NAME / Lamiaa Fathy Asal Specialization / poultry Advisor / prof .Dr Hassan saber zeweil

• NAME / Lamiaa Fathy Asal• Specialization / poultry• Advisor / prof .Dr Hassan saber

zeweil

Effect of SUBSTITUTION some untraditional sources of

proteins FOR SOYBEAN MEAL IN DIETS

of New Zealand White rabbits

Since the discovery of mad cow disease in the last decade, soybean meal have increased demands and accordingly raised its feeding cost. In Egypt, there is a continuous increase in the prices of traditional plant protein sources such as soybean meal, owing to its universal use. Therefore, search for cheaper alternative vegetable protein sources Is urgent. There are a large amount of crops, vegetables and fruit residues could be a new source of feedstuff with low price and high quality proteins which can be used to solve feed shortage and produce least cost diets for rabbits.

Introduction

Nigella seed (Nigella sativa) frequently referred to as black cumin, serves as an important medical crop in many countries and is primarily consumed as medical oil; second, Nigella seed meal (NSM) after oil removal can be used as a protein-rich meal.NSM contains most of the essential amino acids, with crude protein about 33% (EL-Nattat and ELKady,2007) .Nigella sativa control and buffer the condition of the stomach and intestine (Projapati et al., 2003). The black cumin seeds contain thymoquinine that has antibacterial, and immunopotentiating activities via increasing neuterophil of the body against infection (Kanter et al., 2005). Black cumin oil and its derivatives inhibit eicosanoid generation in leukocytes and membrane lipid peroxidation (El-Dakhakhny et al., 2002). Besides, the seeds contain eight essential amino acids that improve natural immune system activity (Omar et al., 1999).

NIGELLA SEEDS

Production of rocket in Egypt has been stead increased for the strong demand to volatile oils for pharmaceutical purpose. This plant was found to be incarnate the body condition to counteract the stress of illness (Eisenberg et al., 1993).The rocket seeds contain carotenoids, vitamin C, flavonoids such as appiin and luteolin and glucosinolates the precursors of isothiocyanates and sulfaraphene (Talalay and Fahey, 2001), volatileoils like myristicin, apiole β-phellandrene (Bradley, 1992; Leung and Foster, 1996). Glucosinolates were found to have several biological activities including anticarcinogenic, antifungal, antibacterial plus their antioxidant action (Kim et al., 2004). They also contain Zn, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and other elements (Abdo, 2003) After oil removal, rocket seed meal which increase immune response. (RSM)could be used as a protein-rich meal for feeding rabbits with crude protein about 32% (El-Nattat and El-Kady, 2007). This product is expected to increase in near future due to high demand of the extracted oil .

ROCKET SEEDS

EFFECT OF SUBSTITUTION ROCKET SEED MEAL AS

A SOURCEOF PROTEIN FOR SOYBEAN

MEAL IN DIETS OFNEW ZEALAND WHITE

RABBITS

21%RSM

10.5%RSM5%RSM

0%RSM

EXPERIMENTAL Diets

9 rabbits

9 rabbits

9 rabbits

9 rabbits

RSM 21% RSM 10.5% RSM 5% RSM 0%(Control)

Ingredients (%)29.0 31.0 32.0 33.0 Clover hay15.0 18.0 20.0 20.0 Yellow corn19.3 16.3 14.5 15.0 Wheat bran11.0 12.0 12.3 12.3 Barley grain

- 7.5 11.3 15.0 Soybean meal21.0 10.5 5.2 - Rocket seed meal3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Molasses1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 Limestone0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Common salt0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Mineral and vitamin premix1

Chemical composition (%DM):

92.5 92.7 92.9 93.1 Dry matter (%)92.6 92.8 92.9 92.8 Organic matter15.7 15.8 15.8 16.0 Crude protein3.6 3.2 2.9 2.7 Ether extract

12.0 12.0 12.0 12.0 Crude fiber61.3 61.8 62.3 62.2 Nitrogen free extract3176 3162 3148 3136 DE (kcal/kg DM)

Table 1: Feed ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets

1Vitamin and mineral premix per kg contained: Vit. A 2.000,000 IU, Vit. D3 150,000IU, Vit. K 0.33 mg, Bit. B1 0.33 g, Vit.B2 1.0 g, Vit. B6 0.33g, Vit. B12 1.7 mg, Pantothenic acid 3.33 g, Biotin 33 mg, Folic acid 0.83, Choline chloride 200 mg,Zn 11.7 g, Mn 5.0 g, Fe 12.5g, Mg 66.7 mg, Se 16.6 mg, Co 1.33 mg, Cu 0.5 g, I 16.6 mg and Antioxidant 10.0 g

Results

Table 2: Effect of dietary replacement of SBM by RSM on growth performance

Experimental diets

Significance RSM 21% RSM 10.5% RSM 5% RSM 0%(Control)

NS 921 927 957 942 Initial body weight (g)

0.01 878±47.3b 1042±21.2a 924±39.3b 905±19.0b Total weight gain (g)

0.01 4008±4.9a 4004±8.8a 3978±19.4ab 3953±24.7b

Total feed consumption

(g)

0.01 4.57±0.25a 3.84±0.36c 4.21±0.19b 4.38±0.40ab

Feed conversion

ratio

- 8/9 8/9 7/9 8/9 Viability (n)

Table 3: Effects of dietary replacement of SBM by RSM on nutrients digestibility coefficients and diets nutritive value

Experimental dietsRSM 0% RSM 5% RSM 10.5% RSM 21% Significance

Apparent digestibility coefficients:Dry matter

(DM) 74.2±3.1b 74.0±1.5b 77.5±2.2a 70.8±2.1c 0.01

Organic matter (OM) 73.8±1.4b 73.6±2.5b 77.3±0.8a 70.0±1.9c 0.01

Crude protein (CP) 66.2±1.0b 68.9±1.4a 69.1±0.8a 66.0±1.3b 0.01

Ether extract (EE) 82.3±2.8 85.5±3.6 84.3±1.0 81.5±1.4 NS

Crude fiber (CF) 38.4±2.1c 49.6±0.6b 53.4±2.2a 40.1±0.9bc 0.01

Nitrogen free extract (NFE) 80.2±3.1ab 78.8±1.9ab 83.6±2.7a 76.2±1.2b 0.05

Nutritive value:

Digestible protein (%) 10.6±0.11b 10.9±0.20a 10.9±0.13a 10.4±0.14b 0.05

ME (kcal/kg DM)1 3047±77b 3040±75b 3178±33a 2921±77c 0.01

Table 4: Effect of dietary replacement of SBM protein by RSM protein on carcass traits and serum blood constituents

Experimental dietsSignificanceRSM 0%

(Control) RSM 5% RSM 10.5% RSM 21%

Total protein (gm/dl) 6.07±0.06c 6.47±0.16b 6.92±0.09a 6.15±0.03c 0.05

Albumen (gm/dl) 4.42±0.24 4.77±0.04 4.91±0.05 4.51±0.24 NS

Globulin (gm/dl) 1.68±0.22b 1.70±0.12b 2.00±0.11a 1.64±0.21b 0.01

Total lipids (mg/dl) 264±3.52 259±5.81 254±0.87 256±2.05 NS

Cholesterol (mg/dl) 69.9±0.95b 72.2±0.37a 73.1±0.38a 73.6±0.07a 0.05

Urea-N (mg/dl) 30.2±1.26 30.1±0.58 29.9±0.80 30.7±0.42 NS

GPT (U/ml) 33.5±7.77 32.0±4.24 29.1±2.90 29.0±1.79 NS

Conclusion

It can be concluded that rocket seed meal at 10.5% level of the diet in NZW rabbits had the best results without adverse effects on the growth performance, kidney or liver function, however further studies are needed in this aspect.

EVALUATION OF SUBSTITUTING NIGELLA SEED MEAL AS A

SOURCE OF PROTEIN FOR SOYBEAN MEAL IN DIETS OF NEW

ZEWALAND WHITE RABBITS

EXPERIMENTAL Diets

o%NSM

6%NSM 12%NSM

24%NSM

9 rabbits 9 rabbits

9 rabbits9 rabbits

1

Table 1: Feed ingredients and chemical composition of the experimental diets

NSM 0% (Control)

NSM 6%

NSM 12%

NSM 24%

Ingredients (%) Soybean meal 18.0 13.5 9.0 -

Nigella seed meal - 6.1 12.1 24.2 Clover hay 33.0 32.4 31.9 30.8 Yellow corn 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 Wheat bran 12.0 12.5 13.0 14.0 Barley grain 11.3 11.3 11.3 11.3 Wheat straw 4.0 3.0 2.0 -

Molasses 3.0 3.0 3.0 3.0 Limestone 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0

Common salt 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Sunflower oil 2.0 1.5 1.0 -

Mineral and vitamin premix1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

Chemical composition (% DM):

Dry matter (%) 92.3 92.1 91.9 91.5 Organic matter 92.7 93.1 93.4 93.7 Crude protein 16.4 16.5 16.2 16.4 Ether extract 2.9 3.3 3.8 4.1 Crude fiber 12.6 12.7 12.8 12.9

Nitrogen free extract 60.8 60.8 60.5 60.2 DE (kcal/kg feed DM)* 3114 3153 3142 3265

1Vitamin and mineral premix (per kg): Vit. A 2 000 000 IU, Vit. D3 150,000 IU, Vit. K 0.33 mg, Vit. B1 0.33 g, Vit. B2 1.0 g, Vit. B6 0.33g, Vit. B12 1.7 mg, Pantothenic acid 3.33 g, Biotin 33 mg, Folic acid 0.83, Choline chloride 200 mg, Zn 11.7 g, Mn 5.0 g, Fe 12.5g, Mg 66.7 mg, Se 16.6 mg, Co 1.33 mg, Cu 0.5 g, I 16.6 mg and Antioxidant 10.0 g 1Estimated according to Maertens and de Groote (1987)

Results

Table 2: Effect of different levels of NSM on growth performance

Experimental dietsSignificance

NSM 0%(Control) NSM 6% NSM 12% NSM 24%

Initial body weight (g) 896 900 890 902 NS

Total weight gain (g) 971±12b 991±10b 1046±15a 883±19c 0.01

Total feed consumption (g) 3989±14c 4075±22b 4144±20a 3911±18d 0.01

Feed conversion ratio 4.11±0.26ab 4.11±0.08ab 3.96±0.11b 4.43±0.12a 0.05

Viability (n) 8/9 9/9 8/9 7/9 NS

Experimental diets

SignificanceNSM 0% (Control) NSM 6% NSM 12% NSM 24%

Apparent digestibility coefficients:

Dry matter (DM) 76.6±0.29b 76.8±0.49b 78.4±0.42a 73.8±0.39c 0.05

Organic matter (OM) 77.6±0.54b 78.1±1.08b 80.8±0.58a 75.3± 0.25c 0.05

Crude protein (CP) 84.6±0.45b 84.3±0.12b 86.5±0.48a 83.6±0.37c 0.01

Ether extract (EE) 85.9±0.99 87.4±1.82 86.8±1.35 83.6±1.28 NS

Crude fiber (CF) 54.5±1.29b 57.6±0.68a 58.7±1.34a 50.2±1.14c 0.01

Nitrogen free extract (NFE) 79.5±0.25b 81.0±0.30ab 83.1±0.67a 75.4±0.78c 0.01

Nutritive value of diets:

Digestible protein (%) 13.9±0.19ab 13.9±0.18ab 14.0±0.08a 13.7±0.27b 0.05

Metabolisable energy (kcal/kg DM)* 3142±26b 3152±18b 3212±24a 3034±34c 0.05

Table 3: Effect of different levels of NSM on digestibility coefficients of nutrients and nutritive values

1According to Maertens and de Groote (1987) 

Experimental diets

SignificanceNSM 0%(Control) NSM 6% NSM 12% NSM 24%

Total protein (gm/dl) 6.31±0.02b 6.57±0.03a 6.66±0.07a 5.95±0.03c 0.01

Albumen (gm/dl) 4.03±0.04b 4.10±0.03b 4.42±0.05a 3.54±0.10c 0.01

Globulin (gm/dl) 2.28±0.02 2.47±0.02 2.23±0.08 2.41±0.08 NS

Total lipids (mg/dl) 262±0.9 262±0.9 263±1.3 264±0.1 NS

Cholesterol (mg/dl) 69.6±0.24d 74.6±0.24c 76.9±0.07b 78.4±0.34a 0.01

Urea-N (mg/dl) 31.0±0.4a 28.8±0.3c 30.8±0.2a 30.0±0.1b 0.01

GPT (U/ml) 32.5±3.5 34.2±7.2 30.5±2.1 33.5±6.4 NS

Table 4: Effect of different levels of NSM on serum blood constituents

a, c Means in the same row bearing different letters, differ significantly (P≤0.05)

It could be recommended to use Nigella seed meal in NZW rabbit diets as a non-traditional source of plant protein up to 12% without harmful effects on the growth performance and blood constituents. Further studies needed from the practical point of view.