Participatory GIS in Empowering Rural Communities: Case study of a South Indian Village Nagesh Kolagani, Palaniappan Ramu and Koshy Varghese IIT Madras
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Participatory GIS in Empowering Rural Communities:Case study of a South Indian Village
Nagesh Kolagani, Palaniappan Ramu and Koshy VargheseIIT Madras
Simplifying Open Source GIS for Use by VillagersIn Map Preparation & Map Utilization; For Local Control & Low Cost
Villagers participate betterSchool children produce GIS maps
Youth gather GPS & attribute data View complex data in simple ways
1. Need for Participatory GIS
Case Study of a South Indian Village
2. Software Development
Design and Implementation
Field Trials
Iterative Development
3. Conclusions
Outline
1. Need for Participatory GIS
Case Study of a South Indian VillageProblemsSolutions
2. Software Development
Design and Implementation
Field Trials
Iterative Development
3. Conclusions
Outline
Location Map of Project Villages in South India
Parigi villages (22) (phase II)
E. Palaguttapalli village (phase I)
IIT Madras
3-d Visualization
Catchment Estimation in Hilly Areas
Up to 1970’s: Community-based Rain Water Harvesting
FOREST
STREAMS
RESERVOIRS
WELLS FARMS
Up to 1970’s: Sustainable Water Usage
Number of wells: 76● Open wells
During 1980’s and 1990’s: Excessive Water Usage
Number of wells: 198● Open wells● Tube wells
Since 2002: Water Crisis
Number of wells: 59● Open wells● Tube wells
Falling Ground Water Levels over Decades
1970's 1980's & 1990's post-2001
-200
-180
-160
-140
-120
-100
-80
-60
-40
-20
0Ground level
Hard rock
Water-intensive commercial cropsup to 2001
Problem: Water Crisis since 2002
Rain-fed subsistence cropssince 2002
Solution: Water Harvesting Structures
Blackboard Sketch of People's Suggestions
Field Visits to Proposed Locations
A Sample Plan for Proposed Structures
No location information for facilitating monitoring & visualization
GPS/GIS Map of People's Suggestions
For monitoring & visualization; Enforces participation & field visits
Social Benefit Analysis of Proposed Structures
For facilitating discussions among people
A Structure Well-planned and Constructed by Neighbours
Started working as a Successful Silt Trap within 1 Month
Extending these Lessons to Other Villages
1. Need for Participatory GIS
Case Study of a South Indian VillageProblem: Water CrisisSolution: PGIS-based Water Harvesting
2. Software Development
Design and Implementation
Field Trials
Iterative Development
3. Conclusions
Outline
1. Need for Participatory GIS
Case Study of a South Indian Village
2. Software Development
Design and Implementation
Field Trials
Iterative Development
3. Conclusions
Outline
Google Map of Reservoir and Farms
Does not know their descriptive data; Does not show other needed features (e.g. wells)
Village Youth gathering such Data using GPS & Questionnaires
For point layers:(such as wells)
As GPS 'way points'
For line and polygon layers:(such as streams and farms)
As GPS tracks:Can not deviate from boundaryDifficult for streams, farms, etc due to presence of thorny bushes, etc.OK for roads, etc.
As GPS routes:User interface is difficult for use by a villager
As GPS 'way points':To be joined later using GIS
Collecting Spatial Data as GPS Waypoints
A Sample Questionnaire for Farms Layer
School Children Producing GIS Maps from Such Data
villageQGIS: Auto-connecting GPS points
Entering Questionnaire Data into Appropriate GIS layer
Using villageQGIS software: (e.g. 3 clicks)For each feature of each layer (of type line or polygon):
Constructing lines and polygons from GPS point data:- specify way points to join as a string e.g. “209-213, 218, 221-224”- visually verify correctness of boundary points & joined line/polygonConverting lines and polygons into GIS features:- select layer name from a list box e.g. “streams” or “farms”- fill resulting attribute form with data from questionnaire
Using QGIS software: (e.g. at least 17 clicks)For each feature of each layer (of type line or polygon):
- Select desired feature and select option to add new a feature- For each GPS point: (e.g. 209,210,211,212,213,218,221,222,224”)
- locate it on the screen, using find button or appropriate label option- draw a line connecting it to previous point
- fill resulting attribute form with data from questionnaire- Save
Comparison of villageQGIS and QGIS
A Sample Village Map
...
Querying Attributes of Mapped Features
Easy Interface to View Complex Data in Simple Ways
This will help villagers understand their problems & solutions and participate better
Default Views: Farms Classified based on Social Data
Multi-Criteria Classification e.g. Technical & Social Data
Interface for Local Experts to Build Custom Views
1. Need for Participatory GIS
Case Study of a South Indian Village
2. Software Development
Design and Implementation
Field Trials
Iterative Development
3. Conclusions
Outline
Experiments on Ease-of-Use in Map Preparation
● Participants:
6 sub-groups of 3 village students each
● 3 sub-groups use Quantum GIS software (Control group)
● 3 sub-groups use villageQGIS software (Test group)
● Task:
Produce GIS maps from given GPS and Questionnaire data sets
Experiments on Ease-of-Use in Map Preparation
1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3QGISvillageQGIS
Ratio of times taken (with QGIS and
with villageQGIS)
Experiment no.
Experiments on Ease-of-Use in Map Preparation
1 2 30
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3QGISvillageQGIS
Ratio of times taken (with QGIS and
with villageQGIS)
Experiment no.
Desired spatial
accuracy
1. Need for Participatory GIS
Case Study of a South Indian Village
2. Software Development
Design and Implementation
Field Trials
Iterative Development
3. Conclusions
Outline
Iterative Development of GIS
For monitoring & visualization; Enforces participation & field visits
Providing Indian Language Interface
Simplified User Interface (UI):
1. Text display in Indian languages:- static text (such as tooltip and button labels)-dynamic text (such as user entered data )
2. Attribute data as audio output
3. Help/instructions using audio and/or video
4. ‘Text-free UI’ (as far as possible)
For facilitating participation
E.g. User entered text in Indian languages
Porting to Handhelds for On-Site Map Preparation and Analysis
3. Samsung N100 Netbook
Examples:1. Samsung Galaxy Tablet
Rs. 28,000 /-0.565 kg10.1'' touch screen9 hours batteryAndroid 3.1 OS
Map preparation as One-step On-site process:1. Following map preparation steps can be combined:
a. Spatial data gathering using GPSb. Attribute data gathering using PDA/questionnairesb. Preparating maps using ‘Gram Panchyat QGIS’
2. This facilitates transparent verification and correction.3. Created/updated map features can immediately bereplicated to a central map server (e.g. open source UMN MapServer) through internet, facilitating social and official monitoring.
On-site Map analysis:1. On-site map analysis for better participatory planning, implementation and monitoring becomes possible. If internet connection is available, this can be an online process through web client; else an offline process using last available data.
Rs. 12,290 /-1.03 kg10.1'' screen5+ hours batteryUbuntu OS
2. Akaash TabletRs. 2,500 /-0.350 kg7'' screen2-3 hrs battery
Mobile SMS based Basic Map Updating and Querying
Map updating:1. Send updated attribute data as structured SMS to central server (e.g completed works)
Map querying:1. Send query as structured SMS to central server and receive basic attribute data (e.g. Basic measurement and expenditure details of such-and-such work) (‘pull’)2. Send SMS alerts about map updates, etc to registered users such as concerned beneficiaries, officers, etc (‘push’)
Browser based Data Entry, Viewing & Administration
Drill down up to individual vouchers
Open Source UMN Map Server & Adempiere ERP server Drill down to farms/sub-polts & households
Upload & download (push & pull) using mobile SMS,tablets (open source Android OS) & netbooks (Ubuntu OS)
Integrated DSS for Planning and Implementation
1. Need for Participatory GIS
Case Study of a South Indian Village
2. GIS Software Development:
Development
Field Trials
3. Conclusions
Outline
Day 1: GIS theory classes
Days 2, 3 & 4: Village based GPS mapping
Day 5: Evaluation & review
51
Extending through Training Workshops
Thank You!
Credits: To the local youth & To the farmers
Appendix
Tutorial
Input data:GPS and Questionnaire data about:
- a stream and a reservoir- farms under that reservoir, etc
Task:Create a GIS map:
- first using villageQGIS- then using QGIS (or Map Windows GIS)
Compare the time taken and map accuracy
Run a script and specify location of imported GPS & Questionnaire files
ArcView 3.1 GIS-based Scripts for Automated Map Generation
1. Run ARCVIEW3.1\SETUP.EXE from CD
Default directory for installation is C:\ESRI.
2. Copy av_data directory from CD to C:\
3. Run c:\av_data\project\proj1.apr
4. Run ‘0_main’ script and specify location of imported GPS and PDA
files: ‘proj1.apr’ window‘Scripts’ icon‘0_main’ script‘Run’
button‘Select Mapsource File’=c:\av_data\gps_pda\mapsource.txt’Select
Attribute Files’=bw_points.txt;fm_polygons.txt;sm_lines.txt
Using ArcView 3.1 Scripts
Enter attribute data from each questionnaire table into an Excel file (e.g. c:\av_data\gps_pda\well_points.txt) and convert it into a tab-delimited text file
Preparing Maps using ArcView 3.1 GIS without Scripts1. For each point theme:
Based on its questionnaire table file:1. Create a new ArcView table2. For each record/feature:
Copy Name/Long/Lat of appropriate Waypoint from mapsource.txt into the new ArcView table
3. Create a new Event Theme using the new ArcView table4. Join new table with questionnaire table (after converting it into dBASE format)
2. For each line (or polygon) theme:Based on its questionnaire table file:1. Create a new Theme with shape = line (or polygon)2. For each record/feature: recursive
1. Create a new ArcView table2. Copy Long/Lat of appropriate Trackpoints from mapsource.txt into the new ArcView table3. Create Event Theme using the new ArcView Table4. Create new feature by joining these points recursive
3. Join Attribute table of new theme with questionnaire table file (after converting it into dBASE format)
Proposed Tablet User Interface