Top Banner

of 45

NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

Apr 14, 2018

Download

Documents

Welcome message from author
This document is posted to help you gain knowledge. Please leave a comment to let me know what you think about it! Share it to your friends and learn new things together.
Transcript
  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    1/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    2/45

    NACA TM 426

    TECHNICAL MEMORANDUMSNATIONAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE FOR AERONAUTICS

    No. 426

    SEAPLANE FLOATS A.ND HULLSBy H . H e r r m a n n

    P A R T I

    From " B e r i c h t e und A b h a n dl u ng e n d e r W i s s e n s c h a f t e nG e s e l l s c h a f t f u r L u f t f a h r t "D e c e m b e r , 1926

    Was h ing tonAugus t , 1927

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    3/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    4/45

    12 84 24 12 132I t a l y 176 176Russia 30 30 120 180America 135 66 264 264 461

    There a r e two methods f o r a government t o develop good seplanes : I n the f i r s t in s tance , by placing a~ order o r caJ.1

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    5/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    6/45

    ed f o r t h e same tak e-o ff speed, The same r e. by changing t h e take-off speed o s bo th the load

    off speed simultan eously, which i s usu sal ly th e case. Then i t u d e of t h e v a r i a t i o n i s shown i n Figs . 3-5. Ther e f e r t o a p a i r of twin f l oa t s , Cond i tions a reing boat s.

    The procedures outl ined above a re n ot s u f f i c i e n t f o r cornparing two p a i r s o f f l o a t s o r two f l yi ng boats . In t h i s con-

    s a r e p l o t t e d as

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    7/45

    thet h eThe

    -

    t o t a l f l o a t capacity . A s far its seaworthiness i s concapaci ty i s u s u a l l y 1.8-2.2 times the displacement atwater r e s i s t a n c e of t tvin-f loats of 2 t o n s t o t

    shown i n Fig. 1. The shape of the f l o a t i s shorn i n FiYJithout changing i t s submerged portion, a f l y i n g boat may

    be provided with a cab in hu l l o r w i t h a rn i l i t 'vy hul l , The t o -

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    8/45

    measurement accuracy.

    Water resistance dependsl a r g e l y o n flow underhull, which changesslowly with increas ingspeed.

    There i s no acce le ra t io( 2 ) When there i s a c c e l e r a t i ot h e h u l l always travelsw i t h a flow diagsponding t o a l oVaria t ion of w a ttance i s with in range ofmeatjureraent accuracy( 3 )P a r t of water r e s i s t a n c e i s Owing t o f r i c t i o n , water re-due t o f r i c t i o n subject t o s i s t an ce measurements of

    the Reynolds l a w . model are too high andmust be corrected,. A t low speeds the model i s(4)Controls a re i n e f f e c t i v e at

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    9/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    10/45

    D s p lacementMassSpeedAccelerat ion

    L Z m xT t S 7

    K k kg KVol vol m3 L3M

    hm/s 7

    V v

    hB bA a m h K

    L

    K = k KVol=vol h3

    ~ = m7 2h

    hv=v -ThB = b -2

    A=ah K

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    11/45

    t o t a l weight. Consequently, t h e water re s i s ta nc e of modern boatsi s approximately t e n t i m e s t h e a i r res i s ta ncc . The seaplanet a k e s o f f when t he pr op el le r th rus t exceeds the combined waterand a i r r e s i s t ance .

    A r e s u l t of t h e e l e va t e d p o s i t i o n of t h e p r o p e l l e r , withreference t o t h e cen te r o f g r a v i t y and e s p e c i a l l y t o the water-l i n e , i s nose -hea vine ss, which de pr es se s t h e bow. Ce rt ai n bowshapes produce suc t io n ef fe c t s , &de t o t h e i nc re as ed r e l a t i v ev e l o c i t y of t h e water f low. The result i s t h a t many seaplanesnose dovn while t a k i n g o f f , b ef or e t h e c r i t i c a l speed i s reached.This e f f e c t i s counterbalanced by ho ld ing th e e leva to r con t ro l

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    12/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    13/45

    Normally a seaplane takes o f f a nand waves, Very seldom, and only when t h e r e ar e w

    t hus avo id ing the i r blows. When th e seapl ane a l i g h t s , th e con-d i t i o n s are reversed.t h e w a t e r u n t i i i t s speed decreases t o th e c r i t i c a l speed. Thenthe hull submerges and the seaplane soon comes t o r e s t .mass mul t ip l i ed by t h e r e t a r d a t i o n i s always equa3 t o t h e com-bi ne d water and a i r re s i s t ance .

    The seaplane g l ides on the , surf ace . of

    The

    I n Fig. 9 , th e water res i s t anc e i s seen inc reas ing t o am a x i m u m value and th en de cr ea si ng again. Above is p l o t t e d t h ep r o p e l l e r t h r u s t , from which the a i r re s i s t ance ha s a l readybeen deduced. The tak e-of f time w i l l now be determined. Graph-i c a l means a re used , s ince th e water re s i s t an ce can h a rd l y bec a l c u l a t e d by analyticaJ. methods, A n i s o s c e l e s t r i a n g l e i s

    the speed of 9.81 m / s (32.2 f t , / s e c . ) b e i n g i t s base and

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    14/45

    s u b j e c t thus be obtained.Summary o f Information Obtained

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    15/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    16/45

    ed and no suc t ion exe r ted on t h e r e a r p o r t i o n of t h e hu l l . Ifno s tep i s provided, a s t r o ng s u c t i o n e f f e c t i s c r e a t e d at t h es t e r n and t h e r e i s no, o r a very small, decresse o f r e s i s t a n c eaboze th e c r i t i c a l speed, Consequently, th e water r e s i s t a n c ecan be overcome by hul ls wi thout steps only when they are veryl i g h t l y loaded.water aornents acting on a s t ep le s s h u l l w i t h ordinary horizon-

    I t i s f a r more d i f f i c u l t t o overcorne th e high-

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    17/45

    h i s r e s i s t a n c e a c t s at a c e r t a i n d i s t a nc e from t h e f i n e oust of th .e propel ler and develops a nose-heavy moment

    stance and take-off t ime being increased correspondI n Fig. 16 t h e s t e p i s l o c a t e d far beh ind t h e c.g,, and

    t h e seapla ne nose-heavy: one by w a t

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    18/45

    N . A , C , A , Technical Memorandum No, 626 16be de fl ec te d enough fur th er t o i n

    A h u l l with a t o o e f f i c i e n t b o t t o m it he water before t h e take-off speed i s r el i f t i s not reached at t h a t moment, the seaplane fback on t h e water. The seaplane may alsojus t when, owing t o t h e p o s i t i o n of the s t e p , t h e e l e v a t o r i sa l re a dy f u l l y d e f l e c t e d and a ser i ous accide nt , such as side-sl ip pi ng , may th en resul t . By such le ap s considerable s t re ss esare exe rte d on t h e hul l . The speed at which they begin can bedetermined by tank te s t s . F o r well-designed seaplanes, they donot occur before 90$ of t h e take-off speed i s reached. Englishf l y i n g boats jumped even at 5 0 8 of t h e take-of f speed. TheEnglis h Felixstowe trFurytt (Fig. 25) w i t h f ive 250 HP. Rolls-Royce engines, w a s completely destroye d by such lea ps. I n t h i scase, tank t e s t s should have been made befo re t h e cons t ruc t ionof the seaplane and not a f t e r t h e crash. This tendency can o f -te n be avoided by a s l i g h t displacement of th e c.g. o r by anad di ti on al . moment sometimes f orw ard and sometimes back wa d. I fno improvement i s thus obta inea , the e f f i c i e n c y o f the bottommust be reduced by lowering the s tep o r s h i f t i n g i t forward, o r

    by i t sof the c.g. means a reduct ion of t he e f f i c i e n t p a r t of t h e bot-

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    19/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    20/45

    waves axe more ea s i l y overcome by p u l l i n g t h e e l e v a t o r c o n t r o lback i n advance. To produce th e des i re d ef fe c t , the second s tmus%be some d i st a n c e behind th e f i r s t s tep. If i t i s too net h e f i r s t s t e p , no s a t i s f a c t o r y s t a b i l i z i n g e f f e c t i s produce

    a r e s u b j e c t t o var ious va lua t ions , Therefore , th ere are s t i l lmany con trad ict ory opinions regarding th e rea r s tep ,

    Condi t ions are d i f feren t with r e f e re n c e t o a t h i r d s t e

    insu re a smooth separa

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    21/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    22/45

    N . A . C . A . Technical Meriorandum No. 426 20th e wings , t he h ul l and th e pro pel ler . The spray i s reduced bybending t he upper p a r t down, as i s done on t h e Linton-Hope h u l l s(Figs. 34, 36, 40, 42, 50 and 65), b y f i t t i n g a s t r i p beneaththe outer edge of th e ch ine , thus reducing t h e depth of immer-si on, and by in cr ea sin g t he angle of a t t ack of th e h u l l and byg iv ing a su i t ab le shape t o the bow. The cr oss s ec ti on should behollow and V-shaped w i t h a f l a t , wide ground p l a n and approxi-mately horizontal l a t e r a l and % o t t o m surfaces t o r ide the wa te r .The chines, o r the more o r l e s s horizontal bottom surfaces , mustbe gradua l ly r a i s ed t o w a r d t h e f ro nt . L i t t l e o r no reductiono f spray i s produced by longitudinal beams beneath t h e b o t to m.

    The best shape of hul ls , and fl o a t s can be developed by tan kt e s t s o r by building a su f f i c i e n t number of models. The samer e s u l t s a r e ob ta in ed by bo th methods. The second method i s moreexpensive and considerably s l o w e r . Regardl ess of th e danger in-volved, t h i s method was worked out during the war at Felixstowe,E n g l a d , by Colonel J. C. P o r t e , o f f i c e r of t h e B g i t i s h n av ala i r s e r v i c e , who had no engineering training. The r e s u l t i n gs a c r i f i c e s o f human l i f e could have been avoided by ta nk t e s t s .These experiments were subsequen tly desc rib ed by Rennie i n anapologetic note.**Rennie, J. D. - Some Notes on t h e Design, Construction and Op-e r a t i o n of Flyin g Boats. '!The Jour nal of theRoyal. Aeronaut ica l Socie ty ," 1923, p. 123.

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    23/45

    load. Thus theo f developing hydroplaning e99 ciency; such quest io nsl a nd i ng , s ea wor th in es s, s t a b i l i t y , e t c. , were more o r 1l e c t e d u n t i l more powerful engi nes became av ai la bl e. The f i r shull . tes ted was a modified Curtiss l f&ericat l f l y i n g boat ( F i g17): weight, l i g h t , 3100 l b. ; f u l l y loaded, 4500 l b , ; horsepower, 160; l e n g t h of hull, 30 f t . ; single s t ep , p r o j e c t i n gf i n %osw,rd, ending at s t b p , which was undes thhe cog, Fore andaft angle between t h e unders ide of t h e t a i l and planing surfacof t h e s h i p was 10 degrees,

    ould be h e l d up during th e accele

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    24/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    25/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    26/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    27/45

    t s obtained with t h e ffAmeSica!fh u l l s , P a r t i c u l a r s :

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    28/45

    s u l t . Fig. 25 shows profi le , plan, and body s ec t i ons i n d e ta i l .It was or ig ina l ly des igned f o r 24,000 l b . t o t a l we i g h t , and t obe f i t t e d w i t h th ree 600 HP. Rolls-Royce Condor en gi nes. A sthese engines d i d not become ava il abl e, f i v e Eagle VII I1s hadt o be used, which l e d t o a decided drop i n a ir performance.

    From every poi nt of view, t h e boat was t h e best designtu rned out at Felixstowe. It was found t h a t the normal load

    io us F-boats. Loading t e s t s were conti nued up t o

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    29/45

    i-ments i s t h a t t h e l i n e s md dimensions ( F i g .c e s s f u l f l y i n g b oa t h u l l f o r a given displacementevolved, I t now remai ns t o show how t h e var io us f e a tdes ign con t r ibu te toward th e f u l f i l l r r en t of t h e r el a i d down above, and t o ind ic at e where, i f at al l , t h ef r o m what might be deduced f r o m tank t e s t s .

    The experience gained requi red severzl months ' TFrork,as th e sane r e s u l t s would have been obtained i n a f e v weeks by

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    30/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    31/45

    with i t ,Tlie l i n e s of th e N . 4 T i t a n i a and t h e N .4 Atalanta f ly ing-

    boat h u l l s are shown i n Figs. 29-31.* Tank t e s t s were made on-l y a f t e r t he Titania was alr ead y under constru ct ion. I t wasf i r s t in tended to omi t the c e n t r a l p o r t i o n of t h e s t e p andonly th e l a t e r a l por t ions. Owing t o excess ive water res i s%ance ,t h e s t e p W a s subsequently extended over the whole width and even

    e l a t e r a l p o r t i o n s were enla rged (F i g . 32) . When the step i ssmall, t h e r e s i s ta n c e i s t y p i c a l l y sirnilas t o t h e ca see i s no s t e p a t a;ll. I t does no t decrease su f f i c i e n t

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    32/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    33/45

    v/v s t a r t

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    34/45

    32003000280026002490

    a 200c32 2000+>06 18GO;;f 16CO14001200loco8006004002000

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    35/45

    Fig.7

    k0

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    36/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    37/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    38/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    39/45

    X.A.C.A.

    .P

    01

    ABC

    Figa. 12,13

    0 LO 20 30 $OverloadFig.13 Ii>flucilce of ov,grload on take-off t i n e atd i f f e r e n t tcke-off Epceds.

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    40/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    41/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    42/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    43/45

    g.25 Lines of the Fe l ixs tone nFuryn. Better 1:have been obtained w i t h 3, a'nzrper V - b O t t O i 2 born.Inclined t o l eap before reaching taka-off speed, oving t o veryl a r g e and e f f i c i e n t b o t t o n . Trimed aft leaped :.iithinsuf f ic iex t lift, being subsequently crushed.

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    44/45

  • 7/27/2019 NACA TM 426 Seaplane Floats and Hulls

    45/45