Naming and Addressing : Overview Yanghee Choi 2006 Fall
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Contents
1. Naming1. Naming
2. Addressing2. Addressing
3. New Requirements3. New Requirements
4. Solution ?4. Solution ?
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IP Address
IPv4 : 32 bitsClass, classlessNetwork prefix + host id
IPv6 : 128 bitsLink local IPv6 addressGlobal unicast
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IPv4 Addresses
Class A netid00 4 8 16 24 311 2 3
Class B netid1 0
hostid
hostid
Class C netid1 0 hostid1
Class D multicast address1 01 1
Class E reserved for future use1 01 1 1
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IPv6 Address Formats
Aggregatable global unicast address
001 TLA id RES NLA id SLA id INTERFACE id
Top-Level Aggregation (ISP or exchange)Next-Level Aggregation (subscriber site)Site-Level Aggregation (subnet)
3 13 8 24 16 64
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Uniform Resource Identifier
Short strings that identify resources in the web: documents, images, downloadable files, services, electronic mailboxes, and other resources W3C (WWW Consortium), IETF RFC 3986 (Jan. 2005)
URL URN
URI
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Uniform Resource Locator
“Location” of online resourcescheme://authority/path?query
Examplesftp://ftp.is.co.za/rfc/rfc1808.txthttp://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txtldap://[2001:db8::7]/c=GB?objectClass?onemailto:[email protected]:comp.infosystems.www.servers.unixtel:+1-816-555-1212telnet://192.0.2.16:80/
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Uniform Resource Name
Unique “identifier” of resourcesurn:nid:nss
nid – ID of naming authoritynss – The format is specified by the naming authority.
(may be an existing identifier)
Resolution service is needed to retrieve the resourceExamples
urn:ietf:rfc:3187urn:isbn:0451450523urn:oasis:names:specification:docbook:dtd:xml:4.1.2
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DOI
The Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is a system for identifying content objects in the digital environment. DOIs are names assigned to any entity for use on digital networks. They are used to provide current information, including where they (or information about them) can be found on the Internet.Information about a digital object may change over time, including where to find it, but its DOI will not change. DOI is managed by the International DOI Foundation
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Digital Object Identifier
10.1234/NP567810.5678/ISBN-0-7645-4889-4 and10.2224/2004-10-ISO-DOIPrefix : unique naming authoritySuffix : may be an existing identifiermay be assigned to any item of intellectual property
ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2000 Syntax for the Digital Object IdentifierDOI is a proposed URI
ISO TC46/SC9 Standards
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HIP (Host Identity Protocol)
Provides a method of separating the end-point identifier and locator role of IP addresses. It introduces a new Host Identity (HI) name space, based on public keys. The public keys are typically, but not necessarily, self generated.Host Identity Tag (HIT) is a 128-bit cryptographic hash Diffie-Hellman public key exchange protocol is used in a 4-packet connection setup IETF Internet Drafts
HI HITPublic key
Hash
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HIP
Locator / Identifier separationInsert Host Identity Protocol (HIP) between layer 3 and 4Transport layer socket uses HI not IPHIP layer translates HI to IP Network layer uses IP address as pure locator
Two lookupsFQDN -> HIHI -> IP
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Domain Name
mmlab.snu.ac.kr
Hierarchical NameEasy to rememberICANN in charge of root domain
Regional NIC, National NIC
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Electronic Product Code (EPC)
Globally unique serial number that identifies an “individual”objectEPC is the next generation of product identification (Barcode)
Serial Number field is added to identify an individual object unlike Barcode
can be used to enhance the supply chainEPC 64, 96, 128
01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C01.203D2A.916E8B.8719BAE03C
EPC Version
Manufacture ID
Product ID
Serial Number
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Domain Name System
Translation from high-level names to IP addresses etc.RFC 1034, 1035
Map of the Root ServersMap of the Root Servers
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EPC ONS
Retailer
EPC Network
Manufacturer
1. EPC lifecycle begins when a Manufacturer tags the product
1
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User-Friendly Naming Services (1/2)
It’s very hard to remember the full addressesEasy-to-remember names instead of addressesDomain Name System (DNS)Object Naming Service (ONS)
It’s also hard to remember the full nameExact names are not so evident (New York Times ? NYT ?)Correct spelling required Type in names, then the machine will propose exact names
Only English is permitted in DNSMultilingual support is necessaryInternationalized Domain name (IDN)Multilingual Keyword Service
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User-Friendly Naming Services (2/2)
Typing is not easy on some machinesTelephone keypad is number-orientedHome appliances have no keyboardWINCMenu : Scroll and Select
Too many identifiers for the same destinationsENUM
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User Friendliness
Internationalized Domain NameMultilingual Keyword Input SystemNumeric Keypad Input for URL
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Internationalized domain name
Internet Domain Name that (potentially) contains non-ASCII characters Internationalizing Domain Names in Applications (IDNA, rfc3490) was adopted as the chosen standard Rather than redesigning the existing DNS infrastructure, it was decided that non-ASCII domain names should be converted to a suitable ASCII-based form by web browsers and other user applications
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Internet Keyword Service
Netpia, 3271, JWordEnter keyword in local language in the location toolbarBrowser or server finds registered URL that matches the keywordPopular in China, Korea, JapanKorea : 1 million registrations, 32 million queries per dayIntelligent service is possible (e.g. suggestion)Not a global namespace like DNSNot an Internet standard
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WINC
WINC is a mobile access service designed to provide direct access to the desired contents not by URL or other complicated menus but by inserting numbers through internet hot key (modeled after VeriSign’s WebNum)
provided by NIDA , and supported by SKT, KTF, LGT
To access www.nida.or.kr, insert numbers like “6432#0” or “6432 hot key” (express WINC)
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Identifier :Requirement for Mid-Term Solution
Convergence RequirementData ConvergenceNetwork ConvergenceService ConvergenceOperator Convergence
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Examples of Convergence
ENUM – DNSE.164 – SIP Address
EPC – ONSEPC – URL
More Resolution or Mapping Gateways will be defined in the near future
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Identifier (Long-term Approach)
New Requirements will appearThe solutions will not be compatible with the current network architectureShould be applicable to human, things (tangible and intangible), data etc.
User-friendly input system