Names, Concepts, Codes and Lots of Confusion Names, Concepts, Codes and Lots of Confusion An Introduction to Taxonomic Names of Organisms An Introduction.

Names, Concepts, Codesand Lots of Confusion

Names, Concepts, Codesand Lots of Confusion

An Introduction toTaxonomic Names of Organisms

An Introduction toTaxonomic Names of Organisms

Richard L. PyleBishop Museum, Honolulu

Taxonomic Databases Working GroupFremantle, 19 October 2008

Richard L. PyleBishop Museum, Honolulu

Taxonomic Databases Working GroupFremantle, 19 October 2008

Taxonomy is...Taxonomy is...

“The perpetual re-classification of mis-named species.”

“The perpetual re-classification of mis-named species.”

“A necessary evil.”“A necessary evil.”- Randall Kosaki- Randall Kosaki

Images: Biodiversity Heritage LibraryImages: Biodiversity Heritage Library

Image: Wikimedia CommonsImage: Wikimedia Commons

Carolus Linnaeus1707-1778

Carolus Linnaeus1707-1778

Image: Biodiversity Heritage LibraryImage: Biodiversity Heritage Library

Codes of NomenclatureCodes of Nomenclature

• Governs scientific names of animals• First established in 1895• Fixes 1 January 1758 as official start (Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae)• Governed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)• Managed by a Secretariat• Updated as needed (currently 4th Edition; 5th Edition in early drafting stage)

• Governs scientific names of animals• First established in 1895• Fixes 1 January 1758 as official start (Linnaeus’ Systema Naturae)• Governed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)• Managed by a Secretariat• Updated as needed (currently 4th Edition; 5th Edition in early drafting stage)

International Code of Zoological NomenclatureInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature

• Governs scientific names of plants and fungi • First established in 1867, and formalized in 1930• Fixes 1 May 1753 as official start (Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum)• Governed by the International Botanical Congress (IBC)• Managed by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy• Updated every 6 years at the IBC (currently 2006 Vienna Code; next edition 2011)

• Governs scientific names of plants and fungi • First established in 1867, and formalized in 1930• Fixes 1 May 1753 as official start (Linnaeus’ Species Plantarum)• Governed by the International Botanical Congress (IBC)• Managed by the International Association for Plant Taxonomy• Updated every 6 years at the IBC (currently 2006 Vienna Code; next edition 2011)

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN)

International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB)International Code of Nomenclature of Bacteria (ICNB)

International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV)

• Governs scientific names of bacteria• Initial bacteriological code in 1947 discarded, and ICNB established in 1980• Fixes 1 January 1980 as official start• Governed by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP)

• Governs scientific names of bacteria• Initial bacteriological code in 1947 discarded, and ICNB established in 1980• Fixes 1 January 1980 as official start• Governed by the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes (ICSP)

International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP)International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ISPN)International Society for Phylogenetic Nomenclature (ISPN)

Why all the Fuss?Why all the Fuss?Better Communication!Better Communication!

Multiple Names for the Same Organism (Synonyms)Multiple Names for the Same Organism (Synonyms)

Pomacanthus imperatorPomacanthus imperator Holacanthus bishopiHolacanthus bishopi

Why all the Fuss?Why all the Fuss?Better Communication!Better Communication!

Multiple Names for the Same Organism (Synonyms)Multiple Names for the Same Organism (Synonyms)

Same Name for Multiple Organisms (Homonyms)Same Name for Multiple Organisms (Homonyms)

Pomacanthus imperator = Holacanthus bishopiPomacanthus imperator = Holacanthus bishopi

Centropyge flavissimaCentropyge flavissima Centropyge flavissimaCentropyge flavissima

Why all the Fuss?Why all the Fuss?Better Communication!Better Communication!

Multiple Names for the Same Organism (Synonyms)Multiple Names for the Same Organism (Synonyms)

Same Name for Multiple Organisms (Homonyms)Same Name for Multiple Organisms (Homonyms)

Pomacanthus imperator = Holacanthus bishopiPomacanthus imperator = Holacanthus bishopi

Centropyge flavissimaCentropyge flavissima Centropyge heraldi = Centropyge flavissimaCentropyge heraldi = Centropyge flavissima

What’s In a Name?What’s In a Name?

AnthiasPseudanthiasAnthias (Pseudanthias)Anthias ventralisAnthias hawaiiensisAnthias (Pseudanthias) ventralisAnthias (Pseudanthias) hawaiiensisPseudanthias ventralisPseudanthias hawaiiensisPseudanthias ventralis ventralisPseudanthias ventralis hawaiiensisPseudanthias (Pseudanthias) ventralis ventralisPseudanthias (Pseudanthias) ventralis hawaiiensis

AnthiasPseudanthiasAnthias (Pseudanthias)Anthias ventralisAnthias hawaiiensisAnthias (Pseudanthias) ventralisAnthias (Pseudanthias) hawaiiensisPseudanthias ventralisPseudanthias hawaiiensisPseudanthias ventralis ventralisPseudanthias ventralis hawaiiensisPseudanthias (Pseudanthias) ventralis ventralisPseudanthias (Pseudanthias) ventralis hawaiiensis

“Name” as Text String: 13“Name” as Text String: 13

“Name” sensu Zoology: 4“Name” sensu Zoology: 4AnthiasPseudanthiasventralishawaiiensis

AnthiasPseudanthiasventralishawaiiensis

What Is a Name?What Is a Name?

“Name” sensu Botany: 9“Name” sensu Botany: 9

The Concept of AuthorshipThe Concept of Authorship

Anthias ventralis Randall 1979Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985Anthias ventralis Randall 1979Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985Pseudanthias ventralis (Randall 1979) Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lubbock 1985)Pseudanthias ventralis (Randall 1979) Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lubbock 1985)

In Zoology:In Zoology:

Anthias ventralis Rand.Anthias hawaiiensis Lub.Anthias ventralis Rand.Anthias hawaiiensis Lub.Pseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.PylePseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lub.) R.PylePseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.PylePseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lub.) R.Pyle

In Botany:In Botany:

Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 ex ThompsonAnthias ventralis Randall 1979 ex Thompson

Anthias ventralis Thomp. ex Rand.Anthias ventralis Thomp. ex Rand.

Infraspecifc RanksInfraspecifc Ranks

Anthias ventralis Randall 1979Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985Anthias ventralis Randall 1979Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985Pseudanthias ventralis (Randall 1979) Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lubbock 1985)Pseudanthias ventralis (Randall 1979) Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lubbock 1985)

In Zoology:In Zoology:

Anthias ventralis Rand.Anthias hawaiiensis Lub.Anthias ventralis Rand.Anthias hawaiiensis Lub.Pseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.PylePseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lub.) R.PylePseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.PylePseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lub.) R.Pyle

In Botany:In Botany:

Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 ex Thompson 1950Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 ex Thompson 1950

Anthias ventralis Thomp. ex Rand.Anthias ventralis Thomp. ex Rand.

Anthias ventralis hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985Anthias ventralis hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985

Anthias ventralis subsp. hawaiiensis (Lub.) J.SmithAnthias ventralis var. hawaiiensis (Lub.) B.JonesAnthias ventralis subsp. hawaiiensis var. typus (Br.) Rand.Anthias ventralis subsp. typus (Br.) R.PyleAnthias hawaiiensis subsp. typus (L.) R.Pyle

Anthias ventralis subsp. hawaiiensis (Lub.) J.SmithAnthias ventralis var. hawaiiensis (Lub.) B.JonesAnthias ventralis subsp. hawaiiensis var. typus (Br.) Rand.Anthias ventralis subsp. typus (Br.) R.PyleAnthias hawaiiensis subsp. typus (L.) R.Pyle

The Concept of BasionymThe Concept of Basionym

Anthias ventralis Randall 1979Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985Anthias ventralis Randall 1979Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985Pseudanthias ventralis (Randall 1979) Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lubbock 1985)Pseudanthias ventralis (Randall 1979) Pseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lubbock 1985)

In Zoology:In Zoology:

Anthias ventralis Rand.Anthias hawaiiensis Lub.Anthias ventralis Rand.Anthias hawaiiensis Lub.Pseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.PylePseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lub.) R.PylePseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.PylePseudanthias hawaiiensis (Lub.) R.Pyle

In Botany:In Botany:

More Confusing DifferencesMore Confusing Differences

“Available”“Available”

In Zoology:In Zoology:

Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 = Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985Anthias ventralis Randall 1979 = Anthias hawaiiensis Lubbock 1985

Pseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.Pyle = Anthias ventralis Rand. = Anthias hawaiiensis Lub.

Pseudanthias ventralis (Rand.) R.Pyle = Anthias ventralis Rand. = Anthias hawaiiensis Lub.

In Botany:In Botany:

“Validly Published”“Validly Published”“Valid”“Valid” “Correct Name”“Correct Name”“Junior Synonym”“Junior Synonym”“Senior Synonym”“Senior Synonym”

“Homotypic Synonym”“Homotypic Synonym”“Heteroptypic Synonym”“Heteroptypic Synonym”

The World of Taxonomy

The Real World

The World of Taxonomy

The Real World

Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 SEC Snyder 1904Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 SEC Snyder 1904

Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881

Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 SEC Norman 1922Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 SEC Norman 1922

Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881

Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38

Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38

Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Jordan 1922= Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 SEC Snyder 1904

Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Jordan 1922= Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 SEC Snyder 1904

Xiphypops Jordan 1922TYPE SPECIES: Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904Xiphypops Jordan 1922TYPE SPECIES: Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904

Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881

Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904)Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904)

Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38

Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38

Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881

Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38

Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933

HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1894.4.24.4Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1894.4.24.4

Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904)Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904)Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922)Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922)

Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904)Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904)

Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933 SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933

Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933 SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933

Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 = Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 SEC Snyder 1904= Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Jordan 1922

Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 = Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 SEC Snyder 1904= Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Jordan 1922

Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 = Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 SEC Norman 1922

Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 = Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 SEC Norman 1922

Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904HOLOTYPE: USNM 50881

Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38

Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1922.1.13.38Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933

HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1894.4.24.4Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933HOLOTYPE: BMNH 1894.4.24.4

Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904)Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904)Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922)Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922)

Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904)Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904)

Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Pyle 2003> Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 SEC Snyder 1904 > Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Jordan 1922> Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 > Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933 SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933= Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 + Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933 SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933

Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Pyle 2003> Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 SEC Snyder 1904 > Xiphypops fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Jordan 1922> Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 > Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933 SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933= Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933 + Centropyge flavicauda Fraser-Brunner 1933 SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933

Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922) SEC Pyle 2003= Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 SEC Norman 1922 = Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933

Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922) SEC Pyle 2003= Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922 SEC Norman 1922 = Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922) SEC Fraser-Brunner 1933

CatID Family Genus Species Author Det. Det. Date Collector etc...1234 Labridae Coris gaimard Smith Randall 1967-03-24 Basabe4321 Scaridae Scarus sordidus Jones Pyle 2004-04-07 Tanaka5678 Serranidae Anthias ventralis Brown Suzumoto 1978-12-14 Jones8675 Dasyatidae Dasyatis lata Linnaeus Bowen 1903-01-03 Jordan3210 Labridae Coris gaimard Smith JER 1967-03-24 Basabe3456 Scaridae Scarus sordidus Jones Pyle 2004-07-04 Tanaka9876 Serranidae Anthias ventralis Lubbock Culp 1985-04-10 Earle6789 Dasyatidae Dasyatis latus L. Ohara 2005-03-20 Evermann

NameID Family Genus Species Author12121 Labridae Coris gaimard Smith98989 Scaridae Scarus sordidus Jones45454 Serranidae Anthias ventralis Brown23232 Dasyatidae Dasyatis lata Linnaeus

Specimen DatabaseSpecimen Database

Taxon Names and DatabasesTaxon Names and Databases

Taxon Name AuthorityTaxon Name Authority

CatID NameID Det. Det. Date Collector etc...1234 12121 Randall 1967-03-24 Basabe4321 98989 Pyle 2004-04-07 Tanaka5678 45454 Suzumoto 1978-12-14 Jones8675 23232 Bowen 1903-01-03 Jordan3210 12121 JER 1967-03-24 Basabe3456 98989 Pyle 2004-07-04 Tanaka9876 45454 Culp 1985-04-10 Earle6789 23232 Ohara 2005-03-20 Evermann

NameID Family Genus Species Author12121 Labridae Coris gaimard Smith98989 Scaridae Scarus sordidus Jones45454 Serranidae Anthias ventralis Brown23232 Dasyatidae Dasyatis lata Linnaeus

Specimen DatabaseSpecimen Database

Taxon Name AuthorityTaxon Name Authority

Taxon Names and DatabasesTaxon Names and Databases

CatID Collector etc...1234 Basabe4321 Tanaka5678 Jones8675 Jordan3210 Basabe3456 Tanaka9876 Earle6789 Evermann

NameID Family Genus Species Author12121 Labridae Coris gaimard Smith98989 Scaridae Scarus sordidus Jones45454 Serranidae Anthias ventralis Brown23232 Dasyatidae Dasyatis lata Linnaeus

Specimen DatabaseSpecimen Database

Taxon Name AuthorityTaxon Name Authority

CatID Det. Det. Date NameID1234 Randall 1967-03-24 121214321 Pyle 2004-04-07 989895678 Suzumoto 1978-12-14 454545678 Bowen 1903-01-03 232325678 Randall 1967-03-24 454545678 Pyle 2004-04-07 98989

DeterminationDetermination

Taxon Names and DatabasesTaxon Names and Databases

1144

33

22

PublicationsPublications Taxon ConceptsTaxon Concepts Taxon NamesTaxon Names

1 Snyder 19041 Snyder 19042 Norman 19222 Norman 19223 Jordan 19223 Jordan 1922

PID CitationPID Citation CID NID PID Full NameCID NID PID Full Name10 1 1 Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 190410 1 1 Holacanthus fisheri Snyder 1904 1 fisheri Snyder 1 fisheri Snyder

NID NameElementNID NameElement

11 2 2 Holacanthus acanthops Norman 192211 2 2 Holacanthus acanthops Norman 1922

2 acanthops Norman 2 acanthops Norman12 1 3 Xiphypops fisheri Snyder 190412 1 3 Xiphypops fisheri Snyder 1904

4 Fra.-Br. 19334 Fra.-Br. 1933 3 flavicauda Fra.-Br. 3 flavicauda Fra.-Br.

13 3 4 Centropyge flavicauda Fra.-Br. 193313 3 4 Centropyge flavicauda Fra.-Br. 193314 1 4 Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904)14 1 4 Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904)15 2 4 Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922)15 2 4 Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922)

5 Shen 19735 Shen 1973 4 caudoxanthourus Shen. 4 caudoxanthourus Shen.

16 4 5 Centropyge caudoxanthourus Shen 197316 4 5 Centropyge caudoxanthourus Shen 1973

6 Allen 19806 Allen 1980

17 3 6 Centropyge flavicauda Fra.-Br. 193317 3 6 Centropyge flavicauda Fra.-Br. 193318 4 6 =Centropyge caudoxanthourus Shen 197318 4 6 =Centropyge caudoxanthourus Shen 1973

7 Smith 19857 Smith 1985

19 3 7 Centropyge flavicauda Fra.-Br. 193319 3 7 Centropyge flavicauda Fra.-Br. 1933

8 Pyle 20038 Pyle 2003

20 1 8 Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904)20 1 8 Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904)21 2 8 =Centropyge flavicauda Fra.-Br. 193321 2 8 =Centropyge flavicauda Fra.-Br. 193322 3 8 =Centropyge caudoxanthourus Shen 197322 3 8 =Centropyge caudoxanthourus Shen 197323 4 8 Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922)23 4 8 Centropyge acanthops (Norman 1922)

9 Schindler, 20049 Schindler, 2004

24 1 9 Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904)24 1 9 Centropyge fisheri (Snyder 1904)

fisheri

fisheri

caudoxa

nthoru

s

caudoxa

nthoru

s

flavicauda

flavicauda

acanth

ops

acanth

ops

CatID Collector etc...1234 Basabe4321 Tanaka5678 Jones8675 Jordan3210 Basabe3456 Tanaka9876 Earle6789 Evermann

SpecimenDatabaseSpecimenDatabase

Taxon Concept AuthorityTaxon Concept Authority

CatID Det. Det. Date ConceptID1234 Randall 1967-03-

2412121

4321 Pyle 2004-04-07

98989

5678 Suzumoto 1978-12-14

45454

5678 Bowen 1903-01-03

23232

5678 Randall 1967-03-24

45454

5678 Pyle 2004-04-07

98989

DeterminationDetermination

ConceptID ParentID PubID Rank NameString etc...91827 24680 6767 Family Labridae Linnaeus SEC Lacépède58585 13579 6767 Family Scaridae Linnaeus SEC Lacépède72727 97531 6767 Family Serranidae Lacépède SEC Lacépède58392 86420 6767 Family Dasyatidae Lacépède SEC Lacépède44444 91827 9898 Genus Coris Linnaeus SEC Linnaeus77777 58585 9898 Genus Scarus Linnaeus SEC Linnaeus99999 72727 9898 Genus Anthias Linnaeus SEC Linnaeus11111 58392 9898 Genus Dasyatis Linnaeus SEC Linnaeus12121 44444 5050 Species Coris gaimard Smith SEC Smith98989 77777 3333 Species Scarus sordidus Jones SEC Randall45454 99999 2222 Species Anthias ventralis Brown SEC Pyle23232 11111 2222 Species Dasyatis lata Linnaeus SEC Pyle

PubID Author Year Title etc...9898 Linnaeus 1758 Systema Naturae per regna tria...6767 Lacépède 1802 Histoire naturelle des poissons...3333 Randall 1978 A revision of the labroid fishes...2222 Pyle 2003 Systematics and biogeography...4455 Brown 1952 A new species of basslet in the....1818 Jones 1967 Parrotfishes of the western Indian...5050 Smith 2000 Phylogenetic analysis of the...

Publication AuthorityPublication Authority