NAME THESE COUNTRIES, BODIES OF WATER, AND LANDFORM.

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NAME THESE COUNTRIES, BODIES OF WATER, AND LANDFORM.

Human Geography:South Asia

Pollution and the Ganges River

• The Ganges River is considered holy to Hindus (the majority religion in the region)

• They use the Ganges for bathing, burial, drinking, religious ceremonies, etc.

• With India’s growing population (sewage, trash, chemicals, etc.), the Ganges is becoming SUPER polluted

Hinduism and the Caste System

• Hinduism is the major polytheistic religion in this region

• The Caste System is the social structure developed and still practiced by some Hindus (mostly in rural India)

• How does this contribute to discrimination?

UNTOUCHABLES

Modern Life vs. Traditional Life• India’s economy is

modernizing but many Indians still live traditional lives– Blend of old and new– Arranged marriages: rural– Choose your partner: urban

• Education opportunities in the cities: more modern

• Modern life conflicts with religious priorities

Islam and Ramadan• Islam is prominent in

Pakistan and Bangladesh

• Ramadan is a month long period of fasting.

• Pakistan imposes much stricter Islamic law than Bangladesh

Siddartha Guatama and Mandala

• A philosophy of living life that is similar to Hinduism

• Founded by Siddhartha Gautama, known as “Buddha” (meaning "the awakened one" in Sanskrit).

• Meditate by drawing geometric shapes called “mandala” (video clip)

Indus Valley and Mughal Empire

• Indus Valley—Area surround the Indus River (modern day Pakistan)

• World’s first civilizations developed in this region around 2500 BCE!!!!

• Around 400 CE, invaders from the Middle East start moving in (religion? lighter skin Aryans)

• By 1500, the Mughal Empire is established in India (Muslim Empire)

• Why will this cause conflict with the native Indians?

The Taj Mahal

• The Taj Mahal is a white Marble mausoleum located in Agra, India. • It was built by Emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. • The Taj Mahal is widely recognized as "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of

the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage."

• European’s came to the area looking for spices

• By 1858, the British gained control (colonized) of the area and established direct rule (period called the raj)

Raj and Colonization

MOHANDAS GANDHI and Nonviolent Resistance

Demands for independence around early 20th century were led by Gandhi in India.

– Movement based on non-violent resistance…???

Independence gained in 1947What American civil rights activist got many of his ideas from Gandhi?

Partition and Creation of Pakistan

• Ruled by Britain as a colony

• Left after WWII and split India into two countries partitions

• India and Pakistan – India became a

Hindu state– Pakistan a Muslim

state

Sinhalese and Sri Lanka• Around 500 BC, people in

India crossed a narrow STRAIT to the island of Sri Lanka.

• They got the name “Sinhalese– They created an advanced

civilization on the island!– Adopted the Buddhist

religion of the islands natives

Indian Democracy/United States/ Great Britain

• After India gained its independence, it adopted a CONSTITUTION and become a democracy.– Like the US—India is made up of “states”

governed by a central government– Like GB—India is a “parliamentary”

democracy

World’s Largest Democracy and Religion

• With the 2nd largest population in the WORLD, India is the LARGEST DEMOCRACY!!!

• India’s many religious groups plays a huge role in politics! You have to try to please everybody– Hindus (majority), Muslims,

Sikhs, Tamils, etc.– Led to

assassinations

Constitutional Monarchy and Nepal

• Monarchy—KING (or Queen)• Constitution—Document that limits the power of

the leader• Constitutional Monarchy—Ruler’s powers are

LIMITED by a constitution.– In Nepal, the King shares power with his parliament.

Sultan/Islam and the Maldives

• The Maldives were settled by Buddhists and Hindus from Sri Lanka

• Later, Arab traders made their way down

• Most Arabs follow what religion???– Their arrival results in SIX

DYNASTIES of Muslim rulers…called SULTANS

• In 1968, the Maldives elected their first President!

Political Tension and Water Rights to the Ganges

• Dams and irrigation divert water to other places

• Less water for Bangladesh: less farmland

• Signed a treaty over water rights for each country in 1997

• Land Reform and Green Revolution–Land reform – redistribute land more

fairly• 5% of people own over 25% of land

–The Green Revolution – new farming techniques and better varieties of grain to make land more productive

Outsourcing and Globalization• American companies are

setting up business over seas.

• This forces international business

• Globalization: the development of an increasingly integrated global economy– Countries cooperating with

each other

Overpopulation and Basic Necessities

• Indian families have more children because it means security in old age

• This increases population and makes it difficult for the gov’t to provide its citizens with basic necessities

Has 1 billion people, and is growing!!!

Illiteracy/Education/Poverty• Rapid population growth leads to

poverty • Lack of education:

– not enough infrastructure to support population

– Parents send their children to work– Dependence on farming: 2/3s =

farmers• Illiteracy: inability to read and write

– Children don’t learn to read and write• Leads back to poverty

Literacy = the # of people who can read & write.

* Caste System and Discrimination

• A system of social classes – ****can only move between castes through reincarnation.– Four basic castes

• The Brahmans (priests and scholars)

• The Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors)

• The Vaisyas (farmers and merchants)

• The Sudras (artisans and laborers)

• * The untouchables (dirty jobs)

Untouchables• Excluded from society all

together• Outcasts• Also known as “dalits”• Face violence and

discrimination• http://ngm.nationalgeographic

.com/ngm/0306/feature1/

If you lived in India, you would pass these milestones:

• You would receive some schooling, as Indian law provides free education from age 6 – 14. In some areas, though, you could be working even before the age of 10.

• In school, you would study history, geography, science, math, and moral education.

• You might be married at age 16 if you were a female living in a rural area and at age 17 if you were a female in an urban area

• You could enter the military at age 17 if you were a male

• You could vote at age 18

Buddhism vs. Hinduism

Hinduism

• A complex POLYTHEISTIC religion• Make up 80% of Indian population

Cows are sacred to Hindus

Lord Shiva, the Hindu God of death and destruction was away at a war. His wife Pavarti, who was a goddess

in her own right, wished to bathe. Having no-one to guard the door to her apartments she conceived of the idea of giving birth to a son who could provide this service for

her. Thus Ganesh was created, since goddesses have the power to do such things. Pavarti gave Ganesh instructions that he was to stand guard at the entrance of her

apartments and that he was to admit no-one until she gave word that it was OK to do so. Ganesh took up his post and undertook his assignment enthusiastically.

In due course the Lord Shiva returned from his war and went to enter. Ganesh, according to his instructions, forbade him entry. Shiva was enraged by Ganesh’s

impudence and drew his sword and cut off Ganesh's head. Pavarti emerged to find Ganesh decapitated and flew into a rage. Even though he was immensely powerful Shiva was upset with Pavarti’s rage. He swore to make

amends by taking the head of the first living thing he found to replace Ganesh’s head. The first animal he came across was an elephant. Accordingly he took the head from

the elephant an placed it on Ganesh’s body. Thus Ganesh is depicted with an elephant’s head. Because of his role as protector of

Parvarti's door  he is associated, in Hindu culture, with protecting entrances.

GANESH

* Karma • Moral consequences of your actions

* Reincarnation • The rebirth of souls after death, and the

moral actions of a person determine how a person is reincarnated.

When the cycle of reincarnation is over, a person becomes one with god – Nirvana or “Moksha”

The Brahmans• Highest “class” or caste• Teachers, Priests, Doctors

Kshatriyas

• Kings and Nobility• Warriors• Second most prestigious

Vaishyas

• Merchants and Farmers

Sudras

• Artists• Workers• Service Providers

• Buddhism was founded in Northern India by Siddhartha Gautama in the sixth century BCE.

• However, Buddhists believe that there were countless Buddhas -- humans who have achieved enlightenment -- before him and that there will be many more after him.

• When Siddhartha Gautama attained enlightenment, he assumed the title Lord Buddha (one who has awakened)

Quotation by Siddhãrtha Gautama (Buddha):

“Do not believe in anything simply because you have heard it.

Do not believe in anything simply because it is spoken and rumored by many. Do not believe in anything simply because it is found written in your religious books. Do not believe in traditions simply because they have been handed down for many generations.

But after observation and analysis, when you find that anything agrees with reason and is conducive to the good and benefit of one and all, then accept it and live up to it."

• Use mandalas (geometric designs) to symbolize the universe and aid in meditation

• BUDDHISTS DO NOT FOLLOW THE CASTE SYSTEM!!

* Nirvana • Enlightenment • When one meditates and achieves

the highest level of spirituality

• The Fat Buddha ("Laughing Buddha") has been an image exclusive to Chinese Buddhism. It has come to represent good luck and wealth.

Buddhism HinduismSame

Research both Buddhism and Hinduism on the internet and find 5 pictures for each side that depicts rituals, symbols, beliefs, or explanations of both religious philosophies. Below are the requirements…this is a major project grade.

Janus Model comparing Buddhism and Hinduism

• 5 pictures for each side, this is in addition to the picture in the center.

• Must draw the pictures• Must be colored • Pictures must have sentences to explain

what it represents (more than one word!!!)• Can be done on your own or with a partner.

Research both Buddhism and Hinduism on the internet and find 5 pictures for each side that depicts rituals, symbols, beliefs, or explanations of both religious philosophies. Below are the requirements…this is a major project grade.

Janus Model comparing Buddhism and Hinduism

• 5 pictures for each side, this is in addition to the picture in the center.

• Must draw the pictures• Must be colored • Pictures must have sentences to explain

what it represents (more than one word!!!)• Can be done on your own or with a partner.