures, which allowed the recovering of original shape of the material.

Metal oxide nano-wires as chemical sensors: When metal are treated at nano scale they can carry huge amount of

electrons and can be used as chemical sensors.

Use of nano-materials for water purification: Nano materials can purify water up to 99.9 percent without affecting the

original flavor the water

Self-assembling: Self-assembling the key feature of nanotechnology .there is no other

technology in which molecules under processing can rearrange themselves easily. Molecular nanotechnology can produce many new components from the existing ones by simply rearranging themselves.

Fabrication of electronic biosensors: Nanotechnology introduced the nano fabrications, which has reduced the

cost of some of the major health equipment that includes electronic biosensors. Detection biosensors,

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