Name: Cells: Dividing to Multiply · 2018-09-09 · Name: _____ Cells: Dividing to Multiply What do you know about cells? (Consider: Definition, Types, Parts (of), Function(s), Size,

Name:_________________

Cells:DividingtoMultiplyWhatdoyouknowaboutcells?(Consider:Definition,Types,Parts(of),Function(s),Size,Growth,Living?,Importance)

ConditionsEssentialforLife§ Theconditionsessentialfortheemergenceoflifeoneartharetheconditions

thatmadeitpossiblefor___________________________________________

andtheir________________________________________________________

§ Theseconditionsare:• Presenceof________________________________________

• Presenceof________________________________________

• Presenceof_________________________

• Averylongperiodof_________________Table:ConditionsforLife(seehandout)Cells

• Thecellisthebuildingblockofall______________organisms.

• Wearemadeofabout10,000billioncells.

• Atthebeginningallcellsare_____________________,butastheydeveloptheybecome_____________________.

• Thereareabout______________________ofcellsthatvaryin____________ReviewofCells

Structuresmostessentialforcellularreproduction:

• CellMembrane:__________________________which________________

thecell,and____________________whatcan

__________________________thecell.

• Cytoplasm:________________insidethe__________________________whichallowssubstancestocirculateinthecell

• Nucleus:_________________________cellsactivities(growthandreproduction)andcontains_____________

• NuclearMembrane:___________________thenucleusandcontrols

_________________________betweennucleusandtherestofthecell

DNA• DNAstandsforDeoxyribonucleicAcid• AcompletemoleculeofDNAiscalleda__________________________.• ADNAmoleculeisa________________________________structurewhich

whenstraightenedlookslikea__________________.

• Each“bar”intheladderiscalleda___________________andismadeof

2_______________________.

• Thereare4bases:______________________(A),_______________(C),____________________(G)and_____________________(T)

• Theyarealwayspaired:__________________and______________

• Theorderinwhichthesebasepairsarearrangeddeterminesthe

____________________________________

Chromosomes&Genes§ Chromosomes:structurescontaininganindividual’s_____________________.

Inanimalandplantcells,thechromosomesarelocatedinthe_____________.

Chromosomescontain:§ Genes:chromosome__________________thatdeterminespecific

_____________________________.Weallhave_______________genesbut

___________________differencesmakeusallunique.

§ Genesaresegmentsof____________thatdetermineaparticulargenetic

characteristic.Theycanbe_________________________or

____________________.Genecontains_______________for

__________________________________suchaseyecolor,skincolor,etc.

§ ChromosomesformwhenDNApacksitselfuptightlyby_______________

againandagainuntilitisshapedlikean_____________.

CellDivision:

§ Cellsdivideforthreereasons:1. To_________________innumbersandallow_________________

(________________________cells(2n))

2. Tissue__________________(somatic/diploidcells(2n))

3. ______________________reproduction(_______________cells(n))

**Buttheyarenotalwaysdividing.Mostlytheyareensuringtheproperfunctioningofthehumanorganism.**Howcellsmultiply• Cellsuse______________________tomultiply.• Mitosis:processof_________________________inwhichthe

_______________celldividestoproduce_________________________cells

called_____________________cells(diploidcells(2n)).

• Usedforthe_______________________________andto____________

____________________________

Mitosis

• Ensuresgrowth(an___________________________________ofcellsthatmakeupanorganism).

• Whenourbodiesgrowsodoesthe#ofcells,sowehavemorecellswhenweareadultsthanwhenwearebabies

• Mitoticactivity:#ofmitosescarriedoutbycells(moreintenseduring

________________and____________________thananyotherstageof

life)

• Ensuresrepairof___________________________________,repairareasofthebodythathavebeenaccidentally____________________(ex.Injuries,

cuts,fracturesandhemorrhages)

• Certaincellsweardown_______________________thanothersandneedreplacingmoreoften(eg.Skincellsarereplacedevery2wksandwhitebloodcellsevery120days)

ProcessofMitosis§ DNAis__________________beforethecelldivides(processcalled“DNA

___________________”).Todothis,theDNAunzipslikea______________

andnewbasesare________________intherightorderandattachtoeachof

theseparatestrands,forming_______________________________________.

• Steps:

1. DNA______________________

2. __________________________areformed

3. DNAlinesupin___________________

4. Chromosomes________________upandgoto________________

ends

5. Cell_______________________creatingtwodaughtercells

(_______________cells)withthe______________genetic

information.

Meiosis

• Meiosisisaformofcelldivisionthatproduces__________________________

____________________thatare____________________fromtheoriginal

cellbecausetheyeachcontain________________theDNA

• Theresultis________________________________,eachcontain______________________________andall__________________genetic

material.

• Eachdaughtercellendsupwith____________________thegeneticinfo.Thesearecalled_________________(n)cells.

• Thisisusedtocreate_____________________

• SexCells:Spermandova(eggs),arealsocalled____________________

• InordertoproducecellsthatcontainonlyhalftheDNA,thereare___________divisionsthattakeplace.

• Thefirstoneis___________________tomitosis(whereDNA_____________itselffirst)

• Theseconddivisionhappensrightafterthefirstdivision,but______________duplicatingtheDNA

• During_________________________millionsofspermatozoa(n)encountertheovum(n).

• Onlyoneofthespermwillbeabletopenetratetheovumandcombinethemalegeneticinfo(n)withthatofthefemale(n)toproduceazygote(2n).

• Further__________________resultsinthedevelopmentofan____________(firststepstoababy)

MitosisvsMeiosis§ Usingyournotes,createaVennDiagramtocompareMitosisandMeiosis

CellularOrganization• Remember:23_______________giveatotalof___________chromosomes

ofwhich½comefromthe_____________________and½fromthe

_____________.

• 22ofthe23pairsare____________________inboth________________

• The23rdpairisthe_________________________

• A_________________showingthepairsofchromosomesindescendingorder

of__________________iscalleda______________________

GeneticDiversity• Everyhumanbeingisunique.

• Thepairsofchromosomesthattheoffspringreceivefromtheirparentsispure

________________.

• Itispurechance___________________________andovumwillcombine.

• Geneticdiversity:• isthe_______________________ofgenesamongtheindividualsofthe

same_______________________.

• Prevents_____________________ofaspecies

FactorsthatcontributetoGeneticDiversity• Geneticrecombination:similarchromosomes__________________________

oftheirgenesduringthebeginningof_______________________

• Geneticmutation:where________________________________happenin

thebasesofDNA(A,C,T,G).Thiscanbecausedby________________________

or_______________________________.

• Populationmixing:whereindividualsfrom___________________populations_______________________

What’safterCells?• _____________________________________canperformallthebasic

functionstosurvive.

• __________________________organismsbeingmorecomplexrequire

cellsto_______________________and___________________________

toperformthesesamefunctions.• Thesecellsare_____________________into:

Tissues

OrgansOrganSystems

Organism