Name: Class: Honors Biology Period: Chapter 5 – Membrane Structure and Function Exercise 1 – Membrane Structure (5.1) Review the animal cell plasma membrane by labeling this diagram. Label the items in boldface type: Start with the cytoplasm, extracellular fluid, and a fiber of the extracellular matrix. In the membrane, label phospholipids, glycoprotein, glycolipid, carbohydrate chain, hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads, phospholipid bilayer, peripheral protein, cholesterol, integral protein, and filaments of the cytoskeleton. Exercise 2 – Membrane Proteins (5.1) Label each membrane protein shown below. (See Figure 5.3)
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Name: Class:HonorsBiology Period:
Chapter5–MembraneStructureandFunctionExercise1–MembraneStructure(5.1)
Reviewtheanimalcellplasmamembranebylabelingthisdiagram.Labeltheitemsinboldfacetype:Startwiththecytoplasm,extracellularfluid,andafiberoftheextracellularmatrix.Inthemembrane,labelphospholipids,glycoprotein,glycolipid,carbohydratechain,hydrophobictails,hydrophilicheads,phospholipidbilayer,peripheralprotein,cholesterol,integralprotein,andfilamentsofthecytoskeleton.
Exercise2–MembraneProteins(5.1)
Labeleachmembraneproteinshownbelow.(SeeFigure5.3)
Name: Class:HonorsBiology Period:
Exercise3–Diffusion,Osmosis,andActiveTransport(5.2-5.3)
Reviewdiffusionandthefunctionofcellmembranesbymatchingeachofthephrasesontherightwiththeappropriatemechanismsfromthelistontheleft.Twoquestionsrequiremorethanoneanswer.
A. Diffusion ______ 1. Typeofdiffusionacrossabiologicalmembrane
B. Activetransport ______ 2. Movessolutesagainstconcentrationgradient
C. Osmosis ______ 3. Anyspreadofmoleculesfromareaofhighertolowerconcentration
D. Phagocytosis ______ 4. Diffusionwiththehelpofatransportprotein
E. Passivetransport ______ 5. ThreetypesofendocytosisF. Facilitateddiffusion ______ 6. EngulfingoffluidinmembranevesiclesG. Pinocytosis ______ 7. DiffusionofwateracrossselectivelypermeablemembraneH. Receptor-mediated
endocytosis______ 8. TransportmoleculesneedATPtofunction
I. Exocytosis ______ 9. Enablescelltoengulfbulkquantitiesofspecificlargemolecules ______ 10. Howoxygenandcarbondioxideenterandleavecells ______ 11. Twotypesofpassivetransport ______ 12. Engulfingofparticleinmembranevesicle ______ 13. Fusionofmembrane-boundvesiclewithmembrane,anddumpingof
contentsoutsidecell ______ 14. Howacellmightcaptureabacterium ______ 15. Helpedbyaquaporins
Exercise3–FacilitatedDiffusion(5.2)Osmosisisanimportantprocessthathasmanyeffectsonlivingthings.Testyourunderstandingofosmosisbypredictingineachofthefollowingcaseswhetherwaterwillenterthecell(In)orleavethecell(Out),orwhethertherewillbenonetmovementofwater(None).Assumethattheplasmamembraneispermeabletowaterbutnotsolutes.
____ 1. Cellisexposedtohypertonicsolution.
____ 2. Cellisplacedinsaltsolutionwhoseconcentrationitgreaterthancellcontents.
____ 3. Duetodisease,soluteconcentrationofbodyfluidoutsidecellislessthansoluteconcentrationofcells.
____ 4. Cellisinisotonicsolution.
____ 5. Single-celledorganismisplacedindropofpurewaterforexaminationundermicroscope.____ 6. Cellisimmersedinsolutionofsucroseandglucosewhoseindividualconcentrationsarelessthan
concentrationofsolutesincytoplasm,butwhosecombinedconcentrationisgreaterthanconcentrationofsolutesincytoplasm.
____ 7. Soluteconcentrationofcellisgreaterthansoluteconcentrationofsurroundingfluid.
____ 8. Cellisexposedtohypotonicsolution.
____ 9. Concentrationofsolutesincytoplasmisequaltosoluteconcentrationofextracellularfluid.
____ 10. Cytoplasmismoredilutethansurroundingsolution.
Name: Class:HonorsBiology Period:
Exercise4–MembraneStructureandFunctionsTrytopicturemembranesandtheirfunctionscloseupbycompletingthefollowingstory.
YourfirstmissionasaBionautrequiresyoutoenterabloodvesselandobservethestructureandfunctionsofcellmembranes.Youstepintothewater-filledchamberoftheMicrotron,whichquicklyshrinksyoutoasizemuchsmallerthenaredbloodcell.
Youtumblethroughthetunnel-likeneedleandintoabloodvesselinthearmofavolunteer.Huge,rubberyredbloodcellsslowlyglidepast.Floatingintheclear,yellowishbloodplasma,youswitchonyourheadlampandexaminetheepithelialcellsofthevesselwall.Theirplasmamembranesseemmadeofmillionsofsmallballoons.Thesearethepolar“heads”ofthe1_____________________moleculesthatmakeupmostofthemembranesurface.Throughthetransparentsurface,youcanseetheirflexible,2_____________________tailsprojectinginwardtowardtheinteriorofthemembrane,andbeyondthemaninnerlayerof3_____________________moleculeswiththeirtailspointingtowardyou.Hereandthereareglobular4_____________________moleculesembeddedinthemembrane;somerestlightlyonthesurface,butmostprojectallthewayintotheinteriorofthecell.Themembraneisindeeda5_____________________mosaic;theproteinsareembeddedlikethepiecesofapicture,butyoucanseethattheyarefreetomovearound.Youpushononeoftheproteins,anditbobslikeaniceberg.Someofthephospholipidsandproteinshavechainsofsugarmoleculesattachedtothem,forming6_____________________and7_____________________.Thesearethemoleculesthatactascell8_____________________tags.Younoticethatoneoftheproteinshasadimpleinitssurface.Justthenasmall,roundmoleculefloatingintheplasmanestlesinthedimple.Themoleculeisahormone,achemicalsignal,andthedimpledproteinisthe9______________________thatenablesthecelltorespondtoit.
Inyourlightbeam,youcanseethesparkleandshimmerofmanymolecules,largeandsmall,inthebloodandpassingthroughthecellmembrane.Oxygenismovingfromtheplasma,whereitismoreconcentrated,tothecellinterior,whereitislessconcentrated.Thismovementis10_____________________;whereitoccursthroughabiologicalmembrane,itiscalled11_____________________transport.Similarly,carbondioxideisflowingoutofthecell,downits12_____________________gradient,fromthecellinterior,whereitis13_____________________concentrated,totheblood,whereitis14_____________________concentrated.
Younotethatwatermoleculesarepassingthroughthemembraneequallyinbothdirections.Thetotalconcentrationofsolutesinthecellandinthebloodmustbeequal;thesolutionsmustbe15_____________________.Yousignalthecontrolteamtoinjectasmallamountofconcentratedsaltsolutionintotheblood,makingthebloodslightly16____________________relativetothecellcontents.Thiscauseswatertoflow17_____________________thecell,untilthetwosolutionsareagaininequilibrium.Thisdiffusionofwaterthrougha18_____________________permeablemembraneiscalled19_____________________.
Somesugarmoleculesfloatinginthebloodaresimpletoolargeandpolartopasseasilythroughtheplasmamembrane.Thesugarmoleculessimplybounceoff,unlesstheyhappentopassthroughporesinspecial20_____________________proteins.Thisisatypeofpassivetransport,becausethemoleculesmovedownaconcentrationgradientwithouttheexpenditureof21_____________________.Becausetransportproteinshelpout,itiscalled22_____________________diffusion.
Name: Class:HonorsBiology Period:
Yourchemscannerdetectsahighconcentrationofpotassiumionsinsidethecell.Transportproteinshereandthereinthemembraneareabletomovepotassiumintothecellagainsttheconcentrationgradient.Thismustbe23_____________________transport;thecellexpends24_____________________toprovideenergyto“pump”thepotassiumintothecell.
Suddenlythereisatugatyourfoot.Youlookdowntoseeyourflipperengulfedbyaripplingmembrane.Awhitebloodcellthesizeofabuildingquicklypinsyouagainstthevesselwall.Thephospholipidsofitsmembranearepressedagainstyourfacemask.Thecellisengulfingyou,protectingthebodyfromaforeigninvader!Takinginasubstanceinthiswayiscalled25_____________________,morespecifically26_____________________,ifthesubstanceisasolidparticle.Suddenlythepressurediminishes,andyouareinsidethewhitebloodcell,floatingfreeinamembrane-enclosedbag,or27_____________________.Anothersacisapproaching;itisa28_____________________,fullofdigestiveenzymes.Youmanagetogetyourlegsoutsideofthevacuoleandmoveitbacktowardtheinnersurfaceofthecellmembrane.Asthevacuolefuseswiththemembrane,youtearyourfeetfreeandswimawayfromthevoraciouscell,realizingthat29_____________________expelledyoualmostasfastasendocytosistrappedyou!
Youswimtotheexitpoint,andthecontrolteamremovesyoubysyringe.Youaresoonbackinthelab,restoredtonormalsize,andtellingyourcolleaguesaboutyourclosecall.Exercise5-CellCommunication(5.1)
Readpage90inthetextbookandlabelthefollowingdiagram.Answerthequestions.1. Ifyourcellsneededto
rapidlyrespondtoachangingenvironment,wouldyouwanttheeffecttobeshort-orlong-lived?
2. Giventheessentialroleofsignalingincellularandorganismalhealth,howmightdiseasesarisefromsignalingerrors?
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