Name : Novika Dyah Pratiwi Class :

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TEXT T Y PES

Name :NOVIKA DYAH PRATIWI

Class :

XII A3

SMA NEGERI 1 BANJARMASIN

2009/2010



TEXT TYPES

1. NARRATIVE

2. RECOUNT

3. DESCRIPTIVE

4. REPORT

5. EXPLANATION

6. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

7. HORTATORY EXPOSITION

8. PROCEDURE

9. DISCUSSION

10. REVIEW

11. ANECDOTE

12. SPOOF

13. NEWS ITEM

2



1. NARRATIVE

Purpose:

To amuse/entertain the readers and to tell a story

Generic Structure:1. Orientation

2. Evaluation

3. Complication

4. Resolution

5. Reorientation

Dominant Language Features:

1. Using Past Tense

2. Using action verb

3. Chronologically arranged

Example :The Myth of Malin Kundang

A long time ago, in a small village near the beach in West Sumatra, a woman and

her son lived. They were Malin Kundang and her mother. Her mother was a single parent

because Malin Kundang's father had passed away when he was a baby. Malin Kundang

had to live hard with his mother.

Malin Kundang was a healthy, dilligent, and strong boy. He usually went to sea to

catch fish. After getting fish he would bring it to his mother, or sold the caught fish in the

town.

One day, when Malin Kundang was sailing, he saw a merchant's ship which was being raided by a small band of pirates. He helped the merchant. With his brave and

power, Malin Kundang defeated the pirates. The merchant was so happy and thanked to

him. In return the merchant asked Malin Kundang to sail with him. To get a better life,

Malin Kundang agreed. He left his mother alone.

Many years later, Malin Kundang became wealthy. He had a huge ship and was

helped by many ship crews loading trading goods. Perfectly he had a beautiful wife too.

When he was sailing his trading journey, his ship landed on a beach near a small village.

The villagers recognized him. The news ran fast in the town; “Malin Kundang has

become rich and now he is here”.

An old woman ran to the beach to meet the new rich merchant. She was Malin

Kundang’s mother. She wanted to hug him, released her sadness of being lonely after solong time. Unfortunately, when the mother came, Malin Kundang who was in front of his

well dressed wife and his ship crews denied meeting that old lonely woman. For three

times her mother begged Malin Kundang and for three times he yelled at her. At last

Malin Kundang said to her "Enough, old woman! I have never had a mother like you, a

dirty and ugly woman!" After that he ordered his crews to set sail. He would leave the old

mother again but in that time she was full of both sadness and angriness.

Finally, enraged, she cursed Malin Kundang that he would turn into a stone if he

didn't apologize. Malin Kundang just laughed and really set sail.

In the quiet sea, suddenly a thunderstorm came. His huge ship was wrecked and it was too

late for Malin Kundang to apologize. He was thrown by the wave out of his ship. He fell

on a small island. It was really too late for him to avoid his curse. Suddenly, he turnedinto a stone.

(Re-written from www.st.rim.or.jp)

Analyzing the Text

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Generic Structure

Many believe that a story can teach a society certain moral value. Most stories are build

in narrative. Because it is a narrative story, it must consists of complication. That

complication, in fact, is the moral value which like to be taught.

• Orientation

the first paragraph is set to be the story introduction. Reading the orientation, reader will

know that the story is characterized with Malin Kundang and his mother. Wes Sumatra is

set as the place.

• Complication

this is the main element of narrative story. From the Malin Kundang myth, we know that

there are more than one complication. Many stories are composed with multi

complications. They are minor complication and major complication. When Malin

Kundang and her mother did life hard, it can be the minor complication. this hard life in

the first time was solved by his successful trading as new merchant. However this

narrative sotry is more interesting when we see the major complication among the

participants- Malin Kundang denied his mother after being successful merchant. In every

story, complication must be ended; happy ending or sad one

• Resolution

this is the end of the story, the sad ending one. Malin Kundang faces his curse of turning

into a stone

4



2. RECOUNT Purpose:

To retell something that happened in the past and to tell a series of past

event

Generic Structure:1. Orientation

2. Event(s)

3. Reorientation


1. Using Past Tense


3. Using adjectives

Narrative and recount in some ways are similar. Both are telling something in the past so

narrative and recount usually apply PAST TENSE; whether Simple Past Tense, Simple

Past Continuous Tense, or Past Perfect Tense. The ways narrative and recount told are inchronological order using time or place. Commonly narrative text is found in story book;

myth, fable, folklore, etc while recount text is found in biography.

The thing that makes narrative and recount different is the structure in which they are

constructed. Narrative uses conflicts among the participants whether natural conflict,

social conflict or psychological conflict. In some ways narrative text combines all these

conflicts. In the contrary, we do not find these conflicts inside recount text. Recount

applies series of event as the basic structure.

Example:My Horrible Experience

Let me remind you my experience during an earthquake last week. When

the earthquake happened, I was on my car. I was driving home from my vocation to Bali.

Suddenly my car lunched to one side, to the left. I thought I got flat tire. I did not know

that it was an earthquake. I knew it was an earthquake when I saw some telephone and

electricity poles falling down to the ground, like matchsticks.

Then I saw a lot of rocks tumbling across the road. I was trapped by the rock. Even I

could not move my car at all. There were rocks everywhere. There was nothing I could do

but left the car and walked along way to my house, in the town.

When I reached my town, I was so surprised that there was almost nothing left. The

earthquake made a lot of damage to my town. Although nothing was left, I thanked Godthat nobody was seriously injured.

Analyzing the Text

Generic Structure Analysis

• Orientation; introducing the participant, using first person point of view, I

was on the car las week.

• Events; describing a series of event which happened. The car lunched to

one side. Telephone and electricity poles was falling down, etc.

• Re-orientation; stating the writer's personal note. Thanking God because

nobody was seriously injured.Language Feature Analysis

• Using personal participant; I

• Using chronological connectives; then, and, suddenly

• Using linking verb; was, were

• Using action verb; moved, left, walked, made, etc

• Using simple past tense pattern; earthquake happened, I was on the car, my car

lunched on one side, etc

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3. DESCRIPTIVE

Purpose:

To describe a particular person, place or thing in detail.

Generic Structure:1. General statement

2. Explanation

3. Closing


1. Using Simple Present Tense

2. Using action verbs

3. Using passive voice

4. Using noun phrase

5. Using adverbial phrase

6. Using technical terms

7. Using general and abstract noun8. Using conjunction of time and cause-effect.

Example:Jatim Park

For people in East Java, Jatim Park may have been heard many times as it is

one of the famous tourism object in East Java province. Jatim Park offers a recreation

place as well as a study center.

Jatim Park is located at Jl. Kartika 2 Batu, East Java. To reach the location is not too

difficult because the object is only 2, 5 kilos meters from Batu city. This Jatim Park

tourism object is about 22 hectares width.

Visitor can enjoy at least 36 kinds of facilities which can attract them as well as give new

knowledge. Just after the pass gate, the visitors will find an interesting view of ‘Galeri

Nusantara’ area. This study offering continues to step on ‘Taman Sejarah’ area, which

contains of miniature temple in East Java like Sumberawan temple, customhouse of Kiai

Hasan Besari Ponorogo and Sumberawan Statue.

The other facility which is able to be enjoyed is ‘Agro Park’ area. It presents crop andrareness fruits, animal diorama which consists of unique animals that have been

conserved, and supporting games like bowling, throw ball, scooter disco, etc

Jatim Park is suitable for family and school recreation. The recreation area sites offer

precious tour and can used as alternative media of study.Suited from:www.eastjava.com/tourism/batu/jatim-park.html

4. REPORT

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Purpose:

To presents information about something, as it is.

Generic Structure

1. General classification

2. Description

Dominant Language Feature1. Introducing group or general aspect

2. Using conditional logical connection


Example:Human Body Energy

Human body is actually a living machine and is like all other

machines. This living machine needs fuel to supply it with energy. The fuel is provided

by the food which we eat. However do we know how much we need to stay healthy?The energy value of food is usually measured in calories. A calorie is the amount

of heat which is required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1 degree C. The

number of calories which people need per day varies. It depends on the activity which the

people are involved in. For example; people will need more calories for standing than for

sitting, people need more for running than for walking, etc.

The energy which is provided by food is in the form of three kinds of chemical

substances. They are carbohydrate, protein and fat. Carbohydrate provides 8.8 calories

per gram (cal/gm) of energy, protein 4.0 cal/gm and fat 8.0 cal/gm. Each food contains

different proportion of these substances.These three chemical substances are all important

for body staying healthy.

Report Text Notes

Report often starts discussion with brief definition or classification about the thing

discussed. The first paragraph matches with the brief definition of body energy.

After brief definition or classification paragraph, report text is commonly followed by the

important fact about the topic. The second and third paragraphs tell the important

information about the body energy; how it comes from and what form it is available.

Report text is commonly featuring technical or scientific term. Calories, carbohydrate,

protein, fat etc are some of the example.

5. EXPLANATION

Purpose:

7

http://understandingtext.blogspot.com/2007/12/what-is-report.html

http://understandingtext.blogspot.com/2007/12/what-is-report.html



To explain the processes involved in the formation or working of natural

or socio-cultural phenomena.

Dominant Generic Structure:

1. Identification

2. Description

Language Features:1. Using Simple Present Tense


3. Using adverb

4. Using special technical terms

Example:

Jakarta as a Bad Working Place for Expatriates

Jakarta is the second-worst place for expatriates to work in outside of the United States of America, Canada and Western Europe. It is according to a recent report published by

Businessweek.

The Businessweek report ranked emerging markets that might be challenging to move

into due to their level of pollution, disease, political violence and availability of good and

services.

The report ranked Jakarta second, just below lagos in Nageria and above Riyadh Saudi

Arabia, saying the threat of violence from extremest, in particular, was serious drawback

to living in Jakarta. Bombings targeting foreign interests in Jakarta, such as the JW

Marriot hotel bombing in 2003, have been repeated elsewhere in the city.

The report said despite problem common to many developing cities such as the risk of

disease, poor sanitation, and excessive pollution, Indonesia can be an enticing location.

In response, the Jakarta administration took the report positively, saying it could spur the

administration to improve its performance.

(Simplified from www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/04/15/)

6. ANALYTICAL EXPOSITION

Purpose:

To reveal the readers that something is the important case

Generic Structure:

1. Thesis

8



2. Arguments

3. Reiteration/Conclusion


1. Using modals


3. Using thinking verbs4. Using adverbs

5. Using adjective


7. Using general and abstract noun

8. Using connectives/transition

Example:

Writing Is a Great for Money Online Text

The emergence of the internet has given internet entrepreneurs many ways to

make money. Writers are one group that have benefited from their talents as a result in

the rise of internet based jobs.

Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money online. determined by the

owner of the blog. They are very popular because of the blogs are usually written on a

certain subject area but can vary as its content is heir simplicity to get up and running.

There are many free websites out there that will help you set up your own blog if you

choose to go that route because blog plus advertisement is a potential money

Article writing is also a good money to earn money online. Make sure to gear your articles to promote and advertise you own business ventures. These articles are a free way

to market the products and services you offer for free. The most effective advertising with

these articles comes from the dialogue box that is inserted at the end of each article.

These dialogue boxes contain links to basically any website you would like to drive

traffic to. For instance, you might have one link in your dialogue box to a product you are

selling and one to a blog where you are promoting a discussing other products.

Writing takes some time to gain credibility through but once it's done' earning potential

can become very powerful.

Simplified from: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Noto

Analyzing the Text


• Thesis; Writing is good in making money online

• Argument 1; blog is a potentially earning money

• Argumant 2; writing articles is good in earning money

• Conclusion; credible writer is powerful to make money online

Language Feature Analysis

• Simple present tense; Blog writing is an increasingly popular way to earn money

online, Writing takes some time to gain credibility, etc

• Causal conjunction ; because, etc

9

http://understandingtext.blogspot.com/2007/12/writing-is-great-way-to-make-money.html

http://www.anisblog.info/search/label/Adsense

http://understandingtext.blogspot.com/2007/12/writing-is-great-way-to-make-money.html

http://www.anisblog.info/search/label/Adsense



7. HORTATORY EXPOSITION

Purpose: To persuade the readers that something should or should not be the case or

be done.

Generic Structure:

1. Thesis

2. Arguments

3. Recommendation

Dominant Language features:


10



2. Using modals


4. Using thinking verbs

5. Using adverbs

6. Using adjective

7. Using technical terms8. Using general and abstract noun

9. Using connectives/transition

Then what is the basic difference between analytical and hortatory exposition. In simple

word. Analytical is the answer of "How is/will" while hortatory is the answer of "How

should". Analytical exposition will be best to describe "How will student do for his

examination? The point is the important thing to do. But for the question" How should

student do for his exam?" will be good to be answered with hortatory. It is to convince

that the thing should be done

Example:

Should not Bring Mobile Phone to School

Recently most people own mobile phone. Why does mobile phone

user increase dramatically in recent years? First, the feature and functions has increased.

Mobile phone is not used just for calling, but sending text, taking pictures, recording

videos, accessing internet, playing games and much more. Second, mobile phone has also

become a lot cheaper. Now this communication device does not only fill the pocket of

adult but also teenager and student. Even a lot phones are intentionally designed to

teenaged market. However should they be allowed to bring them to school?

Many schools do not allow students to bring cell phones to school. It is very

reasonable because bringing phone to school potentially disrupts the learning process.

Most students use cell phones irresponsibly. They use cell phones to talk to their friend

during class time. They also use the calculator and camera features in the class as well.

Those potentially lead less concentration in the time of learning and teaching process.

Students go to school to learn and behave fair way. Mobile phones provide a large

temptation to cheat in tests. They can communicate to anyone and almost anywhere in the

world. Because of the small size of the cell phone, students can send a text quietly and

discreetly. The text can go unnoticed anywhere to get help on answering tests, homework,and other class assignment. Learning in school is to behave fair not cheating.

Therefore, schools should ban students from bringing their cell phones. However

it should be done fairly. In case of an emergency some student need a call for help,

providing easy access to phone is better.

11



8. PROCEDURE

Purpose:

To help readers how to do or make something completely.

Generic Structure:

1. Goal/Aim

2. Materials/Equipments

3. Steps/Methods


1. Using Simple Present Tense2. Using Imperatives sentence

3. Using adverb


Example:

Planting Chilies

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Planting is a nice activity in our spare time. The following is guided information

on how to plant a chili-plant easily. Here are the steps.

Firstly, dry a handful seeding under the sunlight.

Secondly, put the seeding on the soil. It should be in open area.

Next, wait it. There will come out the sprout after that let it be bigger.

Finally, put it in another big pot. It will soon grow bigger and bigger and yield us somefresh chilies soon.

Analyzing the Text


Goal; informing on how to plant chillies.

Material; excluded

Steps; showing the steps or method in planting chillies; from drying seed to putting the

sprout in big pot.

language Feature Analysis

Imperative sentences; dry a handful seeding, put it, etcAction verb; put, dry, etc

Temporal conjunction; next, finally, firstly, secondly

Simple present tense pattern; planting is a nice activity, the following is a guided

information

9. DISCUSSION

Purpose:

To present information and opinions about issues in more one side of an

issue (‘For/Pros’ and ‘Against/Cons’)

Generic Structure:

1. Issue

2. Arguments for and against

3. Conclusion



2. Use of relating verb/to be

3. Using thinking verb4. Using general and abstract noun

5. Using conjunction/transition

6. Using modality

7. Using adverb of manner

Example:The Advantage and Disadvantage of Nuclear Power

13



Nuclear power is generated by using uranium which is a metal mined in various part of

the world. The first large scale of nuclear power station was opened at Calder Hall in

Cumbria, England in 1956.

Some military ships and submarines have nuclear power plant for engine. Nuclear power

produces around 11% of the world's energy needed, and produces huge amounts of

energy. It cause no pollution as we would get when burning fossil fuels. The advantagesof nuclear plant are as follow:

• It costs about the same coal, so it is not expansive to make.

• It does not produce smoke or carbon dioxide, so it does not contribute to the

greenhouse effect.

• It produces huge amounts of energy from small amount of uranium.

• It produces small amount of waste.

• It is reliable.

• My horrible experience

On the other hand, nuclear power is very, very dangerous. It must be sealed up and buriedfor many years to allow the radioactivity to die away. Furthermore, although it is reliable,

a lot of money has to be spent on safety because if it does go wrong, a nuclear accident ca

be a major accident.

People are increasingly concerned about this matter. In the 1990's nuclear power was the

fastest growing source of power in many parts of the world.

Note on the Generic Structure of Discussion Text

Discussion is a process to find the meet point between two different ideas. It is important

to to get the understanding between the two differences. In many social activities,

discussion is the effective way to calm down any friction and difference in thought,

perception and recommendation.

This example of discussion text present the two poles, between the advantage and

disadvantage of using nuclear plant to fulfill the energy needed. It is a case which need to

be talked and discussed from two points. They are represented in the generic structure

which is used:

• Stating the Issue: In the first paragraph, it is stated that using nuclear

power can be the choice in fulfilling the needed energy.

• Supporting Point: In the second paragraph, it is presented the advantages

of nuclear power plant to be used as the source of the world's energy needed.

• Contrastive Point: The third paragraph shows the balance. It gives the

contradictory idea in using nuclear power plant as the resource of energy.

• Recommendation: This text is ended with a similar recommendation on

how people should concern in the matter of nuclear energy.

14



10. REVIEW

Purpose:

To critique or evaluate an art work or event for a public audience.

Generic Structure:

1. Orientation

2. Evaluation

3. Interpretative Recount

4. Evaluation5. Evaluative Summation

Dominant Language features:

1. Focus on specific participants

2. Using adjectives

3. Using long and complex clauses

4. Using metaphor

Example:

2012 Film Review

2012 is Roland Emmerich's film which uses the Mayan calendar and other end-of-days

prophecies for their doomsday scenario. It imagines the world coming to an end in 2012.

2012 film brings off a series of wonders. The movie hits its peak early on. It starts when

Cusack drives a limo through the streets of Los Angeles as freeways and skyscrapers

crumble all around him from the shock of a 10.5 earthquake. The preposterous flying

sequence is equally thrilling. The climax occurs aboard the giant ark, when an equipment

15



malfunction almost threatens the entire mission.

Unfortunately, the crucial sequence is not filmed or edited with the requisite clarity. In

2012 film, Emmerich leaves us befuddled as to exactly what is happening to whom.

However, Emmerich' 2012 deserves credit for offbeat casting. Cusack supplies his

trademark hangdog charm. McCarthy has perhaps his best role ever as Peet's cocky.Danny Glover lends dignity to the role of the tormented president. Chiwetel Ejiofor, as

the chief scientist, brings a moving sense of anguish to a stock role. Platt has fun playing

the villain of the piece, and Woody Harrelson also chews the scenery as a bug-eyed radio

prophet trying to warn his listeners about Armageddon.

All in one, 2012's cinematography, production design and visual effects are awards-

worthy. Music also propels the movie. It presents American Idol runner-up, Adam

Lambert, who provides a rousing anthem over the end credits.Simplified from:

www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/2012-film-review-1004041300.story

11. ANECDOTE Purpose:

To share with others an account of an unusual or amusing incident.

Generic Structure:

1. Abstract

2. Orientation

3. Crisis

4. Reaction

5. Coda.


1. Using exclamations, rhetorical question or intensifiers2. Using material process

3. Using temporal conjunctions

Example:Blessing Behind Tragedy

There was a black family in Scotland years ago. They were Clark family with

nine children. They had a dream to go to America. The family worked and saved. They

were making plan to travel with their children to America. It had taken several years but

finally they had saved enough money. They had gotten passport. They had booked seats

for the whole family member in a new liner to America.

The entire family was full of anticipation and excitement with their new life in America.

However few days before their departure, the youngest son was bitten by a dog. The

doctor sewed up the boy. Because of the possibility of getting rabies, there were being

quarantined for long days. They were in quarantine when the departure time came. The

family dreams were dashed. They could not make the trip to America as they had

planned.

16



The father was full of disappointed and anger. He stomped the dock to watch the ship

leaved without him and his family. He shed tears of disappointment. He cursed both his

son and God for the misfortune.

Five days latter, the tragic news spread throughout Scotland. The ship, the mighty Titanic,

had shank. It took hundreds of passenger and crew with it. Titanic which had been calledthe unsinkable ship had sunk. It was unbelievable but it was.

The Clak family should have been on that ship, but because of the bitten son by a dog,

they were left behind. When the father heard the news, he hugged the son and thanked

him for saving the family. He thanked God for saving their lives. It was a blessing behind

a tragedy. (Adapted from Look Ahead 2)

Analyzing the Text


• Abstract:

Everybody has a dream. You have and so do I. When the dream will come true,

there is something wrong last minute before it. What will we feel? What will we

do?

• Orientation:

The Clak family lived in Scotland. They had dream to travel to America. They

prepared well for their plan

• Crisis:

Few days before they went to America, his youngest son was bitten by a dog. It

made they were being quarantined. They had to forget their plan.

• Incident:

The family was full of disappointment and anger. The father was angry with his

son and God. The family failed to travel to America and the father could not

accept it.

• Coda:

The father thank to his son when he hear the ship sank. He thank to God because

of saving the family from sinking. He thought leaving behind the ship was not a

tragedy but a blessing.

17



12. SPOOF

Purpose:To tell an event with a humorous twist and entertain the readers

Generic Structure:

1. Orientation

2. Event(s)

3. Twist


1. Using Past Tense


3. Using adverb

4. Chronologically arranged

Example:Loving Money Too Much

There was a man who liked money very much. He worked all of his

life and wanted to save all of his money for his own future. He was a real miser when it

came to his money. He loved money more than just about anything.

Even, just before he died, he said to his wife; "Now listen, when I die, I want you

to take all my money and place it in the casket with me. I wanna take my money to the

afterlife." So he asked his wife to promise him with all her heart that when he died, she

would put all the money in the casket with him.Well, one day, he really died. Then he was stretched out in the casket. The wife

was sitting there in black clothes next to her closest friend. When they finished the

ceremony, just before the undertakers got ready to close the casket, the wife said "Wait

just a minute!"

She had a box in her hands. She came over with the box and placed it in the

casket. After that the undertakers locked the casket down and rolled it away. Not long

after that, her friend said, "I hope you were not crazy enough to put all that money in the

casket."

18



The wife turned to her friend and replied; "Yes, because I have promised." Then she

continued; "I can't lie. I promised him that I was going to put that money in that casket

with him." Feeling shocked, her friend said; "You mean that you have put every cent of

his money in the casket with him?" Then the wife answered; "Surely I did. I got it all

together, put all the money into my account and I just wrote him a check."

(Re-written from www.onlyfunnystories.com)

Analyzing the Text

Notice on Generic structure of spoof sample

Spoof text is very similar to recount text. Both spoof and recount tell about the past event

with chronological order. Its purpose is to amuse reader with funny story. The story

mostly is ended with an unpredictable event.

The above spoof sample has generic structure as follow:

• Orientation: It is the introduction of the story. By giving the orientation,

reader will recognize, for the first time, who involves in the story.The above story

talks about a wife and his husband who loves money too much even up to his death.• Events: Several events are explored in chronological way which able to

arrange the story read nicely.Promising with her money miser husband, Putting the

box inside casket, locking and rolling the casket are the events which build the

complete story.

• Twist: This is the unpredictable event/thing/way which amuse the reader.

Readers even did not predict before that it would be. When reading the above story,

for the first, readers likely think that the wife would put all the money instead of just

a check.

13. NEWS ITEM

Purpose:

To inform readers about events of the day which are considered

newsworthy or important.

Generic Structure:

1. Newsworthy event(s)

2. Background event(s)

3. Sources


1. Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline

2. Using action verbs3. Using saying verbs

4. Using adverbs : time, place and manner.

Example:Malaysian Women Suggested to Carry Condoms

Malaysian Deputy Health Ministry urged every woman to carry a

condom to protect against HIV, a news report said.

“This is not to debate them but to protect them. Women are the first ones to get

exploited by their partners (whom are infected by HIV-positive)” Abdul Latiff Ahmad

was quoted as saying by Sunday Star Newspaper. “But this just a suggestion, it’s up tothem”.

Abdul latiff made remark to coincide with the International Aids Memorial day,

which was celebrated openly for the first time in Malaysia, in bid to reduce stigma for

HIV-victim. In the past the event was held behind closed door.

Last year, 745 Malaysian women were identified as HIV-positive and 193 were

diagnosed with AIDS, he said in the report. Officials have said nearly 81000 Malaysian

19



have been infected with HIV, less then 10 percent are woman, but the number is steadily

rising.

Malaysian Aids Council president, Adeebah Kamarulzaman, was quoted as saying

besides sex workers, many women who contract HIV are housewives, were infected

unknowingly by their husbands. “It’s not that people don’t know that condoms can

protect them. But there are some men who don’t care to take precaution, even though theyknow they have HIV” she said.(Source The Jakarta Post, June 01, 2008)

www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/04/15/)

EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael_Notowww.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/film-reviews/2012-film-review-1004041300.story

www.onlyfunnystories.com

The Jakarta Post, June 01, 2008

www.st.rim.or.jp

understandingtext.blogspot.com

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/04/15/

http://www.st.rim.or.jp/

http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/04/15/

http://www.st.rim.or.jp/

Name : Novika Dyah Pratiwi Class :

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