8/21/2010 1 NANO MATERIALS NANO MATERIALS K.SRIYOGI K.SRIYOGI Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Industrial Production Engineering Department of Industrial Production Engineering GITAM Institute Of Technology GITAM Institute Of Technology VISHAKHAPATNAM VISHAKHAPATNAM K.SRIYOGI K.SRIYOGI 2 Nano technology Nano technology-Introduction: Introduction: The The emerging emerging fields fields of of nanoscience nanoscience and and nanoengineering nanoengineering are are leading leading to to unprecedented unprecedented understanding understanding and and control control over over the the fundamental fundamental building building blocks blocks of of all all physical physical matter matter. This This is is likely likely to to change change the the way way almost almost everything everything —from from vaccines vaccines to to computers computers to to automobile automobile tires tires to to objects objects not not yet yet imagined imagined —is is designed designed and and made made.
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NANO MATERIALSNANO MATERIALS
K.SRIYOGIK.SRIYOGIAssistant ProfessorAssistant Professor
Department of Industrial Production Engineering Department of Industrial Production Engineering GITAM Institute Of TechnologyGITAM Institute Of Technology
(a)Less than a nanometre - individual atoms are up to a fewangstroms, or upto a few tenths of a nanometer in diameter;
(b) Nanometer - Ten shoulder-to-shoulder hydrogen atoms(blue balls) span 1 nm. DNA molecules are about 2.5 nmwide;
(c) Thousands of nanometers - Biological cells, like these redblood cells, have diameters in the range of thousands of nm;
(d) a million nanometers - A pinhead sized patch of this thumb(black point) is a million nanometers across;
(e) Billions of nanometers -a two meter tall person is twobillion nanometers tall.
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Mile Stones In The Evolution Of Mile Stones In The Evolution Of NanotechnologyNanotechnology
�� 3.5 Mrd.years: First cells with nano machines.3.5 Mrd.years: First cells with nano machines.�� 400 B.C:400 B.C: Demokrit: Reasoning about atoms and matter.Demokrit: Reasoning about atoms and matter.�� 1905:1905: Albert Einstein: Calculated molecular diameter.Albert Einstein: Calculated molecular diameter.�� 1931:1931: Max knoll&Ernst Ruska: Electron microscopeMax knoll&Ernst Ruska: Electron microscope�� 1959:1959: Richard Feynman: There is plenty of room at the Richard Feynman: There is plenty of room at the
bottom.bottom.�� 1968: Alfred Y.Cho & JohnArthur (Bell Labs): MBE 1968: Alfred Y.Cho & JohnArthur (Bell Labs): MBE
(atomic layer growth).(atomic layer growth).�� 1974: Norio Taniguchi: Nanotechnology for fabrication 1974: Norio Taniguchi: Nanotechnology for fabrication
methods below 1µm.methods below 1µm.
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Contd.,Contd.,
�� 1981: 1981: GerdGerd Binnig& Heinrich Rohrer: Noble prize for Binnig& Heinrich Rohrer: Noble prize for inventing Scanning Tunneling Microscope.inventing Scanning Tunneling Microscope.
�� 1985: Robert 1985: Robert F.CarlF.Carl, , HaraldHarald W.KrotoW.Kroto: Richard : Richard smalleysmalley: : Bucky balls.Bucky balls.
�� 1986: 1986: K.EricK.Eric Drexler: writing with a STM tool.Drexler: writing with a STM tool.�� 1991: 1991: SumioSumio LigimaLigima: Carbon : Carbon NanotubesNanotubes..�� 1993: Warren 1993: Warren robinettrobinett, , R.StanleyR.Stanley Williams:Williams: Combination Combination
of SEM and VR (virtual reality system).of SEM and VR (virtual reality system).�� 1998: 1998: CeesCees DekkarDekkar et all: Carbon et all: Carbon nanotubenanotube transistor.transistor.�� 1999: James 1999: James M.TourM.Tour& & Mark.A.ReadMark.A.Read: Single molecule : Single molecule
switch.switch.
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��2000: Eigler et all: Construction of quantum 2000: Eigler et all: Construction of quantum mirrors.mirrors.
�� 2001: Florian Bambers: Soldering of 2001: Florian Bambers: Soldering of nanotube with enanotube with e--beam.beam.
��2004: Intel launches the Pentium iv 2004: Intel launches the Pentium iv ‘PRESCOFT’ processor based on 90nm ‘PRESCOFT’ processor based on 90nm technology.technology.
This STM image shows the direct observation of standingThis STM image shows the direct observation of standing--wave patterns in the wave patterns in the local density of states of the Cu(111) surface. These spatial oscillations are local density of states of the Cu(111) surface. These spatial oscillations are quantumquantum--mechanical interference patterns caused by scattering of the twomechanical interference patterns caused by scattering of the two--
dimensional electron gas off the Fe ad atoms and point defects. dimensional electron gas off the Fe ad atoms and point defects.
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Single Molecule SwitchSingle Molecule Switch
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Construction of quantum mirrorsConstruction of quantum mirrors
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Soldering of Soldering of nanonano tube with etube with e--beambeam
��AccordingAccording toto Siegel,Siegel, NanoNano structuredstructuredmaterialsmaterials areare classifiedclassified asas ZeroZerodimensional,dimensional, oneone dimensional,dimensional, twotwodimensional,dimensional, threethree dimensionaldimensionalnanostructuresnanostructures..
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Classification of nanomaterials following Classification of nanomaterials following SiegelSiegel
Nano wires or Nano rodsNano
particles
Nano composites wires or Nano rodsThin films
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Some present and future applications of Some present and future applications of NanomaterialsNanomaterials
In electronics & optoelectronics:In electronics & optoelectronics:�� ‘nano phosphors’ for affordable high‘nano phosphors’ for affordable high--definition television and definition television and
flat panel displays. flat panel displays. �� Electroluminescent nano crystalline silicon, opening the way Electroluminescent nano crystalline silicon, opening the way
for optoelectronicfor optoelectronic chips and possibly new type of color chips and possibly new type of color displays. displays.
�� Efficient lightEfficient light--emitting diodes based on quantum dots with a emitting diodes based on quantum dots with a voltagevoltage--controlled, tunable output color. controlled, tunable output color.
�� Powder or plastic layers using nano particles as an active Powder or plastic layers using nano particles as an active scattering medium. scattering medium.
�� Optical switches and fibers based on nonlinear behavior. Optical switches and fibers based on nonlinear behavior. �� Transparent conducting layers. Transparent conducting layers. �� ThreeThree--dimensional optical memories. dimensional optical memories.
In opticsIn optics�� Graded refractive index (GRIN) optics: special plastic lenses. Graded refractive index (GRIN) optics: special plastic lenses. �� AntiAnti--fogging coating for spectacles and car windows. fogging coating for spectacles and car windows. �� Inexpensive colored glasses and optical filters. Inexpensive colored glasses and optical filters.
In energy storage:In energy storage:�� Novel solar cells, such as the Gratzel cell based on TiO2 Novel solar cells, such as the Gratzel cell based on TiO2
materials. materials. �� window layers in classical solar cells utilizing the increased window layers in classical solar cells utilizing the increased
band gap due. band gap due. �� high energy density (rechargeable) batteries. high energy density (rechargeable) batteries. �� Smart windows based on the photo chrome effect or electrical Smart windows based on the photo chrome effect or electrical
magnetic orientation effects. magnetic orientation effects. �� better thermal or electrical insulation materials, again using better thermal or electrical insulation materials, again using
the higher gap. the higher gap. �� nano crystalline hydrogen storage materials. nano crystalline hydrogen storage materials. �� Magnetic refrigerators from super paramagnetic materials. Magnetic refrigerators from super paramagnetic materials.
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In Gas sensing devices:In Gas sensing devices:��Gas sensors for Nox, Sox, CO, CO2, CH4 and Gas sensors for Nox, Sox, CO, CO2, CH4 and
aromatic hydrocarbons. aromatic hydrocarbons. ��UV sensors and robust optical sensors based on UV sensors and robust optical sensors based on
Medical applications:Medical applications:��longerlonger--lasting medical implants of biocompatible lasting medical implants of biocompatible
nano structured ceramic and carbides. nano structured ceramic and carbides. ��biobio--compatible coating for medical applications. compatible coating for medical applications. ��magnetic nano particles for hyperthermia. magnetic nano particles for hyperthermia. ��controlled drug release and drug delivery. controlled drug release and drug delivery. Catalysis:Catalysis:��PhotoPhoto catalystcatalyst airair andand waterwater purifierspurifiers..��betterbetter activity,activity, selectivityselectivity andand lifetimelifetime inin chemicalchemical