]n. G sk-bv -Xp -ap -l½±v kv-amc -I {KÙw · 2015-01-04 · Rm³ B-Zyw HmÀ¯-Xv F -sâ `À -¯m -hv Ip sd sIm- Ã-§Ä -¡p -ap³ -]v F-t¶m-Sv ] -d -ª hm -¡p -I -fmWv. Ipd -¨p

]n. G sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½±v

kv-amc-I {KÙw

i

]n. G

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½±v

kv-amc-I

{KÙw

F-UnäÀ

tUm. kn.sI I-cow

{]-km-Z-I³-amÀ

]n.G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-±v kv-am-c-I I½nän

Xn-cp-h-\- -́]pcw

hn-XcWw

N-cn{Xw ]-_v-fn-t¡-j³kv

Xn-cp-h-\- -́]p-cwþ10

ii

(Malayalam)

P.A. MOHAMMED SMARAKA GRANDHAM

Memoirs

Edited By

DR. C. K KAREEM

First Published

December, 1976.

Printed at

ANUPAM PRINTERS, TRIVANDRUM-11

Price

Rupees 30.00

Copyright

Mrs. Khadija Sayed Mohammed

70 Giri Nagar, Ernakulam.

Publishers

P.A. Syed Mohammed Smaraka Committee

Trivandrum.

Distributors

Charithram Publications

Trivandrum-10.

iii

‘Dss-_Zn-s\ h-c-¨Xp-t]m-se F-sâbpw H-cp tc-Jm-Nn{Xw h-c¡-Ww'.\-

t¶-A-Sp-¯-t¸mÄ, sk-bv-Zv-ap-l½-Zv H-cm-{K-lw A-dn-bn¨p.h-c--¡-msa-t¶-

sä-¦nepw t]m-Ip-¶-Xn-\v ap-¼v h-c-¨p-Im-Wn-¡-s\m-¯nÃ. C-{X-t\c-s¯

t]m-Ip-sa¶v HmÀ¯XÃ. B B-{K-lw C-§-s\-sb-¦nepw ]qÀ-¯o-I-cn-

¡s«.

]n. hn. Ir-jv-W³, (Un-ssk\À, ]n. BÀ Un.)

iv

]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv kv-am-c-I I-½nän Xn-cp-h-\-´-]pcw F-Un-täm-dn-bÂ t_mÀUv sN-bÀ-am³ {io. iq-c-\m-«p ]n. F³ Ip-ª³-]n-Å Aw-K-§Ä {io. Fw.sI.Ip-amc³ s{]m-^: kp-Ip-amÀ A-go-t¡mSv ivo. G.G. sIm-¨p-®n {io. F³. hn. Ir-jv-W-hm-cyÀ tUm: sI.Fw. tPmÀÖv {io. ]n. Sn. `m-kv-¡-c-¸-Wn¡À {io. sI. Sn. X-cy³. F-UnäÀ tUm. kn.sI. Icow tPm-bnâv F-Un-tä-gvkv {io. Sn.sI.kn. h-SpX-e {io. hn. G. G. A-kokv

v

A-\p-kv-a-c-Wn-I t]Pv

{]kv-Xm-h\ ...................................................................................................................... 7

an-Ên-Êv J-Zo-Pm-sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv ............................................................................ 15

ssh¡w ap-l½-Zv _-joÀ ......................................................................................... 19

kn.-F-¨v. apl-½Zv tImb ........................................................................................... 21

Sn.]n. Ip-«nb-½p ............................................................................................................ 26

]n. tI-i-h-tZ-hv ............................................................................................................. 31

iq-c-\m-«v Ip-ª³-]n-Å ............................................................................................ 33

]n. sI. tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W³ .................................................................................... 40

s{]m. kp-Ip-amÀ A-go-t¡m-Sv ................................................................................... 46

Nm-¡o-cn A-l-½-Zp-Ip-«n ........................................................................................... 49

F.F.sIm-¨p-®n Fw.FÂ.F ................................................................................. 56

F³. hn. Ir-jv-W-hm-cnbÀ ...................................................................................... 58

an-Ên-Êv ta-co km-ap-hÂ tU-hn-Uv ......................................................................... 61

bp.F. _o-cm³ ............................................................................................................. 64

hn. F. F. A-ko-kv ................................................................................................... 69

Hm. ]n. tPmk^v .......................................................................................................... 78

]n.-Sn. `mkv¡çWn-¡À .......................................................................................... 83

sI.-_n.-A-½pªn ....................................................................................................... 88

sI.-G.-Zm-tam-Z-ctat\m³ ........................................................................................... 94

Sn. Fw. kmhm³Ip«n................................................................................................. 97

anknkv ^m¯n-am-Icow ........................................................................................... 102

]h-\³ ........................................................................................................................... 106

tI-k-cn-bp-sS I-¯ .................................................................................................... 113

Smd-dm-]pcw kpIp-am-c³ ........................................................................................... 118

Fw.-sI.-Ip-am-c³ ......................................................................................................... 123

sI.-A-hp-¡m-ZÀ Ip«n\l ....................................................................................... 130

vi

s{]m: -sk-¿nZv samln-bn-±o³ jm ........................................................................ 133

Sn.-sI.-kn.-h-Sp-Xe ........................................................................................................ 137

C.- A-l-½-Zpv ................................................................................................................. 143

ASqÀ cma-N-{µ³\m-bÀ ........................................................................................... 145

tUm.-sI.-Fw.-tPmÀPv ................................................................................................. 149

F³.-sI.-e¯o^v........................................................................................................ 152

kmlnXy\n]p-W³ Sn.- Fw.- Np-½mÀ ................................................................... 156

{io.-F-kv.-Ir-jvW-Ip-amÀ sF.-F.-F-Êv. .............................................................. 162

kn.- ]n. -{io-[-c³ ........................................................................................................ 164

sI.-Sn.-X-cy³.................................................................................................................. 167

H. B-_p ........................................................................................................................ 173

tUm: kn. sI. Icow ................................................................................................. 175

tUm: Fw. hn. ap-l½Zv ............................................................................................ 181

sI. F. ap-l½-Zv ......................................................................................................... 183

hn._n. Ip-te-i³ ....................................................................................................... 185

N-c-a-hmÀ-¯-IÄ ......................................................................................................... 193

ap-J-{]-kw-K-§Ä ....................................................................................................... 202

A\p-tim-N\ tbm-K-§Ä ....................................................................................... 216

A\p-tim-N-\ k-tµ-i-§Ä ................................................................................... 227

vii

{]kv-Xm-h\

\-½p-sS kv-t\-ln-X³ {io. ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv a-cn-¨-"v H-cp

hÀ-jw Xn-I-bp--\v\Xv 1976 Un-kw-_À 20þmw Xo-b-Xn-bm-Wv. A-t±-l-¯n-

sâ thÀ-]m-SnÂth-Z-\n-¡p-¶H-t«-sd kp-lr-¯p-¡-fpv. A-h-cp-sS Zp:J-

`m-cw A-ev-]-sa-¦nepw e-Lq-I-cn-¡p-hm-\p-Å H-scfn-b kw-cw- -̀am-Wv C-hn-

sS \-S-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶-Xv. sshb-ànI _-Ô§-sf A-b-hn-d-¡m-\p-Å H-

cp k-µÀ-`w kr--jv-Sn¡p-I am-{X-am-Wv C-Xn-sâ D-t±-iyw.

C-sXm-cp A-\p-kva-c-W {K-Ù-am-W-tÃm. kv-\n-Kv-[hpw B-ßmÀ-°-

hpam-b H-cp kvt\-tlm-]-lmcw.

a-¬a-d-ª{]n-b-¦-c\mb B kp-lr-¯v X-sâ _-lp-ap-J-§-fm-b

IÀ-½-a-Þ-e-§-fnÂ ]-Xn-¸n-¨ am-bm-¯ ap-{Z-IÄþa\p-jy-k-¼À-¡-§-

fnÂ {]-I-Sn-¸n-¨n«p-Å A-\ym-Zr-iyam-b kv-t\-l-_-Ô-§Äþkmw-kv-

¡mcn-I tI-c-f-¯n-sâ kw-L-S\m-X-e-§-fnÂ {]-ZÀ-in-̧ n-̈ n-«p-Å A-\yq-

\hpw A-P-¿-hpam-b I-gn-hp-IÄþC-h-sbm-s¡-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸«-hÀ A-

\p-kv-a-cn-¡p--¶po {K-Ù-¯nÂ. F¶-mÂ H-cp U-k-\n-te-sd ]p-kv-X-I-

§fpw \q-dp-I-W-¡n-\p te-J-\-§fpw kw-`m-h-\-sNbv-X sk-bv-Zp ap-l-½-

Zn-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fp-sS H-cp ka-{K ]T-\w tNÀ-¯n-«nÃ. A-§n-§p Nn-e ]-cm-

aÀ-i-§Ä am-{X-ta-bpÅp. Imc-Ww I-®o-cnÂ Ip-XnÀ--¶sX-¦n-epw Hm-a-\n-

¡p-\v\ HmÀ-½-I-fp-sS_-ln-kv-]p-c-W-am-WnXv.

]m-h-\amb B kv-a-c-W-¡p-ap¼-nÂ _m-jv-]m-Ú-en-I-tfm-sS R-

§-fn-Xv k-aÀ-¸n-¡p¶p.

Cu kv-a-cWn-I X-¿m-dm-¡p-hm³ k-lm-bn-¨-hÀ ]-e-cp-v. C-Xnâ

kw-h-n-[m-\-¯nÂ k-l-I-cn-¨-h-cm-Wv C-Xn-sâ F-Un-täm-dn-bÂ t_mÀ-Uv

Aw-K§Ä. {io. iq-c-\m-Sp Ip-ª³ ]n-Å A-²y-£-\m-bp-Å Cu I-½-

än-bnÂsk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-Sp-¯ an-{X-§-fm-Wp-ÅXv. {io. Sn.sI.kn.

h-Sp-X-e-bpw, {io. hn.G. A-kokpw tPm-bnâv F-Un-äd³-am-sc- \n-e-bnÂ

\nkzmÀ-°-tkh-\w k-aÀ-¸n-¨-h-cmWv.

]-c-ky-§Ä {]Xo-£n-¨Xp-t]m-se e-`n-¨nÃ. A-Xn-\mÂA-ev-

]w-km-¼¯n-I _m²y-X D-m-bn-«p-v .C-{X-sb-¦nepw km-²y-amb-Xv ]-

c-ky-§Ä \Â -In k-lm-bn-¨-h-cp-sS k³-a-\-Êp-sIm-p-amWv. k-t´m-

j-]qÀ-Æw A-hÀ-¡p \-µn ]-d-b-s«.

7

C-Xn-sâ `m-K-am-bn A¨-Sn `w-Kn-bm-bn \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨ A-\p-]-a {]-Êv

{]-hÀ¯-I-tcmSpw A-Xn-sâ D-S-a-Ø³ {io. Fw. jm-P-l-t\mSpw R-

§Ä Ir-X-Ú-cmWv. AXp-t]m-se X-s¶ _v-tfm-¡p-IÄ X-¿m-dm¡n-b

{]n-tâ-gv-kv _v-tfm-¡v {]-hÀ¯-I-tcmSpw \-µn ]-d-bp¶p.

Xn-cp-h-\-´-]pcw 15.12.1976

tUm kn.sI.Icow F-UnäÀ

8

B Nn-cn A-h-km-\w h-sc \n-e-\n-¶p

9

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv Z-¼-Xn-IÄ 1958 Â A-hÀ hn-hm-ln-X-cmbn.

10

Pm-kv-an³, kn-Ôp, û-kn-b. aq-¶p s]¬-a-¡-fpw `m-cy J-Zo-Pbpw Ip-Spw-_ \m-Y-t\m-sSm¯v.

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ am-Xmhv.

11

kn.F¨v. ap-l-½Zv-tIm-b hn-Zym-`ym-k a-{ń-bm-bn-cp-¶ A-h-k-c-¯nÂ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw ap-kvfow hn-a³-kv tlm-kv-äÂ D-Xv-LmS-\w sN-bvXp. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ aq-¯ a-IÄ Pm-kv-an³ a-{ń-sb kzo-I-cn¨vp k-t½-f-\ Ø-e-t¯-¡m-\-bn-¡p¶p.

an-Ên-kv JZo-P sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv {][m-\ a-{ń-tbm-sSm¸w.

12

F-d-Wm-Ip-fw Kn-cn-\-K-dn-ep-Å ho-Spv.

N-cn-{Xm-t\z-j-I\m-b sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Xv Xm-Pnâ kz-]v-\-tK-l-¯nÂ.

13

'I-cbq, lr-Zb-ta Ic-bq C-\n Im-WnÃ \m-am-a-lm-s\.'

sIm-¨n³ tImÀ-¸-td-j³ ta-bÀ {io.lw-k-Ip-ªn-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ F-

d-Wm-Ip-fw s]u-cmh-en Ań-tam-]-Nm-c-§Ä AÀ-¸n-¡p¶p.

14

F-sâ

{]n-b-¦-c\m-b `À-¯mhv

an-Ên-Êv J-Zo-Pm-sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv

F-sâ FÃm-am-bn-cp-¶ Fsâ {]n-b-s¸-«-h³ F-¶nÂ \n-¶v

hn«p-t]m-bn-«v C-t¸mÄ 10 am-kw I-gnªp. A-t±-l-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v Rm³ F-

s´-¦nepw kv-am-c-I-{K-Ù-¯nÂ F-gp-X-W-sa-¶v C-Xn-sâ `m-c-hm-ln-IÄ

F-t¶m-Sm-h-iy-s¸-«-t¸mÄ Rm³ lrZ-bw s]m-«n-¡c-ªp t]mbn. F-

¶mÂ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ D-ä kv-t\-lnX-sâ A-`yÀ-°-\ F-\n-¡p \n-c-kn-

¡p-hm³ km-[n-¡m-¯Xp-sIm-m-Wp F-s´-¦nepw Ip-¯n-¡p-dn-¡m-sa-

¶v Rm³ I-cp-Xn-bXv.

F-sâ `À-¯m-hn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v Rm³ F-gp-Xp-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ H-cp ]p-

kvX-Iw X-s¶ F-gp-Xp-hm³ D-mIpw F-s¶-\n-¡p tXm-¶n-t¸m-Ip¶p.

F-sâ k-tlm-Z-c\m-b {io-am³ kn.sI I-cow kv-am-c-I-{-K-Ù-¯n-\p th-

n A-t±-l-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v F-gp-Xn-¯c-W-sa-¶v F-t¶m-Sv ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ

15

Rm³ B-Zyw HmÀ¯-Xv F-sâ `À-¯m-hv Ip-sd sImÃ -§Ä-¡p-ap³-]v F-

t¶m-Sv ]-d-ª hm-¡p-I-fmWv. Ipd-¨p hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p ap-¼v a-e-bm-f-\m-Sp

ho-¡n-en-bnÂ {io N-§-¼p-g-sb-¡p-dn-¨v A-t±-l-¯n-sâ `m-cy Nn-e kv-a-c-

W-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ F-gp-Xnb-Xv hm-bn-¨-t¸mÄ Rm³ F-sâ `À-¯m-hn-t\m-Sv

]-dªp."Cu kv{Xo F-´mWv Cu Im-Wn-¡p-¶Xv. {io. N-§-¼q-g-tbm-

Spf-f B-fp-I-fp-sS kv-t\-lw s]m-bv-t¸m-Ip-atÃm" F-¶p. A-t¸mÄ A-t±-

lw ]-d-ª a-dp]-Sn " Rm³ a-cn-¨p I-gn-ªmÂ \n-\¡pw C-§s\-sbm-

s¡ F-gp-Xmw. B-fp-IÄ B-h-iy-s¸-Spw" F¶v. B-]-dª-Xv F-{X i-cn-

bmbn. C-Xm F--t¶m-Sv B-h-iy-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p. ]-s£ F-\n-¡v A-t±-l-

s¯-¡p-dn-s¨-gp-Xm³ hm-¡p-I-fnÃ. F-sâ lrZ-bw A-t±-l-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-

Å kv-a-c-W-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv kv-]-µn-¡p-¶Xv. B \Ã kv-a-c-W-I-fm-Wv F-

s¶ C-¶p Po-hn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv.

A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Iq-sS-bp-Å F-sâ Po-hn-Xw shdpw ]-Xn-t\-gp

sImÃ -t¯m-fw -am-{X-ta D-m-bn-cp-¶pÅp. F-¦nepw G-sXm-cp kv-{Xo-

bv¡pw e-`n-¡m-¯ H-cp \Ã Po-hn-Xw A-t±-lw F-\n-¡p X-¶p F-¶ B-

ß-kw-Xr-]v-Xn F-\n-¡n-¶p-apv.Cu]-Xn-t\-gp sImÃ -s¯ Po-hn-X-¯nÂ

bm-sXm-cp A-]-{ip-Xnbpw D-m-bn-«nÃF-¶p Rm³ ]-d-ªmÂ A-sXm-c-

Xn-i-tbm-àn B-bn-cn-¡nÃ. Po-hn-Xw H-cp X-am-i-bm-bn-«v I-W-¡m-¡p-¶

A-t±-lw G-Xp Imcyw ]-d-bp-t¼mgpw A-Xn-s\m-s¡ H-cp \À-½c-kw D-

m-bn-cp¶p. kw-Xr-]v-Xam-b H-cp Iq-Spw-_ Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ ap-t¶m-«p-Å

K-Xn-¡v i-àam-b A-h-ew-_w \Â -Ip¶-Xv ku-lr-Z-]qÀ-Æw {]-hÀ-¯n-

¡p-¶ `m-cy-`À-¯m-¡-·m-cm-Wv F-¶v A-t±-lw F-s¶ t\c-s¯ ]d-ªp

a-\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-cp¶p.

Po-hn-Xw A-{X Ku-c-h-am-bn F-Sp-¯n-«nÃm-¯ {i-t²-b\m-b H-cm-fp-

sS `m-cy F-¶ \n-e-bv-¡v {]m-cw- -̀L-«-̄ nÂ `À-¯m-hn-sâ Xn-c-t¡dn-b

km-aq-ly-tk-h-\hpw Ip-Spw-_Po-hn-Xhpw F-hn-sS sN-s¶-¯n-t¨-cp-sa-¶v

Rm³ B-tem-Nn-¨n-cp¶p. ]-s£ Im-ew sNÃpw tXmdpw B Po-hn-X-N-{I-

hm-f-¯nÂ {]-bm-k-§tfm hn-Lv-\-§-tfm F-\n-¡-\p- -̀h-s¸-tS-n h-¶n-

«nÃ. Imc-Ww `À-¯m-hn-sâ {]-hÀ-̄ -\ a-Þ-e-§-tfbpw Pohn-X km-l-

N-cy-§-tfbpw kw-_-Ôn-¨v A-Sp-¯-dn-bm³ I-gn-ª-t¸mÄ A-Xp-am-bn

th-Kw ]-cn-N-b-s¸-«v ap-t¶m«v-t]m-Im³ F-\n-¡p km-[n-¨p F-¶p-Å-

XmWv. km-aq-ly {]-hÀ-¯-\ cwK-¯v F-\n-s¡-s´-¦nepw sN-¿m³ I-gn-

sª-¦nÂ A-Xv s]m-XpPo-hn-X-¯nÂ C-gp-In-t¨À-¶p {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶

A-t±-l-¯n-sâ t{]-c-Wbpw t{]m-Õm-l-\hpw sIm-m-Wv. BÀ¡pw D-

]-{Z-h-I-c-aÃm-¯Xpw a-äp-Å-hÀ-¡v F-s´-¦n-epw {]-tbmP-\w e-`n-¡p-¶-

Xpam-b Im-cyw \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡m³ B-{K-l-ap-s-¦nÂ Ip-Spw-_-Po-hn-Xw A-

16

Xn-s\m-cn-¡epw hn-Lv-\-am-bn-¯o-cp-I-bnsÃ -¶pw, a-\-Ên-\n-W§n-b {]-

hÀ¯-\w sN-¿p-hm³ k-·-\-Êp-m-hp-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ h-f-sc-sb-sd \Ã -

Im-cy-§Ä sN-bv-Xp XoÀ-¡m³ km-[n-¡p-sa¶pw A-t±-lw F-t¶m-Sv ]-d-

bp-am-bn-cp¶p.

H-cp Nn-«-sbm-¯ Po-hn-X-co-Xn-bm-Wv A-t±-lw \-bn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. hf-sc

t\c-s¯ A-Xm-b-Xv 10 a-Wn-bv¡v apt¼ (Nn-e-t¸mÄ 9 a-Wn-¡v) D-d-§p-

Ibpw AXp-t]m-se-X-s¶ 4 a-Wn-¡p ap-t¼ F-gp-t¶Â -¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-

¶ H-cp Nn-«-sbm-¯ Zn-\N-cy ]m-en-¡p-¶ B-fm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. kp-

lr-¯p-¡Ä kw-km-cn-¨n-cp-¶mÂ X-s¶-bpw 9a-Wn I-gn-ªmÂ A-h-scm-

Sv 'F-\n-¡p-d-§m³ k-a-b-am-bn' F-¶p Xpd-¶p ]-d--bpw. cm-hn-se-bm-Wv

hmb-\. F-gp-Xp-¶Xpw cm-hn-se Xs¶. Nn-e k-µÀ- -̀§-fnÂ te-J-\-§Ä

F-gp-Xp-¶-Xn-\v F-s¶ t\-c-t¯-hn-fn-¨p-WÀ-¯pw."F-sâ ssI-¿£-cw

tam-i-am-Wv \o H-s¶-gpXq. Rm³ ]-d-ªp-X-cmw." F-¶p ]-d-ªv I-S-

emkpw t]-\bpw F-s¶ GÂ -¸n-¡pw. A-t±l-s¯ FÃm Im-cy-¯nepw

k-lm-bn-¡p¶-Xv F-\n-¡v hen-b k-t´m-j-am-bn-cp¶p.

`À-¯m-hv hym-]-cn-¡p-¶ a-Þew, A-t±-l-¯n-sâ A-Sp-¯ kp-lr-

¯p¡Ä, C-h-sbÃmw H-cp `m-cy-sb kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw A-dn-ªn-cn-

t¡- L-S-I-§-fm-sW-¶v A-t±-l-¯n-\-`n-{]m-b-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. Hm-ô-kv-

Im-cy§Ä, Xm³ C-S-s]-g-Ip-¶ a-äp a-Þ-e§-sf kw-_-Ôn-¨p-Å Im-

cy§Ä, C-h-sb-¡p-dn-s¨Ãmw A-t±-lhpw Rm-\p-am-bn kw-km-cn-¡m-dp-

m-bn-cp¶p. Nn-e Im-cy-§-fnÂ A-`n-{]m-bw B-cm-bp-Ibpw sN-¿pw. ]-c-

kv-]-c-[m-c-W-tbmSpw Ip-«p-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯z-t¯mSpw Iq-Sn-b-Xm-Wv Ip-Spw-_-

Po-hn-Xw F-¶p hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶ B-fm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. am-{X-aÃ Ip-Spw-

_ k-am-[m\w, ]-c-kv-]-c hn-izm-kw F-¶n-h-bp-sS A-Sn-¯-d-bnÂZm¼-

Xy_-Ôw A-Sn-bp-d-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv th--sX-¶pw A-t±-l-¯n-\-`n-{]m-bw

D-m-bn-cp¶p. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ B-ZÀ-i-§Ä-¡-\p-k-cn-¨v am-Xr-Im-Z-¼-Xn-

I-fm-bn-X-s¶-bm-Wv R-§Ä Cu 17 sImÃ -hpw Po-hn-¨Xv.

H-cp hen-b kv-t\-ln-X-h-e-b-ap-Å B-fm-WtÃm A-t±lw. B \n-e-

bnÂ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kp-lr-¯p¡Ä, A-h-cp-sS Ip-Spw-_§Ä, C-h-

scÃm-ambpw Iq-Sp-XÂ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sm\pw C-S-s]-g-Im\pw F-\n-¡p k-µÀ-

`w e-`n-¨n-«pv. kp-lr-¯p-¡Ä-¡p th-n F-´p Xym-Khpw k-ln-¡m³

A-t±-lw X-¿m-dm-bn-cp¶p. X-sâ kp-lr-¯p-¡-fp-sS G-sX-¦n-epw {]-iv-\-

s¯-¡p-dn-¨v Nn-e-t¸mÄ NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-t¼mÄ, A-hÀ-¡p-th-n Iq-Sp-XÂ

_p-²n-ap-«p-IÄ Rm-s\-s´-¦nepw F-Xn-c-`n-{]m-bw ]-d-ªmÂ F-t¶m-Sv ]-

d-bp-am-bn-cp¶p. “F-\n-¡v Ip-sd \Ã kp-lr-¯p-¡-fpv. A-Xm-sW-sâ

17

t\«w”F¶v. A-{X-bv-¡v A-t±-lw X-sâ kv-t\-ln-X-·m-sc kv-t\-ln-¨n-

cp¶p. C-¶v B \Ã Iq-Spw-_-kp-lr-¯p-¡-fm-Wv R-§-fp-sS Xm§pw X-

W-epw.

A-Yn-XnI-sf B-Z-cn-¡p-¶-Xpw Ah-sc kÂ -¡-cn-¡p-¶Xpw A-t±-

l-¯n-\p hen-b C-ã-am-bn-cp¶p. A-Xn-\p [m-cm-fw k-µÀ- -̀§Ä D-m-

¡m-dp-apv. hm-kv-X-h-¯nÂ A-t±-lw H-c-Yn-Xn {]n-b-\m-bn-cp-¶p F-¶p

X-s¶ ]-d-bmw. Hmtcm am-khpw h-c-h-\p-k-cn-¨Ã Nne-hp \-S-¯n-bn-cp-

¶Xv. H-cp Ip-Spw-_ _-UvP-äv Rm³ D-m-¡n-bmepw A-XnÂ I-hn-ª

Nn-e-hp-I-fm-Wv F-t¸mgpw D-m-Ip-I. Ip-Spw-_-Nn-ehp-Ifpw a-äp Nn-e-hp-

Ifpw Ip-d¨v, H-cp an-X-hyb-io-ew kzo-I-cn-¡-W-sa-¶v R-§Ä A-

t\ym\yw kwkmcn¨v Xo-cp-am-\-¯nÂ F-¯m-dp-s-¦nepw km-l-N-cy-

§Ä F-t¸mgpw A-Xn-\-\p-Iq-e-am-bÃ \o-§p-¶Xv. \nÀ-_-Ôn-Xam-b an-X-

hyb-io-ew {]m-hÀ-¯n-I-am-¡m³ Rm³ ]-c-amh-[n {i-an-¨mepw `À-¯m-

hv A-sXm¶pw ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p-I-bnÃ. A-¡m-cy-¯nÂ A-t±-lw H-cp [m-cm-

fn-bm-bn-cp-¶p F-¶p X-s¶ ]-d-bmw. Ip-«n-I-fp-sS `m-hn-sb-¡p-dnt¨m A-

h-cp-sS a-äp Im-cy-§-sf-¡p-dnt¨m Rm³ F-s´-¦nepw ]-d-ªmÂ A-Xn-

\p a-dp]-Sn C-XmWv. "Ip-«n-IÄ-¡v \Ã -̀£-W-hpw hn-Zym-`ym-khpw sIm-

Sp-¡p-I. _m-¡n-sbÃmw Xm-s\ i-cn-s¸«p-sIm-Åpw.’A¯-cw hn-izm-k-am-

bn-cp-¶p A-t±-l-¯n-sâXv. k-¼m-Zn-¡p-¶ Im-cy-¯n-ep-ap-v A-`n-{]mbw.

"Po-hn-¡p-t¼mÄ \-¶m-bn-Po-hn-¡Ww. sh-dp-sX ]-Ww Iq-«n-sh-¨n-s«-´p-

Imcyw’. C-§s\-tbm-cp ZoÀ-L-ho-£-W-ap-Å Bfn-t\m-Sp ]n-s¶ Rm³

A-tX-¡p-dn-s¨m¶pw ]-d-bp-I-bnÃ.

Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ FÃm-Xp-d-I-fnepw A-t±-l-¯n-\p hn-P-bn-¡m³ km-

[n¨p. F-¶mÂ a-cW-s¯ am{Xw A-Xn-Po-hn-¡m³ A-t±-l-¯n-\p km-[n-

¨nÃ. A-XmÀ¡pw km-[n-¡p-I-bnÃ -tÃm. A-t±-lw a-cn-¡p-¶-Xph-sc k-

t´m-j-hm-\m-bn-cp¶p. a-cW-s¯ t\-cn-Sp-¶ k-µÀ- -̀̄ nÂ t]mepw

Rm³ hn-j-an-¡p-¶-Xn-em-bn-cp-¶p DÂ -¡-WvT. a-cn-¨p t]mIpw F-¶-t-±-l-

¯n-\-dn-bnÃm-bn-cp-¶p F-¶p tXm-¶p¶p. Cu ]n-©p-Ip-«n-I-sfbpw F-

s¶bpw hn-«v A-t±-lw t]m-bn F-¦nepw A-t±-l-¯nâ -B-ßm-hv F¶pw

R-§-fp-sS Iq-sS-bp-m-bn-cn-¡pw F-¶p Rm³ hn-iz-kn-¡p¶p. B hn-

izm-k-am-Wv C-¶v F-s¶ Po-hn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. AÃm-lp A-t±-l-¯n-\p \n-Xy-

im-ń \ÂI-s« F-¶p am-{X-ta F-\n-¡p {]mÀ-°n-¡m-\pÅp.

18

{]n-b-s¸« tUm-ÎÀ I-cnw,

]n. G. ssk-Zp-ap-l½-Zv kv-am-c-I {K-Ù-¯nÂ tNÀ-¡m³

teJ-\w A-b-¡m³ I-gn-ªnÃ. kp-J-anÃm-Xn-cn-¡-bmWv. am-\-kn-Iam-b

A-kpJw. C-sX-\n-¡v ap-¼p h-¶n-cp¶p. C-t¸mÄ a-cp-¶p I-gn-¨v A-§n-

s\ C-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. a\-Êp t\-sc \nÂ -¡p-¶nÃ.

ssk-Zp-ap-l-½-Zn-s\ F-\n-¡p \Ã ]-cn-N-b-ap-v. c-p aq-¶p

Ip-dn A-t±lw Cu ho-«nÂ CÃm-Xn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ tI-c-f-N-cn{Xw c-p

hmfyw Xm-§n-¸n-Sn-̈ p sIm-p h-¶p C-hn-sS sIm-Sp-¯n-«p t]m-bn. Ip-sd-

¡m-e-am-bn R-§Ä X-½nÂ am-k-¯nÂ H-cn-¡Â Im-Wp-am-bn-cp¶p. tI-

c-f-km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ao-änw-Kn-\mWv. Im-Wp-t¼m-sgm-s¡ kp-lr-¯p-

¡Ä-¡v F-s´-¦nepw sIm-Sp-¡m-\p-m-hpw. _m-Kp-I-Ä, a[p-c ]-e-lm-

c§Ä, F-s´-¦n-epw. A-t±-lw \-sÃm-cp a-\p-jy-\m-bn-cp-¶np. \-sÃm-cp

kp-lr-¯m-bn-cp¶p. FÃm \Ã Im-cy-§-fnepw A-t±-lw D-m-bn-cp¶p.

A-t±-l-¯n-sâ thÀ-]m-Sv tI-c-f-¯n\pw ap-kveow k-ap-Zm-b-¯n\pw H-cp

hen-b \-ã-amWv.

A-t±-l-¯n-sâ {K-Ù-§Ä FÃmw Iq-Sn H-t¶m c-tm hm-fy-

am-¡n {]-kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯p¶-Xp sIm-f-fmw.

a-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p ap-¼v A-t±-lw F-\n-bv-s¡m-cp I-¯-b-¨n-cp¶p. \q-

dp cq-]m-bp-sS H-cp sN-¡pw. sN-¡v H-cp te-J-\-¯n-\m-Wv. 21þmw Xob-Xn

X-½nÂ -¡m-W-sa-¶v F-gp-Xn-bn-cp¶p. A-t±-lw Ab-¨v I-¯v C-XmWv.

10þ12þ75 F-d-Wm-Ip-fw

{]n-b-s¸-« _-joÀ-km-ln_v,

C-hn-sS \-ap-¡v th--s¸-« kp-lr-¯p-¡Ä H-cp kp-h-\oÀ C-

d-¡p¶p. I-¨-h-S-kw-_-Ôam-b ]-g-b HmÀ-½-IÄ H-cp te-J-\-am-¡n Ab-

ssh¡w ap-l½-Zv _-joÀ

tIm-gn-t¡m-Svþ15

19

¨p sIm-Sp-t¯ ]-äq. 100 I. bp-sS ]mcn-tXm-jn-Iw kzo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw

thWw.

21þmw Xob-Xn km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-¡p Im-Wmw. th--Xp-sN-¿Ww.

k-Ip-Spw-_w kp-J-sa-¶p I-cp-Xp¶p. h-en-b s]-cp-¶mÄ B-iwk-I-

tfmsS,

]n. G ssk-Zv-ap-l½-Zv

* * *

I-¯n-sâ Iq-sS D-m-bn-cp-¶ sN-¡v Rm³ aS-¡n A-b¨p. F-gp-

Xm³ H-¶pw tXm-¶p-¶nÃ, F-¶p a-dp]-Sn A-bv-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

20þmw Xn-b-Xn Rm³ km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ao-änw-Kn-\v Xr-iq-sc-¯n

km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an Hm-ô-knÂ Xm-a-kn-¨p. D-¨-bv-¡p DuWpw I-gn-¨vvv H-

¶p a-b-§p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. A-t¸mÄ A-kn-kvvv-d-d-âp sk-{I«-dn {io ]-h-

\\pw {io tX-d-¼nÂ i-¦p-®n ta-t\m-\pw Iq-Sn ap-dn-bnÂ h-¶vv F-s¶

hn-fn-¨p-WÀ-¯n-bn-«p ]-d-ªp.

‘Zp:J-hmÀ-¯-bm-Wvv. \-½p-sS ]n. G. ssk-Zv-ap-l-½-Zv a-cn-¨p t]mbn

! t^m-Wp-v’.

Rm³ sR-«n F-Wo-än-cp¶p. A-t±-lw a-cn¨p-t]m-b-Xm-bn F-\n-¡p

hn-iz-kn-¡m³ I-gn-ªnÃ. C-cp-]-¯n-H¶mw Xob-Xn X-½nÂ -¡m-Wm-sa-¶v

F-gp-Xn-bn-cp¶p. a-\p-jy³ ! AÃm-lp-hn-sâ hn[n. Rm³ ]-dªp.

“ssk-Zv ap-l-½-Zn-sâ B-ßm-hn-\v AÃm-lv \n-Xy-im-ń \ÄI-s« !”.

t_-¸qÀ ssh-¡w ap-l½-Zv _-joÀ

29þ6þ76

20

"N-{µn-I' B-gvv-N-¸-Xn-¸v B-cw-`n-¨ Im-e-̄ m-Wv A-XnÂ Nn-e

te-J-\-s§-f-gp-Xn-bn-cp-¶ ]n.F.sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zp-am-bp-f-f F-sâ ]-cnN-

bw B-cw-`n-¡p-¶-Xvv. ]n-¶o-S-X-h-km-\w hsc \n-e-\nÂ -¡p-I-bpw sN-

bvXp. 'tI-cfn-sem-¶mWv. A-Xp kw-_-Ôam-b {]-hÀ¯-\w \-S-¡p-

t¼mÄ A-t±-lw F-s¶ \n-c´-cw Ip-sIm-n-cp¶p. "tI-c-f-ap-Énw-

Ifpw ]v-{X-{]-hÀ-̄ -\-hpw" F-¶ X-e-s¡-«nÂ H-cp teJ-\w F-sâ h-I-

bm-bn A-XnÂ tNÀ-¯n-«p-v..

Rm³ hn-Zym-`ym-k-a-{ń-bm-bn-cp-¶ Ime-¯p sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zp-

ambn Iq-Sp-XÂ A-Sp¯p. A-t±l-s¯ tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-ZUan-bp-

sS ssh-kv {]-kn-U-m-¡n-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw Rm³ H-c-ta-c-n¡³ ]-cy-S-\-

¯n-\p ]p-d-s¸«p. A-t¸m-tg¡pw hÀ¤o-b km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ C-hn-sS H-

cp Ipg-¸w Du-Xn hoÀ-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \-b-X-{ -́]-cam-

b s]-cp-am-äw-aq-ew km-ln-Xy-Im-c-·mÀ X-s¶ A-Xn-sâIm-säm-gn-¡p-Ibpw

sN-bvv-Xp. b-i: È-co-c\m-b Ip-än¸p-g Ir-jv-W-]nf-f-tbm-Sv tNÀ-¶v A-¡m-Z-

an-bnÂ A-t±-lw hf-sc A-[n-Iw ]-cn-jv-Im-c-§Ä h-cp-¯p-Ibpw A-¡m-

Z-an-sb Z-´-tKm-]p-c-¯nÂ \n¶pw C-d-¡n-s¡mWvp h-cn-Ibpw sN-bvv-Xp.

ssh-kv {]-kn-U-v Øm-\w ]n-¶o-Sv e-`n-¨n-sÃ -¦nepw a-cn-¡p-¶-Xph-sc

A-¡m-Z-an-bnÂ A-t±-lw Aw-K-am-bn-cp¶p.

N-cn-{X A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ `m-c-hm-ln-I-sf-¶ \n-e-bnÂ sk-bv-Xp

ap-l-½Zpw {io.]n.kv.th-em-bp-[\pw aäpw F-s¶ h-¶p I-p tI-c-f-N-

cn{Xw B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ B-`n-ap-Jy-¯nÂ F-gp-Xn-

¯-cm-sa-¶p ]-dªp. A-Xn-\m-h-iyam-b sN-e-hp-IÄ K-h¬-saâvp h-ln-

¡m-sa-t¶-äp. ]n-¶o-Sv N-cn-{X-{K-Ù-§Ä F-gp-Xn-¯o-cp-¶-Xn-S-bnÂ F-{X

X-h-W-bm-Wp sk-bv-Xv ap-l-½-sZ-s¶ I-sX-t¶m? _r-l¯m-b c-p

hm-fy-§Ä F-gp-Xn-¯oÀ-¡p-¶-XnÂ ]-e-cp-sSbpw ]m-Wv-Un-Xyhpw ]-cn-{i-

ahpw ]-¦p h-ln-¨n-«p-s-¦n-epw sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-sÃ -¦nÂ B {K-Ùw

skbvXp apl-½Zv

kn.-F-¨v. apl-½Zv tImb

21

]p-d-¯n-d-§p-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ F-¶m-sW-sâ hn-izmkw. c-mw-hmfyw {]-kn-

²o-I-cn-¡p-t¼m-tg-¡pw Rm³ a-{ń-bÃm-Xm-bn-¡-gn-ªn-cp¶p. F-¶n«pw

A-Xn-sâ D-Xv-Lm-S-\-¨-S-§nÂ F-\n-¡v F-¯n-t¨-cm³ I-gn-ªnÃmF¶-

Xp th-sd- Im-cyw.

Xo-cq-c-§m-Sn-bnÂ tNÀ-¶ am-¸n-f-km-ln-Xy sk-an-\m-dn-sâ Im-cy-am-

bn A-a-c-¡m-c³ sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp¶p. Fsâ {i-a-^-e-am-bn K-hÀ-

sa-p Øm-]n-¡m-sa-¶p-sh¨ tam-bn³-Ip-«n ssh-ZyÀ kv-am-c-I-a-µn-c-¯n-

\p X-d-¡Ãn-Sm-\pw A-¶p ]v-fm-\p-m-bn-cp-¶pp. A-Xp kw-K-Xn-h-imÂ \-

S-¶nÃ. sIm-tm-Sn sa-bn³ tdm-UnÂ H-cp Ø-ew In-«p-sa-¶p sh-¨p ZoÀ-

L-Im-ew Im-¯n-cp¶p. ta-e-§m-Sn-bn-emImw kv-amc-Iw F-¶p ]n-¶o-Sv Xo-

c-am-\n-¡-s¸«p. kv-am-cI-s¯¸-än sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-\p ]-e B-i-b-§-fp-

ap-m-bn-cp¶p. A-h-sb¸-än F-t¶m-S-t±-lw NÀ-¨ sN-¿m-dp-m-bn-cp¶p.

Cu kv-amc-Iw h-cm-sX A-Xn-¶p-th-n Im-¯n-cp-¶ D-ss_-Zv km-ln-_v

a-cn-¨p F-¶-t±-lw ]-d-bm-dp-m-bn-cp-¶p. C-t¸m-gn-Xm sk-bv-Xp ap-l-

½Zpw a-cn¨p. kvv-am-c-Iw C-\nbpw D-m-bn-¡-gn-ªn-«nÃ. A-Xp H-cp dn-kÀ-

¨v tI-{µ-am-¡Ww. A-hn-sS am-¸n-f-¸m-«p sse-{_-dn thWw. Bn-sem-

cmgv-N am-¸nf-I-tem-Õhw. A-§n-s\ F-s´Ãmw B-i-b-§Ä?.

Rm³ tkm-hnb-äv d-jy-bnÂ t]m-bn h-¶-t¸mÄ H-cp sNdn-b ]p-kv-

X-I-sa-gpXn. ]-ecpw ssI-Im-cyw sN-bv-X H-cp hn-j-b-am-W-sÃm. F-¶mÂ

F-sâ I-®-S-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wp Rm³ d-jy I-Xv. F-´m-bmepw F³._n-

F-Êv {]-kn-²o-I-c-Wamb B ]p-kvX-Iw C-¯n-cn BÀ-`m-S-t¯m-sS {]-

kn-²o-I-cn-¡-W-sa-¶p sk-bvvZv ap-l½-Zv Xo-cp-am-\n¨p. F-d-Wm-Ipf-¯p H-

cp tbm-Kw sh¨p. ap--tÈ-cn-bpw F-kv.sI.s]m-sä-¡m-Sp-sam-s¡ D-m-

bn-cp¶p. Kw-ò-c-ambn. FÃmw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv kw-L-Sn-̧ n-¨-Xm-bn-cp¶p.

D-Â_p-²am-b H-cp k-Z-Êpw.

\Ã H-sc-gp-¯p-Imc³, H-¶m´-cw {]m-kw-KnI³, hn-h-c-ap-f-f H-cp

N-cn-{X-tK-h-jI³, km-ln-Xy-{]-hÀ-¯I³, k-l-Im-cn FÃm-än-epap]-cn H-

¶mwX-c-sam-cp kw-Lm-SI³. Np-cp-¡n-¸-db-s« Xm³ sXm-«-sXÃmw s]m-

¶m-¡m³ I-gn-ªn-cp-¶p H-c-Ûp-X-a-\p-jy-\m-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. F-{X

sk-an-\m-dpIÄ, kn-t¼m-kn-b§Ä. NÀ-¨m-th-Zn-IÄ Øn-tcmÂ -km-l-¯n-

\p ssIbpw X-ebpw sh¨ B \Ã a-\p-jy³ kw-L-Sn-¸n¨p. Pq-X-·m-sc-

¸-än-bp-ff B A-Jn-te-ým-sk-an-\mÀ F-sâ kvv-a-c-W-bnÂ X-e-bp-bÀ-

¯n \nÂ -¡p¶p. sk-bv-Xv ! B kvva-cW-¡p ap-¼nÂ Rm³ D-XnÀ¡-s«

H-cp Xpf-fn I-®p-\oÀ.

………………………………

22

{io. sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-sâ km-am-c-I-{K-Ô-¯n-te-bv-¡v H-cp

teJ-\w B-h-iy-s¸-«p sIm-v tUm. kn.sI I-co-an-sâ I-¯p In-«n-b-

t¸mÄ, teJ-\w G-Xp hn-j-b-s¯-¡p-dn-¨mI-Ww F-¶v c-m-a-sXm-¶p

Nn-ń-t¡-n h-¶nÃ. ]-e te-J-\-L-§Ä¡pw hn-j-b-am-Im-hp-¶ X-c-

¯nÂ A-t±-l-lhp-sam-¯p-Å {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS kv-a-c-W-IÄ C-

t¸mgpw a-\-knÂ ]-¨ ]n-Sn-¨p \nÂ -¡p-¶p. F-{X Xn-c-¡n-« {]-hÀ-¯-\-

§Ä-¡n-S-bnepw bm-sXm-cp ap-jn-¨nepw Iq-SmsX, Np-dp-Np-dp-t¡msS, kp-

kv-ta-c-h-Z-\-\m-bn \nÂ -¡p-¶ F-sâ {]o-b-s¸-« sk-bv-Xn-sâ cq-]w a-\-

ÊnÂ\n-s¶-mcn-¡-epw am-bp-¶nÃ.

tI-c-f-¯n-se {K-Ùim-e {]-Øm-\-̄ n-\p-th-n \n-kzmÀ-°-am-bn

{]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-«p-Å, {]-hÀ-¯n¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶, ]-Xn-\m-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-\v

{]-hÀ-¯-I-cp-sS a-[y-¯nÂ sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-sâ hy-ànXzw Xnf-§n

\nÂ -¡p¶p. hm-b-\-bp-sSbpw ]T-\-¯n-sâbpw ]-c-a {]-[m-\y-s¯-¡p-dn-

¨v Xn-I¨pw t_m-[-hm-\m-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. _-lp-ap-J-§fm-b {]-hÀ-¯-

\-§Ä-¡n-S-bnÂ {K-Ù-im-em {]-Øm-\-¯n-\p th-n Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ H-

cp \Ã `m-Kw sN-e-h-gn-¡m³ A-t±-lw X-¿m-dmb-Xv AXp-sIm-v X-s¶-

bmWv. h-f-sc¡mew, tI-c-f {K-Ùim-em kw-L-¯n-sâ -̀c-W-k-an-Xn-

bnepw F-Iv-kn-Iyq-«o-hv I-½-än-bn-epw {K-Ù-tem-Iw ]-{Xm-[n-]-k-a-Xn-

bnepw Aw-K-am-bn A-t±-lw {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶-t¸m-tgm-s¡ A-t±l-s¯

A-Sp-¯-dn-bm\pw {K-Ùim-e {]-Øm\-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨p-Å A-t±-l-

¯nâ B-ßmÀ-°-X a\-kn-em-¡m-\pw F-\n-¡v C-S-bm-bn-«pv. Xm³ {]-

hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶ {]-Øm-\-t¯m-Sv A-{Xbpw Iqdpw AÀ-¸W-a-t\m-`m-h-hpw

]p-eÀ-¯p-¶ {]-hÀ-¯I-sc hf-sc hn-c-f-am-sb I-p-ap-«m³ I-gn-bq.

1974 Â F-d-Wm-Ip-f¯p h-¨p \S-¶, {K-Ù-im-em-kw-Lw hmÀjn-I k-

t½-f-\-¯n-sâ hn-P-b-¯n-\p {io sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv h-ln-¨ ]-¦v F-Sp-

¯p ]-d-b-¯-¡-XmWv. ]-c-kv]-cw hn-cp-[-§fm-b A-`n-{]m-b K-Xn-Ifpw

ho-£-W-§-fpap-Å hy-ànI-sf t]mepw c-Rv-Pn-¸n¨p-t]m-Ip-¶-XnÂ A-

F-sâ {]nb-s¸« sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½Zv

]n.F³. ]-Wn-¡À

23

km-[m-c-Wam-b I-gn-hv {]-I-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶{io. sk-bvZv ap-l½-Zv H-¶m-´-c-

sa-mcp kw-Lm-S-I-\m-bn-cp¶p.

{]-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶-h-tcm-Sv {io. sk-bv-Xn-\v hf-sc _-lp-am-\-am-bn-

cp¶p. F-sâ Ffn-b {]-hÀ-¯-\§-sf A-¸-g-t¸mÄ A-dn-ªm-Z-cn-

¡m\pw t{]mÂ -km-ln-¸n-¡m\pw {]-tXy-Iw a\-Êp h-¨n-cp¶p. In-«p-¶

k-µÀ- -̀§fn-sem-s¡ A-Xv s]m-Xp-P-\-{i-²-bnÂ sIm-p-h-cp-¶-Xn\pw

{i-²n-¨n-cp¶p. C-Xv {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fnÂ F-\n-¡v Iq-Sp-XÂ B-th-iw ]-

IÀ-¶p \Â -In-bn-«p-v F-¶v Ir-X-Ú-Xm-]qÀ-Æw kv-a-cn-¡p-I-bmWv.

F-{X-sb-{X kmw-kv-¡mcn-I {]-Øm-\-§-fn-em-Wv DÂ -km-l-]pÀ-Æw

{io. sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-«pÅ-Xv ! B {]-Øm-\-§sf-sbm-

s¡ X-sâ A-£o-Wam-b {]-b-Xv-\-ti-jn sImpw A-km-am-\yam-b hy-

ànXzw sImpw Xn-f-¡p-hm³ A-t±-l-¯n-\p I-gn-ªn-«pv.

kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ NqSpw sh-fn-¨hpw DÄ-sIm-m-Wv bp-hmhm-b

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ lrZ-bw hn-SÀ-¶Xv. A-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn-«mh-Ww

s]m-Xp-cwK-¯p {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-hm-\p-Å B-th-iw A-t±-l-¯n-\p-m-

bXv.]-ecw-K-§-fnÂ A-t±-lw {]-hÀ-̄ n-¨p. B-Zy-Ime-¯v ]-{X-{]-hÀ- -̄

\-cw-K-¯m-Wv A-[n-Iw hym-]-cn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. cm-{ão-b-cw-K¯pw {]-hÀ-¯n-

¨n-«pv. {I-ta-W kPo-h cm-{ão-b-¯nÂ \n-¶v ]n³-hm§n, kmw-kv-

¡mcn-I a-Þ-e-¯nÂ ]qÀ-®-ambpw e-bn-¨p-tNÀ¶p.

kw-L-S-\m-{]-hÀ-̄ -\-§-fnÂ am-{XaÃ sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-sâ hy-

ànXzw {]-I-S-am-hp-¶Xv. km-ln-Xy cw-K-¯pw-I-em-cw-K¯pw X-sâ hy-

àn ap-{Z-]-Xn-¸n-¡m³ A-t±-l-¯n-\p I-gn-ªn-«pv. N-cn-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p

G-ähpw {]n-b-s¸-« hn-j-bw. N-cn-{X-hn-j-b-am-bn A-t±-lw c-Nn-¨n-«p-Å

te-J-\-§fpw {K-Ù-§fpw Xm-c-X-tay-\ Z-cn-{Zam-b \-½p-sS N-cn-{X-km-ln-

Xy-im-J-bv-¡v ap-XÂ -Iq-«p-I-fmWv. tI-c-f-N-cn{Xw kw-_-Ôn-¨ hn-hm-Z-]-

cam-b ]-e-hn-j-b-§-fn-te¡pw sh-fn-¨w ho-ip-¶-XnÂ X-\Xm-b ]-¦p-h-

ln-¡m³ A-t±-lw X-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fn-ep-sS b-Xv-\n-¨n-«pv. ap-gp-h³ k-a-b-

hpw kw-L-S-\m-]-cam-b {]-hÀ- -̄\-§Ä-¡mbn Hm-Sn-\-S-¶ A-t±-l-¯n-\v

Xm-c-X-tay-\ {i-a-kmZv-[yam-b N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bv-¡v F§-s\ k-a-bw-In-«n

24

F¶-Xv A-Zv-`p-X-amWv. {io sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-km-am-\yam-b £-am-

io-e-s¯-bpw A-t\z-j-W-_p-²n-sb-bp-am-Wv A-Xv sh-fn-hm-¡p-¶Xv.

Np-cp§n-b Po-hn-X-Im-e-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ _-lp-ap-Jam-b t\-«-§Ä

ssI-h-cn-¡m³ {io. sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-\v I-gn-ªn-«p-v. hgn-t]m-¡-cp-sS

]m-Z-§Ä-¡v ap-dn-thÂ -¸n¨p-sIm-v h-f-sc-¡m-ew Po-hn-¡p-¶ ]m-d-bp-sS

Po-hn-X-s¯-¡Ä H-cp-\n-an-j-sa-¦n-epw {]-Im-iw ]-c-¯p-¶ \-£-{X-¯n-

sâ Po-hn-X-am-Wv Im-ay-sa-¶v I-p-]n-Sn-¨n-«p--tÃm. Xm³ {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-

cp-¶ hn-hn-[-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ {]-Im-iw ]-c-¯m³ {io. sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-

sâ {l-kz-sa-¦n-epw [-\yam-b Po-hn-X-¯n-\p I-gnªp. B \n-e-bnÂ,

IÀ-½-\n-c-Xam-b B- Po-hn-X-¯n-\v Nm-cn-XmÀ-°y-¯n-\p th-p-th-fw h-

I-bpv. F-¦nepw \-½p-sS kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-cw-K-¯n-\v hn-in-jym, {K-Ù-

im-em {]-Øm-\-¯n-\v C-\nbpw F{Xtbm Im-ew e-`y-am-tI-n-bn-cp-¶ a-

l¯m-b tk-h-\-am-Wv {io. sk-bv-Xnâ A-Im-e-\n-cym-Ww aq-ew \-ãv-S-am-

bn-cn-¡p¶-Xv F-t¶mÀ-¡p-t¼mÄ hf-sc hyk-\w tXm-¶p¶p.

25

F-sâ ta-i-¸pd-¯v H-cp I-dp-¸p-\n-d-ap-Å ]v-fm-Ìn-¡v

{_o-^v-sI-bn-kv In-S-¡p¶p. 'am¸n-f km-ln-Xy sk-an-\m-dnsâ ]mcn-tXm-

jn-I-am-WnXv. Xn-cq-c-§m-Sn-bnÂ 1971 Â hf-sc hn-P-b-I-c-am-bn am¸n-f

km-ln-Xy-sk-an-\mÀ sIm-mSn-b A-h-k-c-¯nÂ F-sâ D-¯-a kp-lr-

¯v aÀ-lqw ]n. G. sk-bv-Zp-ap-l½-Zv F-\n-¡p X-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p. B k-

½m\w. A-Xn-\p-ap-¼v Pq-X-·m-cp-sS Pq-_n-enbm-tLm-j-t¯m-S-\p-_-

Ôn¨pw ln-kvä-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj³ B`n-ap-Jy-¯nepw aäpw sk-an-\m-dp-

IÄ \-S-¶-t¸m-gpw C¯-cw ]mcn-tXm-jn-I-§Ä A-t±-lw \Â -In-bn-«pv.

hn-Úm-\-hn-I-k\-s¯ em-¡m-¡n tI-c-f-¯nÂ \-S-¡m-dp-Å ]-e sk-an-

\m-dp-I-fp-sS ]n-¶n-epw sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-sâ I-gn-hp-ä-I-c-§Ä {]-hÀ-¯n-

¨n-cp¶p. am¸n-f km-ln-Xy-sk-an-\m-dn-sâ kq-{X-[m-c³ A-t±-l-am-bn-cp-

¶p. 1963 ap-XÂ 1968 h-sc h-f-sc `w-Kn-bm-bn \S-¶"C-Ém-an-Iv skan-\m-

dn"sâ {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fn-em-bn-cp-¶p R-§Ä H-¶p-tNÀ-¶p {]-hÀ-¯n-¨-

Xpw, h-f-sc-b-Sp-¯p ]-cn-N-b-s¸-«-Xpw. C-Ém-an-Iv sk-an-\mÀ {]-hÀ-¯-\-

§Ä-¡v A-Sp¡pw Nn-«bpw \Â -Ip-hm³ k¿-Zv sa-ln-b-±o³-jm km-

ln_v, C. sI. ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_v ap-Xem-b t\-Xm-¡³-am-cpw, {]-_-Ô-

§Ä A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡m-\pw hnhn-[ hn-j-b-§-fnÂ A-dnhpw ]-cn-N-b-hp-ap-

Å ]-Þn-X³-am-cpw, A-h-bv-¡p ¥m-aÀ-\Â -Ip-hm³ a-{ń-amcpw kÀ-¡m-

cp-tZym-K-Ø³-amcpw a-t¶m-«p h-¶n-cp-¶p-sh-¦n-epw, A-h-bv-¡p cq-]hpw

`m-hhpw \Â -Inb-Xp k-ap-Zm-bm-`n-am-\n-Ifm-b Ip-sd sN-dp-¸m-¡m-cm-bn-

cp¶p. A-h-cp-sS ap³-]-ń-bn-ep-m-bn-cp¶-Xp aÀlqw sk-bv-Zp-ap-l-½-

Zpw. tI-c-f-¸n-dhn-tbm-sS am-e-bm-f`m-j kw-km-cn-¡p-¶ am¸n-f ap-Éo-

§Ä ap-gp-h-\pw H-cp kw-Øm-\-¯n-sâ Io-gnÂ h-¶-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn A-h-cp-

sS km-aq-ln-I-kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-{]-hÀ-̄ -\-§Ä A-Jn-e-tI-c-fm-Sn-Øm-\-

¯nÂ kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ku-I-cyw-In«n. ss{I-kv-X-h-cpw, \m-b-·m-

cpw, Cu-g-h³-amcpw k-ap-Zm-b-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ kw-L-Sn-¡p-Ibpw hy-à-

am-b-t\-«-§Ä ssI-h-cp-¯p-Ibpw sN-¿p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. apÉow k-ap-Zm-b-

kv-t\-l-k-¼-¶\m-b k-ap-Zm-b-tk-hI³

Sn.]n. Ip-«nb-½p

26

¯n\pw cm-{ão-b-hpw km-aq-ln-I-hpam-b cm-{ão-b kw-L-S-\-IÄ D-m-

bn-cp¶p. ]-t£- ap-Éo-§Ä hp-Zym-`ym-k-hn-j-b-¯nÂ ]n-t¶m-¡-am-bn-cp-

¶Xp-sIm-pw, A-h-cnÂX-s¶ A-`y-kv-X-hn-Zycm-b an-¡-hcpw kÀ-¡m-cp-

tZym-K-Ø³-am-cm-bn-cp-¶-sIm-pw, km-aq-ly-kmw-kv-¡mcn-I {]-hÀ-¯-\-

§Ä-¡v i-cnbm-b hym-]vXntbm B-g-tam {I-ao-Ic-W-tam-D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ.

CÉm-an-Iv-sk-an-\mÀ Cu \n-e-bv-¡v H-cýw Ip-dn¨p. A-Xn-sâ th-Zn ap-

Pm-lnZv, ap-JÃnZv, P-am-¡¯v, ap-Éow-eoKv, tIm¬-{Kkv, ]n.F-kv.]n. ap-

Xem-b FÃm-]mÀ-«n-I-fn-epw-s]-« {]-hÀ-̄ -I³-amÀ-¡pw, H-cp-]mÀ-«n-bnepw

s]-Sm-¯ kÀ-¡m-cp-tZym-K-Ø³-amÀ¡pw ]-s¦-Sp-¡m-hp-¶ H-cp cw-K-am-

bn-cp¶p. B-ep-h, tIm-gn-t¡mSv, B-e-̧ p-g, XetÈ-cn, F-d-Wm-Ipfw, ]-e-

¡m-Sv F-¶n-hn-S-§-fnÂ \-S-¶ sk-an-\m-dp-I-fnÂ k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se FÃm-

hn-`m-K-§-fn-epap-Å _p-²n-Po-hn-IÄ tkmÂ -km-lw ]-s¦-Sp-¡p-I-bpw,

hn-Zym-`ym-kw, km-aq-lnIw, kmw-kv-¡m-cnIw, km-¼-¯n-Iw ap-Xem-b

FÃm-h-i-§-sfbpw kw-_-Ôn-¨ hn-j-b-§-fnÂ B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-bn X-¿m-

dm-¡-s¸-« {]-_-Ô-§Ä A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p-I-bpw, D-Åp-Xp-d-¶ NÀ-¨-sN-¿p-

Ibpw sN-bvXp. C-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn km-aq-ly-tk-h-\-cwK-¯v ]-e a-WvU-

e-§fpw Xp-d-¶p-In-«p-I-bpw, tbm-Pn-¸n-sâ ta-J-e-IÄ ap-s¼m-cn-¡-ep-ap-

m-bn-«nÃ -¯-hn-[w hn-I-kn-¡p-I-bpw, hy-àhpw t{]m-Õm-l-P-\-I-hpam-

b H-cp D-WÀ-hv D-S-se-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. sk-an-\m-dp-I-fn-se {]-_-Ô-

§-fpw NÀ-¨-I-sf-]-än-bp-Å dn-t¡mÀ-Up-Ifpw ti-J-cn-¨v t{Im-Uo-I-cn¨v

'dn-hyp' IÄ X-¿m-dm-¡nb-Xv {]-[m-\-ambpw sk-bv-Zp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_m-

bn-cp¶p.

Rm³ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv-km-ln-_n-s\ B-Zy-am-bn Im-

Wp-¶-Xv 1958þ59 Â X-e-tÈ-cn ]-g-b Pq-am a-kv-Pn-Zv A-¦-W-¯nÂ kw-L-

Sn-¸n-¨ Cu-Zv tbm-K-¯nÂ -sh-¨m-bn-cp¶p. A-¶p tI-c-f apÉow N-cn-{X-

¯n-se ]-e-kw- -̀h-§fpw D-²-cn¨p-sIm-v A-t±-lw sNbv-X A-Xyp-Öz-

eam-b {]-kw-K-hpw, Xp-SÀ-¶p Xo³-ta-i-¡-cn-InÂ \-S-¶kp-lrÂ kw-`m-

j-Whpw F-¶nÂ A-t±-l-s¯¸-än hen-b a-Xn-¸p-m¡n. Nn-e-am-k-

§Ä-¡p-ÅnÂ I-®q-cn-se A-d-bv-¡Â sIm-«m-c-h-f-¸nÂ Fw. Fkv.

F^v. kw-L-Sn-¸n-¨ H-cp tbm-K-¯nÂ R-§Ä hopw kw-_-Ôn¨p. P-

amA-¯v t^-U-td-j-\p-th-n aÀ-lqw F._n. sIm-¨p-®n km-ln-_n-sâ

km-¼¯n-I k-lm-b-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn B-cw-`n-¨ Øn-Xn hn-h-c-¡-W-¡-p ti-

J-cWw, tI-c-f apÉow U-b-d-Î-dn-bp-sS X-¿m-dn¸v, a-lÃ -Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ

km-aq-ly-tk-h-\-§Ä kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡m-\p-Å ]²-Xn C-sXÃm-am-bn-cp-¶p

A¶-s¯ NÀ-¨m-hn-jbw. Øn-Xn-hn-h-c-¡-W-¡p-IÄ H-c-f-thm-fw ]qÀ-

¯n-bm-¡n apÉow N-cn-{X-apÄ-s¸-S-bp-Å U-b-dÎ-dn {]-kn-²o-I-cn¨-Xv H-cp

27

h-¼n-¨ t\-«-am-bn-cp¶p. Cu H-cp Im-cy-¯n-\p X-s¶ k-ap-Zmbw sk-bv-

Xp ap-l-½-Zv km-ln-_n-\v-v I-S-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p.

H-cp kÀ-¡m-cp-tZym-K-Ø-\m-bn-cp-¶ F-\n-¡p \q-dp i-X-am-\hpw

tbm-Pn-¨v {]-hÀ-¯n-¡m-hp-¶ amÀ-¤ -̄ nÂ Iq-Sn-bm-Wv H-cp kz-X-{´-]-{X-

{]-hÀ-¯-I-\pw, km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\pam-b P: sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zv \o-§p¶-Xp

F-¶p Rm³ a-\-Ên-em¡n. A§-s\ R§Ä hf-sc A-Sp-¡p-Ibpw ]-e

]-²-Xn-I-fnepw tbm-Pn-¨p {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp. C-©n-\obÀ, N-cn-

{X-Imc³, ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯I³, km-ln-Xy-Im-c³, C-h-scÃmw kz-]v-\-§Ä

Im-Wp-¶-Xnepw ]-²-Xn-IÄ B-hn-jv-¡-cn-¡p-¶-Xnepw Xm-ev-]-cy-ap-Å-h-cm-

W-sÃm. R-§Ä ]-eXpw kz-]v-\w Im-Wp-I-bpw, Nn-e ]-²-Xn-IÄB-hn-jv-

¡-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. A-h-bp-sS km-£m-Xv-¡m-c-¯n-\p- th-n B-

hp¶-{X {ian¨p. Nn-e-sXÃmw \-S¶p. Nne-Xp ]-cm-P-b-s¸«p. ]-cm-P-b¸-«-

h hopw D-WÀ-s¶-gp-t¶Â -¡m-sa¶pw \Ã -Im-ew h-cp-t¼mÄ {]m-hÀ-

¯n-I-am-Ip-sa¶pw R-§Ä hn-iz-kn-̈ p. aÀlpw sIm-¨p-®n km-ln-_n-

sâ km-am-c-I-am-bn F-d-Wm-Ip-f-¯p-Å H-cp kmw-kv-¡mcn-I tI-{µw

Øm-]n-¨p-In-«m³ R-§Ä {i-an¨p. H-cp \Ã Ø-ew kw-`mh-\-tbm, a-cym-

Z-hn-e-t¡m \Â -Ip-hm³ km-[n-¡p-sa-¶v R-§Ä-¡v tXm¶n-b k-lr-Z-

b³-am-sc k-ao-]n¨p. A-Xp km-[n-¡m-sX t]mbn. C-t¸mÄ ss{^-sU-

¢_pw C-Ém-an-Iv IÄ-¨-dÂ sk-sâdpw B h-gn-bnÂ -Iq-Sn A-ev]w ]p-tcm-

K-an-¨p-Xp-S-§n-bn-«pv. ]n-¶o-Sv R-§Ä {i-an-¨-Xv C-Ém-an-\v {]-[m\yw

\Â -In-s¡m-v kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-aq-ey-§-fp-Å ]p-kv-X-I-§Ä {]-kn-²o-I-

cn-¡p-hm³ H-cp {]-km-[-Ime-bw Øm-]n-¡p-hm-\mWv. "IÄ-¨-dÂ -]-»n-

t¡-j³kv" F-¶ t]-cnÂ H-cp ss{]h-äv en-an-ä-Uv-I¼-\n c-Pn-ÌÀ sN-¿p-

I-bpw, H-cp _p-¡v Unt¸m Xp-d-¡p-hm³ ap-\-Æn-dp-IÄ CÉmw kv-IqÄ h-

f-¸nÂ H-cp tjmdqw D-m-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. ]-t£ _p-¡v Unt¸m Xp-d-

¡phm-t\m, H-cp {]-Êv GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯phm-t\m, \Ã ]p-kv-X-I-§Ä ti-J-cn-

¨v {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡phmt\m km-[n-¨nÃ. K-W-\o-bhpw AÃm-¯-Xpam-b I-

c-W-§-fmÂ C-sXÃmw \o-p \o-p t]m-I-bpw, H-Sp-¡w I¼-\n c-Pn-kv-

{Sm-dp-sS \nÀ-t±-i-a-\p-k-cn-¨v I¼-\n ]q-«n-¡-f-bp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Cu ]-

cm-Pb-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶p Im-bw-Ipfs¯ "te-Jm ]-_v-fn-t¡-j³kv" G-sä-Sp-

¡p-¶-Xn-epw, ]n-¶o-Sv Xn-cp-h-\-´-]pc¯v "_m-s¦-Z-d ]-_v-fn-t¡-j³kv"

H-cp ]-_v-fn-Iv en-anä-Uv I-¼-\n-bm-bn c-Pn-ÌÀ sN-¿p-¶-Xnepw sk-bv-Zp-ap-

l½-Zv km-ln-_v B-ßm-°-am-bn k-l-I-cn-¨p. ]-s£ A-sXm¶pw i-cn-

bm-bn h-¶nÃ. C-Ém-an-I-km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ H-cp tIm-fnf-¡w a-ebm-f `m-

j-bnÂ kr-ãv-Sn-t¡- B-h-iy-I-X-sb¸-än k-ap-Zm-bmw-K§Ä th-{X

t_m-[-hm³-am-cm-bn-«nsÃ -¶-Xm-Wv hm-kv-X-hw. Cu h-kvXp-X HmÀ-¡p-

t¼m-gm-Wv sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_v H-ä-bv-¡v H-cp hm-cn-I-bpw, ]n-¶o-Sv

28

H-cp am-kn-Ibpw \-S-¯n-b-Xpw, A-t\-Iw ]p-kv-X-I-§Ä {]-kn-²o-I-cn- -̈

Xpw, \q-dp-I-W-¡n-\p \Ã \Ã te-J-\-§Ä F-gp-Xn `m-jm-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v

ap-XÂ Iq-«n-bXpw F-{X a-l-¯-cam-b t\-«-§-fm-sW-¶v hy-àam-Ip-¶Xv.

tI-c-f-ap-Éo-§-fpsS "CÊ-¯n"\v th-n A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Xqen-I \ÂIn-

b tk-h-\§Ä ko-am-Xo-X-a-s{X.

N-cn-{X-Im-c\pw- km-ln-Xy-Im-c\pw k-ap-Zm-b-tk-h-I-\pam-b sk-bv-Zv-

ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_nÂ F-s¶ h-f-sc-tb-sd B-IÀ-jn¨-Xp A-t±-l-¯n-

sâ kv-t\-l-k-¼-¶am-b hy-àn-Xz-amWv. Xm-\p-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-« FÃm-h-

sc-bpw, Pm-Xn a-X hy-Xym-kw Iq-Sm-sX bm-sXmcp ]mÀ-«n ]-cn-K-W-\bpw

Iq-Sm-sX A-t±-lw B-ßm-°-am-bn kv-t\-ln¨p. N-cn-{X k-Xy§-sf h-f-

s¨m-Sn-¨p ap-Éo-§-fp-sS taÂ I-cn-hm-cn-t¯-bv-¡p-hm³ B-cv F-t¸mÄ ap-

XnÀ-¶mepw A-Xn-cq-£-am-b \n-e-bnÂX-s¶ Ah-sc F-XnÀ-¯p tXmÂ -¸n-

¡p-hm³ A-t±-lw X¿m-dm-bn-cp¶p. A¯-cw hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Zw \-S-¡p-

t¼m-gpw A-Xm-Xn-sâ \n-e-bv-¡p \nÀ-¯p-hm-\pw, hy-àn _-Ô§-sf

_m-[n-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-hm\pw A-t±-lw {i-²n-¨p. Hmtcm hy-àn-tbbpw D-Å-

gn-ªp kvt\-ln¡p-I am-{XaÃ, Hm-tcm-cp-¯À¡pw th- k-lm-b-k-l-

I-c-W-§Ä sN-bv-Xp sIm-Sp-¡p-¶-Xnepw A-t±-lw _-²-{i-²-\m-bn-cp-¶p.

kÀ-h-tcbpw kv-t\-ln¨p-t]m-¶ Cu a-\p-jy³ ss\-kÀ-¤o-I-am-bnX-s¶

X-sâ k-ap-Zmb-s¯ \n-jv-¡-f-¦-am-bn kv-t\-ln¨p. k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se h-en-

b-h-s\bpw sN-dn-b-h-t\bpw ]-Þn-X-t\bpw ]m-a-c-t\bpw FÃmw kv-t\-

ln¨p. k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ ap³Im-e N-cn{Xw A-t±-l-¯n-\p A-dn-bm-am-bn-

cp¶p. C-t¸m-g-s¯-\n-e-sb-]-änbpw A-Xn-sâ N-cn-{X-]-cam-b ]-Ým-¯-e-

s¯-]-änbpw A-t±-lw t_m-[-hm-\m-bn-cp¶p. A-Xn-\p `m-kp-cam-b H-cp

`m-hn-bp-s-¶p A-t±-lw hn-iz-kn¨p. C-sXÃmw I-W-¡n-se-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ

H-cp k-lr-Zb-\v kv-t\-ln-¡p-hm³ am-{X-sa km-[y-am--I-p. A-t±-lw B-

kv-t\-lw k-ap-Zm-b-̄ n-\p \nÀtem`w Im-gv¨h-¨p. k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ N-cn-

{Xw kq-£-a-am-bn ]Tn-¡p-hm³, A-Xn-sâ kmw-kv-¡cn-I B-ßm-hv I-p-

]n-Sn-¡p-hm³, ]Tn¨-Xv B-cp-sSbpw ap-Jw -t\m¡-msX Xpd-¶p ]-d-bp-

hm³, k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ taÂ sN-fn hm-cn-sb-dn-bp-¶-h-cp-sS sXm-en D-cn-

bp-hm³, k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ D-¶-a-\-¯n-\p-th-n k-a-{K-ambpw F-¶mÂ,

Nn-«-tbmSpw {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-hm³, A-§n-s\ sN-¿p-¶ A-t\-I-a-t\-Iw k-

lr-Z-bcm-b hy-àn-I-tfmSpw k-l-I-cn-¡p-hm³, A-t±-lw X-¶m-em-Ip-¶-

sXÃmw sN-bvXp. tI-h-ew 47 h-b-Ên-\p-ÅnÂ H-cp hy-àn-bv-¡v sN-¿m-hp-

¶-XnÂ I-hn-ª A-²zm-\-§-fm-Wv A-t±lw k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-\p AÀ-¸n-

¨Xv. A-t±-lw t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¯Xv.

29

kv-t\-l-k-¼-¶\m-b H-cp k-apZm-b tk-h-I³ \-ap-¡p \-ãv-S-s¸-«n-

cn-¡p¶p. AÃm-lp ]-tc-Xm-ßm-hn-\v FÃm-t]m-cm-bv-a-Ifpw s]m-dp¯p-

sIm-Sp-¡s«, FÃm-\-·-Ifpw \Â -In A-\p-{K-ln-¡s«. B-ao³.

30

Rm-\pw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zpw G-Xm-v H-tc Im-e-L-«-¯n-em-Wv sIm-

¨n-bnÂ - sN-¶p Iq-Sn-bXv. A-¶p Rm³ k-tlm-Z-c³ ]-{X-¯n-sâ H-cp {]-

hÀ-¯-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. skbv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ P-\i-àn hm-cn-I-

bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-\m-bn-cp¶p. A-¶v c-p-t]cpw h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw Zm-cn{Zw

A-\p- -̀hn-¨n-cp-¶-h-cmWv. R-§Ä Iq-sS-¡p-sS Im-Wp-Ibpw ]-e-Im-cy-§-

sf-¸-änbpw kwkmcn-¡p-Ibpw ]-Xn-hm-bn-cp¶p. A-Xn-\p ti-jw Rm³

sIm-¨n hn«p. skbv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv sIm-¨n-bnÂ X-s¶ Øn-c-ambn.

]n-s¶ sIm-¨n-bnÂh-¨v Rm³ sk-bv-Xn-s\ Im-Wp-t¼mÄ N-cn-{X-]-

cam-b hn-j-b-§-fn-em-Wv sk-bv-Xn-\v Iq-Sp-XÂ XmÂ -¸cyw I-Xv. F-

s´ms¡tbm K-th-j-W-§Ä \-S-̄ p-¶pv F¶pw ]-dªp. ]n-s¶

hÃ -t¸m-gp-sa-s¡-bm-Wv R-§Ä Im-Wm-dp-m-bn-cp-¶Xv. skbv-Xn-sâ N-

cn-{X-]T-\-¯n\pw dn-kÀ-¨n\pw Xm-a-k-̄ n\pw sIm-¨n-bn-se Nn-e B-fp-

IÄ k-lm-b-§Ä sN-bv-Xv hf-sc th-K-¯nÂ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ {]-hÀ-¯-

\cwK-¯v {i²-tb ]n-Sn-¨p-]än. A-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn sk-bv-Zv km-ln-Xy-cw-

K¯pw {]-hÀ-¯n¨p-sIm-n-cp¶p. km-ln-Xy-]-cnj-¯v k-t½-f-\-§-fnÂ

sk-bv-Zv ]-Xn-hm-bn lm-P-cm-Im-dp-m-bn-cp¶p. A-XnÂ {]-tXy-Iw F-Sp-

¯p]-d-tb- H-cp k-t½-f\am-bn-cp-¶p sImÃw km-ln-Xy]-cn-j¯v. A-

hn-sS cm-{ão-b I-£n-IÄ X-½n-ep-Å H-cp hen-b h-Sw-h-en-bm-Wv \-S-

¶Xv. B h-Sw-h-en-bnÂ Rm\pw sk-bvXpw H-cp ]-£-¯m-bn-cp¶p. A-¶v

sk-bv-Xn-s\ A-Sn-¡m³ H-cp cm-{ão-b-¡m-c³ ssI-¿p-bÀ-¯n-bXpw

Rm³ B ssI ]n-Sn-¨p \nÀ-¯n-bXpw F-\n-¡n¶pw HmÀ-½-bpv.

]n-¶o-Sp R-§Ä C-S-bv-¡n-S-bv-¡v Im-Wm-dp-s-¦n-epw A-Sp-¯p

Iq-Sp-XÂ k-l-I-cn-¡p-hm³ Xp-S-§nb-Xv Rm³ km-ln-Xy {]-hÀ-¯-\ k-

l-I-c-W-kw-L-¯n-tâbpw km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an-bp-tSbpw {]-kn-Uâm-b-Xn-

\v ti-j-amWv. H-cp kwK-Xn F-\n-bv-¡v Du-¶n-¸-d-tb-m-Xm-bn-«pv. sk-

bv-Xp-am-bn k-l-I-cn-¨p {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-hm³ F-\n¡v F-t¸m-gpw hf-sc C-

ãam-bn-cp-¶p.-B-ßmÀ-°-X-bpw,k-lI-c-W a-t\-`m-hhpw, sk-bv-Xn-s\

t]m-se a-ä-[n-Iw t]-cnÂ Im-Wp-I-bnÃ.

Rm\pw sk-bvXpw

]n. tI-i-h-tZ-hv

31

A-Xn-\n-S-bv-¡m-Wv sk-bv-Xn-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ km-

ln-Xy-]-cnj-¯v \-S-¶Xv. Rm³ ]-s¦-Sp-¯n-«p-Å ]-cnj-¯v k-t½-f-\-

¯nÂ G-ähpw \Ã H-cp k-t½-f-\-am-bn-cp-¶p A-sX-¶v \n-kwi-bw ]-d-

bmw. sk-bv-Xn-\p lr-t{Zm-Kw _m-[n-¨p-I-gn-ª-t¸mÄ km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-

an-bnÂ \n-¶v R-§Ä FÃm-hcpw A-t±l-s¯ sN-¶p Im-Wp-I-bp-

mbn. Nn-In-Õ-bv-¡v th-n A-¡mZ-an h-I-bm-bn H-cp sNdn-b Xp-

Ibpw sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bp-mbn. tcm-Kw A-ev-]w im-´-am-b-t¸mÄ sk-bv-Zv

hopw A-¡mZ-an tbm-K-§-fnÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¡p-hm³ h-¶p Xp-S§n. kq-

£n¡-Ww F-¶v R-§Ä FÃm-hcpw A-t±-l-¯n-\v Xm-¡o-Xv sIm-Sp-¡m-

dp-m-bn-cp¶p. A-§n-s\ kq-£n-¡p-¶ {]-Ir-X-¡m-c-\Ã sk-bvXv.

s]-«-¶m-Wv H-cp Znh-kw sk-bv-Xn-sâ a-c-W-hm-À¯ t^m-WnÂ Iq-

Sn F-\n-¡v I-n«n-bXv. hn-e-a-Xn-bm-¯ H-cp k-l-{]-hÀ-¯-I-\pw, kv-t\-ln-

X\pw F-\n-¡v A-§n-s\ \-ã-s¸«p.

32

b-i-È-co-c\m-b ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-ZvþF-sâ lr-Z-

b-¯nÂ kv-t\-lm-Z-c-§fpw k-´m-]-Nn-´-Ifpw D-f-hm-¡p-¶ H-cp \maw.

F-{X A-{]-Xo-£n-Xhpw k-´m-]-tl-Xp-I-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p A-ev-]w ap³-]v

kw- -̀hn-¨ A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ A-Im-e-N-c-aw.F-s´m-cp h-¼n-¨ \-ãv-am-Wv A-

Xv \-½p-sS kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-cw-K-¯nÂ, hn-ti-jn-¨v tI-c-f-N-cn-{X ]T-\-a-

Þ-e-¯nÂ D-f-hm-¡nb-Xv F-¶v A-Xy-´ Zp:J-t¯m-sS Rm³ A-\p-kv-a-

cn-¡p-I-bmWv."k-©m-cn-IÄ I- tI-cfw" ap-X-em-bn F-{X hn-e-s¸-« Ir-

Xn-I-fm-Wv A-t±-lw `m-j-bv-¡v \Â -In-b-sX-¶v \-ap-¡v G-Xp-Im-e-¯pw

A-`n-am-\n-¡mw. "tI-c-f N-cn-{Xw" F-¶ _r-l¯m-b {K-Ù-¯n-sâ kw-hn-

[m-b-I-cp-sS ]w-àn-bnÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Znâ \m-aw F-t¶¡pw {]-IoÀ-

¯n-¡s¸-Spw. B a-lm-b-Xv-\wþN-cn-{X-c-N-\m-b-Úwþ]qÀ-̄ n-bm-Ip-¶-Xn-

\p ap-¼p kw- -̀hn-¨ Nc-aw B {]-Ø-\-¯n-\pw \-ap¡pw h-¼n-¨ H-cp B-

Lm-X-am-bn-t¸mbn. B ZpÀ-hn-[n-bnÂ A-{ip-¡Ä AÀ-¸n-¡m-sX {]-nb

kp-lr-¯m-bn-cp-¶þ sk-bv-Xp-hn-s\¸-än kv-a-cn-bv-¡m³ \n-hr-¯n-bnÃ.

ZoÀ-L-Im-ew F-sâ Km-Vam-b kv-t\-lm-Z-c-§Ä-¡p `m-P-\-am-

bn-cp-¶ {io. sk-bv-Xp \-½p-sS N-cn-{X ]T-\-¯n-\p \ÂIn-b kw-`m-h-\I-

sf A-\p-kv-a-cn-¨p-Å A{ip ]q-P-bmbn "\À-½-Zm-kw-kv-Imcw" F-¶ e-

Lq-]-lm-cw AÀ-¸n¨p-sIm-Åp¶p.

\À-½-Zm-kw-kv-¡mcw.

\À-½-Zm-\-Zo-Xo-c-¯nÂA-ev-¸-Im-ew ap-¼p \-S¯n-b I-p]n-Sp-¯-

§Ä `m-cXo-b kw-kv-¡m-c-¯n-sâ ]-g-a-bv¡v, H-cm-bn-cw sImÃw IqSn, C-

Xn-\p ap-¼p \Â -I-s¸-«-XnÂ Iq-SpXÂ, {]-Zm-\w sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p¶p. ln-µp-

¡-fp-sS ]p-cm-tW-Xn-l-k-§-fnÂ Iq-Sn t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ, \À½-Zm \-Zn¡pw

hn-Ôy³-]À-Æ-X-¯n-\pw, Kw-Km-\-Zn-tb-¡mfpw ln-am-e-b-]À-Æ-X-¯ns\-

¡mfpw ]-g-¡hpw {]m-am-Wyhpw D-m-bn-cp-¶-Xm-bn tXm-¶m-hp-¶-XmWv.

{io. ]n. G. sk-bvXp ap-l-½-Znsâ kv-a-c-W-bv¡vA-{ip]q-P

iq-c-\m-«v Ip-ª³-]n-Å

33

B-Zy kw-kv-¡mc-s¯ Xm-c-X-tay-\ \-ho-\-Im-e-t¯-bv-¡v I-gn-bp-¶Xpw

C-d¡n-sIm-p h-cp-¶-Xn\v, a-\:¸qÀ-Æ-am-bn-¯s¶, B-Zy-Im-ew ap-Xte,

]p-cm-hr-¯ ]cn-tim-[-I³-amcpw K-th-j-W-hn-Z-Kv-[³-amcpw Ip-d-¨-[n-Iw

a-\-Ên-cp-¯n-bn-«nÃ -tbmF-¶p kw-i-bn-¡p-am-dm-Wv A-h-cp-sS Im-e-K-W-\-

kw-{]-Zm-b-§-fp-sS K-Xn-hn-K-Xn-IÄ. Cu-Pn-]v-Xpw, _m_n-tem-Wpw, A-kn-

dn-bbpw aäpw hn-{im-ń-b-S-ª-Xn-\p-ti-jw am-{X-ta C-́ y kw-kv¡m-

ck¼-¯nÂ D-¶-Xn-sb {]-m]n-¨n-«p-Åp F-¶p Øm-]n-¡-p-¶-Xn-em-Wv ]m-

Ým-Xy-]-Þn-X³-amÀ ]-c-s¡ HuÂ -kypIyw {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¨n-«p-Å-sX-¶p ]-

d-bp¶-Xv A-h-cp-sS K-th-j-W-§-fn-ep-Å A-\mZ-cw sIm-tm, B-ßmÀ-

°-X-bn-ep-Å Bi-¦-sImtm AÃ Xs¶. C-ý-bnÂ ]c-s¡ \n-e-\n-

¶p t]m-cp-¶ A-`n-{]m-b-KXn-tbm-Sp X-«n¨p-t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ, A-h-cp-sS Im-

e-K-W-\-IÄ A-_-²-§-fm-sW¶p-tXm-¶m-dp-s-¦n-epw, A-hÀ F-Sp-¯p

\n-c-¯p-¶ I-cp-¡-sf-¡p-dn-¨pw, Ah-sS A-Sn-Øm-\-s¸-Sp-¯n {]-N-cn-¸n-

¡m-\p-Å A-`yq-l-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw F-XnÀ-hm-Zw sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\v Bcpw an-\-

s¡-Sm-dnÃm -¯Xp-sIm-p-am-{Xw B h-I A-`n-{]m-b-§Ä \n-e-\n-¶p

t]m-¶n-«p-Å-XmWv. _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-Xn-e-Is\-t]m-se A-km-am-\y-[o-j-W-

im-en-I-fm-bn-cp-¶ Nn-eÀ ]m-Ým-Xy³-am-cp-sS A¯-cw A-`n-{]m-b§-sf

k-Imc-WwJ-Þn-¨n-«nsÃ -¶p-anÃ. F-¶mÂ, ]cn-tim-[-I³-amÀ {]mtb-W

]m-Ým-Xy³-am-cm-bXp-sIm-pw, ]u-c-kv-Xy³-amcpw A--wKo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶

]-cn-tim-[-\m-k-{¼-Zm-bw ]m-ÝmXyw X-s¶ B-bXp-sIm-pw, F-XnÀ-]-

£m-`n-{]m-b-¯n-\v th-¯-¡ {]-h-W-Xbpw {]-Nm-chpw e-`n-¡m-sX

t]m-bn. tem-I-¯n-se C-Zw-{]-Y-aam-b ]-Zy-k-ap-\z-bw E-tKz-Z-am-sW-¶p

k-½-Xn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-XpX-s¶ K-Xy-´-c-anÃm-sX-bpw, a-\-ÊnÃma-\-tkm-Sp-Iq-

Sn-bp-amWv. {I-nkv-Xp-hn-\p ap-¼v H-cp c-m-bn-cw sImÃw ]-g-¡-amWv, A-

t§-bä-s¯ \n-e-bv¡v, E-tKz-Z-¯n-\p I-ev-]n-¡p-hm³ A-hÀ-k-¶-²-cm-bn-

«p-Å-Xpw. C-ý-bn-te-bv-¡v C-Zw-{]-Y-a-am-bn I-S-¶p-IqSn-b B-cy-·m-cp-sS

C-S-bnÂ \-S-¸p-m-bn-cp-¶ Nn-e \m-tSm-Sn- -̧m«pIÄ, 'I-¶m-en-¸m-«p-IÄ',

F-¶p-Å-Xn-e-[n-I-am-bn H-cp am-\y Øm-\w B kw-ln-X-bv-¡p sIm-Sp-¡p-

hm³ Iq-Sn ]-ecpw ssh-a-\kyw Im-Wn-¨n-«pv. C¯-cw I-¶m-en-¸m-«p-

Ifpw ]m-Sn-s¡-m v B-Sp-am-SpI-sf ta-¨p \-S-¶n-cp-¶ P-\-hÀ-¤-¯n-sâ

AÂ -`p-Xm-h-l-am-b B-ßo-b-k-ap¶-Xn A-h-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-§Ä-¡p- ap-

¼nÂ hn-e-§-Sn-¨p \nÂ -¡p-Ibpw A-h-cp-sS _p-²n-sb kv-Xw-`n-¸n-¡p-

Ibpw sN-bv-Xn«pw A-hÀ B kw-ln-XI-sf A-h AÀ-ln-¡p-¶ -̀àym-

Zc-§-tfm-Sp Iq-Sn A-h-temI-\w sN-bv-Xn-«nsÃ -¶p-th-Ww ]-d-bp-hm³.

Ah-sc A-\p-K-an-¨pw, A-\p-k-cn-¨pw, C-ý-¡mcm-b K-th-j-I³-am-cpw,

A-h-cp-sS amÀ-¡v Ip-d-bm-Xn-cn-¡m-\pw, Øm-\w s]m-bv-t¸m-hm-Xn-cn-¡m-

\pw thn, B A-`n-{]m-b K-Xn-I-sf¯-s¶ B-{i-bn-¨pw ASn-Øm-\-

34

s¸-Sp-¯n-bpw {]-hÀ-¯-¨p-h¶p. B aq-Vm-\pI-c-W co-Xn-bv-¡v am-äw h-

¶p Xp-S-§nb-Xv C-¿n-S-bv-¡mWv.

C-{]-Im-cw B-cy kw-kv-¡m-c-¯n-sâ A-]m-cam-b ]-ga-sb ]p-Xp-

¡n-s¡m-p h-cp-¶-Xn-sâ \n-c-¡v A-Xn-sâ aqÀ-²-\y-¯n-se¯n-b Im-e-

¯mWv, ssZ-h-K-Xym, bm-Zr-On-I-ambn, kn-Ôq-\-Zo-Xo-c-¯nÂ a¬-ad-

ªp In-S-¶n-cp¶p 'tam-l³-PnUm-tcm' F-¶ H-cp A-Xn]p-cm-X-\ ]-«-W-

s¯-bpw kw-kv-¡m-c-s¯-bpw, I--dn-hm³ kwK-Xn h-¶Xv. A-tXm-Sp-

Iq-Sn am-\-Z-Þ-§-fpw ]qÀ-Æm-`n-{]m-b-K-Xn-I-fpw, G-XÂ -¡m-e-ap-m-bn-cp-

¶ hn-izm-k ]-c-¼-c-I-fp-saÃmw Xo-sc am-dn-t¸-mIp-IX-s¶ sN-bv-Xp.

1921þ\p ap-¼v D-m-bn-cp-¶ A-`n-{]mbw, C-ý-bn-se kw-kv-¡m-cw {]m-tb-

W hf-sc ]nÂ -¡me-¯v Dm-b H-cp kwkv-¡m-cw am-{X-am-sW-¶m-bn-cp-

¶p. A-s¡mÃ -¯n-em-Wv 'lm-çm' 'ta-l³-PnUm-tcm' F¶pw t]-cp-IÄ

]-d-b-s¸-Sp-¶ c-p {]-[m-\ tI-{µ-§Ä a-®n-\-Sn-bnÂ \n-¶v I-p-]n-Sn-

¨Xv. A-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn C-ý³ kw-kv-¡m-c-¯n-\v H-ä-¨m-«-̄ n\v, A-t\-Iw

k-l-{k-mÐ-§-fp-sS Iq-SpÂ ]g-¡w \Â -Im-sX \nÀ-Æm-l-anÃ -¶p-h¶p.

Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-sâ-bpw sF-dm-¡n-sâbpw amÀ-¤-¯nÂ C-ý-bv¡pw Øm-\w

\Â -tI-n-h¶p. ap-¼p-m-bn-cp-¶ Im-em-XnÀ-¯n-hn-«v Ip-dª-Xv H-cm-bn-

cw sImÃ -sa-¦nepw C-ý-sb ]n-t¶m-¡w sIm-p-t]m-Im³ K-thj-W-

tem-Iw \nÀ-_-Ôn-X-cmbn. A-hn-sSbpw A-h-cp-sS B ]-s¯ ]n-ip-

¡pw ssh-ap-Jyhpw {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sm-Xn-cp-¶nÃ. "lm-c-¸m-bv¡v" A-hÀ \n-

Ý-bn-¨n-cp-¶ G-ähpw At§ Aä-s¯ ]g-¡w {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v ap-¼v aq-Æm-

bn-cw sImÃw F-¶mWv. A-h-cpsS Cu "B-bn-c-§Ä-"s¡m-¶pw \n-c-m]-

£tamhy-h-ØnXntbm B-b B-[m-ctam A-Sn-Øm-\tam CÃ. shdpw

Nn-e A-`yq-l-§Ä am-{X-am-Wv B Im-e-K-W-\-bp-sS \n-Zm\w. A-sXm-s¡

F-s´-¦n-ep-am-hs«. Xn-cn-ªp-a-dnªv, A-h-cp-sS A-`n-{]m-b{]-Imcw `m-c-

X-¯n-se kw-kv-¡m-cw {In-kvXp-hn-\v aq-Æm-bn-cw sImÃw ap-¼v F-¦nepw

A-kq-bmÀ-lam-b H-cp B-cm-²y-X ssI-¡-em-¡n-cp-¶p F-¶v "lm-c-

¸"bpw "taml³-PnUm-tcm"bpw k-½-X-am¡n.

]n-¶o-Spm-b Nn-e K-th-j-W-§-fp-sS ^-e-ambn, A-Xnepw ]-g-¡-

¯nÂ Xs¶ km-cam-b k-w-kv-¡m-c-k¼-¯v `m-c-X-`q-an-bn-epw a-äp {]-

tZ-i-§-fnepw {]-N-cn-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¶v sX-fnªp. "tkÀ Hu-dÂ -ÌoÂ" F-

¶ ]m-Ým-Xy ]-Þn-X-sâ X-s¶ K-th-j-W-§fpw I-p-]n-Sp-¯-§fpw

'lm-c-¸-'sb-¡mÄ ]g-¡w sN-¶ kw-kv-¡m-c§-sf _-eq-Nn-Ìm³, A-^v-

Km-\n-Øm³, ap-Xem-b {]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ ]p-d-¯p-sIm-p h¶p. lm-c-¸-bn-

se kw-kv-¡m-c-s¯-¡mÄ XoÀ-¨-bmbpw G-Xm\pw \q-äm-p-I-fpsS Iq-

Sp-XÂ ]-g-¡w B Øm-\-§Ä-¡v D-m-Im-sX X-c-ansÃ -¶v A¶-t¯

35

A-t\z-j-W-§Ä sX-fn-bn¨p. "kn-Ôp-kw-kv-¡mcw" F-¶ km-am-\y \m-aw

sIm-m-Wv lm-çm, tam-l³-PnUmtcm Ø-e-§-fn-te kw-kv-¡m-cw \nÀ-

Æ-Nn-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶Xv. A-§n-s\ aq-Æm-bn-cw sImÃ -t¯ ]-g-¡-¯nÂ

\n¶pw aq-Æm-bn-c-¯n-A-ªq-dp-sImÃ -t¯ {]m-No-\-X-bn-te-bv-¡v \mw F-

¯n-t¨À-¶p.

Cu ]n-t¶m-¡-ap-Å bm-{X A-hn-sSbpw A-h-km-\n-¨n-«nsÃ-

¶m-Wv C-¿n-sS D-m-bn-«p-Å Nn-e apJy kw- -̀h-§-fpw, \-ho-\-§fm-b

I-p-]n-Sp-¯-§-fpw kv-]-ã-am-¡p-¶Xv. "\À-½Zm" \-Zo-Xo-c¯v, cm-P]q-«m-

\m cm-Py-¯nÂ, \-S¯n-b `qKÀ-` ]cn-tim-[-\-IÄ, A-hn-sS G-ähpw ]p-

cm-X-\am-b H-cp Im-e¯v, hf-sc DÂ -¡r-jv-Sam-b H-cp ]-cn-jv¡m-c k¼-

¯v hn-e-kn-bn-cp-¶p F-¶v I-c-X-em-ae-Iw t]m-se sX-fn-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-

¶p.1944þ¶p ti-j-am-Wv A-¸-d-ª ]-cn-tim-[-\-IÄ- B-cw-`n-¡-s¸-«Xv.

"A-ar-X hn. ]m-Þy-bm" F-¶ im-kv-{X-Ú-\m-Wv A-h-bp-sS ta-em-fm-bn

\n-¶v {]-hr-¯n-sb-Sp-¯Xv. "cm-P-]n¸-e" bn-te cm-Pm-hn-sâ t{]m-Õm-l-\-

¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p B A-t\z-j-W-§Ä \S-¯-s¸-«Xv. ap-¼v \n-Ý-bn-¨p-h-

t¨-S-¯p-\n¶v, A-¶-s¯ am-\-Z-Þ-§Ä sh-¨-f-¡p-¶-Xm-bmÂ -¯s¶,

C-ý³-kw-kv-¡mc-s¯ H-cm-bn-cw sImÃw-Iq-Sn ]n-t¶m-¡w \-bn-¡p-

¶Xm-b A-Ûp-Xm-h-l-§-fm-b sX-fn-hp-I-fm-Wv \À-½-Zm-\-Zo-Xoc-¯v {]-

Xy-£-s¸-«Xv. C-hn-sS \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶ ]-cn-jv-¡mcs¯ "\À-½-Zm-kw-kv-

¡mcw" F-¶m-Wv ]-Þn-X-h-tc-Wz³-amÀ \m-a-Ic-Ww sN-bv-Xn-«p-ÅXv.

B-cy kw-kv-¡m-c-¯n-sâ Acp-tWmZ-bw A-Xm-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶m-Wv kw-

i-bn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.

\À-½-Zm-kw-kv-¡m-c- k-¼-¶³-amÀ tIh-ew Ir-jo-h-e³-am-cm-

bn-cp¶p. Ir-jn-hy-h-km-b-¯nÂ am-{X-am-Wv A-h-cp-sS {]m-K-Ûyw A-Xn-

sâ apÀ-²-\y-s¯ {]m-]n-¨n-cp-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wp-¶Xv. A-¶v A-hÀ-¡v tem-

l-§-tf¸-än A-dn-hp-m-bn-cp¶pthm F-¶p kw-i-b-am-Wv. F-¶mÂ A-

hÀ ]-e A-e-¦m-c-{]-hÀ-¯n-I-fnepw I-em-hn-Zy-I-fnepw H«pw ]n-t¶m-¡-am-

bn-cp-¶nÃ. iw-Jp ap-X-em-b Nn-e km-[-\-§Ä-sIm-pw, ]-e ]-e Nn-{X-]-

Wn-I-fpw, sIm-¯p-th-e-I-fpw, A-hÀ `w-Kn-bm-bn \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨n-cp-¶-Xm-bn

sX-fn-ªn-«pv. I-®m-Sn D-m-¡p-¶-Xn-\v A-hÀ-¡v h-i-am-bn-cp¶p.

(glass making) Np-aÀ Nn-{X-§Ä A-hÀ \nÀ-½n-¨n-cp¶p. A-h-cp-sS

]-cn-jv-¡m-c-¯n-\v "\m-K-cn-I-Xzw" F-¶ ]-«-W-hm-khpw D-m-bn-cp¶p. F-

¦n-epw "]-«-W§Ä" A-¡me-¯v A-{X-sb¶pw D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Cu

kw-K-Xn-bnÂ \-À½Zm-kw-kv-¡mcw Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se kw-kv-¡mc-s¯ A-Xn-

i-bn¡p-I X-s¶ sN-¿p-¶pv. ]«-Ww F-s¶m-¶p k-¦Â -¸n-¡s¸Sp-

hm³ t]mepw km-Zv[y-aÃm-Xn-cp-¶ H-cp-Ime-¯p X-\n ]«-W¸cn-jv-¡m-c-

36

¯nsâ {]-tXy-I-X-Ifpw e-£-W-§-fpw ZÀ-in-¡-s¸-Sp¶-Xv A-Xy-´w

B-Ý-cyI-cw Xs¶.

Cu \À½-Zm kw-kv-¡m-c-¯n-sâ X-e-Øm\w, AY-hm A-Xn-

sâ ]n-XrØ-m\w, a-t²y-jy-bnÂ B-bn-cp-¶n-cn-¡-W-sa-¶pw, {In-kv-Xp-hn-

\p ap-¼v Ip-dª-Xv A-¿m-bn-cw hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p- ap-¼p B-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-

¶pw Du-ln-¡p¶p. "Ir-jn-hy-h-kmbw" C-Zw-{]-Z-ambn "I-p-]n-Sn-¡-s -̧

«Xv" A-¡m-e-¯m-bn-cn-¡-W-sa-¶pw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. G-Xm-v A-¡m-

e-¯m-bn-cn-¡-W-a{tX Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-se \o-e-\Zn, sF-dm-\n-te bq-^v-td-«n-Êv

\Zn, C-ý-bn-se knÔp, k-c-kzXn, Kw-Km-\-Zn-IÄ ap-Xem-b a-lm-\-Zn-I-

fp-sS Xo-c-§-fm-b a-t\m-l-c-{]-tZ-i-§Ä C-¶p-Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶ A-hØ-

sb an-¡-hmdpw {]m-]n-¨Xv. A-Xm-bXv, a-e-I-fnÂ \n-¶v B \-Zn-IÄ h-en-

¨n-g¨p-sIm-p h-¶ a-e a-«p-IÄ sIm-v A-h-bp-sS Xo-c-{]-tZ-i§Ä -̂

e-]pãn-bpÅ ssa-Xm-\-§-fm-bn cq]m-´-c-s¸-«Xv. taÂ {]-Im-cw B \-Zo-

Xo-c-§Ä cq-]-s¸-« Im-et¯m A-Xn-\p apt¼m a-t²y-ý-bnÂ \À½-Zm

ap-Xem-b Nn-e \-Zn-IÄ B {]-hr¯n, Ah-sS kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw,

\nÀ-Æ-ln-¨p I-gn-ªn-cp¶p. Ir-jn-hy-hkm-tbm-ßp-I³-am-cm-bn-¯oÀ-¶

ap³-{]-Øm-hn-¡-s¸-« P-\-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä BÄ-s¸-cp-¸-¯mÂ A-\y cm-

Py-§-fn-te-bv-¡p \o§n-b ap-d-bv-¡v Ir-jn-bv-¡p-]-bp-àam-b \À-½-Zm-Xo-

c-¯nÂ A-[n-hm-k-ap-d-¸n-¨p-t]m-cp-I-bpw h-¶p-Ip-Sm-bv-I-bnÃ. A-¡me-

¯v kn-Ôp-\-Zo-Xo-c-§fpw Kw-Km-Xo-c-§fpw P-\-hm-k Øm-\-§-fm-bn-

s¡m-n-cp-¶-tX-bp-Åp F¶pw hn-Nm-cn¡mw.

a-®n-\-Sn-bnÂ ad-ªp In-S-¡p-¶ sX-fn-hp-IÄ ]p-d-s¯-Sp-¡-s¸-«-h-

bnÂ \n-¶v A-\p-am-\n-¡m-hp-¶Xv, A¶-t¯ B P-\-{]-hm-lw \À½-Zm

Xoc-¯p {]-th-in¨-Xv ]-Sn-ªm-d³ h-gn-¡m-bn-cp-s¶¶pw, \À-½-ZmXo-c-

¯p-\n-¶m-bn-cp-¶p A-hÀ ]n-¶o-Sv In-g-t¡m«pw h-S-t¡m-«pw \o-§nb-Xv

F-¶p-am-Ip-¶p. B A-\p-am\-s¯ km-[q-I-cn-¡p-¶ Nn-e Øm-\-§fpw

Øm-]-\-§-fp-sS A-h-in-ã§fpw cm-P-]n-¸-e tÌ-ä-nepw a-t[yým {]-h-

iy-bnepw I-p-]n-Sn-¡-s¸-«n«pw Dv. D-cp-f³ IÃp-sImpw a-®p

sImpw D-m¡n-b ho-Sp-I-fn-em-Wv A-hÀ ]mÀ-¯n-cp-¶Xv. A-hÀ-¡v

AXym-h-iy-I-§fm-b B-bp-[-§fpw D]I-c-W-§-fp-saÃmw, A-hÀ \nÀ-

½n¨-Xv ]-e X-cw IÃpIÄ- sIm-p-X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p. tem-l-§-fnÂ H-

¶n-sâbpw A-h-in-ãv-§Ä A-hn-sS Zr-ãn-bnÂ s]-«n-«nÃ. A-h-cp-sS a¬-

]m-{X-§-fp-sS ]p-d-§Ä c-à-hÀ-®-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-XmWv. A-h-bnÂ A-

hÀ Ir-jv-W-hÀ-®-¯nÂ ]-e ]-e tc-J-Ifpw Nn-{X-§f-pw h-c-¨n-cp-¶-

Xmbpw Im-W-s¸-«n-«pv. a¬-]m-{X-§Ä D--m¡m³ A-hÀ a-cp-¶n\pw

"N-{Iw" D-]-tbm-Kn-̈ n-cp¶p. A-hn-sS kp-e- -̀§-fm-bn-cp-¶ ]-eX-cw in-e-

37

IÄ-sIm-v h-f-IÄ ap-Xem-b Nn-e sa-¿m- -̀c-W-§fpw A-hÀ \nÀ-½n-¨n-

cp¶p. I-®m-SnIÄ (Ip-¸n-IÄ) \nÀ-½n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v A-hÀ¡p-m-bn-cp-¶

ssh-Z-Kv-²-am-Wv G-ähpw {i-t²-b-am-bn Im-W-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. A¯-cw H-cp

hy-h-km-bw a-säm-cp cm-Py-¡m-cpw, hÀ-¤-¡m-cpw, \-S-¯n-bn-«p-Å-Xm-bn

sX-fn-hnÃ. \À-½-Zm-Xo-c-hm-kn-IÄ ]-fp-¦p-am-eIÄ, h-f-IÄ ap-X-em-b-h

[m-cm-f-am-bn \nÀ-½n-̈ n-cn-¡p¶p. Ch-sc A-\p-I-cn-¨m-bn-cp-¶p kp-ta-dn-bm-

¡mÀ h-f-sc-¡m-ew I-gn-ªp ]-fp-¦v D-m-¡n-¯p-S-§n-bXv. ]n-s¶ hf-

sc I-gn-ªm-bn-cp¶p Cu-Pn-]v-Xp-ImÀ B th-e ]Tn-¨Xv. F-¶mÂ \À½-

Zm Xoc-¯p \n¶pw ]-fp-¦p km-am-\-§Ä B-Zy-Ime-¯p Xs¶ Cu-Pn-]v-

Xn-te-bv¡pw sF-dm-¡n-te-bv-¡pw {]-th-in-¨n-«p-Å-Xm-bn sX-fn-bp-¶pv.

"Hu-d-§-_m-Zv", "]-©-amÀln" ap-Xem-b Ø-e-§-fnÂ. G-Xp-Im-e-¯p-m-

bn F-§s\, B-cp-m¡n, F-s¶m¶pw ]-d-bm-³ h-¿m-¯-h-bpw,

F{Xtbm {]m-No-\-Ime-s¯ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶-h-bpam-b Nn-e Np-hÀ Nn-{X-

§Ä Im¬-am-\p-v. A-h-sbÃmw Cu \À-½-Zm-]-cn-jv-¡-cn-I-fp-sS ]-Wn-

¯-c-§-fnÂ -s]-«-h-bm-bn-cp-s¶-¶v A-\p-am-\n¡mw.

G-ähpw A-Â -`p-X-P-\-Iam-b H-cp I-p-]n-Sn-¯w, Cu \À½-Zm ]-cn-

jv-¡mc-s¯ kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw, A-¡me-t¯ H-cp ]-«-W-¯n-sâ A-

h-in-ã-§Ä ]pd-̄ p h-¶-Xm-Wv. B ]-«-W-\nÀ-½mWw "kn-Ôp kw-

kv¡m-c"¯n-sâ Im-e-¯nÂ \n-¶v Ip-dª-Xv B-bn-cw sImÃ -sa-¦nepw

ap-¼v B-bn--cn-¡Ww. \À-½-Zm-Xoc¯v 'am-ln-jv-aXn' F-¶p t]cm-b H-cp

hen-b ]«-Ww hn-e-kn-bn-cp-¶-Xm-bn ]p-cm-W-§-fnÂ hÀ-®n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-

v. B Ø-e-¯p- X-s¶-bm-Wv taÂ -]-d-ª ]-«-Wm-h-in-ã-§Ä Im-W-

s¸-Sp¶-Xv F-¶ kwK-Xn A-Xy-´w {i-²mÀ-l-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p. tem-l-§Ä

H¶pw km-[m-c-W D-]-tbm-K-¯nÂ F-¯n-¡-gn-ªn-cp-¶nÃm-¯ H-cp

Ime-¯v \nÀ-½n-¨ B ]-«-W-¯n-sâ A-h-in-ãv-S-§Ä C¶-s¯ ]p-cm-hr-

¯ ]cn-tim-[-I³-amÀ-¡v D-]-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-am-dv \n-e \nÂ -¡p-¶p F-¶p-Å-

Xpw B-Ý-cy-I-c-amWv. "A-\q]"F-¶ cm-Py-¯nâ X-eØm-\ \-K-cn-bmWv

"am-ln-jv-aXn" ]p-cm-W-§-fnÂ hÀ-®n-¡-s¸-«n-«p-ÅXv. N-{µ-Kp-]v-X-au-cy-\v

H-cp-\q-än-C-cp-]-¯n-tb-gp X-e-ap-d-IÄ-¡p ap-¼m-bn-cp-¶p B \-K-c Øm-]-

\-sa-¶m-Wv ]p-cm-W-§-fnÂ ]-d-ªp-Im-Wp-¶Xv. "am-tl-jzhÀ" F-¶

Øe-¯v C-t¸mÄ I-p-]n-Sn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶ ]p-cm-X-\ ]«-Ww ]p-cm-W-

§-fnÂ hÀ-®n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶"am-ln-jv-aXn" X-s¶-bm-sW-¶v X-¡Xm-b sX-fn-

hp-I-fmÂ kp-Êv-Ym-]n-X-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p. tl-l-b-N-{I-hÀ-¯n-bm-bn-cp-

¶"am-ln-jv-a-Xn". ]-«-W-¯n-te H-cp tIm-«-bnÂ km-£mÂ cm-h-W³ Ip-

td-¡m-ew X-S-hp-Im-c-\m-bn In-S¶p. \À-½-Zm-\-Zo-Xo-c-¯p-Å a-WÂ -X-«nÂ

cm-h-W³-]q-Pm-Xn-IÄ \-S-¯p-¶ k-a-bw B \-Zn-bnÂ `m-cyam-tcm-Sp- Iq-

Sn {Io-Un-¨n-cp-¶ ImÀ-¯-hocymÀ-Öp-\-\p-am-bn bp-²-¯n-\n-S-h-¶p. B

38

bp-²-¯nÂ ImÀ-¯-ho-cymÀ-Öp-\³ cm-hW-s\ tXmÂ -̧ n-¨p Im-cm-Kr-l-

¯nÂ ]mÀ-¸n¨p. Cu ]p-cm-W-I-Y-sb-¡p-dn-¨v D-¯-c cm-a-N-cn-X-¯n-epw,

c-Lp-hw-i-¯n-epw {]-kv-Xm-h-\-IÄ Im-Wp-¶p-v.

C-{]-Im-cw ]p-cm-W-§-fnÂ hÀ-®n-X-§-fm-bn-cn-¡p-¶ Nn-e kw-K-Xn-

IÄ C¶-t¯ K-th-jW-hn-N-£-W³-am-cp-sS ]cn-tim-[-\-IÄ¡v hn-t[-

b-am-bn A-h-bp-sS k-Xyw B h-gn-¡p k-½-Xn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p.C-Xm-

Wv\À½-Zm kw-kv-¡m-c-¯n-sâ B-hn-jv-¡-c-W-¯nÂ A-´À- -̀hn-¨n-cn-¡p-

¶ hen-b H-cp a-l-Xzhpw ap-Jy-X-bpw. "am-ln-iv-aXn" ]u-cm-WnI-sâ H-cp

km-¦-ev]n-I I-ev-]-\bÃ; t\-sc a-dn-¨v a®pw IÃpw sIm-v a-\p-jy-l-kv-

X-§Ä \nÀ-½n-¨ H-cp \K-cw X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p. C-XnÂ \n-¶v A-\p-ta-b-

§fm-b kw-K-Xn-IÄ ]-e-XmWv. Cu \À½-Zm kw-kv-¡m-c-¯n-sâ D-S-a-

Ø³-amÀ a-t²y-jy-bnÂ \n-¶v C-ým-cm-Py-¯p I-S-¶p-IqSn-b "C-tµm-

B-cy³-amÀ"X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu K-th-j-W-§Ä Xp-SÀ-¶p t]m-Ip-¶-

Xm-bmÂ, A-h-bp-sS ^-ew Z£n-tW-jy-bp-sS ]pXn-b N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ kw-

hn-[m-\-am-bn-cn-¡pw. K-h¬-saâp-I-fpw, kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-e-¡m-cpw, am-{X-aÃ

k-I-e hn-Zym-k-¼-¶cpw C-ý-bnÂ ap-gp-h\pw A-§n-§m-bn H-fnªpw

a-®-Snªpw In-S-¶-Xpw, C-¶p h-sc Iq-e-¦-jam-b ]cn-tim-[-\-IÄ-¡p

hn-t[-b-am-Im-¯Xpw B-b {]mNo-\ N-cn-{Xm-h-in-ãv-S§-sf I-s-Sp-

¡m\pw ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-hm-\pw {i-an-t¡--Xm-Wv. C-ý-bp-sS am-{XaÃ,

G-jy-bp-sS ap-gp-h\pw F-¶paÃ, a-\p-jy-hÀ-¤-¯n-sâ H-«m-sI-¯-s¶-bp-

Å b-YmÀ-° N-cn-{X-\nÀ-½n-Xn-bv¡v Cu IrXyw A-Xym-h-iy-am-Ip¶p.

39

"tJm-P-cm-Pm-h-b X-¼p-cm-s\, \Ã a-e-bm-fw ]-d-bp-¶-h-cmÂ \o

R§-sf B¡-sÃ X-¼p-cm-s\." A-c \p-äm-n-\-¸pd-¯v tI-c-f-¯n-se

apÉow P-\-km-am-\y-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ a-X{]-t_m[-\w \-S-̄ n-bn-cp-¶-Xn-sâ

amXr-I C-Xm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv ]-e-t¸mgpw thZ-\-tbm-Sp-

Iq-Sn ]-d-bm-dp-m-bn-cp¶p. N-cn-{X-]-cam-b Im-c-W-§Ä tI-c-f-ap-ÉowI-

sf hn-Zym-`ym-k hn-j-b-¯nÂ hn-ap-J-cm¡n. A-Xv Ah-sc H-cp ]n-t¶m-

¡-k-ap-Zm-b-am-bn ]-cn-W-an-¸n¨p. FÃm-än-\p-ap]-cn a-äp k-ap-Zm-b-§-fnÂ

\n-¶v AI-¶p \nÂ -¡p-¶- kz-`m-hhpw A-h-cnÂ kr-ã-n¨p. Cu ]n-t¶m-

¡m-h-Ø-bnÂ \n-¶pw, H-ä-s¸-S-enÂ \n¶pw kz-k-ap-Zmb-s¯ D-bÀ¯n-

sIm-p h-c-W-sa-¶v B-{K-ln-¨ H-cp k-apZm-b kv-t\-ln-bm-bn-cp-¶p sk-

bv-Zp-ap-l-½Zv.

kz-Po-hn-X-¯n-eq-sS sk-bv-Zv ap-l-½-Zv A-Xn-\v am-Xr-IIm-Wn¨p.

hen-b H-cp kp-lr-Zvhe-bw sk-bv-Zv ap-l½Zn-\p-m-bn-cp-¶p. \mw Po-hn-

¡p-¶ k-aq-l-¯n-sâ ap-gp-h³ {]m-Xn-\n-[y-kz-`m-hhpw A-Xn-\pv. A-

XnÂ \m-\m-Pm-Xn a-X-Ø-cpv, ]-Þn-X-\p-v, ]m-a-c-\pv, [-\n-I-\pv,

Z-cn-{Z-\pv, hnhn-[ ap-J-Om-b-IÄ I-eÀ-¶ km-ln-Xy-Im-c³-am-cpv,

hnhn-[ ]mÀ-«n-I-fnÂs]-« cm-{ão-b-¡m-cp-v, hy-h-km-bn-bpw, km-aq-ly-

{]-hÀ-¯-I-\pw, D-tZym-K-Ø-\pw, ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I\pw H-s¡-bpv. k-ap-

Zm-b-¯n-sâ t]-cnÂ sk-bv-Zv ap-l½-Zv B-tcbpw thÀ-Xn-cn-¨n-cp-¶nÃ. A-

Xm-bn-cp¶p sk-bv-Zv ap-l-½-Zn-sâ k-apZm-b kv-t\-l-¯n-sâ {]-tXyI-X.

F-¶p-sh-¨mÂ H-ä-s¸-«p-\n-¶mÂ hy-ànbpw k-ap-Zm-bhpw h-f-cp-I-bn-sÃ -

¶pw, k-aq-l-¯nÂ A-en-ªp tNÀ-¶p Po-hn-¨mÂ am-{X-ta B-tcm-Ky-]-

cam-b h-fÀ-¨ {]m-]n-¡m³ I-gn-bp-Åp-sh¶pw sk-bv-Zv ap-l½-Zv hn-iz-

kn¨p; A-X-\p-k-cn-¨p Po-hn¨p; B ]mTw kz-k-ap-Zmb-s¯ a-\-kn-em-

k-ap-Zm-b-kv-t\ln, cm-Py-kv-t\ln,

a-\p-jy-kv-t\ln

]n. sI. tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W³

40

¡m³ {i-an-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. sk-bv-Xpap-l-½-Zn-sâ FÃm {]-hÀ-¯-\-

§-fp-sSbpw ]n-¶nÂ Cu D-t±-iy-a-m-bn-cp¶p.

H-cn-¡Â H-cp apÉow kp-lr¯v sk-bv-Zpap-l-½-Zn-s\ k-ao-

]n¨p. Ft´m Imcyw t\-Sp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p D-t±-iyw. Imcyw {i-²n-¨-

tijw sk-bvXp ap-l½-Zv ]dªp; " Rm³ H-cp F-gp-¯p X-cmw, an. (F-

Iv-kn)....\v. A-t±-lw \n-§-fp-sS Imcyw \n-hÀ-¯n-¨p Xcpw". "A-bmÄ R-

½-sâ Im-cy-¯nÂ Xm-Xv-]-cy-sa-Sp-¡nÃ."þkp-lr-¯v kwi-bw {]-I-Sn-

¸n¨p. sk-bv-Xpap-l½-Zv ]-dªp; "A-hn-sS-bm-Wv \n-§-fpsS-sbm-s¡ X-

I-cmdv. FÃm-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nepw \Ã a-\p-jy-cpv. FÃm-h-cp-am-bn A-Sp-

¯p s]-cp-am-dWw. \Ã a-\p-jyÀ \n§-sf k-lm-bn-¡pw. an. (F-Iv-

kv)...\n-§-fp-sS \m-«p-Im-c-\m-bn«pw \n-§Ä A-t±-l-s¯-a-\-kn-em-¡m-Xn-

cp-¶-Xm-Wv A-ÛpXw. A-t±-lw F-sâ kv-t\-ln-X-\mWv. F-sâ F-gp-¯p-

am-bn k-ao-]n-¨ ti-jw F-´m-Wv {]-Xn-I-c-W-sa-¶p t\m-¡p." B kv-t\-

ln-X-t\m-Sv am-{XaÃ, a-ä-t\-Iw apÉow kv-t\-ln-X³am-tcm-Spw sk-bv-Zpap-

l½-Zv Cu \n-e-bnÂ D-]-tZ-in-¨n-«p-Å-Xm-bn F-\n-¡-dn-bmw. apÉow k-ap-

Zm-bw H-Xp-§n-¡-gn-ªn-cp-¶'sjÃn'Â \n-¶v tam-Nn-¸n-¨v hn-im-eamb

tem-I-¯n-te-bv-¡v A-Xn-s\ B-\-bn-¡p-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p sk-bv-Zpap-l-½-Xn-

sâ k-ap-Zm-b-kv-t\-l-¯n-sâ AÀ°w.

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ N-cn-{X-]T-\-§-fp-sSX-s¶ e£yw A-Xm-bn-cp-

¶n-tÃ? B-bn-cp-¶p F-¶m-Wv F-\n-¡p tXm-¶p-¶Xv. apÉow P-\-X-bp-sS

D-Öz-e§fm-b ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fp-sS Np-cp-f-gn- v̈ A-h-cnÂ D-d-§n-¡n-S-¡p-¶

tZ-im-`n-am-\-s¯ D-WÀ-¯p-I. C¶-s¯ tem-I-¯nÂ AÀ-lam-b ]-¦p-h-

ln-¡p-hm³ Ah-sc {]m-]v-X-cm-¡p-I. A-Xn-\p X-¡ \-ho-\am-b H-cp

t_m-[w A-¦p-cn-¸n-¡pI. sk-bv-Xpap-l-½-Zn-sâ N-cn-{X teJ-\-§-fp-sS

ASn-sbm-gp-¡v A-Xm-bn-cp¶p. am-¸n-f-I-f-cn-I-fpw, Ip-ªm-en-a-c-bv-¡mÀ-am-

cpw, Sn-¸p-kpÂ -¯m-\pw, D-®n-aq-Ê -aq-¸-\pw, ]-s¯m-¼Xmw \q-äm-nÂ

ImÀjn-I I-em-]w \-S¯n-b apÉow ho-c-·m-cpw, 1921þse a-e-_mÀ I-em-

]-¯n-sâ t\-Xm-¡³-amcpw FÃmw FÃmw sk-bv-Xpap-l-½-Zn-sâ Xq-en-I-

bn-eq-sS an-¶n-a-dªXv Cu-sbm-cp k-tµ-i-¯n-sâ h-àm-¡-fm-bn-«mWv.

k-¦p-Nn-XXzw Xo-m-¯ kp-Zm-b-kv-t\-lw !

k-apZm-b kv-t\-ln-bmb sk-bv-Xpap-l½-Zv k-apZm-b hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-

¶nÃ. sN-dp-¸w ap-XÂ -¡pX-s¶ tZ-io-b-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp¶p. ssl-kv-Iq-fnÂ

]Tn-¡p-¶ Im-e-¯m-Wv 1942þse Izn-än-ým-k-acw. sk-bv-Xpap-l½-Zv k-a-

c-¯n-se H-cp tbm-²m-hm-bn-cp¶p. k-a-c-]-£-]m-Xn-Ifm-b hn-ZymÀ-°n

kw-L-S-\-bp-sS t\-Xm--hm-bn-cp¶p. sk-bv-Xpap-l-½-Zn-sâ ]n-Xm-hv ]-

dªp. "\o, H-¶p-InÂ ]Tn-¡m³ t]m-IWw; A-XÃ ka-cw \-S-¯m-\m-

41

sW-¦nÂ F-sâ ho-«nÂ \n-¶pw t]mI-Ww'. sk-bv-Xpap-l½-Zv c-ma-

s¯ amÀ-¤w kzo-I-cn¨p. ho-«nÂ \n-¶v hn-«v kv-t\-ln-X³-am-cp-sS k-lm-b-

t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv ]n-¶o-Sv ssl-kv-¡qÄ hn-Zym-`ym-kw Xp-SÀ-¶p t]m-

bXv.

tIm¬-{K-Ên-\p ]p-dta, A¶v sk-bv-Xpap-l-½-Zn-s\ B-i-b-]-c-am-

bn kzm-[o-\n-¨ kwL-S-\ sI.F-kv.]n. B-bn-cp¶p. a-¯m-bn am-ªq-

cm\pw sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zpw A-Sp-¯ kp-lr-¯p-¡-fm-bn-¯oÀ¶p. kzm-

X-{ý-t¯m-sSm-¸w tkm-jy-en-khpw C-ý-bnÂ DZ-bw sN-¿-W-sa¶p

sk-bv-Xpap-l½-Zv B-{K-ln-¨p. F-t´m, {]-tXy-I km-l-N-cy-§-fmÂ

sI.F-kv.]n. sb-bm-Wv A-Xn-\p X-¡ kw-L-S-\-bm-bn A-t±-lw I--Xv.

C-ý³ I-½yp-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ«n-tbm-SpA-t±-l-¯n-\v i-{Xp-Xm-a-t\m-`m-h-am-Wv

D-m-bn-cp-¶Xv. kzm-X-{ý-k-ac-s¯ h-©n-¨-hÀ F-¶ [m-c-W I-S-¶p-

Iq-Sn-b-Xm-bn-cp-¶p Im-cWw. Cu [m-c-W ZoÀ-L-Im-ew \n-e-\n¶p. F-

¶mÂ sk-bv-Xpap-l-½-ZnÂ I- {i-t²-bam-b H-cp Imcyw F-Sp-¯p ]-d-

bp-hm³ Rm³ B-{K-ln-¡p-¶p. kzm-X-{ý-e-Ïn-¡p-ti-jw þ {]-tXy-In-

¨pw 1948 \p ti-jw þ tIm-¬-{K-Êv A-Wn-I-fnÂ I-ayq-Wn-kv-äv hn-tcm-[w

sIm-Sp-¼n-cns¡m--t¸mÄ, Ip-td-¡q-Sn hn-th-N-\-]-c-am-bn-«mWv sk-bv-

Xpap-l½-Zv I-ayq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ-«n-tb-bpw, I-ayq-Wn-Ìv-Im-tcbpw hn-e-bn-cp-

¯n-b-Xv. \n-kzmÀ-°-am-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-̈ n-cp-¶ I-ayq-Wn-Ìp-Im-sc A-t±-lw

kv-t\-ln¨p, _-lp-am-\n¨p. A-hÀ-¡p I-gn-hpÅ FÃm-k-lm-b-§fpw

sN-bvXp-sIm-Sp¯p. Po-hn-Xmýw hsc, G-Xp ]mÀ-«n-bnÂ s]-«-h-cm-bm-

epw, \n-kzmÀ-° {]-hÀ-¯-I³-am-sc am-\n¡p-I F-¶- kz-`mhw sk-bv-Xp

ap-l-½-Zn-\p D-m-bn-cp¶p. B-e-bnÂ (a-e-_m-dn-sâ sX-t¡-Aä-s¯ hn-

tÃPv) P-\n¨ sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv ImÂ \q-äm-p-Im-e-t¯m-fw sIm-¨n-bn-

em-Wv Po-hn-¨Xv. X-sâ \m-«p-Imcm-b cm-{ão-b {]-hÀ-¯-I-sc-¸än (A-h-

cnÂ I-ayq-Wn-Ìp-Imcpw DÄ-s¸-Spw) _-lp-am-\-]p-ck-cw A-t\z-jn-¡p-

Ibpw k-µÀ-`w D-m-hp-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ A-hÀ-¡p k-lm-b-§Ä sN-bv-Xp

sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-I-sb-¶ kz-`m-hw A-t±-lw ]p-eÀ-¯n-t¸m¶p.

sI. Fkv. ]n., sk-bv-Xpap-l-½-Zn-s\ ZoÀ-L-Im-ew kzm-[o-\n-¨nÃ.

apl½-Zv A-Ðp-d-ln-am-\pw, P-h-lÀ-emÂ s\-lv-dp-hp-am-bn-cp¶p sk-bv-

Xpap-l-½-Zn-sâ cm-{ão-bm-Nm-cy³-amÀ. I-e-h-d-bnÃm-¯ -tZ-i-kv-t\-l-hpw,

]p-tcm-K-a-\m-`n-ap-Jy-hp-amWp sk-bv-Xpap-l-½-Zns\ Cu tZio-b t\-Xm-¡-

fn-te-bv-¡v B-IÀ-jn-¨Xv. "H-c-Ñ³ a-IÄ-¡-b-¨ F-gp-¯pIÄ" A-t±-lw

]-e-t¸mgpw F-Sp-̄ v D-±-cn-¡p-am-bn-cp¶p. s\-lv-dp-hn-sâ ho-£-W-¯n-eq-

sS hn-im-eam-b H-cp kmÀ-Æ-tZ-io-b-t_m-[hpw N-cn-{X-Iu-Xp-Ihpw sk-bv-

Xpap-l-½-ZnÂ h-fÀ¶p. A-Xv A-t±l-s¯ H-cp N-cn-{X-Im-c-\m-¡n amän..

42

ap-l½-Zv A-Ðp-d-ln-ams\ sk-bv-Xpap-l½-Zv F-t¸m-gpw a\-km B-

cm-[n-¨n-cp-¶p. 1945 Â a-e-_m-dn-se§pw hn-P-b-]-cyS-\w \-S¯n-bap-l½-

Zv A-ÐpÀ d-ln-am-\v a-Xn-e-I-¯p-sh-̈ v \-S- -̄s¸-« kzo-I-c-W-¯nÂ A-

²y-£w h-ln¨Xv sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp¶p. [m-cm-fw apÉow P-\-kw-

Jy-bp-Å {]-tZ-i-am-Wv a-Xn-eIw. ]m-In-Øm³ hm-Z-¯n-te-bv-¡p \o§n-

b ap-Éow-KÄ ap-l½-Zv A-ÐpÀ d-ln-am-s\ X-Ån- -̧d-bm-hp-¶ Im-e-am-bn-

cp-¶p AXv. Øe-s¯ [-\m-Vy-·m-scÃmw ap-l½-Zv A-ÐpÀ d-ln-am-s\

sN--sIm-«n-¡p-hm³ X-¿m-sd-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-cp¶p, B k-µÀ- -̀¯n-

em-Wv [o-c\m-b H-cp _m-e³þ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-ZvþA-²y-£-s\-¶

\n-e-bnÂ k-Z-Ên-s\ A-`nkw-t_m-[-\ sN-¿p-¶Xv. sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-

sâ hmIv-t[mc-Wn k-Z-Ên-s\ im-´-am¡n. Xp-SÀ-¶p-Å ap-l½-Zv A-ÐpÀ

d-ln-am-sâ knw-l-KÀ-Ö-\-t¯m-sS kZ-kv A-Ðp-d-ln-am-sâ B-cm-[-I-cm-

bn amdn. cm-Py-kv-t\-l-am-bn-cp-¶p sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-±n-sâ ASnØm-\-]-

cam-b hn-Imcw. A-ń-a-hn-i-I-e-\-̄ nÂ FÃm -\Ã P-\-§-fp-sSbpw

Ip«m-b {]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-eq-sS am-{X-ta cmPyw A-`n-hr-¯n-s¸-Sp-I-bp-Åp

F¶v sk-bv-Xp -ap-l-½-Zv hn-iz-kn¨p. X-¶n-an¯w, bm-sXm-cp cm-{ão-b

]mÀ-«n-tbmSpw A-t±-l-¯n-\v Øn-cam-b hn-tZz-jw D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ.

apÉoweo-Kv tI-c-f-¯n-se, tZ-io-bþhn-¹-h ]mÀ-«n-I-tfm-sSm-¸w s]m-Xphm-

b ]p-tcm-K-a-\-{]-Øm-\-¯nÂ h-¶-XnÂ G-ähpw k-t´m-jn-¨-hy-àn-bm-

bn-cp-¶p A-t±-lw. kn. F¨v. ap-l½-Zv tIm-b-bp-sS cm-{ão-bam-b [n-£-

W-]m-S-h-t¯m-Sp- {]-tXy-Iam-b _-lp-am-\w sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p-m-bn-

cp¶p. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ kmw-kv-¡m-cn-Im-`n-cp-Nn-bp-sS-bpw, hn-im-e-

ho-£-W-¯n-sâbpw k-ap-Zm-b-kv-t\-l-¯n-sâbpw t]-cnÂ kn. F-¨n\v

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-t\m-Spw {]-I-Sam-b _-lp-am-\-ap-m-bn-cp¶p.

Po-hnX-s¯ \À-½-t_m-[-t¯m-sS k-ao-]n-¡p-hm-\p-Å lr-Z-

b-]-cn-]mIw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p-m-bn-cp¶p. A-Xp-sIm-v, G-sXm-cp

hn-j-a-{]-iv-\-¯n-sâ ap-¼nepw ]-cn-{`m-´m-\m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. i-{Xp-¡-tf-

t¸mepw kv-t\-ln-̈ n-cp¶p. \nÀ-hym-Pam-b kv-t\-lwþA-Xm-bn-cp¶p sk-

bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ Kp-W-hn-tijw. G-sXm-cp a-\p-jy\pw I-gn-bp-¶ k-lm-

bw sN-bvXp-sIm-Sp-¡m³ A-t±-lw k-Zm k-¶-²-\m-bn-cp¶p. tIm-tf-

PnÂ {]-thi-\w In-«p-hm³, ]mkv-t]mÀ-«v In-«p-hm³, ]p-kvX-Iw A-¨-Sn-

¡p-hm³þC-§-s\ A-t\-Iw Im-cy-§Ä-¡v F{X-tbm B-fp-IÄ sk-bv-Xp-

ap-l-½-Zn-s\ k-ao-]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. Fw. FÂ. F-tbm, cm-{ão-b t\Xmthm

H¶pw AÃm-Xn-cp-¶n«pw C§-s\ B-fp-IÄ h¶p-sIm-n-cp¶p. I-gn-bp-

¶ k-lm-b-§Ä FÃm-hÀ¡pw sN-bvXp-sIm-Sp¯p. I-gn-bm-¯ Im-cy-§-

fm-bn-cp-¶p A-[n-I-hpw. F-¦n-epw, H-cp X-cw am-\-kn-I-kw-Xr-]vXn-tbm-sS-

bm-Wv FÃmhcpw a-S-§n-bn-cp-¶Xv. Cu-bn-sS a-Zn-cm-in-bnÂ A-´-cn-¨

43

Fw. ]n. Zm-tam-Zc-sâ H-cp \-J-Nn-{Xw ]n. cm-a³ta-t\m³ F-gp-Xn-¡p

(P-\-bp-K-¯nÂ) Fw. ]n. Zm-tam-Zc-sâ kz-`m-h-t¯m-Sv h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw

km-Zr-iy-ap-Å H-cp hy-àn-bm-bn-cp¶p sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv A-tX \À-½-

t_m[w, \À-½-kw-`m-jWw, a-\p-jy-kv-t\-lw, hn-im-e-lr-Z-b-Xzw, cm-{ão--

b-¡m-cp-sS D-]-tZ-ãv-Sm-hvþH-cp hen-b a-\p-jy³.

]-c-kv]-cw `n-¶n-¨p-\nÂ -¡p-¶ ]-e-tcbpw Iq-«n-bn-W-¡p-hm³

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\v I-gn-ªn-«pv. tI-c-f-ln-Ìdn A-tkm-kn-tb-j-\pw,

k-a-kv-X-tI-c-f km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j¯pw AXp-sIm-m-Wv D-¯-tcm¯-cw i-

àn-bmÀ-Ön-¨p h-¶Xv. kp-Ip-amÀ A-go-t¡m-Sv H-cn-¡Â -hy-à-am-¡p-I-

bp-mbn. "F-sâ Po-hn-X-¯nÂ kv-t\-lnt¨m im-knt¨m F-¶nÂ F-

s´-¦nepw kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-¯p-hm³ Ign-ªn-«p-Å hy-àn-IÄ Ds-

¦nÂ, A-Xv Fsâ A-½ H-gn-̈ mÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv am-{X-am-Wv." sk-bv-

Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-{]-Xn-aam-b hy-ànXzw am-{X-am-Wv Cu kzm-[o-\-¯n-

sâ {]-[-a-Øm\w.

hmin-tbm-sS c-p-t]À hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z-̄ nÂ GÀ-s¸-Sp-I-bpw,

Im-ep-jy-¯n-sâ \m-¼p-IÄ Iq-s¼-Sp-¡p-I-bpw sN-¿p-¶ k-µÀ- -̀¯nÂ,

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv F-s´-¦nepw ^-en-Xw s]m-«n¡p-I ]Xn-hmWv. A-tXm-

sS A-´-co£w im-´-ambn; Im-ep-jy-§Ä A-kv-X-an¨p; tbm-Pn-¨ Xo-cp-

am-\-sa-Sp-¡m³ ]-Ým¯-ew X-¿m-dm-bn-¡-gn-ªp. hn-im-eam-b a-\p-jy-

kv-t\-l-¯n-tâ-bpw, lr-Z-b-]-cn-]m-I-̄ n-tâ-bpw k-´-Xn-bmWv sk-bv-Xp-

ap-l-½-Znsâ Cu \À-½-t_m[w.

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ a-\p-jy-kv-t\-lw kz-`m-h-\n-c-t]-£-am-bn-cp-

¶nÃ. aÀ-±-I-t\bpw aÀ-±n-X-t\bpw Hcp-t]m-se kv-t\-ln-¡p-¶ a-\p-jy-kv-

t\-l-¯n-\v AÀ-°-anÃ. aÀ-±nX-sâ `m-K-¯m-bn-cp¶p sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv

FÃmbv-t]m-gpw. sN-dp-¸-¯nÂ Xs¶ Cu kz-`m-hw hy-à-am-bn-cp¶p. kv-

IqÄ hn-ZymÀ-°n-bm-bn-cp-¶ Ime-¯v Nn-e kv-t\-ln-X³-amcp-sam-¶n-¨v

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-aa-Zv km-[pkwc-£-Wkw-Lw F-¶ t]-cnÂ H-cp kw-L-S-\-

bp-m¡n. Nn-e \m-«p-{]-a-Wn-amÀ ]m-h-s¸-«h-sc aÀ-±n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-Xncm-b

{]-Øm-\-am-bn-cp-¶p AXv. A§-s\ sN-dp-¸w apX-te aÀ-±n-X-\p-th-n

hm-Zn-¨n-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ Po-hn-Xmýw B \n-e-bv-¡p X-s¶-bm-

Wv Xp-Sn-¨n-cp-¶Xv.

B-tcmSpw h-g-¡-Sn-¡p-¶ kz-`m-hw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-±n-\v D-m-

bn-cp-¶n-sÃ -¶v kq-Nn-¸n-¨p-h-tÃm. B-tcbpw ap-jn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-cp-

¶nÃ. A-XnÂ \n-¶v hy-Xy-kv-X-ambn sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv s]-cp-amdn-b H-cp

k-µÀ-`w am{Xw Rm³ HmÀ-¡p¶p. sIm-Sp-§-ÃqÀ hn-ZzÂ -]oT-¯n-sâ B-

44

`n-ap-Jy-¯nÂ H-cp a-lm-k-t½f-\w \-S-¡p-I-bmWv. \m-ep-Znh-kw \o-p-

\nÂ -¡p-¶ k-t½-f\w. H-cp k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ A-²y-£-\m-bn kp-Ip-amÀ

A-go-t¡m-Sn-t\bpw {]-kw-K-I-\mbn sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-t\-bp-am-Wv £-Wn-

¨n-cp-¶Xv. Ip-ªp-Ip-«n X-¼p-cm-«n-bpw, Sn. F³. Ip-am-c-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p k-

t½-f-\-¯n-sâ {][m-\ kw-Lm-S-I³-amÀ. A-go-t¡mSpw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-

½Zpw k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ kw-_-Ôn-t¡- Zn-h-k-¯nÂ C-cp-hcpw sIm-Sp-

§ÃqÀ hgn-t]mbn. k-t½-f-\ \-K-dn-te-bv-¡v h-¶nÃ. Sn. F³. Ip-am-c³

C-cp-h-scbpw tIm-«-¸p-d-¯p-h-¨p- I-p -ap-«n tbm-K-¯nÂ kw-_-Ôn-

¡m³ hn-\-b-]qÀ-Æw A-t]-£n¨p. F´p-sIm-tm B A-t]-£ kzo-I-

cn-¡-s¸-«nÃ. {]-[m-\-am-bpw, sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-`n-{]m-b-{]-Im-c-am-Wv

C-cp-hcpw tbm-K-¯nÂ kw-_-Ôn-¡m-sX Ø-ew hn-Sp-¶-Xn-\v C-S-bm-

bXv. Cu kw- -̀h-¯nÂ, C-§s\-sbm-cp am-\-kn-Im-h-Ø sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-

½-Zn-\v D-mb-Xv F´p-sIm-s-¶v F-{X B-tem-Nn¨n«pw hy-à-am-bn-

«nÃ.

]s£, A-[n-Iw ssh-Im-sX sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cnÂ sh-¨p tNÀ-¶ k-a-

kv-X-tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-¯n-sâ 35þmw hmÀ-jn-I-k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ kp-

Ip-amÀ A-go-t¡m-Spw, sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zpw, Sn.F³. Ip-am-c-\pw, H-cp-an-¨v

ku-lr-Z-]qÀ-Æw k-l-I-cn-¨p {]-hÀ-¯n-¨ A-\p -̀hw tcm-a-lÀ-jw D-f-hm-

¡p-¶ H-¶m-bn-cp¶p. H-cp ]s£, sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cnÂ sh-¨v ]-cnj-Xv hmÀ-

jn-Iw \-S-¯p-hm-\p-Å £-Ww k-aÀ-¸n-¡p-hm³ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv F-

s¶ t{]-cn-¸n¨-Xv C-§s\-sbm-c-h-k-c-¯n-\p-th-n-bm-bn-cn-¡Ww. F-

´m-bmepw I-ep-jy¡-d Xo-m-¯-Xm-bn-cp¶p sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ lr-

Zbw.

45

F-´m-Wv H-cp kp-lr¯n-t\m-Sp-Å {]n-b-¯n-sâ A-Sn-

Øm\w? kv{Xo ]p-cp-j³-amÀ X½n-tem, Kp-cp-in-jy³-amÀ X½n-tem, D-

Å kv-t\-l-¯n-\v Po-h-im-kv-{X-]-c-tam, IÀ-¯-hy]-c-tam B-b F-s´-

¦nepw kv-]-ãam-b A-Sn-Øm-\w Im-Wmw, F-¶mÂ A-¯-c-¯nÂ H-cp

A-\n-hm-cy _-Ô-¯n-sâ-bpw D-d-¸nÃm-¯ shdpw bm-Zr-Ýn-I-am-bn ]-cn-N-

b-s¸-Sp-¶ B-fp-IÄ X-½nÂ taÂ Im-Wn-¨ kv-t\-l-_-Ô-§-tfm-Sv Xm-c-

X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶ a-l¯m-b kv-t\-lw D-m-bn \n-e-\nÂ -¡p-I-sb¶-

Xv B-Ý-cy-I-c-am-Wv. A-§-s\-bp-Å kv-t\-lw h-f-sc-t¸À X-½nÂ Im-

Wp-I-bnÃ. \mw km-[m-c-W-bm-bn kv-t\-l-sa-¶v ]d-ªp h-cp¶-Xv

shdpw kv-t\-l-s¯-bmWv; A-hn-sS kv-t\-l-sa-¶mÂ hn-tcm-[-anÃmbv-a

am-{X-amWv. Ip-d-¨p-Iq-Sn D-d-¨ kv-t\-lw I-S-¸m-Sn-sâ t]-cnÂ P-·-sa-Sp-¡p-

¶-Xm-bn-cp-¡pw. A-t§m«pw C-t§m«pw k-lm-bw sN-¿p-¶-Xn-sâ t]-cn-

em-Wv ]-e a-\p-jy-kv-t\-l-§fpw\n-e \n-ev-¡p-¶Xv. k-lm-b-kl-I-cW-

§Ä F-t¸mÄ Ip-d-bp¶p-thm, A-t¸mÄ kv-t\-lhpw Ip-d-bpw,]n-s¶

CÃm-Xm-hp-I-bpw sN-¿pw.

b-YmÀ-°am-b kp-lrÄ-kv-t\-l-_Ôw-t]m-se ]m-h-\am-b H-

¶v Po-hn-X-¯n-en-sÃ -¶v F-\n-¡v tXm-¶p¶p. `mcy, `À-¯mhv, am-Xmhv, ]n-

Xmhv, k-tlm-Zc³, ]p-{X³ F-s¶Ãm-ap-Å-\n-e-bnÂ G-sd-¡p-sd kv-t\-

l-a-\p- -̀hn-¡p-¶-h-cm-WtÃm FÃm-a-\p-jy-cpw. F-¶mÂ b-YmÀ-° kp-

lrÄ t{]-a-kp-Jw an-¡- a-\p-jyÀ¡pw A-]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cn-¡m-\m-Wn-S. an-

¡-hcpw I-S-¸m-Sn-sâbpw k-lm-b-k-¶-²-X-bp-sSbpw A-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ

kp-lr-Zv _-Ô-s¯ I-v A-Xn-sâ b-YmÀ-°-cq-]w ad-¶v I-gn-bp¶p. i-

cnbm-b kp-lrÄ kv-t\-l-sa¶-Xv kp-lpÄ k-am-K-a-¯n-ep-m-Ip-¶ B-

´-chpw A-Xn-kq-£-a-hpam-b k-´p-ãn-bnÂ {]-Xn-jvTn-X-amWv. A-Xn-\v

th-sdm-cp A-fhp-tIm-enÃ. a-säm-cp {]-tbm-P-\-hp-anÃ.

G-ähpw {]o-b-s¸-« kp-lr-¯v

(sk-bv-Xn-s\¸-än kw- -̀h-\n-c-t]-£am-b H-c-\p-kv-ac-Ww)

s{]m. kp-Ip-amÀ A-go-t¡m-Sv

46

C-sXm-cp X-cw B-ZÀ-i-ß-Ihpw A-{]m-]y-hpamb ssa-{Xn-_-

Ô-sa-¶v ]-d-bmw. hy-àn-I-fp-sS kzmÀ-°-_p-²n-IÄ X-½nÂ kw-LÀ-jw

\-S¶p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶ a-\pjy-temI-¯v A-Xv kp-e- -̀aÃ -Xs¶. F-¦nepw

X-§-fnÂ A¯-cw H-cp kv-t\-l-a-sÃ -¦nÂ AXn-t\m-S-Sp-̄ hn-Im-cw D-f-

hm-¡p-hm³ {io sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\v I-gn-ªn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v A-t±-l-¯n-

sâ Po-h-an-{X-§Ä an-¡-hcpw k-½-Xn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡nÃ. H-cmÄ-¡v X-s¶ G-

ähpw {]n--b-s¸-«- kp-lr-¯m-hm³ I-gn-hp-Å a-\p-jy-cnÃm-¯ Cu `q-an-

bnÂ X-sâ kv-t\-ln-X³-am-cnÂ ]-e-cp-sSbpw {]n-b-an-{X-sa-¶ -Øm-\w

t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-hm³ I-gn-ª {io. sk-bv-Xp -ap-l-½-Zv A-hn-iz-k-\o-bam-b

H-cp kv-\n-Kv-²-X-bmÂ A-hn-kv-a-c-Wo-b-\m-bn-cp¶p.

kzmÀ-°w hÀ-Ön-¨v a-\p-jy-s\ kv-t\-ln-¡m³ I-gn-ªXp-sIm-

m-hmw sk-bv-Xv D-¯-a kp-lr-s¯-¶v FÃm-h-À¡pw tXm-¶nbXv. B-

ß-kp-J-¯n-¶-t§-¸p-d¯p-t\m-¡m³ I-®nÃm-¯-h-cp-sS \m-«nÂ sk-bv-

Xv H-c-]qÀ-Æ {]-Xn-`m-k-am-bn Xo-cp¶p. hn-iz-km-ln-Xy-Im-c\m-b BÂ -_À-

«v Im-ap-hn-sâ H-cp I-Ym-]m{XwþThe fallF¶ t\m-h-enÂþC§-s\

]-d-bp¶p. "Rm-s\-sâ Po-hn-X-¯nÂ hen-b H-cp kv-t\-lw cp-]-s¸-Sp-¯n-

bn-«pv. A-Xnsâ hnj-bw FÃm-bn-t¸mgpw Rm³ X-s¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p."

\mw Hmtcm G-h-cp-as{X Cu I-Ym-]m-{Xw. \-½Ä Km-V-am-bn C-ã-s¸-

Sp¶-Xv \-s½ am-{X-amWv. C-Xn-sâ ]-Ým-¯-e-¯nÂ \-½p-sS Zn-hw-K-X-\m-

b kv-t\-lnX-s\ t\m-¡p-t¼m-gm-Wv A-t±-l-w Cu km-am-\y-ko-a-bnÂ

\n¶pw F-{X ap-t¶m-«v t]m-b B-fm-sW-¶v a-\-kn-em-¡p-hm³ km-[n-¡p-

I.

sk-bvXpw Rm\pw F-sd-¡p-sd k-a{]m-b-¡m-cm-Wvþ]-{X-`m-j-bnse

'k-a-Im-enIÀ' tI-c-f-¯n-se hS-t¡ A-go-t¡m-Sn-\-Sp-̄ v Rm-\pw a-tä

A-go-t¡m-Sn-\-Sp-¯v A-t±-l-hpw P-\n¨p. tIm¬-{K-Ên-sâ kzm-X-{ý-ka-

cw c-p-t]-tcbpw \Ã -t]m-se kzm-[o-\n¨p. A-t±-l-a-XnÂ F-t¶-¡mÄ

Nm-Sn-ap§n, aqey-t_m-[-¯n\pw hn-izm-k -k-¦-ev-]§-fnep-sam-t¡ hf-sc

A-Sp-¸w R-§Ä X-½nÂ D-m-bn-cp¶p. ]-t£ R-§Ä X-½nÂ G-ähpw

A-Sp-¯ kp-lr-¯p-¡Ä Bb-Xv CXp-sIm-sm-¶paÃ. C-Xn-te-sd B-

ZÀ-i-]-cam-b A-Sp-̧ -ap-Å-h-cp-am-bn Rm³ ]n-W-§n-bn-«pv. A-Xv th-sd

Im-cyw.kv-t\-lw H-cp X-cw B-ß-{]-Im-iw sIm-v sX-fn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ tN-

tXm-hn-Im-c-am-sW-¦nÂ - B-ZÀ-i-kmay-tam, a-äp _Ô-§tfm A-Xn-s\

kr-ãn-¡p-¶nÃ. a-[p-cam-b H-cp c-l-ky-am-bn C-t¸gpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ

AY-hm A-t±-l-t¯m-Sp-Å kv-t\-lw C¶pw F-¶nÂ k-Po-h-am-bn \n-e-

\nÂ -¡p¶p.

47

A-Xn-s\ sX-fn-bn-¡p-hm³ kw- -̀h-§fpw D-Zm-l-c-W-§-fpw ]-

eXpw D-²-cn-¡p-hm³ I-gn-tª-¡pw, I-gn-bm-ªn«Ã,]-t£ Rm³ I-cp-

Xn-¡q-«n A-h th-s-¶p sh-bv-¡p-I-bm-Wv A-\p-kva-c-W {]-_-Ô-§-fp-

sS kz-`m-h-¯nÂ A-Xv DÄ-s¸-Sp-¶pv. ]-t£ G-Xv kw -̀hw ]-d-

ªmepw A-Xn-t\-¡mÄ a-l¯m-b kv-t\-l-am-bn-cp-¶p sk-bv-Xn-tâ-Xv

F-¶v ]-d-bm-sX \n-hr-¯n-bnÃ. Hmtcm kw- -̀h-I-Y-\hpw A-Xn-hn-]p-

eamb B kv-t\l-s¯ sN-dp-Xm-¡n Im-Wn-¡m-s\ D-X-Ip-I-bpÅp. F-

¶nÂ \n-¶v kv-t\-l-¯nÂ I-hn-ªv H¶pw H-cn-¡epw B-h-iy-s¸-Sm-¯

\n-jv-¡-f-¦\m-b H-cp kp-lr-s¯-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n¨p-sImv Cu A-\p-kv-

ac-Ww A-h-km-\n-¸n-¡p-¶p.

48

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-s\¸-än HÀ-¡p-t¼m-tgm-s¡ 1971

tem, 1972 tem Xn-cq-c-§-Sn-bnÂ h-¨p \-S-¶ am-¸n-f-km-ln-Xy sk-an-\m-dp-

Ifpw I-tem-Õ-h-§-fp-am-Wv F-sâ I¬-ap-¶nÂ B-Zy-am-bn sX-fn-ªp-

h-cp-¶Xv. ap-Éow-§-fp-sS A-Xn-a-l¯m-b I-em-kmw-kv-¡mcn-I k-¼-¯n-

\v A{X-sbm¶pw Øm-\w \Â -I-s¸-Sm-Xn-cp-¶ k-µÀ- -̀̄ n-emWv, P-\-

{i²-sb B-I-am-\w B-IÀ-jn-¡-¯-¡-hn-[w hen-sbmcm-tLm-j- ]-cn]-

Sn B-kq-{X-Ww sN-¿-s¸-«Xv. A-Xn-sâ kq-{X-[m-c³ F-¶-\n-e-bn-emWv

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-P-¿am-b kw-LS-\m ti-jn-bpw A-£o-Wam-b

]-cn-{i-a-§fpw A-\p- -̀h-¯nÂ \n-¶-dn-bp-hm³ F-\n-¡v X-c-s¸-«Xv. A-

©p Znh-kw \o-p \n-¶ Cu sk-an-\m-dp-I-fnepw I-em-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw

kmw-kv-Imcn-I tIc-fw H-¶m-bn¯-s¶ A-Wn-\n-c-¶p-sh-¶p ]-d-ªmÂ

A-Xv A-Xn-i-tbm-àn-bm-hnÃ. km-ln-Xy-Im-c³-amcpw kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-{]-

hÀ-¯-Icpw hn-Zym-À-°n-I-fp-sam-s¡ H-¶n-¨v A-cwK-¯p Ib-dn B-th-i-

I-c-am¡n-b Xn-cq-c-§m-Sn am-¸n-f-km-ln-XyI-temÂk-hw tI-c-f km-ln-Xy

kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-cw-K-§-fnÂ ap-Éo-§-fp-sS a-l¯m-b ap-XÂ -¡q-«n-s\ B-

hÀ-¯n-¨m-hÀ-¯n-¨p-d-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv D-m-bXv. Cu a-lm-kw- -̀h-¯n-sâ

\-S-¯n-¸n-\v Iq-«p-tN-cp-hm³ km-[n-¨ F-\n-¡v C-Xn-sâ {]-hÀ-¯-\-

¯nÂap-gp-In-¡-gn-ªn-cp¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zp-am-bn A-t§-bä-s¯ Km-

V-_-Ôw ]p-eÀ-¯p-hm³ km-[n-¨n-cp¶p. ]-e X-c-¯n-ep-Å A-`n-{]m-b-

t -̀Z-§-tfbpw ]-e-X-c-¡m-scbpw H-cp-an-¸n-¨v Xm³ D-t±-in-¨ ]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ

Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ A-t±-lw A-\p-hÀ-̄ n-¨n-cp-¶ kv-t\-l-]pÀ-®am-b

A-\p-c-Ú-\-\-bw tIm-cn-¯-cn-¸n¡pw hn-[w Çm-L-\o-b-am-bn-cp¶p. ]-

ecpw ]-cn-lm-k-t¯m-Sp-Ip-Sn ]p-Ñn-̈ p X-Åp-Ibpw H-cn-¡epw hn-P-bn-

¡psa-¶v {]-Xym-in-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿m-Xn-cp-¶ Xn-cq-c-§m-Sn am-¸n-f-km-ln-Xy-

sk-an-\m-dp-Ifpw I-tem-Õ-hhpw a-äm-cp hn-Nm-cn-¨-Xn-t\-¡mfpw A-t§b-

äw {]-iw-kmÀ-l-am-bn. Cu H-ä-kw -̀hw am-{Xw aXn sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zp

km-ln-_n-sâ Im-cy-ti-jnbpw kw-LS-\m ]m-S-hhpw kv-]-ã-am-¡p-hn³.

Xn-I-ª kmw-kv-¡mcn-I {]-hÀ-¯I³

Nm-¡o-cn A-l-½-Zp-Ip-«n

49

Cu km-ln-Xy-kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I- ta-f-tbm-sSm-¸w F-sâ h-µy-]n-

Xm-hv F-gp-Xn-bXpw 'Nm-¡o-cn-_-ZÀ' a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ \n¶pw a-e-bm-f-¯n-

te-¡m-¡n ]p-\:{]-Im-iw sN-¿-W-sa-¶v F-s¶ \nÀ-_-Ôn-¨Xpw sk-bv-

Xp-ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp¶p. A-§n-s\ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ'Nm-¡o-cn-_-ZÀ' {]-kn-²o-

Ir-X-ambn. F-\n-¡v A-Xn-\p-Å {]-tNm-Z-\hpw k-lm-b-k-l-I-c-W-§fpw

\Â -In-b-h-cnÂ {]-ap-JØm\w sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv km-ln-_n-\mWv.

tI-c-f ap-Éow U-b-d-Î-dmbpw tI-c-f P-am A-¯v Øn-Xn-hnh-c-W

I-W-¡p-Ifpw {]-kn²o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p th-n 1960 Xp-I-fnÂ a-e-_m-dn-

sâ ]-e-`m-K-§-fnepw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv [m-cm-fw Np-än-¡-d§n-bn-«n-v. B

k-µÀ- -̀§fn-tem-s¡ Rm-\p-am-bn k-¼À-¡w ]p-eÀ-¯p-hm\pw H-cp-an-¨p-

I-gn-bp-hm\pw A-t±-lw X-¿m-dm-Ip-am-bn-cp¶p. G-X-h-k-c-¯nepw A-t±-

l-¯n-sâ k-t´m-j-]qÀ-Æam-b tkh-\w G-Xp kw-L-S-\-bv¡pw e-`n-¨n-

cp¶p. ]e tbm-K-§-fnepw kw-_-Ôn-¡p-hm³ th-n Rm³

Ab¨ncp¶ £W-¡-¯p-IÄ H¶pw Xs¶ At±lw \nc-kn-¨n-Ã.

Rm³ hn-Zym-`ym-k a-{ń-bm-bn I-gn-ª-t¸mÄ Xn-cp-h-\-´-]pc-¯v

A-t±-lw h-cp-t¼m-sgm-s¡ F-s¶ h-¶p ImWp-I km-[m-c-W-bm-bn-cp-

¶p A-t¸m-sgm-s¡ tI-c-f ln-kvä-dn A-tÊm-kn-tb-j³ X-¿m-dm-¡p-¶ N-

cn-{X {K-Ù-§Ä-¡v kÀ-¡mÀ {Kmâv Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶-Xn-ep-f-f ]-cmXn-tbm,

km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-¡v kÀ-¡mÀ Iq-Sp-XÂ k-lm-bw \Â -tI--Xn-sâ

\ymb-§-tfm, A-Xp-a-sÃ -¦nÂ {K-Ù-im-em-{]-Øm-\w a-e-_m-dnÂ {]-tXy-

In¨pw Iq-Sp-XÂ i-à-am-t¡--Xn-sâ A-\n-hm-cy-X-sb-¡p-dnt¨m H-s¡-

bm-Wv A-t±-lw kw-km-cn-¨n-«p-f-fXv. kz-´w G-sX-¦nepw {]-iv-\-¯n-sâ

ip-]mÀ-i-bp-am-bn sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_pv F-s¶ k-ao-]n-¨-Xm-bn

Rm³ HmÀ-¡p-t¶-bnÃ. Xn-I-ª H-cp km-w-kv-Imcn-I {]-hÀ-¯-I-\m-bn-cp-

¶ A-t±-lw ap-gp-h³ k-a-bhpw C-¡m-cy-§Ä am-{X-ta Nn-ń-¡p-Ibpw

]-d-bp-I-bpw sN-¿m-dp-m-bn-cp-¶p-f-fp-sh-¶v tXm-¶p¶p. B Nn-´-

bnepw {]-hÀ-¯n-I-fn-epw am{Xw ap-gp-In-s¡m-p X-s¶ F-sâ kp-

lr¯pv Cu tem-I-t¯m-Sv bm-{X ]-d-bp-I-bpw sN-bvXp.

1975 Un-kw-_À 20þmw-Xob-Xn I-jv-Sn ]-{´pv a-Wn-bm-bn-

¡mWpw A-Xn-Zm-cp-W-ambn Cu hmÀ-̄ F-d-Wm-Ip-f-̄ p-\n¶pw F-s¶

hn-fn-¨-dn-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ. B ka-bw F-\n¡pv A-\p- -̀h-s¸-« hn-Im-cw F-{X

DÂ -¡-S-am-bn-cp-¶-sh¶pv hm-¡p-I-fnÂ -¡q-Sn A-b-hn-d-¡p-I A-km-²y-am-

Wn-t¸mÄ. R-§ÄþRm\pw I-co-apw Ip-Spw-_-hpwþF-d-Wm-Ip-f-t¯-¡p

th-K-¯nÂ ]p-d-s¸-«p. Zp-JmÀ-¯cm-b k-´]v-X Ip-Spw-_-¯n-sâbpw _-

Ôp-an-{Xm-Zn-I-fp-tSbpw hn-Im-c-¯nÂ ]-¦p-tN-cp-I-bÃm-sX a-sä-´p I-c-

50

Wo-b-am-bn-cp-¶p-f-fp. ]-tc-X\pv \n-Xy-im-ń t\À¶p-sIm-p-f-f B Iq-«-

{]mÀ-°-\-bnÂ R-§fpw A-en-ªp-tNÀ¶p.

Nn-eÀ a-cn-¨p Po-hn-¡p¶p.

a-äp Nn-eÀ a-cn-¨mepw Po-hn-¡p¶p.

51

km-ln-Xy ]-cn-j¯pv

{]-kn-²-km-ln-Xy-Im-c\m-b b-iv-]m-en-s\ k-a-kv-X-tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy ]-cn-j-¯n-sâ hmÀjn-I k-t½-f-\m-²y-£-s\-¶ \n-e-bnÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zpw aäpw tNÀ-¶v kzo-I-cn-¡p¶p.

52

A-²y£-\v km-ln-Xy-]-cnj-¯v {]-hÀ-̄ I-sc ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.

F-d-Wm-Ip-f¯pv \-S¯n-b kv-ddmÀ-ss\d-dvþI-em-k-Z-kn-s\ B-iw-kn-¡p¶p. sXm-«-Sp-¯v Km-b-I\m-b tb-ip-Zm-kv

53

tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mU-an

]p-t¯-g-¯p cm-a³ta-t\m\pw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zpw.

km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an {]-knUâv Ip-d-dn¸p-g Ir-jv-W-]n-Å, Akn. sk-{I«-dn hn.G.G.A-kokv. ssh-kv {]-knUâv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Xv.

54

km-ln-Xy-A-¡mZ-an {]-knUâv Ip-d-dn-¸pg-sb Akn. sk-{I«-dn hn.G.G. A-ko-kv kzo-I-cn-¡p¶p. ssh-kv {]-kn-Uâv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-

Xm-Wn-cn-¡p-¶Xv.

km-ln-Xy-A-¡mZ-an hmÀ-jn-I-¯nÂ sI.]n. tI-i-hta-t\m³ kw-km-cn-¡p¶p. C-S¯pw h-e-¯p-am-bn Im-Wp¶-Xv {]-knUâv hn.hn. Kn-cnbpw

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Xpw.

55

aq-¶p Z-im-Ð-§Ä-¡p ap-¼v tI-c-f-¯n-se ap-kv-fow k-ap-Zm-b-

¯nÂ \n-¶p H-cmÄ hn-imc-Zv ]co-£ ]m-Êm-Ip-¶-Xn-\p km-²y-X-bn-sÃ-

¶p tXm-¶n-b-Xn-\m-em-bn-cn-¡mw, {io. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv B ]co-£

]mkm-b k-µÀ- -̀̄ nÂ, A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kÀ-«n-^n-¡-änÂ tk-Xp-am-[-h³

F-¶p F-gp-Xp-hm³ C-S-h-¶n-«p-f-f-Xpv. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ `m-jm-]m-

WvUn-Xyw H-cp N-cn-{X-Im-c\m-b A-t±l-s¯ H-cp D-¶-X km-ln-Xy-Im-c-

\m-¡m³ k-lm-bn-¨n-«p-pv.

tZ-io-bm-thiw-sIm-v hn-Im-c-hn-{Ppw-`n-X-\m-bn-¯oÀ-¶ sk-

bv-Xn-\p ho-p-hn-Nm-c-¯n-sâ t]-cnÂ bm-Ym-Øn-Xn-I-cm-bn-cp-¶ Im-c-W-

h³-am-cp-sS-bn-S-bnÂ H-cp Øm-\-hp-ap-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. hn-Zym-e-b-¯nÂ -

\n¶pw Ip-Spw-_-¯nÂ -\n¶pw ]p-dw-X-f-f-s -̧« sk-bvXpv sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ A-

¼-e-¯n-ep-f-f H-cp ]q-Pm-cn-sb k-ao-]n¨pv A-¼-e-¯n-se ]-S-t¨mdp-

sImpv hn-i-¸S-¡n hÀj-§-tfm-fw I-gn-¨p-Iq-«n-sb-¶ k-Xyw C-¶p A-

hn-iz-k-\o-b-am-bn-t¯m-¶mw.

X-sâ hn-Zym-À-°n Po-hn-Xw A-h-km-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\pv ap-¼pX-

s¶ `m-c-X-¯n-\p ]qÀ-® kzm-X-ýw e-`n-¡p-sa-¶p hn-iz-kn-¨n-cp-¶-h-cp-

sS ap³-]-ń-bnÂ \nÂ -¡p-¶p sk-bvXp.

A-Jn-e-tI-c-f hn-ZymÀ-°n tIm¬-{K-Ên-sâ kw-Lm-S-I sk-

{I«-dn F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ tZio-b {]-_p-²-Xbpw kzm-X-{ý-hm-Rv-Obpw hn-

ZymÀ-°n-I-fnÂ A-¦p-cn-¸n-¡p-hm\pw Ah-sc B-th-i- -̀cn-X-cm-¡p-hm-\pw,

A¶pv hn-ZymÀ-°n-bÃm-Xm-bn-¡-gn-ªn-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p I-gn-

ªp-sh-¶-XpX-s¶ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ A-Xp-eyam-b hy-àn-Xz-¯n-\p \n-ZÀ-

i-\amWv.

t^mÀ«p-sIm-¨n-bn-se 'P-\-i-àn' hm-cn-I-bnÂ -¡q-Sn km-ln-

Xy-{]-hÀ¯-\w k-am-cw-`n-¨ sk-bv-Xp ]n-¶o-Spvv 'bp-h-tI-c-fw' B-gv-N-¸-Xn-

¸nÂ h-¶p-tNÀ-¶-tXm-sS Xp-d-ap-J-s¯m-gn-em-fn-I-fp-am-bn {I-ta-W Xm-

Zmßyw {]m-]n-¨p Xp-S-§n. 1950 Â Øm-]n-X-am-b Cu _-Ôw, A-t±-l-

¯n-sâ a-c-Ww-h-sc-bp-f-f ImÂ -\q-äm-p-Im-ew Xp-d-apJ-s¯ A-²zm-\n-

sXmgn-em-fn-hÀ¤hpw skbvXv apl-½Zpw

F.F.sIm-¨p-®n Fw.FÂ.F

56

¡p-¶ P-\-X-bp-sS DuSpw ]m-hp-am-bn \n-e-sIm-n-cp¶p. sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-

sS Po-hn-Xm-h-iy-§Ä t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ah-sc kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-am-

bn D-bÀ-¯p-¶-Xn\pw sk-bv-Xp A-\p-jvTn-¨n-«p-f-f tkh-\w \n-kv-Xp-e-

amWv.

\-sÃm-cp kw-Lm-S-I\pw A-\p-c-Rv-P-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p sk-bv-Xp-

ap-l-½-Zv. 1951 Â a-«m-t©-cn-bnÂ sh-¨p \-S-¶ N-cn-{X-{]-kn-²am-b km-

ln-Xy kmw-kv-Imcn-I k-t½f-\w sXm-t« B I-gn-hp-IÄ Zr-iy-am-bn-

cp¶p. \m-f-Xph-sc ]-c-kv]-cw I-e-ln-¨pw, hn-aÀ-in¨pw A-kq-bm-ep-¡-

fmbpw I-gn-ªn-cp-¶ km-ln-Xy-Im-c³-am-tcbpw kmw-kv-Imcn-I \m-b-I³-

am-tcbpw B k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ H-cp-an-¨n-cp-¯n Dd-s¡ Nn-ń-¸n -̈Xv Xp-d-ap-

J-s¯m-gn-em-fn bq-Wnb-sâ B-`n-ap-Jy-¯n-em-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶-Xv sk-bv-

Xn\pw sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-¤-¯n-\pw, km-ln-Xy kmw-kv-Imcn-I tem-I-¯n\pw

A-`n-am-\mÀ-l-am-Wpv.

sk-bv-Xn-s\ Iq-SmsX, bq-Wn-b-sâ 12 Znh-kw \o-p-\n-¶

knÂ -hÀ-Pq-_n-en B-tLm-j-§Ä DÄ-s¸sS, sN-dpXpw h-ep-Xpam-b bm-

sXm-cp B-tLm-j-m-Sn-b-ń-c-§fpw Xp-d-ap-J-s¯m-gn-em-fn-bq-Wn-b-\p-m-

bn-«n-sÃ -¶-XpX-s¶bq-Wn-b³ {]-hÀ-¯-Icm-b R-§-tfbpw A-Xn-se

Aw-K-§-tfbpw A-`n-am-\-]p-f-In-X-cm-¡p-¶p-v, AXp-sIm-pX-s¶ A-

t±-l-¯n-sâ \n-cm-ew-_-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶ Ip-Spw_-s¯ A-ev-]-sa-¦nepw k-

am-iz-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p sXm-gn-em-fn-hÀ-¤w ] -c-amh-[n b-Xv-\n-¡p-¶p-ap-pv.

X-\n-¡p-f-f {]-bm-k-§-f-{Xbpw F¶pw H-cp ]p-©ncn- sIm-v

aq-Sn-¡-gn-ªn-cp-¶ sk-bvXpv BÀ¡pw H-cp `m-c-am-Im³ C-ã-s¸-«n-cp-¶nÃ.

X-sâ A-aq-ey k¼-¯v X-sâ B-ßmÀ-° kp-lr-¯p-¡-fm-sW-¶p A-t±-

lw hn-iz-kn--¨p-d-¨n-cp¶p.

sk-bv-Xn-sâ hy-àn_-Ôw DÂ -¡S--hpw {]-I-S-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

A-XnÂ cm-{ão-b-̄ n-\p hen-b {]-kàn-sbm-¶p-ap-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. A-t±-

l-¯n-sâ G-ähpw A-Sp-¯ kp-lr-s¯-¶p F-s¶-t¸m-se tXm-¶p-¶ ]-

ecpw C-¶p Po-hn-¨n-cn-¸p-pv.

D-Zm-¯am-b kp-lr-Xv-_-Ô-§-fnÂ hn-iz-kn-¨n-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xn-

sâ Ip-Spw-_-t¯m-Sv \-ap-¡p-f-f \n-Êo-aam-b I-S-¸mSp \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡p¶-Xp

h-gn, B-hn-izm-kw H-cp anYym k-¦-ev-]-am-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ -¶p \-ap-¡p sX-fn-

bn-¡mw.

57

ap-¸-¯-©p-sImÃw ap-¼v, 1941þÂ, B-Wv ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-

l-½-Zp-am-bn Rm³ BZyw ]-cn-N-b-s¸-«-Xv. sIm-¨n-bnÂ h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw

DuÀ-Ö-kze-X-tbm-sS {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶ km-ln-Xy-Im-c³-am-cp-sS H-cp

sN-dp-kw-L-¯n-se {]-ap-JmwK-am-bn-cp-¶p A-¶v A-t±lw. I-hnbm-b

{io. kn. Ir-jv¬-\mbÀ, sN-dp-I-Ym-Ir-¯p-Ifm-b {io. F³. tKm-hn-µ³-

Ip-«nbpw {io. G. ]-c-ta-iz-c³-\m-b-cpw, \-S-\m-bn-cp-¶ {io. F-Uv-Un ap-X-

em-b-h-cm-bn-cp¶p Cu kw-L-¯n-se a-äv Aw-K§Ä. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-

s\ A-¶v Rm³ A-dn-ªn-cp¶-Xv ]-e hn-j-b-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw F-gp-Xp-¶

H-cp ]-{X-{]-h-À-¯-I³ F-¶ \n-e-bn-emWv. ]nÂ -¡me-̄ v A-t±l-s¯

{]-kn-²-\m¡n-b N-cn-{X-XmÂ -]cyw A-¶v A-t±-l-¯nÂ \m-s¼-Sp-¯p I-

gn-ªn-cp-¶-Xm-bn tXm-¶p-¶nÃ.

N-cn-{X-¯nÂ Hu-]-Nm-cn-I-am-b in-Ivj-Ww t\-Sn-bn-«nÃm-¯

sk-bv-Xn-\v B hn-j-b-¯nÂ XmÂ -]-cy-ap-m-Ip-hm-\p-f-f Imc-Ww G.

_m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-f-f-bp-am-bn ]nÂ -¡m-e-¯pm-b ]-cn-N-b-am-Wv.N-cn-{X-K-

th-j-W-¯nÂG-sd-¡p-sd X-sâ D-¯-cm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-«m-Wv _m-e-Ir-jv-

W-]n-f-f sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-s\ I-W-¡m-¡n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. ]-e-Xn-s\-¸-änbpw

F-gp-Xp-I-bpw, A-[zm-\w B-h-iy-ap-f-f G-Xp-cw-K¯pw A-Xp \Â -Ip-hm³

I-W-¡n-tesd HuÂ -kpIyw {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶sk-bv-Zn-¶v

X-tâXm-b H-cp k-hnti-j IÀ-½-aÞ-ew I-s-¯m³ I-gnª-Xv _m-e-

Ir-jv-W-]n-f-f-bp-am-bp-f-f km-l-Ncyw aq-e-am-bn-cp¶p.

\-½p-sS kÀ-ÆI-em-im-e-I-fnÂ N-cn{Xw H-cp ]mT-hn-j-b-am-bn-

cp-¶p-sh-¦n-epw, tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ k-hn-ti-jam-b XmÂ -]-cy-ap-f-f N-cn-

{Xm-[ym-]-IÀ hn-c-f-am-bn-cp¶p. a-e-bm-fw Fw. G. ]-co-£-bv-¡p-f-f H-cp

A-{]-[m-\-hn-j-b-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ am-{X-ta tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-¯n-\v \-½p-sS D-

¶-X-hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯nÂ F-s´-¦nepw Øm-\-ap-mbn-cp-¶p-ffp. C-

t¸mgpw Cu Øn-Xn-bv-¡v hf-sc am-ä-sam¶pw D-m-b-Xm-bn ]-d-ªp-Iq-S.

tI-c-f-N-cn-{X¯nÂ K-thj-Ww \S-¯n {K-Ù-§fpw {]-_-Ô-§fpw c-Nn-

¨n-«p-f-f N-cn-{Xm-[ym-]-IÀ C-¶p \-½p-sS kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-e-I-fn-ep-s¶-Xp

kp-lrÂkvva-c-W

F³. hn. Ir-jv-W-hm-cnbÀ

58

i-cn-X-s¶. F-¦nepw tI-c-f-N-cn{Xw kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-em hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯nÂ

C-\nbpw H-cp ap-Jy-hn-j-b-am-bn-¡-gn-ªn-«nÃ.

kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-e-IÄ-¡p ]p-d-¯pw \n-e hy-Xy-kv-X-aÃ. a-äp

`m-j-I-fp-am-bn Xm-c-X-ay-s¸-Sp-¯p-t¼mÄ a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ N-cn-{Xm-Jym-bn-I-

IÄ hfsc Ip-dhm-Wv. t\m-h-se-gp-̄ p-ImÀ-¡p £m-a-anÃ. ]-s£ km-

aqly-t\m-h-epI-tf F-gp-X-s¸-Sp-¶pf-fp. \-½p-sS ]-g-b N-cn-{X-s¯¸-än

s]m-Xp-sh-bp-f-f A-Ú-X-bm-Wv N-cn{X-t\m-h-ep-I-fpsS Cu ssh-c-fy-

¯n-\p-കാരണം. ഉജ്ജ�ലമായഒരുഭൂതകാലചരി്രതംേകരളത്തിന്നുm-bn-cp-¶p-

sh-¦nÂ, B N-cn-{X-Im-eL-«w \-½p-sS km-aqly-t_m-[-a-Þ-e-¯n-sâ H-

cp `m-K-am-bn-¡-gn-ªn-«nÃ. `q-X-Im-e-s¯-Êw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯mfw, tN-c- cm-

Pm-¡³-am-sc-¡p-dn-¨p-f-f-Xn-t\-¡mÄ \-ap-¡v A-`n-am-\w a-lm-_-en-sb-¸-än-

bmWv; N-cn-{X-s¯-¡m-tf-sd an-tXm-f-Pn-bm-Wv \-ap-¡p-f-fXv.

Cu ]-Ým-¯-e-¯n-s\-Xn-sc sh-¨p th-Ww tI-c-f ln-Ì-dn

A-tÊm-kn-tb-j-sâbpw A-Xn-sâ Po-hm-ßmhpw ]-c-am-ßm-hp-am-bn-cp-¶

sk-bv-Zp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâbpw kw-`m-h-\I-sf \mw hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-hm³.tI-c-f-

N-cn-{X-¯n-te-bv-¡v tI-c-f-¯n-se km-am-\y-P-\-§-fp-sSbpw tI-c-f-kÀ-¡-m-

cn-sâbpw I-®p-Xp-d-¸n-¡p-hm³ I-gn-ªp-sh¶-Xv \n-Êm-cam-b H-cp t\-

«aÃ.

cm-jv{So-bam-b AÀ-°-¯nÂ C-ý C-¶v H-cp s^-U-td-j-\m-

W-tÃm. kmw-kvv-Im-cn-Iam-b AÀ-°-¯nÂ C-ý am-{XaÃ, C-ýbp-sS

Hmtcm {]m-tZ-in-I-L-S-Ihpw hy-Xy-kv-X s^-U-td-j-\p-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p.

Hmtcm {]-tZ-i-¯p-apf-f, Pm-Xn-bptStbm a-X-¯n-tâtbm sXm-gn-en-

tâtbm A-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ thÀ-Xn-cn-ª, Hmtcm k-ap-Zm-bhpw A-h-bp-

tSXm-b hy-Xykv-X ]m-c-¼-cy-¯nÂ A-`n-am\w-sIm-f-fp-I-bpw, Cu ]m-c-

¼-cy-¯n-sâ N-cn-{Xs¯ sF-Xn-ly-§-fn-eq-tSbpw B-Nm-c-§-fn-eq-sSbpw

k-Po-ham-bn- \n-e-\nÀ-¯p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xp-h¶p. C-ý-bp-sS N-cn-{X-sa¶Xv

Cu L-S-I-§-fp-sS hy-Xy-kv-X-N-cn-{X-§-fp-sS k-am-lm-ctam k-a-\z-btam

B-Ip-¶p. tI-c-f-N-cn{Xw tI-c-f-¯n-sâ cm-jv{So-b-N-cn-{X-sa-¶-Xp-t]m-se

tI-c-f-¯n-se hyXykv-X a-XþPm-XnþsXm-gnÂ hn-`m-K-§-fp-sS kmw-kv-

Imcn-I N-cn{Xw Iq-Sn-bmWv.

sIm-¨n-bn-se Pq-X³-am-cp-sSbpw ssP-\-cp-sSbpw N-cn-{Xþkw-

kv-Im-cþ]m-c-¼-cy-§-fn-te-bv-¡v A-h-cp-sSbpw a-äp-f-f-h-cp-sSbpw {i-²-bm-

IÀ-jn-bv-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn sN-bvX ]-cn-{i-a-§-fnÂ sk-bv-Zp- ap-l-½-Zn-¶p

t{]-c-W \ÂIn-bXv taÂ -t¨À-¯ [m-c-W-bm-sW-¶v Rm³ hn-iz-kn-

¡p¶p.

59

N-cn-{X-¯n-sâsb-¶-t]m-se km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ a-Þ-e-¯nepw

sk-bv-Zp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ tk-h-\-§Ä hn-e-s¸-«-h-bm-Wv. A-Zzn-Xob\m-b H-cp

kw-Lm-S-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p sk-bv-Zv. Xm-t\-sä-Sp-¡p-¶ G-Xp {]-hÀ-¯-\-

¯nepw B-ß-k-aÀ-¸-W-t¯m-sS Øn-c-am-bn tkh-\w \Â -Ip-¶-Xn-\v A-

\n-X-c-km-[m-c-Wam-b I-gn-hv A-t±-l-̄ n-\p-m-bn-cp¶p.

H-cp hy-àn-sb-¶ \n-e-bnÂ sk-bv-Zp-ap-l-½-Zn-s\¸-än h-f-sc-

b-[n-Iw F-gp-Xm-\p-v. F-¶mÂ A-I-ep-jam-b ku-lmÀ-±-¯n-sâ B a-

[p-c-kv-a-c-W-IÄ a-äp-f-f-h-cp-am-bn ]-¦n-Sp-¶-Xn-s\-¡mÄ HmÀ-½-bnÂ A-b-

hn-d-¡p-hm-\m-Wv Rm³ C-ã-s¸-Sp-I.

60

a-lm-cm-Pm-kv tIm-tf-Pp-h-f-¸nÂ sNdn-b H-cp sI-«n-S-¯n-em-bn-

cp-¶p tI-c-f ln-Ì-dn A-tÊm-kn-tbj-sâ Hm-ô-kv. tIm-tf-Pn-se H-cp

A-²ym-]n-I-sb-¶ \n-e-bnÂ I-em-e-b-̄ n-\-I-¯pf-f Cu Hm-ô-kv {]-

hÀ-¯-\§-sf R§Ä HuÂ -kp-Iy-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn Im-Wm-dp-m-bn-cp-¶p.

B Hm-ô-kn-\-cn-InÂ Iq-Sn t]m-Ip-t¼m-sgm-s¡ P-\-en-\-cn-InÂ F-

s´¦nepw tPm-enbnÂ hym-]r-X-\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶ sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-s\ \n-

tXy-\ ]-e {]m-hiyw R-§Ä ImWp-I ]-Xn-hm-Wv. k-Zm k-a-bhpw D³-

ta-j-hm-\m-bn Im-Wp-¶ Cu sN-dp-¸-¡m-c³ R-§-fp-sS H-s¡ kw-km-c-

hn-j-b-am-bn-cp¶p. F-´p hen-b Im-cy-amWv Cu a-\p-jy³ Ip-¯n-bn-

cp-¶p \nÀ-h-ln¡p-¶-sX-¶p R-§Ä A-t\ym\yw tNm-Zn-¡m-dp-ap-m-bn-

cp¶p. B-bn-S-¡m-Wv a-lm-cm-Pm-kv tIm-tf-Pn-se H-cp k-t½-f-\-̄ nÂ A-

t±-lw {]m-kw-Kn-I-\m-bn h-¶Xv.

A-¶m-Wv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv F-´m-sW-¶p R-§Ä-s¡m-s¡

a-\-kn-em-Ip-¶Xv. k-Z-Ên-s\ B-I-am-\w tIm-cn-¯-cn-¸n¨p-sImpv s]m-

Xp-sh hn-c-k-sa-¶p hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡m-dp-f-f N-cn-{X-hn-j-b-s¯¸-änA¶pv

sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv \-S¯n-b {]-`mj-Ww R-§Ä-t¡-hÀ¡pw C³Uym

N-cn-{X-¯nepw tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-¯nepw XmÂ -¸cyw P-\n-¸n-¡p-hm³ hf-sc

k-lm-bn-¨ H-¶m-bn-cp¶p. {]KÂ -`\m-b H-cp {]m-kw-Kn-I-s\-¶ km-[m-c-

W{]-tbm-Kw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ hmKv-t[m-c-Wn-¡v H-cp ]-s£ ]-än-b-

XÃ F-¶p tXm-¶p-¶p. ip-²am-b a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ hm-¡p-Ifpw hm-N-I-

§fpw k-a-Rv-P-k-am-bn A-\p-kyp-Xw {]-h-ln-¡p-t¼mÄ \mw FÃmw ad-

¶v A-XnÂ am{Xw B-aK-v\-cm-bn-t¸m-Ipw. `m-j¡pw ssi-en¡pw A-h-X-c-

W-¯n\pw a-\p-jy-a-\-Ên-s\ F-{X-am{Xw kzm-[o-\n-¡phm-s\m-¡p-sa-¶v

C-¯-cw {]-kw-K-§Ä tI-«n-«p-f-f-hÀ-¡p am-{X-ta ]-dbm-s\m¡q.

A-Xn-\p-ti-jw ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ kw-L-Sn-¸n-¨ ]-e

sk-an-\m-dp-I-fnepw k-t½-f-\-§-fnepw `m-K-`m-¡m-Ip-hm³ F-\n-¡-hk-cw

ln-Ì-dn A-tÊm-kn-tb-j-\nse sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv

an-Ên-Êv ta-cokm-ap-hÂ tU-hn-Uv

61

In-«n-bn-«pv. A-t¸m-sgm-s¡ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-Npw-_n-Xam-b kw-

L-S-\m-ti-jn-sb-¡p-dn-¨pw, A-\p-]-am-b tk-h-\-k-¶-²-X-sb-¡p-dn-¨pw

Iq-Sp-XÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ A-\p- -̀hn-¨-dn-bp-hm³ I-gn-ªn-cp¶p. sIm-¨n-bnÂ -sh-

¨v H-cm-gv-N-¡m-ew B-tLm-j-am-bn \-S¯n-b b-lq-Z-]-f-fn-bp-sS 400þmw

hmÀ-jn-Iw tI-c-f-̄ n-Â C-t¶h-sc D-m-bn-«p-ff-Xv G-Xv kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-

ta-f-I-sf-¡mfpw _r-l¯pw A-´À-tZ-io-b-{]m-[m-\y-ap-f-f-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

B a-lm-kw- -̀h-¯n-sâ kq-{X-[m-c³ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pv

G-hÀ-¡p-a-dn-bm-hp-¶ Im-cy-am-W-tÃm. I-gn-ª H-tÎm-_À-am-k-¯nÂ l-

cn-P-\-sk-an-\mÀ F-d-Wm-Ip-f-¯p-sh-¨v \-S-¯n-b-t¸mgpw {K-Ù-im-em-kw-

L-¯n-sâ B-tLm-j-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ kw-L-Sn-¸n-¨-t¸mgpw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-

sZ-¶ {]-Xn-`m-[\-sâ ti-jnbpw ti-ap-jnbpw G-h-cp-sSbpw ap-à-I-

WvTam-b {]-iw-k-IÄ-¡v ]m-{X-am-bn-«pv.

ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ X-¿m-dm¡n-b tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-¯n-

sâ Cw-Kv-fn-jv ]-cn-̀ m-j-bv-¡p-th-n Ip-td-`m-Kw XÀ-Ö-a sN-¿p-hm-\p-ff

tPm-en F-s¶ GÂ -¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. B k-µÀ- -̀¯nÂ ]-e-{]m-h-iyhpw A-

tkm-kn-tb-j³ H-mô-knÂ t]m-bn {K-Ù-§Ä ]cn-tim-[n¡p-I Fsâ

]-Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. A-t¸m-sgm-s¡ hn-\-bm-\zn-X\pw kp-kv-ta-c-h-Z-\-\pam-

b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv F-s´Ãmw k-lm-b-§-fm-h-iy-aptm A-h-sbm-

s¡ k-t´m-j-]qÀ-Æw sN-bv-Xp-X-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p. a-e-bm-f-̄ nÂ C-d¡n-b

tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ c-p-hen-b hm-fy-§Ä sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Xn-\p-f-f Po-

hn-¡p-¶ kv-am-c-I {K-\vv-Y-§-fm-bn-cn-¡pw. ]-SÀ¶pv ]-´-en-¨p-In-S-¡p¶

B ]p-fn-a-c-¯n-\-Sp-̄ p-m-bn-cp-¶ Hm-ô-kv ap-dn-bp-sS A-cn-InÂ Iq-Sn

I-S-¶p-h-cp-t¼mÄ \n-tXy-\ Rm³ HmÀ¯p-t]m-Ip-¶ H-cp hm-Iy-ap-pv.

{In-kv-ä-^À amÀtem ]-d-ªXpv "infinite riches in a little

room". B sIm-¨p-ap-dn-bn-se A-]m-c-am-bn hn-Úm-\-k-¼-¯vp ]-cp-Xn¡-gn-

ªn-cp¶ B a-\p-jy-s\ C-\n \-ap-¡v Im-Wphm-s\m-¡p-I-bnÃ -tÃm.

A-Sp-¯ ku-lr-Z-ap-m-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ -¦nepw km-ln-Xyþkmw-kv-

Imcn-I {]-hÀ¯-\w am-{X-am-bn I-gn-ªn-cp-¶ Cu a-\pjy-t\mSpv G-sd

_lp-am-\hpw Iq-Sp-XÂ XmÂ -¸-cyhpw R-§Ä-t¡-hÀ-¡p-ap-m-bn-

cp¶p. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ a-c-W-hmÀ-¯ tI-«pv sR-«p-Ibpw th-Z-\n-

¡p-Ibpw sNbv-X A-\h-[n kp-lr-¯p-¡-fp-sS Iq-«-¯nÂ R-§fpw ]-

¦p tNÀ-¶n-cp¶p. 'Kp-Wn-IÄ Du-gn-bnÂ \op 'hmgm' F¶pv Ip-am-c-\m-

im³ {]-h-Nn-¨Xpv F-{X AÀ-°-h-¯mWv. F-d-Wm-Ip-fw \-K-cw km-[m-c-

W Ip-sIm-n-cp-¶ kmw-kv-Imcn-I km-bm-Ó§Ä, ]Þn-X k-Z-Êp-

IÄ, _p-²n-aÃ³-am-cp-sS aÂ -]n-Sp-¯§Ä, A\p-tam-Z-\-§Ä-t¡m, ]p-kv-

X-I-{]-Im-i-\-§Ä-t¡m-th-n hn-fn-¨p-Iq-«p-¶ hÀ-®-¸-In-«mÀ-¶ N-S-

62

§pIÄ, C-\n A-{X s]-s«-¶p B-hÀ-¯n-¡-s¸Sp-tam? N-cn-{X km-ln-Xy-

NÀ-¨-IÄ-¡m-bn th-Zn-IÄ k-Ö-am-¡n A-h-k-c§-sf G-ähpw {]-tbm-P-

\-{]-Z-amw-hn-[w hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡p¶ B {]-Xn-`m-k-¼¶-sâ hn-tbm-Kw

kmw-kv-Imcn-I tI-c-f-¯n-\pv I-\-¯ \-ã-am-sW-¶ Im-cy-¯nÂ kw-i-b-

anÃ.

F-{X-sb-{X ao-änw-§p-I-fpw, sk-an-\m-dp-I-fpw, NÀ¨m-tbm-K-§-

fpw, A\p-tim-N-\-§-fpw, `m-hn-{]-hÀ-̄ -\-§-fp-sS B-kq-{Xn-X {]-Jym-]-

\-§fpw H-s¡ `w-Kn-bm-bn \-S-¯n-bn-cp-¶ A-Ivjo-W\m-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-

l½-Zv F-¶ a-\p-jy\pv k-aw a-säm-cm-sf Nq-n-¡m-«p-hm-\nÃ. hn-hn-[-

§fm-b {]-hÀ-¯-\ a-Þ-e-§-fnÂ kz-ám-b B-i-bhpw AÀ-¸-W kz-

`m-h-t¯m-Sp IqSn-b tk-h-\-§fpw \ÂIn-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p e-`n-

t¡--Xm-bn-cp-¶ Aw-Ko-Im-cw In-«n-bn-cp¶pthm F-¶ Imcyw Rm-s\-Sp-

¯p-]-d-tb- Im-cy-anÃ.

C-¶pw \n-tXy\ tIm-tf-Pv h-f-¸nÂ \n¶pw I-S-¶p-h-cp-t¼mÄ

]pXn-b a-XnÂ -sI-«n-\-I¯pv D-m-¡n-bn-«p-f-f A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ sI-«n-Sw

Im-Wm-dp-pv. F-¶mÂ A-Xn-\-I-¯p-\n¶pw tIÄ-¡m-dp-f-f i-Ð-X-cw-Kw

C-¶p sN-hn-bnÂ h-¶-e-bv-¡m-dnÃ. i-Ðm-\-am-bn-cp-¶ ln-kvä-dn A-tkm-

kn-tbj-sâ Hm-ô-kv C¶pv G-sd-¡p-sd \nÀ-Öo-h-am-bn-cn-¡p¶p. A-hn-

tS-¡p I-S-¶p-sNÃp-¶h-sc ]p-©n-cn-bp-am-bn kzmK-Xw sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶ Po-

h-Êp-ä sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Xv C-¶-hn-sS-bnÃ. HmÀ-½-I-fp-sS Np-cpÄ A-gn-¸n-

¡p-hm³ ]-cym-]v-X-am-b H-cp Om-bm-Nn{Xw hm-X-en-s\ A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn¨pv

`n-¯n-bnÂ Xq-§p-¶p-pv. Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Xn-sâ Po-h-\p-f-

f Om-bm-Nn-{Xw.

63

]n.F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv-km-ln-_v N-cn-{X-tI-c-f-¯n-\v H-cn-

¡epw hn-kv-a-cn-¡m³ I-gn-bm-¯ H-cp \m-a-t[-bw. [m-cm-fw N-cn-{X-{K-Ù-

§-sf-gp-Xn N-cn-{X-̄ nÂ Øn-c-{]-Xn-jvT t\Snb B N-cn-{X-Im-c³ s]-s«-

¶v Im-e-b-h-\n-I-¡p-f-fnÂ a-dªv, N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ H-cp `m-K-am-bn-amdn.

B N-cn-{XK-th-jI-sâ B-I-kv-an-Iam-b thÀ-]m-Sv tI-c-fN-cn-{X-km-ln-

Xy-s¯-kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw H-cp I-\-¯ \-ã-am-Wv. kv-t\-l-[-\\m-b

Cu B-ß-kp-lr-¯n-sâ tZ-l\n-tbm-Kw F-s¶ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw

H-cp Xo-cm-\-ã-amWv. R-§Ä X-½n-ep-f-f ImÂ -\q-äm-p-Ime-s¯ sku-

lr-Z_-Ôw A-{X cq-U-aq-eam-b H-cp Ip-Spw-_-_-Ô-am-bn h-fÀ-¶n-cp¶p.

km-ln-Xy-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-eq-sS B-cw-`n-¨ R-§-fp-sS _-Ô-

¯n-sâ N-cn-{X-¯nÂ t\-cn-«p-f-f sku-lr-Z-_-Ô-¯n-sâ A-²ym-b-am-cw-

`n¨-Xv t_mw-t_ \-K-c-¯nÂ sh-¨m-bn-cp-¶p F¶Xv bmZr-ÝnIamb Hcp

Ncn-{X-h-kvXp-X-bmbn-cp¶p. G-I-tZ-iw c-p Z-i-I-§Ä-¡v ap-¼m-W-Xv.

"\oe-¡p-bn-en"eq-sS {]-i-kv-Xn-bn-te-¡p-bÀ-¶kn-\n-am-\nÀ-½m-Xm-hv P:

Sn.sI. ]-co-¡p-«n km-ln-_n-s\ cm-ã]-Xn kzÀ-®-sa-UÂ \Â -In _-lp-

am-\n-¨-t¸mÄ B k-½m-\w G-äp-hm-§m³ kn-\n-am-kw-hn-[m-b-I³ cm-ap-

Im-cym-«n-t\m-sSm-¸w ]-co-¡p-«nkm-ln-_n-sâ Iq-sS UÂ -ln-bn-te-¡p t]m-

b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_v a-S-¡-bm-{X-bnÂ t_mw-t_-bnÂ -h-¶ A-

h-k-c-¯nÂ t_mw-t_-a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS t]-cn-Â R-§Ä H-cp kzo-Ic-Ww

\Â -In Ah-sc _-lp-am-\n-¡m³ Xo-cp-am-\n-¨p. A¶-s¯ t_mw-t_ \-

Kc-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw A-sXm-cp hen-b kw- -̀h-am-bn-cp-¶p.

t_mw-t_-bn-se H-cp tlm-«-enÂ -sh-¨v A¶pv R-§Ä \ÂIn-b kzo-I-c-

W-¯n-em-W-v A-Xph-sc F-gp-¯p-I-fn-eq-sS am{Xw _-Ô-s¸-«n-cp-¶ sk-

bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zp-km-ln-_p-am-bn Rm³ B-Zy-am-bn t\-cn-«p ]-cn-N-b-s¸-«Xv.

R-§fp-sS B ]-cnN-bw ]nÂ -¡-m-e-¯v A-\p-kyq-Xhpw A-t -̀Zy-hpam-b

_-Ô-am-bn h-fÀ-¶p. kv-t\-l-[-\y-\m-b A-t±-l-¯n-sâ h-iyam-b s]-

cp-am-ähpw ]Þn-tXm-Nn-Xhpw Nn-´m-tZym-X-I-hpam-b {]-kw-K-ssh- -̀

N-cn-{X-¯n\pv a-d-¡m³ I-gn-bm-¯ N-cn-{X-Im-c³

bp.F. _o-cm³

64

hhpw F-s¶ A-Xy-[n-Iw B-IÀ-jn¨p. R-§f-t\ym\yw _-Ô-s¸«p. B

ku-lr-Z-_-Ôw ]nÂ -¡m-e¯v, tI-c-f-̄ nÂ sh-¨v h-fÀ-¶p-hn-I-kn¨p.

R§Ä Bß-an-{X-§-fm-bn-. ]n¶oSpv ]e cwK-§-fn-epw kl-{]-

hÀ¯cmbn ]c-kv]cw IqSp-XÂ _Ô-s¸-«p. A-NntcW B ku-lr-

Z_-Ôw kz-´w Ip-Spw-_-mw-K-§-sf-t¸m-se-bp-f-f A-t -̀Zyam-b kv-t\-l-

_-Ôam-bn h-fÀ-¶p. 1958þÂ F-sâ B-Zy-s¯ ]p-kvX-Iw {]-kn-²w sN-

¿p-¶-XnÂ h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw k-lm-bn-¨ A-t±-lw ]n-¶o-Sv FÃm ]p-kv-X-I-

§-fp-sSbpw {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-¯nÂ {]-tXy-I-am-bn {i-²n-¡p-Ibpw k-lm-

bn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-cp¶p. ‘\-Po-_n-sâ B-ßI-Y’ F-¶ ]p-kv-X-I-¯n-

\v A-t±-lw F-gpXn-b ]Þn-tXm-Nn-Xam-b A-h-Xmcn-I B-ß-I-Ym-km-

ln-Xy-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-f-ap-f-f ]T-\mÀ-l-am-b H-cp B-[n-Im-cn-I-

teJ-\w X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p.

1956 em-sW-¶p tXm-¶p-¶p A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ H-cp ZoÀ-LIm-e

]-²-Xn-bm-bn-cp-¶ tI-c-f a-p-kvfow U-b-d-Î-dn-bp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\-hp-am-bn

_-Ô-s¸-Sm-\n-S-bm-b-Xvv. a-äp ]-e cw-K-§-fn-ep-sa-¶-t]m-se N-cn-{Xcw-

K¯pwA-h-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«p-In-S-¶n-cp-¶ tI-c-f ap-kvfow-I-fp-sS h-kv-Xp-\n-

ãam-b H-cp kw-£n]v-X N-cn-{X-{K-Ù-sa-¶ \ne-¡v H-cp U-b-dÎ-dn {]-kn-

²o-I-cn-¡m³ 1947 ap-XÂ Xp-S§n-b {]-hÀ¯-\w ap-S-§nbpw hn-j-an¨pw

A-h-km-\w 1956 Â A-t±-lhpw a-äp Nn-e kp-lr-¯p-¡fpw Iq-Sn ]p-\-cm-

cw-`n-¨pv 1960 em-Wpv ]qÀ-¯n-bm-bn {K-Ù-cq-]-¯nÂ ]p-d-¯p-h-¶-Xpv. C-Xn-

lm-k-§-fp-sSbpw sF-Xn-ly-§-fp-sSbpw [q-a-h-e-b-§-fnÂ -s]-«p In-S-¶n-

cp-¶ tI-c-f N-cn-{X-̄ nÂ ap-kvfo§Ä¡v AÀ-lam-b Øm-\w e-`n-¨n-«n-

sÃ -¶ Zp:J-kXyw a-\-Ên-em¡n-b N-cn-{X K-th-j-I\m-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-

Zv km-ln-_n-sâ A-Iv-jo-W b-Xv-\-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-bn cq-]w sIm- Cu

U-b-d-Îdn, tI-c-f-̄ n-sâ km-aq-lyþkmw-kv-Imcn-I km-¼-¯nIþcm-jv-{So-

b cw-K-§-fnÂ am-bm-¯ ap-{Z-IÄ ]-Xn-¸n- v̈ h-fÀ-¶ tI-c-f ap-kvfow-I-fp-

sS km-am-t\y-\-bp-f-f H-cm-[n-Imcn-I N-cn-{X {K-Ù-amWv. tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-

s¯ Ip-dn-¨p-f-f A-¼-Xn-e-[n-Iw N-cn-{X {K-Ù-§Ä h-I-Xn-cn-¨pv I-p]n-

Sn¨pv sh-fn-¨¯p-sIm-p-h-¶-Xn\pw ]pd-sa tI-c-f-¯n-e-t§m-f-an-t§m-

fw N-cn-{X-{]-[m-\-am-b ]-e Ø-e-§-fn-epw k-Xym-t\z-j-I\m-b H-cp XoÀ-

°m-S-I-s\-t¸m-se k-©-cn¨pv t\-cn-«p ]T-\w \S-¯n X-¿m-dm¡n-b Cu

tI-c-f apkvfow Ncn{Xw F{X A]qÀ®amsW-¦nepw tI-c-f ap-kv-fow-

Isf kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw B-[n-Im-cn-Iam-b H-c-\À-L {K-Ù-am-Wpv.

A-Xn-\p-th-n A-\-hc-Xw A-²zm-\n-¨ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-s\

kw-_-Ôn-t¨-S-t¯m-fw H-c-\-iz-c-kv-am-c-I-hpw.

65

U-b-d-Î-dn-bp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\p-th-n tI-c-f-¯n-se B-

bn-c-¯n-e-[n-Iw ]-f-fn-Ifpw N-cn-{X-{]m-[m-\y-ap-f-f kve-§fpw k-µÀ-in-

¡p-Ibpw A-t\-Iw kve-§-fnÂ \n-c-h-[n-t]-sc t\-cn-«p Im-Wp-Ibpw sN-

bv-Xn-«p-s-¶ h-kv-Xp-X-Xs¶ Cu _r-l¯m-b {K-Ù-¯n-\p th-n-bp-f-

f {]-hÀ¯-\w F-{X Ipv {i-a-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p F¶p hy-àam-¡p¶p.-

U-b-d-Î-dn-bp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\v {]ap-J hy-ànI-sf Im-Wp-

¶-Xn\pw ]-c-ky-§Ä ti-J-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw a-äp-am-bn sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv

km-ln_p-sam-¯p ]-te-S-§-fnepw k-©-cn-¨-t¸mÄ hn-Nn-{X-§fm-b ]-e

A-\p- -̀h-§fpw D-m-bn-cp¶p. FÃmw A-t±-lw kz-X-kn-²am-b k-ck-X-

tbm-tSX-s¶ t\-cn«p. H«pw \n-cm-i-\m-hm-sX {]-hÀ-¯-\-hp-am-bn ap-t¶-dp-

Ibpw sN-bvXp. A-h-km-\w 1960Â U-b-dIvS-dn {]-kn-²-I-cn-¨-Xn-\p-ti-

jw N-cn-{X-hn-`m-Khpw U-b-dn-Ip-dn-bpw sh-tÆ-sd-bm-¡n ]-cn-jv-I-cn- v̈ Iq-

Sp-XÂ k-a-{Kam-b \n-e-bnÂ ho-pw ]p-d-¯n-d-¡m³ A-t±-l-¯n-\p A-

Xnbm-b B-{K-l-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. ]-Iv-sj km-¼¯n-I ]-cm-[o-\-Xbpw

aäpw AXn-s\m¶pw A-\p-h-Zn-¨nÃ.

sN-dp-¸-¯nÂX-s¶ A-²ym]nI tPm-en hn-«v ]-{X-{]-hÀ-̄ -\

cw-K-t¯¡pw km-ln-Xy {]-hÀ-¯-\-̄ n-te¡pw \o§n-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-

l½-Zv km-ln-_v a-äp ]-e-cp-sSbpw B-[n-]-Xy-¯n-ep-f-f ]-e ]-{X-am-kn-I-

I-fp-sSbpw ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn {]-hÀ-̄ n-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw kz-ámbn do-

tUÀ-kv ssU-P-Ìo-sâ cq-]-¯n-Â H-cp amkn-I \-S-¯-W-sa-¶v B `mh-

\m k-¼¶-\v hen-b B-{K-l-ap-m-bn-cp¶p. B A-`n-em-j-¯n-sâ km-

IvjmÂ -¡m-c-am-bn-cp¶p. ]nÂ -¡me-¯v A-t±-lw B-cw-`n-̈ “kÀ¤w”. ]-

Ivsj, km-¼-¯n-I hn-j-a-X-IÄ ]n-¶oSv “kÀ¤ -¯n-sâ amÀ-KvK-¯nepw

X-S-Ê-ap-m¡n.

1967þÂ tI-c-f-¯n-epm-b cm-jv{So-b-am-äw tI-c-f-¯n-sâ

km-aq-ly kmw-kv-Imcn-I a-Þ-e-§-fnepw ]-e ]-cn-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-ap-

m¡n. ap-kveow-eoKv t\-Xm-hv P: kn. F-¨v ap-l-½Zv-tIm-bm-km-ln-_v

tI-c-f-hn-Zym-`ym-k-a-{ń-bm-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw ]-e cw-K-§-fnepw ]e amä-§-

fp-ap-m-bn. ]e aWvU-e-§-fnepw A-\ym-bam-b A-h-K-W-\-IÄ-¡v Ip-

td-sbÃmw A-dp-Xn-h-¶p. km-ln-Xy kmw-kv-¡mcn-I cw-K-§-fnepw Cu ]-

cn-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-sâ A-e-b-Sn-I-fp-mbn. N-cn-{X-Im-c-\pw, km-ln-Xy-kmw-kv-

¡mcn-I {]-hÀ-¯-I-\pam-b sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-\v kzm-`m-hn-I-

ambpw X-sâ I-gn-hp-IÄ {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡m-³ Iq-Sp-XÂ A-h-k-c-§-fp-m-bn.

A-t±-lw tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS ssh-kv {]-kn-U-m-b-t¸mÄ

]-e ]-g-b km-ln-Xy-X-¼p-cm-¡³-amcpw s\-än Np-fn-¨p-sh-¦n-epw, B Øm-

66

\¯pw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ hy-ànXzw A-kqbm-h-l-am-b \n-e-bnÂ {]-tim-

`n¨p. AXp-t]m-se-¯-s¶ km-ln-Xy-\m-S-I A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\-

§-fn-em-bmepw I-em-a-Þ-e-¯n-sâ Xn-cp-ap-ä-¯m-bmepw A-\p-Kr-lo-X\m-

b sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-sâ I-gn-hp-ä hy-ànXzw A-\n-X-c km-[m-

c-Wam-b \n-e-bnÂ hnP-bw h-cn¨p.

Hu-tZym-Kn-I-am-bn tI-c-f N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xm³ th-n hn-

Zym-`ym-k-a{ń P: kn. F-¨v. ap-l-½Zp-tIm-b km-ln-_v tI-c-f ln-kvä-dn

A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ sk-{I-«-dn-bm-bn-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zv km-ln-_-S-¡-

ap-f-f {]KÂ -` N-cn-{X-Im-c³-am-sc \n-tbm-Kn¨-Xv hm-kv-X-h-¯nÂ sk-bv-

Xp ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-s\ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw hen-sbm-c-\p-{K-lhpw

tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw hen-sbm-cp ap-XÂ -¡q-«p-am-bn-

cp¶p.

]p-tcm-K-a-\-¯n-sâ t]-cnÂ km-ln-Xy-Im-c³-am-cp-sS tN-cn-

t¸m-cp Imc-Ww G-sd-¡p-sd \nÀ-Öo-h-am-bn-¡n-S-¶n-cp-¶ k-m-ln-Xy-cw-Kw

km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-¯n-sâ ]p-\-cp-²m-c-W-t¯m-sS k-Po-h-am-¡n-b-XnÂ K-

Wyam-b ]-¦p-h-ln¨-Xv ]-cn-j-¯n-sâ ssh-kv {]-kn-U-p Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-

¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_nÃm-sX a-äm-cp-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. C-¶v F-d-Wm-

Ip-fw \-K-c-¯nÂ D-bÀ-¶v \nÂ¡p¶ ]-cn-j-¯n-sâ kz-ám-b sI-«n-Sw

H-cÀ-°-¯nÂ t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ, sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-sâ B-th-i-

I-chpw A-Ivj-Wo-hpam-b A-²zm-\-¯n-sâ H-cp \n-Xy-kv-am-c-I-am-sW-¶

h-kvXp-X ]-cnj-¯v `m-c-hm-ln-Ifpw km-ln-Xy-t{]-an-IfpwIr-X-Ú-Xm-

]qÀ-Æw ]-cn-K-W-n¡p-sa-¶v tXm-¶p¶p.

km-ln-Xy-cwK-¯v ap-kveow-I-fp-sS t\À-¡p-m-bn-cp-¶ A-h-

K-W-\-bnÂ \n-¶v km-ln-Xy tem-I-s¯¯-s¶ X-«n-bp-WÀ-¯nb-Xv H-cÀ-

°-¯nÂ ]-cnj-¯v k-t½-f-\-§-fnÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-sâ

KÀ-Ö-\-§-fm-bn-cp¶p.

am-¸n-f km-ln-Xy-̄ n-sâ ]p-\-cp-²m-c-W-¯n-\v A-t±-lw sN-

bv-Xn-«p-f-f tk-h-\-§Ä \n-kv-Xp-e-§-fm-Wv. Xn-cq-c-§m-Sn-bnÂ kw-L-Sn-¸n-

¡-s¸-« N-cn-{X-{]-kn-²-am-bn am-¸n-f-km-ln-Xy sk-an-\-m-dn-sâ tZ-lhpw tZ-

lnbpw hm-kv-X-h-̄ nÂ sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Xv km-ln-_Ãm-sX a-äm-cp-am-bn-

cp-¶nÃ. A-hn-sS sh-¨v an. sI. ]n. tI-i-hta-t\m³ am¸n-f a-lmI-hn Sn.

D-ss_-Zn-\v s]m¶m-S NmÀ-¯n-b-t¸mÄ sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Xv km-ln-_n-sâ

apJ-¯v km-^-ey-¯n-sâ s]m³{]` s]m-«n-hn-cn-bp-¶p-m-bn-cp¶p.

a¬-a-d-ª a-lm-c-Y³-amÀ-¡v K-h¬-sa-v Nn-e-hnÂ kv-am-c-

I-§Ä ]-Wn-bp-¶ Xn-c-¡nepw A-hK-W-\ D-m-h-cp-sX-¶v Im-te-¡q-«n-

67

¡-cp-Xn-b-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-Wv a-lmI-hn tam-bn³-Ip-«n ssh-ZyÀ-¡v Ip-tm-

«n-bnÂ kv-am-c-Iw ]-Wn-bn-¡m-\p-f-f ]²-Xn cq-]-sa-Sp-¯Xv. Cu kv-amc-

Iw am-¸n-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâbpw kw-kv-¡m-c-¯n-sâbpw ]T-\-¯n-\p-]-bp-

à-am-hp-¶ H-cp K-th-j-W-tI-{µ-am-¡-W-sa¶pw tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv kÀ-Æ-I-

em-im-e-bp-am-bn A-̂ n-en-tb-äv sN-bv-Xp sIm-v H-cp `m-jm]T-\ K-th-j-

W C³-Ìn-Syq-«m-¡n-¯oÀ-¡-W-sa¶pw kv-am-c-I-¡-½n-än-bn-se Aw-K-am-bn-

cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-\v A-Xnbm-b B-i-b-ap-m-bn-cp¶p.

tI-c-f ap-kveow-I-fp-sS k-a-{Kam-b kmw-kv-Imcn-I ]p-tcmK-Xn

e-Ivjyw sh¨p-sIm-m-cw-`n-¨ tI-c-f ap-kveow sk-an-\m-dn-sâ ]n-¶nÂ

{]-hÀ-¯n-¨Xpw hm-kv-X-h-¯nÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-sâ `m-h-\m-

hn-em-k-am-bn-cp¶p.

A-§s\, B-[p-\n-I-tI-c-f-¯n-sâ km-ln-Xy kmw-kv-Imcn-I

cw-K-§-fnÂ A-Xp-eyam-b hy-àn-ap-{Z ]-Xn¨ B N-cn-{X-Im-c³ A-{]-Xo-

Ivjn-X-am-bn Im-e-̄ n-sâ Xn-c-Èo-e-bp-sS ]n-¶nÂ A-{]-Xy-Ivj-am-sb-

¦nepw tI-c-f km-ln-Xyhpw tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-hpw, B N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy-Imc-

s\ F-s¶¶pw kv-a-cn-¡p-sa-¶ Im-cy-¯nÂ bm-sXm-cp kw-i-b-hp-anÃ.

68

Ip-Spw-_-¯nÂ G-ähpw A-Sp-¯ _-Ô-ap-f-f-h-cp-sSbpw kv-

t\-ln-X³-am-cp-sSbpw ac-Ww F-s¶ A-{X-b-[n-I-sam¶pw th-Z-\n-¸n-¨n-

«nÃ. P-\n-¨-mÂ H-cn-¡Â a-cn-¡-Wa-¶p k-am-[m-\n-¨n-t«-bp-ffp. F-¶mÂ

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv a-cn-¨v A-t\-Iw am-k-§Ä I-gn-ªn«pw A-t±l-s¯

Ip-dn-t¨mÀ-¡p-t¼mÄ k-ln-¡m-\m-hm-¯ Zp:J-ap-m-Ip¶p. B a-\p-

jy³ C-\n H-cn-¡epw a-S-§n-h-cm-¯-hn-[w \-½p-sS C-S-bnÂ \n¶v t]m-

bn F-¶p hn-iz-kn-¡m\pw I-gn-bp-¶nÃ.

F-s´m-cp ssN-X-\yhpw {]-k-cn-¸p-am-bn-cp-¶p B a-\p-jy-\pv!

1960 ap-XÂ R-§Ä X-½nÂ I-¯n-S-]m-Sp-I-fp-m-bn-cp-¶p. B-Zy-am-bn

t\-cnÂ I--Xv 1967þÂ B-Wv. Xr-iqÀ Su-Wvlm-fnÂ {K-Ù-im-em-kw-L-

¯n-sâ H-cp N-S-§nÂ kw-_-Ôn-¡m-s\¯n-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zpw F.

G. d-lnapw sX§-aw _m-e-Ir-jv-W\pw Iq-Sn km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-bnÂ

h¶p. sk-bv-Xv kz-bw ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¯n. B cw-Kw C-t¸mgpw F-sâ HmÀ-

½-bnÂ sX-fn-ªp-\nÂ -¡p-¶p. F-s´m-cp B-ß-hn-izm-k-am-Wv B a-\p-

jy-\nÂ I-Xv.

s]-s«-¶v A-t±-l-t¯m-Sv H-c-Sp-¸w tXm¶n. Rm-\-t±-l-t¯m-Sv

c-l-ky-am-bn ]-dªp, 'A-¡m-Z-an-bnÂ Aw-K-am-Im³ t\m-¡Ww. P-\-

dÂ Iu¬-knÂ Aw-K-am-bmÂ -t]m-c, F-Iv-kn-Iyq-«o-hnÂ hc-Ww'. sk-

bv-Xv ap-l½-Zv hen-b XmÂ -¸cy-sam¶pw {]-I-Sn-¸n-¨nÃ. A-h-i-km-ln-Xy-

Im-c³-amÀ-¡p-th-n F-s´-¦nepw sN-¿m³ \n-§-sf-t¸m-se-bp-f-f-hÀ

th-Ww F-¶p Rm³ Du-¶n-¸-dªp. H-cp hmÀ-jn-I-dn-t¸mÀ«pw sIm-Sp-

¯p. A-sXm-¶p a-dn¨p-t\m-¡n-bn-«v A-t±-lw ]-dªp, 'BÄ-ssdävv'.

H-cp hÀ-j-¯n\-Iw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv A-¡m-Z-an-bnÂ h¶p,

D-]m-Zv-[yIvj-\mbn, ]n-¶o-Sv XpS-sc aq-¶p X-h-W A-t±-lw I½-än Aw-K-

am-bn-cp¶p, C-¡m-e-a-{Xbpw A-h-icpw AÀ-l-cpam-b km-ln-Xy-Im-c³-

amÀ-¡v F-s´-¦nepw k-lm-b-sa-¯n¨p-sIm-Sp-¡m-\Ãm-sX kz-´w XmÂ -

¸-cy-§Ä-¡p-th-n H-cn-¡-bpw H¶pw A-t±-lw sN-bv-Xn-«nÃ.

sk-bv-Xv ap-l½-Zv, H-cp hen-b a-\p-jy³

hn. F. F. A-ko-kv

69

Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯p-sh-¨v A-¡m-Zan-tbm-K-§Ä Iq-Sp-t¼mÄ

an-¡-t¸mgpw R-§Ä H-cp-an-¨m-Wv bm-{X-sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶Xv, H-cn-¡Â B-än-

§-en\pw sImÃ -¯n\pw C-S-¡ph-¨v h-n-¡p tI-Sp-]än. k-\v-[y I-gn-

ªn-cp¶p. H-cp Ip-{Kmaw. A-Sp-¯v H-cp ap-dp-¡m³-IS t]m-ep-anÃ h-n

t\-sc-bm-¡m³ H-cp a-Wn-¡q-tdm-fw th-n-h-cpw, sk-bv-Xn-\v H-cp Nm-b

Ip-Sn-¡-W-sa-¶v \nÀ_-Ôw tdm-U-cn-InÂ I- km-am\yw t -̀Z-s¸-« H-cp

ho-«n-te-¡v A-t±-lw I-S-¶p-sN¶p. F-\n-¡v A-§s\-sbm-cp A-Uv-sh-

©À HmÀ-¡m³-t]mepw I-gn-bp-I-bnÃ. km-am\yw kp-`nIvj-am-bn I-gn-bp-

¶ H-cp ap-kvenw Kr-l-am-bn-cp-¶p A-Xv. Kr-l-\m-Y³ C-d-§n-h-¶p. ]-cn-N-

b-s¸-«-t¸mÄ A-bmÄ-¡v sk-bv-Xn-s\ t\c-t¯ A-dn-bmw. sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cp-

am-bn _-\v[-ap-f-f-bm-fm-Wv. A-c-a-Wn¡q-tdm-fw hÀ-¯-am-\w ]-dªp.

sIm-§n-Wn-a-e-bm-fw A-t±-lw A-\m-bm-k-am-bn A-\p-I-cn-¡pw. H-cp-]m-Sp

X-am-i-IÄ ]d-ªp Nn-cn¨p. C-Xn-\n-sS Nm-bbpw e-Lp- -̀Ivj-Whpw

h¶p. B Kr-l-kvX-s\ kw-_-\v[n-¡p-¶ Ku-c-h-ap-f-f Nn-e Im-cy-§fpw

CS-¡v kw-`m-j-W-hn-j-b-ambn. sk-bv-Xn-sâ \nÀ-t±-i-§Ä B a-\p-jy-\v

B-izm-kw ]-I-cp-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p.

A-Xn-\nS-¡v th-sd Nn-ecpw AhnsS k-µÀ-i-I-cm-bn h-¶p.

FÃm-h-scbpw F-{X-th-K-am-W AtZ-lw ]-cn-N-b-s¸«Xv! H-cp a-Wn-¡qÀ

I-gn-ªm-Wv h-n-bp-sS tI-Sp-]m-Sp-IÄ XoÀ-¯Xv. ]p-d-s¸-Sm³-t\-cw X-

ZvtZ-i-hm-kn-I-fm-b ]-¯p-]-Xn-\-©p-t]-cp-m-bn-cp-¶p R§-sf bm-{X-A-

b-¡m³.

an-\n-äp-IÄ¡-Iw F-{X-t]-sc sk-bv-Xv kp-lr-¯p-¡-fm¡n. H-

cp sSen-t^m-Wn-sâ A-Sp-¯n-cp-¶v cm-Py-hym-]-I-am-bn kw-L-S-\m-{]-hÀ-

¯-\-§Ä \-S-̄ m\pw tZ-io-b-X-e-̄ nepw A-´À-tZ-io-b-X-e-¯nepw

sk-an-\m-dp-Ifpw k-t½-f-\-§fpw kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡p-hm\pw ]n. G sk-bv-Xp

ap-l-½-Zn-\v I-gn-ª-XnÂ A-Ûp-X-s¸-Sm-\nÃ.

km-ln-Xy-{]-hÀ-¯-I k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-¯nepw km-ln-Xy-]-cn-

j-¯nepw sN-dp-¸-¡-mcm-b H-«p hf-sc t]-sc A-Zv-tZ-lw I-S-¯n-hn-«n-

«pv. A-sXm¶pw F-s´-¦nepw \n-Ivjn]v-X XmÂ -¸cyw aq-e-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ.

F-t¶-t¸m-se ]-_vfn-kn-än¡p-th-n Zm-ln-¨p \-S-¡m-sX kz-´w tXm-Sn-

\p-f-fn-te-¡p h-en-ªp-I-f-bp-¶ H-«p h-f-sc-t]À-¡v A-ZvtZ-l-¯nsâ

XmÂ -¸cyw H¶p-sIm-p-am{Xw {]ap-J km-ln-Xy-kmw-kv-¡mcn-I k-t½-f-

\-§-fnÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¡m³ I-gn-ªn-«p-v. F-d-Wm-Ipfw, tIm-gn-t¡mSv, Im-

kÀ-t¡mSv, sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ ]-cn-j-¯p-I-fp-sS ssN-X\yw ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-

ap-l-½-Zv X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p.

70

km-ln-Xy-{]-hÀ-¯-I k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-¯n-te-¡v H-cn-¡Â

Rm³ H-cp t\m-hÂ {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-¯n-\-b-¨p. aq-¶mw-Znh-kw am-äÀ a-

S-§n-h-¶p. I-S-em-kp-sI-«v A-gn¨p-t\m-¡n-bn-cp-¶nÃ. ]p-kvX-Iw {]-kn-

²o-I-c-W¯nt\m hn-X-c-W¯nt\m F-Sp-¡m³ \n-hr-¯n-bn-sÃ¶pw

A§-s\ A-dn-bn-t¡-n-h-¶-XnÂ A-Xn-ITn-\am-b Zp:J-ap-s¶pw Im-

cy-ZÀ-in F-\n-s¡-gpXn. 'C-sX-´p k-l-I-c-W-am-Wv amtj, am-äÀ hm-bn-

¨p t\m-¡m-sX-bp-f-f XoÀ-¸v icn-bm-bnÃ.’ F¶v Rm³ skbvXn-t\mSp

]dªp kv-{In-]v-äv sImp-t]m-bn hm-bn¨p-t\m-¡n. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ

\nÀ-t±-i-{]-Im-cw A-Xp-hopw kw-L-¯n-\-b-¨p. sk-bv-Xn-sâ D-Xvkm-

lw sIm-v kw-Lw A-Xp {]-kn-Zv[o-I-cn¨p.

C-sXm¶pw H-ä-s¸-« kw- -̀h-a-Ã. km-ln-Xy-¯n-se Ip-¯-I ap-

X-em-fn-amÀ¡pw P\-\w sIm-pw_-\v-[w ap-tJ-\bpw km-ln-Xy-{]-`p-¡-³-

am-cm-bn hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶-hÀ¡pwam{Xw {]-th-i-\-ap-mbn-cp-¶ ]-e s\-Sp-

t¦m-«-I-fnepw ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv A-t\-Iw sN-dp-¸-¡m-sc I-S-¯n-

hn-«n-«p-v. C-sXm¶pw {]-tXy-Iam-b H-cp e-Ivjy-t¯m-sS-bm-bn-cp-¶nÃ.

C-¡m-e-saÃmw sk-bv-Xn-sâ {K-Ù-§Ä I-dâv _p-¡vkmWv {]-kn-Zv[-s¸-

Sp-¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv. A-t±lw SPCSsâ U-b-d-ÎÀ Øm-\w H-gn-ª-Xn-\p-ti-

j-amWv ‘N-cn-{X k-©mcw’ F-¶ {K-Ùw kw-Lw {]-kn-Zv[o-I-cn-¨Xv.

tI-c-f-¯n-sâ km-ln-Xy-kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-cw-K-§-fnÂ C-{X-am-

{Xw ssN-X\yw {]-k-cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw ku-lmÀ-±¯n-sâ A-´-co-Iv-jw kr-

jvSn-¡p-Ibpw sNbv-X H-cp hy-àn th-sd-bnÃ. sk-bv-Xn-t\-¡mÄ \-¶m-

bn {]-k-w-Kn-¡p-Ibpw F-gp-Xp-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ h-f-sc-t¸-cpv. ]-Iv-sj

C-{X hen-b H-cp a\-Êv a-ämÀ-¡p-ap-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ.

km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-anbpw km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j¯pw H-cp k-ap-Zm-b-

¯n-sâbpw Ip-¯-I-b-sÃ¶pw Cu \m-«n-se \n-Ip-Xn-Zm-b-I-sâ-bpw km-

am-\y-P-\-§-fp-sSbpw ]Ww-sIm-v {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶ A-h C-hnS-s¯ _-

lp-P-\-§Ä-¡v A-h-Im-i-s¸-«-Xm-sW¶pw sX-fn-bn-¡m³ ]n. G. sk-bv-

Xv ap-l-½-Zn-\p am-{X-ta I-gn-ªn-«p-f-fq. A-Xn-sâ c-l-ky-an-Xm-Wv. A-

t±-l-¯n-sâ D-t±-i-ip-²n-sb tNmZyw sN-¿m³ BÀ¡pw ss[-cy-ap-m-

bn-cp-¶nÃ. Rm\pw F-sâ ln-Xm-\p-hÀ-¯n-Ifpw am-{X-ta km-ln-Xy-cw-K-

¯p-m-hq F-¶p iTn-¡p-¶ {]-ap-J-cp-vv. Ip-cp-«p-`mKyw sIm-v H-cp

t\m-htem Ip-sd IY-Itfm Aw-Ko-Im-cw t\-Sn-sb-¶p I-mÂ FÃmw Xn-

I-ªp-sh¶vv A-l-¦-cn-¡p-¶ a-µ-_p-Zv[n-I-fm-WhÀ,

71

kÀ-Æo-kv N-«-§Ä F-¶p ]-d-ªmÂ A-§m-Sn-a-cpt¶m ]-¨-a-

cpt¶m F-¶-dn-bm-̄ C-hÀ N-«-§Ä hym-Jm-\n-¡p-Ibpw XoÀ-¸p IÂ -¸n-

¡p-I-bpw sN-¿p¶-Xp I-v A-h-c-p-sS hn-h-c-t¡-SnÂ Rm³ k-l-X-

]n-¨n-«p-v. C-§-s\-bp-f-f A-h-k-c-§-fnÂ sk-bv-Xp X-sâ k-l-{]-hÀ-

¯I-sc I-Sn-ªm-Wn-«p ]n-Sn-¨n-cp¶p. A-l-´bpw hn-h-c-t¡-Spw am{Xw

ssI-ap-X-em-bn-«p-f-f C¯cw 'km-ln-Xy-\m-b-I'³-am-sc HmÀ¯pv sk-bv-Xp

Zp:Jn-¨n-cp-¶p. Ah-sc kw-c-Ivjn¡m³ C-\n B-cp-anÃ.

A-§-s\ t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ sk-bv-Xn-sâ \n-cym-Ww A-t±l-

s¯ Kq-U-am-bn F-XnÀ-¯n-cp-¶-hÀ¡pw H-cp \-ã-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v a-\-

kn-em-¡m³ hn-j-a-anÃ.

H-cÀ-°-¯nÂ tI-c-f-¯n-sâ kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ

kn-cm-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp-¶p Kn-cn-\-K-dn-se a-t\m-l-c-am-b B sIm-¨p -̀h-\w.

km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an-¡p ]pd-ta kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I A-¡m-Zan, I-em-a-Wv-Uew,

km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j¯v, tI-c-f ln-kvä-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj³, km-ln-Xy-{]-hÀ-

¯-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw, tI-c-f {K-Ù-im-em-kwLwþ F-¶n§-s\ F-{X-

sb-{X kw-L-S-\-I-fn-em-Wv B \n-e-¡m¯ ssN-X\yw {]-k-cn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.

Kn-cn-\-K-dn-se B ho-Sv C-¶v tim-I-aq-I-am-Wv. Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ FÃm-cw-K-

§-fn-epw-s]-« k-lr-Z-b-cp-sS A-Xn-{_-l¯m-b H-cp hn-`mK-s¯ Zp:J-

¯n-em-gv-¯n-bn-«v sk-bv-Xv I-S¶p-t]mbn.

R-§Ä Ip-Spw-_ kp-lr-¯p-¡-fm-bn-cp¶p, C-S-bv-¡n-sS k-

µÀ-i-\-§fpw {]-Xn-k-µÀ-i-\§-fpw \-S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. A-Zv[ym-]n-Ibm-b

J-Zo-Pm sk-bv-Xv ap-l-½-Zn-\p A-h-cp-tSXm-b H-cp km-{am-Py-ap-m-bn-cp-

¶p. F-d-Wm-Ipf-s¯ h-\n-Xm kwL-S-\-I-fpsS ssNX-\y-am-bn-cp¶p

AhÀ. hna³kv A-tkm-Ên-tbj-sâ H-cp N-S-§nÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¡m-s\¯n-

b {]-[m-\-a{ń {ioa-Xn C-µn-cm-Km-Ôn-sb J-Zo-Pm sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv

kzo-I-cn-¡p-¶ H-cp Nn-{Xw Kn-cn-\-K-dn-se ho-«nÂ sSen-t^m-Wn-sâ-b-Sp- v̄

h-¨n-«p-pv. hn-\-b-¯n-sâ a-Ip-Sw NqSn-b J-Zo-Pm sk-bv-Xv ap-l½Zv sF-

iz-cy-ap-f-f H-cp ho-«-½-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv. Nn-cn-̈ ap-J-hp-am-bn-«Ãm-sX H-cn-¡epw

B {io-a-Xn-sb I-n-«nÃ. A-hÀ in-ip-¡-sf-t¸m-se BÀ-¯p-\n-e-hn-fn-

¡p¶-Xp Im-tW-n-h¶p.

kw- -̀h-ka-bw Rm³ Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯m-bn-cp-¶p. ]n-tä-¶p

]-{X-¯nÂ -\n-t¶ hnh-cw A-dn-bm³ I-gn-ªp-ffp. F-s¶ hn-h-c-a-dn-bn-

¡m³ Sn. sI. kn. h-Sp-X-e-bvt¡m tUm: kn. sI. I-coant\m I-gn-

ªnÃ. Rm³ sNÃp-t¼m-tg¡pw FÃmw I-gn-ªn-cp¶p. k-µÀ-i-I-

72

scÃmw X-s¶ t]m-bn. Fw. Fw. _-joÀ Ft¶-t]m-se ssh-In-bm-sW-

¯n-b-Xpv. R-§Ä Zp:Jw ]-¦p-h-bv-¡m³ {i-an¨p.

J-Zo-Pm sk-bv-Xv ap-l-½-Znsâ I-c-¨nÂ sN-hn-bnÂ ap-g-

§p¶p. Po-hn-X-¯n-se k-akv-X ku-`m-Ky-§fpw \-ã-s¸-« H-cp kv-{Xo-bp-

sS A-S-¡m-\m-hm-¯ th-Z-\-bp-sS i-Ð-am-bn-cp-¶p A-Xpv. Xn-cn-¨-dn-hm-bn-

«nÃm-¯ ]n-t©m-a-\-IÄ kn-\v[phpw û-knbpw ap-ä-¯v \n-¶v H-¨h-¨p

I-fn-¡p¶p. Ip-«n-I-fp-sS i-Ðw tI-«-t¸mÄ A-hÀ ]n-s¶bpw hn-e-]n¨p.

]n-Xm-hn-sâ _p-Zv[n--i-IvXnbpw X-tâ-Shpw km-aÀ-°y-hp-saÃm-ap-f-f aq-¯

a-IÄ Pm-kv-an³ D½-sb sI-«n-¸n-Sn¨p-sIm-v A-Sp-¯n-cn-¸p-pv. R-§Ä

sNÃp-t¼mÄ B Ip-«n I-c-¨nÂ A-h-km-\n-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. ]p-¯³ X-e-ap-d-

bp-sS X-tâ-Shpw B-ß-hn-izm-k-hpapÄ-s¡m-f-fp-¶ Pm-kv-an³ `m-hn-bp-sS

G-ähpw \Ã hm-KvZm-\-am-Wpv. {]-i-kv-Xam-b \n-e-bnÂ kv-IqÄ hn-Zym-`ym-

kw ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡n tIm-tf-PnÂ ]Tn-̄ w Xp-S-cp-I-bm-Wv Pm-kv-an³.

F-sâ Zr-ãn-bnÂ ]n.F. sk-bv-Xn ap-l-½-Zn-sâ Ip-Spw-_w H-

cp am-Xr-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. C-{X-am{Xw KmÀln-I ku-µcyw a-sä§pw Rm³

ZÀ-in-¨n-«nÃ. hn-[n hf-sc {Iq-c-am-bn-«m-Wv Nn-e-t¸mÄ s]-cp-am-dp-I. B

ho-Sn-sâ {]-Im-ihpw H-cp tZ-i-¯n-sâ kmw-kv-Imcn-I cwK-s¯ ssN-X-

\yhpw H-cp an-¨p A-kv-X-an-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p sk-bv-Xn-sâ a-c-Ww-aq-e-ap-

m-b-Xpv.

73

A-¡m-Z-an-bnÂ H-cp Iq-Snbm-temN\. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Xpv, XI-gn in-h-i-¦-c-]n-Å, kn.]n.{io-[c³, tPmk-^v ap-

-tÈcn.

km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an hmÀ-jn-I-¯nÂ. Ip-d-dn-¸p-g, Pn.i-¦-c-¡p-dp-¸v, K-hÀ-®À hn-iz-\mY³, {]-knUâv hn.hn.

Kncn, sI. ]n. tI-i-hta-t\m³, sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv.

74

km-l

n-Xy

A-¡

mZ-an P

-\-dÂ

sI

u¬

-knÂ

Aw-K

-§Ä

{]

-kn-U

³-

v hn.h

n. Knc

n-tb

m-sSm¸

w. K

n-cn-b

p-sS h

-e-

¯p-h

i-¯

v Ip-d

-dn-̧

p-g-tb

bpw

C-S-¯

p-hi

-¯v s

k-b

v-Xp-a

p-l-½

-Zn-t

\b

pw I

m-Wmw

.

75

A-¡m-Z-an-bnÂ Xs¶, Sm-d-dm-]p-cw kp-Ip-amc³, sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Xv, H.F³.hn.Ip-dp¸v, F-kv.sI.s]m-d-d-¡mSv, ]n.sI.tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³,

]n.tI-i-h-tZhv, {]-^. kp-Ip-am-c³ \mbÀ.

tI-{µ-a-{ń-bm-bn-cp-¶ lp-a-bq¬ I-_o-dn-sâ IqsS.

76

F-{X-sb-{X ]q-s¨-p-IÄ

km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Zan-ssh-kv {]-kn-U³-m -bn \n-b-an-X\m-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-s\ ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ {]-kn-U³-v ]q-s¨-p-IÄ \Â-

In kzo-I-cn-¡p¶p.

B-km-Zv sa-t½m-dn-bÂ IÂ-¨-dÂ skâ-dnÂ {]-kn-U³-v {io. Fw.sj-

co-^v D-]-tZ-ãm-hn-s\ lmÀ-±-am-b\p-tam-Zn-¡p¶p.

77

D-¨-bv-¡v Du-Wp I-gn¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-t¼m-gm-Wv sh-fn-bnÂ

tlm-¬A-Sn tI-«-Xv. B-cm-sW-¶v sN-¶p t\m-¡m³ a-I-tfm-Sp ]-dªp.

A-hÄ hm-XnÂ Xpd-¶v h-cm-´-bnÂ F-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼v Im-dnÂ -\n¶pw

c-p-t]À ]p-d-¯nd-§n ho-«n-te-¡v I-b-dn-¡-gn-ªpþsk-bv-Xp ap-l-½Zpw

Sm-äm-]p-c-hpw. "A-̧ -¨-\n-tÃ"? F-¶p a-I-tfm-Sp tNm-Zn¨p-sIm-v A-hÀ

t\-sc A-I-t¯-¡v I-S¶p. Du-Wp I-gn¨p-sIm-n-cp-¶ F-sâ ap³-]n-

se¯n.

‘AÃ! X-¿m-dm-bn-tÃ C-Xphsc?’ sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv h-¶-]m-

tS A-£-a {]-I-Sn-̧ n-¨p.

‘Xm-\n§-s\ [r-Xn ]n-Sn-¨m-tem. Abm-sfm-¶q-Wp I-gn-

t¨ms«’ Sm-äm-]p-cw A-ev-]w km-h-Im-iw {]-I-Sn-¸n¨p.

‘‘A-Xp-i-cn’’, sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv k-½-Xn¨p. ‘‘]-Iv-sj ao-änw-

Kn-\p-ap-¼v ho«n-sem-¶p t]m-IWw. D½-sb I-n-«v \m-sfm-¯n-cn-bm-bn’’.

sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv [r-Xn ]n-Sn-¨-Xn-sâ Imc-Ww a-\-Ên-embn.

Rm³ Du-Wp I-gn-¨p Xo-cp-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼v `m-cy aq-¶pI-¸vNqS³Nmb sIm-

p-h¶p. an-\n-än-\p-f-fnÂ R-§Ä A-Xv A-I-¯m¡n. ]n-s¶ Xm-a-kn-

¨nÃ, bm-{X ]p-d-s¸-Sm³.

Un-kw-_À-amk-s¯ \Ã -Nq-Sp-f-f Zn-h-k-am-bn-cp¶p. D-¨-s¡m-

Spw-sh-bn-enÂ ]-cnk-cw sh-«n-¯n-f-§n-bn-cp-¶p. N-´-¡-h-e-bp-sS hf-

hp Xn-cn-ªv, ^-bÀ-tÌj-sâ C-d-¡hpw C-d§n, amÀ-¯m-WvU-hÀ-½-]m-

e-¯n-sâ tdm-Un-eqsS, tXm-«-bv-¡m-«p-I-c h-gn sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ ImÀ

R-§-tf-bpw-sIm-v sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ-¡v \o-§n-s¡m-n-cp-¶-t¸mÄ {]-[m-\-

am-bpw Sm-äm-]p-c-¯n-tâ-bpw F-tâbpw kw-km-c-hnj-bw A-¶p ssh-Ip-

t¶-cw {]-Imi-\w sN-¿p-hm³ t]m-Ip-¶ km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-̄ n-sâ tkm-h-

\o-dn-s\-¡p-dn-¨m-bn-cp-¶p. G-Xm-v aq-¶p-am-kw ap-¼v sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ h-¨v

sN-cp-¸p Im-¯n-cp-¶ D½

Hm. ]n. tPmk^v

78

H-cp am-am-¦w I-Ws¡, B-tLm-jn-¡-s¸-« k-akv-X tIc-f-km-lnXy]cn-

j-¯nsâ ap¸-¯n-b©mw kt½-f-\s¯ k½-Xn-¡p¶ B[n-Im-cn-I-

amb B {]mam-WnI {KÙs¯-¡p-dn-¨m-bn-cp¶p. FÃmw DÄ-s¡m-f-fn¨p-

sIm-p-ff B kv-am-c-I-{K-Ù-¯n-sâ {]-Imi-\w A-{X-th-Kw \-S-¯p-I-

sb¶-Xv {i-a-km-[yam-b H-cp Im-cyw-X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p. B-sfm-gn-ª ]-S-

¡-f-¯nÂ C-d-§n-\n-¶v A-\p- -̀h§-sf A-b-hn-d-¡p-¶ h-n-P-b-{io-em-fn-

X\m-b H-cp ]-S-bm-fn-bp-sS C-cp-p a§n-b cq-]w At¸mÄ R-§Ä I-

p; ]n. sI. tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-Wsâ. R-§-fp-sS kw-`m-j-W-¯nÂ Iq-sS-

¡q-sS B cq-]w {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sm³ Xp-S-§n-b-t¸mÄ B-g-tadn-b Nn-´-bn-

em-n-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp- ap-l½-Zv s]-s«-¶v R-§-tfm-Sp-Iq-sS tNÀ¶p. kw-

`mj-Ww ]n-s¶ sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ F-¯p-¶-Xph-sc b-iv-]m-en-s\-¡p-dn¨pw

kp-Ip-amÀ A-gn-t¡m-Sn-s\-¡p-dn¨pw B-bn-cp¶p.

c--c-a-Wn-¡v R-§Ä sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-se H. sI. lm-fn-\p

ap³-]n-se¯n. ]n-s¶-bp-ap-v c--c a-Wn-¡qÀ.

“hm, ho-«nÂ t]m-bn-«p hcmw”. sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv \nÀ-_-

Ôn¨p. “D½-sb Im-WWw. I-gn-ª X-h-W Xr-iqÀ \n¶pw A-¡m-Z-an-

bp-sS ao-änw-Kv I-gn-ªp h-cp-t¼mÄ I--XmWv”.

ImÀ Im-hv Np-än t\-sc h-S-t¡m-«p \o§n. km-[m-c-W \n-c-

¯vv. {]-tXy-I-X-bnÃm-¯ B-fpIÄ, h-gn-h-¡nÂ t{_-¡v-UuWm-b H-cp

Im-dn-en-cp-¶v H-cp kv{Xo Ip-ªn-\v ape sIm-Sp-¡p¶p. A-½-bp-sS

hmÂk-eyw.

ImÀ C-S-t¯m-«v Xn-cn-ªv ssI-X-s¨-Sn-IÄ \n-d-ª H-cp th-

en-s¡-«n-\p ap-¼nÂ h-¶-t¸mÄ \n¶p. R-§Ä C-d§n. s]m-fn-ªp-In-S-

¶ th-enbpw a¬-Iq-\-Ifpw A-S-bv-¡m-a-c-t¯m-¸p-Ifpw ]n-¶n-«v sk-bv-

Xn-sâ ho-Sp-ap-ä-s¯¯n.

D-½ A-I-¯m-bn-cp¶p. h-cm-´-bn-te-¡v Ib-dn sk-bv-Xv A-I-

t¯-¡v I-S¶pþ“D-½m, D½m” F-¶p hn-fn¨p.

aI-sâ i-Ðw B A-½-bp-sS Im-Xp-I-fn-se¯n. a-[p-cw \p-W-

bp-¶ kw-Xr-]v-Xn-tbm-sS B A-½-bp-sS lrZ-bw s]m-§n-¯m-Wp. X-e-

bnÂ X-«w i-cn-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-v A-hÀ ]p-d-t¯-¡v h¶p.

“tZ, Hm-¸ow, kp-Ip-am-c\pw h-t¶-¡Wp; D-½m-¡v HmÀ-½ntÃ?”.

“D-Æm-Sm tamt\, \n-sâ Iq-«p-ImctÃ?”.

79

kv-t\-l-hmÂ -k-ey-§-fp-sS H-scm-gp-¡m-bn-cp¶p. ]n-¶n-Sv B

aI-sâ tZ-lw ap-gp-h³ I-®p-IÄ sIm-v B D-½ X¸n; X-temSn. F-¶n-

«v I-gp-¯nÂ Iq-Sn ip-jv-In-¨ I-¿n-«v sI-«n-¸n-Sn-¨p. tem-I-̄ n-se G-ähpw

hen-b i-àn-bp-sS ap-³]n-em-Wv Xm³ A-t¸mÄ \nÂ -¡p-¶-sX-¶v B

A-½-bv-¡v tXm-¶n. A-en-ªp Xo-cp-¶ H-cp Xp-cp-¯m-Wv AhÀ. A-XnÂ

B-lvfm-Zw ap-än-\nÂ -¡p-¶, a-µ-lm-kw sNm-cn-bp-¶, a-µm-c-a-e-cm-Wv B

aI³.

R-§-tfm-Sv hn-ti-j-§Ä tNm-Zn-¨-dn-ª-ti-jw A-hÀ A-I-

t¯-¡v t]mbn. aq-¶p Kv-fm-Êv \Ã I-Sp-¯ Nm-b-bp-am-bn h¶p; Iq-sS

Ip-sd lÂ -hm-¡-j-W-§-fpw.....................

bm-{X ]-d-ªn-d-§n-b-t¸mÄ, B D-½-bpw- ap-ä-t¯-¡v h¶p.

A-t¸m-gm-Wv B a-I³ D-½m-bp-sS Im-ep-I-fn-te-¡v t\m-¡n-b-Xv.

“D-½m-sS sN-cp-s¸tý D-½m?” a-I³ D-Xv¡-WvT-tbm-sS Xn-

c¡n.

“A-Xn-sâ hf-fn s]m-«n-t¸m-bn-«v Rm-\m I-«n-en-sâ tNm-«n-en-«n-

cnIym tamt\”.

“A-t¸m, A-sXtý ]-d-bmªq?” Np-Sp-hm-Xw ]n-Sn-¨v hnp-

s]m«n-b ]m-Z-§-fn-te-¡v t\m-¡n-s¡m-v a-I³ ]-cm-Xn-s¸«p. F-¶n-«p

Xp-SÀ¶p. “Bs«, D-½ A-[n-Iw ]p-d-¯n-d§-. {In-kv-a-kn-\v Pm-kv-an-sâ

kv-Iq-fp ]q-«pw. Ah-tfw I-ZotPw sIm-p Rm³ h-cv-Wvv. D-½m-bv-¡v

c-p \Ã sN-cp¸pw sIm-p-h-cpw”.

“D-½m-¡n-\n sN-cp-¸n-sÃ -¦n-epw km-c-anÃ.” {]m-b-¯nÂ B-i-

¦ {]-I-Sn-¸n¨p. “tam³ {In-kv-Xpa-kvkn-\p h-¶mÂ aXn”.

“Rm³ hm-cw D½m. sN-cp-¸pw-sIm-p-h-cmw”. \S-¶p \o-§p-

t¼mÄ a-I³ hn-fn¨p. ]-d-ªp........

1975 Un-kw-_À 20. Ime-¯p a-Wn ]Xn-s\m-¶p I-gn-ªn-«p-

v. B-ô-knÂ C-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ t^m¬ i-Ðn-¡p¶p. A-km-[m-c-WXzw

H-¶p-anÃ. F-¦nepw dn-ko-hÀ F-Sp-¯-t¸mÄ, ]-Xn-hnÃm-sX ssI hn-d¨p-

t]mbn.

80

“ss[-cy-am-bn-cn-¡Ww. hf-sc Zp:J-I-cam-b H-cp hmÀ-¯ H-cp

]-Iv-tj tIÄ-t¡-n-h-cpw”. A-t§-¯-e-bv-¡Â \n¶pw Sm-äm-]p-cw kp-

Ip-amc-sâ hn-d-bmÀ-¶ iÐw. th-Z-\-bnÂ ap§nb B i-Ðw Xp-S-À¶p.

“\-½p-sS sk-bvXpv eqÀ-±n-emWv. A-]m-b-I-c-amwh-®w A-Xym-k-¶-\n-e-

bnÂ”.

kp-Ip-am-c³ s]-s«-¶p t^m¬ Xm-sg h¨p. F-hn-sS-¶m-Wv

hn-fn-¨-sX-¶p A-dn-bm³ ]m-SnÃ. FÃmw s]-s«-¶p C-cp-«n-te-¡p Xm-gp-

¶Xp-t]mse.

A-©p an-\n-«p I-gn-ª-t¸mÄ hopw t^m¬ i-Ðn-¡p¶p.

Rm³ dn-ko-hÀ F-Sp¯p. hopw kp-Ip-amc-sâ iÐw. A-sXm-cp s]m-

«n-¡-c-¨n-em-bn-cp¶p. \-½p-sS sk-bv-Xp t]m-bn. C-\n \mw c-p-t]À

am{Xw."

dn-ko-hÀ s]-s«-¶p I-¿nÂ \n¶pw Xm-sg hoWp-t]mbn. X-e

I-d-§p-¶Xp-t]mse. D-f-fnÂ -\n-¶pw

Ft´m s]m§n-h-cp-¶-Xp-t]m-se. ‘lt½m’ F¶p-]-d-ªpv koän-te¡p

XmWp Xe Ip¼n«p,

‘AÃm, X¿m-dm-bn-tÃ, CXp-hsc?’ Hmô-kn-Â\n¶pw ho«n-se-

¯nb Rm³ `mcy-tbmSp tNmZn-¨p. skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv acn¨ hnhcw

Bô-kn-Â\n¶pw ho«n-te¡v sSe-t^m¬ sNbvXpv Adn-bn-¨n-cp-¶p.

B D½sb In«v \msfm¯n-cn-bm-bn-Ã. F§s\ Ah-cpsS

apJ¯p t\m¡pw. Ct¸mÄ `mcy-tbbpw Iq«n Fd-Wm-Ip-f-t¯¡p

Xncn-¡p-t¼mÄ Hscmdd Nn´ AXp-am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. tIm¼md

ap¡nse¯nb-t¸mÄ Smd-dm-]p-chpw `mcybpw Im¯p-\n-Â¸pmbn-cp-

¶p. B tdmUnsâ \Sp-hnÂ h¨p Hcp Ip«n-sb-t¸mse Fs¶ h«w

sI«n-¸n-Sn¨v Ic-ªp-sImp Smd-dm-]pcw ]d-ªp. ‘t]mbn Hm¸o,

skbvXp t]mbn.’

R§Ä \mep-t]cpw Kncn \K-dnse¯nb-t¸mÄ AhnSw

Bfp-I-sfs¡mv \nd-ªn-cp-¶p. aIsâ acWhmÀ¯-b-dnªp B

D½ F¯p-¶p-mbncp-¶-tX-bp-Åp. ZpxJ`m-c-hpw-t]dn, Ip\n-ªp-Xq-

§p¶ inckvkpIfp-ambn skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ \qd-dp-¡-W-¡n\p

kplr-¯p-¡-fpsS aZv[y¯n-eqsS tX§-tem-Sp-IqSn Hcp ImÀ \o§n-\n-

c§n h¶p \n¶p.

81

“D½........-sk-bvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ D½” FÃm-hcpw AS-¡n-¸n-Sn¨

i_vZ-¯nÂ ]ndp-]n-dp-¯p. FÃm-h-cptSbpw t\m«w Imdn-te¡p

]mªp. apt¶m-«mª ]ecptSbpw Ime-Sn-IÄ `b-s¸-«n-s«-¶-t]mse

\n¶n-S-¯p-Xs¶ Xd-¨p-\n-¶p.

HSp-hnÂ BÄ¡q-«-¯nÂ\n¶pw HcmÄ Imdnsâ ASp-¡-te¡p

sN¶p. hmXnÂ Xpd-¶p. \oe-¡-c-sImv hc-¼n-«, shÅ In³XpWn-

bnÂ s]mXnª \Kv\amb cp ]mZ-§Ä th¨p-th¨p \ne-t¯¡p

Xmgp-¶-Xpv Rm³ Ip. X«-¯nÂ s]m-Xnª shÅ¯e-ap-Sn-bpÅ B

inckvkpv hmSnb sh¬Xm-a-c-¸q-t]mse Rm¶p-In-S-¶n-cp-¶p. hnd-¨p-hn-

d-¨m-sW-¦nepw Xmsg Imeq-¶n-b-tXm-Sp-IqSn B \Kv\]mZ-§Ä¡v

iIvXn hÀZv[n¡p-¶-Xp-t]mse tXm¶n. aIsâ inÂ¸-tKm-]p-c-¯nsâ

]Sn-hm-Xn-Â¡Â Hcp IvjWt\cw B D½ AXv`pXkvX_v[-bmbn

\n¶p. ]ns¶ Xma-kn-¨n-Ã. “tamt\” F¶p hnfn-¨p-sImp AhÀ AI-

t¯-¡pv Htcm«w HmSn. At¸mÄ acn¨ aIs\ ImWm³ F¯nb

]ecpw Agn-¨p-h¨ F®-add ]mZp-I-§Ä B apd-d¯p NnX-dn-¡n-S-¡p-

¶Xp ImWm-am-bn-cp-¶p.

* * * *

82

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zns\ Rm\mZyw IXv 1946 sem atddm BWv.

Rm\¶p s]cn-ª\w sslkvIqÄ AZv[ym]-I-\m-Wv. AhnsS

hnZymÀXvYnIÄ cq]o-I-cn¨ kvddp-U³kv tImWv{K-knÂ {]kw-Kn-¡m³

skbvXpapl-½Zv h¶p. Ip«n-I-sf-t¶mSp B tbmK-¯nÂ

AZv[yIvj\m-Im³ ]d-ªp. Rm³ k½-Xn-¨p.

Fs´mcp DÖz-e-\mb {]mkw-Kn-I³? cmjv{Sob Imcy-§Ä

`wKn-bmbn Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡m³ AZvtZl¯n\p Ign-bp-sa¶p hyIvXambn.

Cý³ kzmX-{ý-k-a-c-¯nsâ Ah-km-\mZv[ymb-§-fnÂ IqSn \o§p-

I-bm-bn-cp¶p A¶pv Cý. AXnsâ Bthiw skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ

{]kw-K-¯n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶p.

]ns¶ CS-¡nsS Hmtcm Øe¯p ImWpw. I½yq-Wn-kvd-dp-Im-c-

\mb Fsâ cmjv{So-b-t¯mSv AZvtZl¯n\p apgp-h³ tbmPn-¡m³

Ign-ªn-cp-¶nÃ Fs¶-\n-¡-dn-bmw. ]Ivsj cmjv{Sobw ]dªp

R§Ä sXd-dn-bn-Ã. s]mXp-Im-cy-§Ä ]dªp tbmPn-¸n-se-¯p-I-

bmWpm-b-Xv.

]n¶oSv Ipsd Ign-ªmWv tIcf {K\vYimem kwL-¯n-sâbpw

tIcf Ncn{X kan-Xn-bp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-{]-h-À¯I kl-IcW kwL-

¯n-sâbpw kmln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sSbpw addpw {]hÀ¯-I-s\¶

\nebv¡p skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zp-ambn IqSp-XÂ ASp¯p CS-s]-Sm³ Ah-

kcw e`n-¨-Xpv. tIcf {K\vYimem kwL-¯n-\-Is¯

{]hÀ¯\§sf¡pdn-¨mWv s]s«¶p HmÀ½ hcp-¶-Xpv.

{K\vYimem kwL-¯n-\-I¯p GXm-smcp {]Xn-]Ivj

a\kvYnXn-tbm-sS-bmWp Hcp Iq«À s]cp-am-dn-b-Xpv. \Ã -sX-ń-s\bpw

AhÀ FXnÀ-¡pw. hn]vf-hhmbm-Sn-̄ -¯nsâ t]cnÂ KhWvsaâns\

th-Xn\pw thm-¯-Xn\pw hnaÀ-in-¡pw. Cu AS-hp-I-sf-sbÃmw

skbvXv apl-½-Znsâ hyIvXnXzw

]n.-Sn. `mkv¡çWn-¡À

83

cmjv{So-b-ambpw kwL-S-\m-]-c-ambpw t\cn-Sm³ skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn\p

Ign-ªp. I½n-d-dn-I-fnÂ AZvtZlw A[n-I-sam¶pw kwkm-cn-¡n-Ã.

hÃmsX s]mdpXn ap«n-bmÂ, Fgp-t¶-Â¡pw. ]ns¶ Btcbpw hnSn-Ã.

Xpd-s¶-XnÀ-¡pw, C§s\ FXnÀ¸p \S-¯n-b-Xp-sImp Bsc-¦n-ep-

ambn hyIvXn]-c-ambn ]ncn-bptam? CsÃ -C-Ã. ]Ivsj X\n¡p CjvS-s -̧

Sm-¯Xp Bcp]d-ªmepw AZvtZlw FXnÀ¡pw. {K\vYimemkwL-

¯n-Â FÃm-hcpw _lp-am-\n-¡p¶ kmIvjmÂ ]n.- F-³. ]Wn-¡-cm-bm-

Ât¸mepw skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv FXnÀ¡pw. ]Ivsj tbmKw Ign-ªmÂ

]Wn¡-À-km-dn-s\-¡p-dn¨p cp \Ã hm¡p ]d-bmsX AZvtZlw

t]mInÃ.

FXnÀ-t¡--hsc FXnÀ-¡p-I. AtX kabw, FXnÀ-¸p-IÄ

‘Cjyp-’hn-em-sW¶pw AÃmsX hyIvXn]-c-a-sÃ¶pw hni-Z-am-¡p-I.

Xm³ D¶-bn¨ hmZ-ap-J-§sf Hmtcm-¶mbn I½n-d-dn-sb-s¡mp kzoI-

cn-¸n-¡m³ GXp-Xcw H¯pXoÀ¸n\pw kzbw Xbm-dm-hp-I. CXm-bn-cp¶p

Rm³ skbvXp-ap-l-½-ZnÂ I {]hÀ-¯-\-ssi-en.

]e AZv[ym]I kt½-f-\-§-fnepw skbvXvapl-½Zv

{]kwKn¡p¶Xp Rm³ tI«n-«ppv. 1968-þsem atddm Bep-hm-bnÂ

sh¨p ]n.- F-kv.- Sn.- F. \S-¯nb Hcp kvtdd-ddv sehÂ Ivfmkn-Â,

AZv[ym]IcpsS ‘F¡-tWm-an-k’s¯ ITn-\-ambn FXnÀ¯p sImpw

AtX-k-abw Ahsc Ah-K-Wn-¡p¶ kÀ¡mÀ \bs¯ H«pw Xs¶

A\p-Iq-en-¡m-sXbpw {]kwKn¨Xp Rm³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. ad-dp-ÅhÀ¡v

lnX-am-bXp ]d-bm-\-Ã, X\n¡v icn-sb¶p tXm¶n-bXp ]d-bm-\mWv

kbvXv apl-½-Zn-\n-jvSw. Nne-t¸mÄ X§-sf-¸-ddn “cp \Ã hm¡p” ]d-bm³ thn am{Xw skbvXv apl-½-Zns\ IvjWn-¨p-sIm-p-t]m-b-

hÀ ]e-t¸m-gpw \ncm-i-s¸-Sp-¶Xp Rm³ In-«p-v. XnI¨pw Hcp

_pZv[nPo-hn-bm-bn-cp¶p kbvXv apl-½-Zv.

BZyw AZvtZl-¯n-Â¡ cmjv{So-b-Xm-ev]cyw Imem-´-c-¯nÂ

Ipdbp-Ibpw Hcp ‘cmjv{Sob hnZymÀXvYn’bmbn AZvtZlw amdp-Ibpw

sNbvXp-sh-¶mWv ]n¶osS-\n¡p tXm¶n-b-Xv. cmjv{So-b-¯nÂ \n¶v

Ign-bp-¶{X AI¶p \nev¡m³ DÅ Hcp hmk\ _pZv[n Pohn-I-fnÂ

{]I-S-am-bXp kbvXv apl-½-Znepw Ip. ]Ivsj AZvtZlw Hcn-¡epw,

addp ]e ‘_pZv[na´-’³amcpw sN¿p-¶-Xp-t]mse, cmjv{So-b-¡m-sc

AS¨p XpS-s¨-XnÀ¡pI DmI-bn-Ã. am{X-a-Ã, tIc-f-N-cn-{X-k-an-Xn-

84

bnepw addpw cmjv{So-b-t\-Xm-¡sf ]s¦-Sp-¸n-¡m\pw AZvtZlw

{iZv[n¨ncp-¶-sX-\n-¡-dn-bmw.

Rm³ ‘hniz-hnPvRm\-tImiw ’FUn-d-d-dm-bn-cp¶ Ime¯v kbvXv

apl-½-Zv, kmln-Xy--{]hÀ¯-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw Ub-dIvSÀt-t_mÀUv

AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. {]Xn-k-Ôn-IÄ ]eXpw A¡m-e¯p kwL-¯n-ep-m-

bn. F¦nepw ‘tImi’ {]hÀ-¯\w IvjoWn¡mXncn¡m³ {]tXyIw

{iZv[n¨n-cp-¶p. hyIvXn-]-c-amb CjvSm-\n-jvS-§-fn-Âs¸«v henb ]Zv[Xn-

IÄ s]mfn-b-cp-sX¶v AZvtZl-¯n\p \nÀ_\v[ap-m-bn-cp-¶p.

XnI¨pw Hcp {]tbm-Kn-I-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp¶p kbvXv apl-½-Zv. AZvtZl-

¯nsâ ]e Iq«p-Imcpw ‘ItcwtK bm atcwtK’ F¶ coXn-bnÂ Imcy-

§Ä \S-¯p-t¼mÄ, F´m-bmepw {]kvYm\s¯ IvjoWn¸n-¡m³

]mSn-sÃ¶ A`n-{]m-b-amWv AZvtZl¯n-\pmbn-cp-¶-Xv.

kbvXv apl-½-Znsâ Gd-dhpw henb {]h-À-¯\w GsX¶v

Ft¶mSp tNmZn-¨mÂ Rm³ ]dbpw. tIc-f-N-cn{X \nÀ-½m-Ww, cp-hm-

fy-§-fmbn C{Xbpw henb Hcp Ncn{X ]pkvXIw ]pd-¯n-¡p-¶-Xnsâ

Npa-Xe kbvXv apl-½Zv Gd-d-t¸mÄ Un{Kn-¡mcpw alm-Un-{Kn-¡m-cp-

amb ]e-cpw, ]pNvOn¨p-sImv “H¶p \S¯n t\m¡s« ”F¶p ]d-

ªXp Rm³ tI«n-«p-v. In«m-hp¶{X ]WvUn-X³amsc kwtbm-Pn-¸n-

¡pIbpw ‘kmaq-ly--’h-i¯n\p {]m[m\yw \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvXp

sImsmcp Ncn{Xw \nÀ-½n-¡m³ þ AXn-se´p t]mcm-bva-I-fp-s-

¦nepw þ kbvZv apl-½Zv AIvjoWw {ian¨p. B ]cn-{i-a-¯n-\n-S-bnÂ

]e XhW þ amk-¯n-sem¶pw cpw XhW þ AZvtZlw Xncp-h-\-´-

]p-c¯p hcp-Ibpw hcp-t¼m-sfms¡ kuIcyw In«n-bmÂ R§Ä

X½nÂ ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. tIc-f-N-cn-{X-{K\vY¯n-te¡p teJ-

\-§Ä k¼m-Zn¨ hgn-IÄ, In«nb teJ-\-§Ä FUn-ddp sN¿p-¶-Xnsâ

{]iv\-§Ä, A¨-Sn-¡mcyw, {]q^p t\m¡Â, ]pkvXIw hnÂt¡

Imcyw þ Ch-sbÃmw kwkm-cn-¡pw. Kh¬saâp {]ÊnÂ CXp A¨-Sn-

¡m³ Ign-ªXv kJmhv _me-dm-ansâ (A-¶ZvtZlw a{ń-bm-bn-cp-

¶p.) {]tXyI XmÂ]cyw sImm-sW¶p ]e XhW kbvXv apl-½Zv

]d-ª-Xmbn HmÀ¡p-¶p. kn.-F-¨v. apl-½-Zp-tIm-b-bpw, C.-Fw.-F-Êpw,

A¨p-X-ta-t\m\pw addpw a{ń-am-sc¶ \nebv¡v ‘tIc-f-N-cn-{X’-¯nsâ

Imcy-¯n-se-Sp¯ XmÂ]cyw GXp kZ-Ênepw At±lw apIvX-IWvTw

{]iw-kn-¨n-«p-v. AtX-k-abw C¡mcy-§-sfÃmw t\Sm³ am{Xw,

Kh¬sa³dnsâtbm {]tXyI ]mÀ«n-bp-tSsbm lnXm-\p-hÀ¯n-bmbn

85

At±lw \n¶-Xp-an-Ã. AXmWv kbvXv apl-½-ZnÂ \n¶p ]Tn-¡m-\pÅ

Gd-dhpw henb ]mTw.

Cým-tkm-hn-b-ddv kmwkvIm-cnI kan-Xn-bpsS Hcp Dd¨ A\p-`m-

hn-bm-bn-cp¶p kbvXv apl-½-Zv. CkvI-Ênsâ Fd-Wm-Ipfw cwK-¯pÅ

{]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ kPo-h-ambn ]s¦-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. Hcp

]Ivsj ]gb cmjv{So-b-¯nÂ \n¶pv AZvtZl-¯n\p e`n¨ tkmjy-en-

kvddp Nmbvhv, {]I-S-am-¡m-\pÅ sFI-{]-hÀ¯\ cwKw CkvI-Êp-am-

{X-am-bn-cp-¶nsÃ F¶pw F\n¡p tXm¶n-bn-«p-v.

{]tXyI ‘t{]mP-Ivd-dp’-IÄ Gsd-d-Sp¯p \S-¯p-¶-XnÂ kbvXv

apl-½Zv At±-l-¯nsâ kwL-S\m ssh`hw {]I-Sn-¸n-̈ p. AÂ_-dq-Wn-

bp-sSbmbmepw alm-ho-c-sâ-bm-bmepw _mekmlnXy-am-bmepw sIm¨n

Xpd-ap-J-s¯m-gn-emfn kwL-S-\-bpsS Pq_n-en-bm-bmepw {K\vYimem

kwL-¯n-sâtbm imkv{X-km-lnXy ]cn-j-¯n-sâsbm kt½-f-\-am-

bmepw AXnÂ kbvXv apl-½Zv Aa-c¯p \n¶mÂ Imcyw hnP-bn-¡pw.

kbvXv apl-½-Znsâ t\Xr-Xz-¯nÂ Fd-Wm-Ip-f-¯p-sh¨p \S¶

{K\vYimem kt½-f-\-¯nÂ, ÌvjWw sImSp-¡p-¶-Xnsâ NmÀPv

{ioaXn kbvXv apl-½-Zns\ GÂ¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. Xsâ `À¯m-hnsâ

{]hÀ¯\-§-fnseÃmw AhÀ `mK-`m-¡m-bn.

hfsc hen-b-XmWv kbvXv apl-½-Znsâ kplrZvaWvU-ew.

AXnÂ hen-b-h-cpw, henbhsc¶p Icp-Xp-¶-hcpw, sNdn-b-hcpw Dm-

bn-cp-¶p. henb I¨-h-S-¡mcpw ad-dp-ambn _Ô-s¸«p Imip ]ncn¨p

GXp ]cn-]m-Snbpw hnP-bn-¸n-¡m-\pÅ kbvXv apl-½-Znsâ kmaÀXvYyw

\ap-¡-dn-bmw. F¶mÂ Hcn¡epw At±lw sNdn-b-hsc ImWm-Xn-cp-¶n-

Ã. Ah-sc-¡qSn ]s¦-Sp-¸n-¡msX H¶pw sNmÆm-hn-sÃ¶v kbvXv apl-½-

Zn-\-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p. Fd-Wm-Ip-f-¯p-sh¨p tIc-f-imkv{X kmln-Xy-]-cn-

j-¯nsâ kt½-f\w \S-¯p-t¼mÄ, Ahn-Ss¯ {]hÀ¯-IÀ, kmam-\y-

¡m-cp-ambn th{X _\v[w ]peÀ¯p-¶n-sÃ¶v Ft¶mSv kbvXv apl-

½Zv ]d-ª-Xmbn Rmt\mÀ¡p-¶p. km[m-c-W-¡m-cnÂ km[m-c-W-¡m-c-

\m-bn-cp¶p kbvXv apl-½-Zv. hen-b-h-sc¶p \Sn-¡p¶ ]e-cp-sSbpw

‘hen¸w’ At±lw anÃo-ao-d-dÀ IW-¡nÂ¯s¶ Af¶p Xn«s¸Sp¯p-

Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p.

kplr-¯p-¡Ä¡p-thn F´pw sN¿pw, At±lw GXp Imcy-

¯n\pw ap¼nÂ \nÂ¡pw. CsXmcp ‘ho¡vs\-Êm’sWm AsXm

kvt\l-¯nsâ _ln-kv^p-c-W-amsWm F¶p ]d-bm³ ]d-dn-Ã.

86

kakvX tIcf kmlnXy ]cn-j-¯v, tIc-f-km-lnXy A¡m-Zan

F¶n-h-bpsS {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnepw Fd-Wm-Ipfw Soansâ I¸n-¯m³

kbvXv apl-½-Zm-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp Soans\ H¶n-¨Wn\nc-¯m-\pÅ Ign-

hmWv kbvXv apl-½-ZnÂ ]e-t¸mgpw ImWm³ Ign-ª-Xv. Soansâ

ap¼nÂ At±lw \nÂ¡pw. B ss[cy-¯nÂ A{X Ign-hn-Ãm-¯-h-cpw,

kbvXv apl-½-Znsâ SoanÂt¨cpw. ]n¶oSv AhÀ¡p-thnbpw _pZv[n-

ap-«pw. CXm-bn-cp¶p kbvXv apl-½-Znsâ k{¼-Zm-bw.

]n.- F.- kbvXv apl-½Zv F¶ Fsâ BXvamÀXvY kplr-¯n-s\-¸-

ddn Hcn-cp¸nÂ HmÀ½n¨ Imcy-§-fm-Wn-hnsS Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. ]Ivsj CXp-

sIm-sm¶pw B hyIvXnXzw hc-¨p-Im-Wn-¡m-\m-hn-Ã. AXp t\cn-«-\p- -̀

hn-¨-hs¡ Adn-bq. F{X \sÃmcp kplr¯pw F{X \sÃmcp kmaq-ly-

þ-kmw-kvIm-cnI {]hÀ¯-I\pw, F{X anI-s¨mcp kwLm-S-I-\p-am-bn-cp-

sht¶m kbvXv apl-½-Zv.

87

1946þÂ P\m_v apl-½Zv A_vZp dln-am³

kmln_v PbnÂ hntam-Nn-X-\mbn ]pd-¯p-h¶ DSs\ tIc-f-¯n-ep-S-

\ofw Hcp ]cy-S\w \S¯nbn-cp-¶p. A¡q-«-¯nÂ aXn-eIw _m¦p-ssa-

Xm-\n-bnepw At±-l-¯n\v DPz-e-amb Hcp kzoI-cWw GÀ¸m-Sp-sN-bvXn-

cp-¶p. cmjv{So-b-amb i{XpX ]S-hm-fp-bÀ¯n-\n¶ Hcp cwK-am-bn-cp¶p

AXv. B kt½-f-\-¯nÂ apl-½Zv A_vZp dln-am³ kmln_nsâ

ASp¯v kpap-J-\mb Hcp ]¿³ Ccp-¶n-cp-¶p. A¶mWv ]n.-G.

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zns\ Rm\m-Zy-ambn ImWp-¶-Xv. kz´w ho«p-

ImÀt]mepw hotdmsS FXnÀ¸p {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p¶ B A´-co-£-¯nÂ

kpkvta-c-h-Z-\-\mbn {]kwK-a-WvU-]-¯nÂ Ccn-¸p-d-¸n¨ B sNdp- -̧

¡m-c³ At¶ Fsâ a\-ÊnÂ‘lotdm’ Øm\w t\Sn-¡-gn-ªn-cp-¶p.

{_n«o-jp-ImÀs¡-Xnsc kzmX-{ý-¯n-\p-th-nbpÅ

t]mcm«w hnZymÀXvYnI-sfbpw Bth-i- -̀cn-X-cm-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. òcp-

XzwsImpw ho«p-Imsc `b¶pw cmjv{Sob-cw-K-¯n-d-§m³ sshapJyw

ImWn-¡p-¶-h-cm-bn-cp-¶p ]e-cpw. Cu L«-¯nÂ hnZymÀXvYnIÄ¡n-S-

bnÂ cmjv{So-b-hm-k\ ]Sp-¯p-bÀ¯p-I, {_n«o-jp-km-{am-Py-¯n-s¶-

Xn-cmb ka-c-¯nÂ tIm¬{Kkvkn\p-thn {]Nm-c-the \S-¯pI XpS-

§nb ‘Ipd-d-§Ä’ XpSÀ¨-bmbn sNbvXp-sIm-n-cp¶ skbvXp-ap-l-½-

Zns\ ]ecpw i{Xp-hmbn Icp-Xn-t¸m-¶p. Cu Ah-Ø-bnÂ kz´w

ho«nÂ Ib-d-cp-sX-¶p-t]mepw AZvtZl¯nsâ ]nXmhp hne-¡n. 1942-

þÂ Iznddv Cým-{]-kvYm-\-Im-e¯v skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Fgp-Xnb slap-I-

em-\n-bpsS Poh-N-cn{Xw KhÀs½³dv \ntcm-[n-¨p. A¶ZvtZl-¯n\p

tIhew 14 hbkvkp am{Xta {]mb-am-bn-cp-¶p-Åp. Pohn-Xmýw hsc

BXvamÀXvYX-bpÅ Hcp \mj-W-en-kvd-dmbn AZvtZlw {]hÀ¯n-¨p.

B {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ AZvtZlw {]ZÀin-¸n¨ BZÀi-[o-cX

ivfmL-\o-b-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Fs¶ sskt¡m-f-Pn-Ìm-¡nb kplr¯v

sI.-_n.-A-½pªn

88

1952 ÂskbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ ‘Ncn-{X-tI-cfw’ a{Zmkv

KhÀs½³dnsâ AhmÀUp t\Sn. AtXmsS skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv IqSp-XÂ

{iZvt[b-\m-bn. AZvtZl¯nsâ \ma-t[bw Rm\¶p ]Tn-¨ncp¶ Iem-

e-b-¯nsâ ]e `mK-§-fnÂ\n¶pw {]XnZv[z\n-¨-t¸mÄ Rms\sâ \m«p-

Im-csâ t]cnÂ A`n-am\w sImp. kmln-Xy-Im-c³amcpw Ncn-{X-Im-

c³amcpw skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zns\ {iZv[n¨p. Hcp \njv]Ivja-Xn-bmb Ncn-

{X-Im-cs\ AhÀ Is-¯n. XpSÀ¶v skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Fgp-Xnb Ncn-{X-

te-J-\-§fpw {K\vY§fpw hfsc \njvIÀj-X-tbm-sS-bmWv ssIImcyw

sNbvXn-cp-¶-Xv. kzX-{´-amb Nn´m-K-Xn-bpw, Kth-j-W-]m-S-hhpw

hkvXp-X-IÄ AXnsâ X\n-\n-d-¯nÂ hne-bn-cp-¯p-hm-\pÅ Ignhpw

tIc-f-N-cn-{X-Im-c³amÀ¡n-S-bnÂ AZvtZl-¯n\v ap³]-ń-bnÂ kvYm\w

t\Sn-s¡m-Sp-¯p. B\p-Im-enINcn-{X-c-N-\-bnÂ skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ

A{X IqÀ½-_pZv[n atd-d-sX-¦nepw tIc-f-N-cn-{X-Im-c¶v {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p-

hm³ Ign-ªn-«ptm F¶p kwi-b-am-Wv. ‘tIc-f-apkveow Ncn{Xw’ tIc-f-¯nÂ apkvenao-§Ä Imse-Sp¯p Ip¯nb Znhkw apXÂ

]pkvXIw {]knZv[oI-cn-¡p¶ Znh-kw-hscbpÅ Ncn{Xtc-J-bm-Wv. Hcp

kap-Zm-b-kvt\-ln-bm-bn-cp-¶n-«p-IqSn C{X-am{Xw \njv]Ivjhpw kXy-

k\v[hp-ambn At±-l-¯n\v B hnjbw ssIImcyw sN¿p-hm³ Ign-

ªp-sh-¶-Xp-Xs¶ B hyIvXnXz-¯n-\pÅ am\-ZWvUam-Wv. AZvtZl-

¯nsâ {]Ya Ncn-{X-{K\vYamb ‘Ncn-{X-tI-c-f-¯n-sâbpw,’‘tIcfw \qd-

dm-p-IÄ¡p-ap³]v,’‘tIc-f-¯nse hntZ-i-a-X-§Ä,’‘k©m-cn-IÄ I

tIc-fw, ’‘Ip«n-I-fpsS Ncn-{X-tI-cfw,’‘tIc-f-N-cn-{X-hoIvjWw,’‘tIc-f-N-

cn-{X-Nn-´-IÄ’, Ch-bpsS cN-\-bnepw AZvtZlw ImWn¨

\ncoIvjW]mShw ]eÀ¡pw F¯n-¸n-Sn-¡m³ Ignbm-¯{X AKm[-am-

Wv. AZvtZl-¯nsâ ‘Ncn-{X-¯nse inem-Ip-kp-a-§Ä’, ‘BZn-hm-kn-

IÄ,’‘apKÄ km{am-Py-¯n-eqsS Hcp bm{X’ F¶o {K\vY§-tfmfw

klr-Z-b-{iZv[bm-IÀjn¨ Ncn-{X-{K\vY§Ä ae-bm-f-¯nÂ thsd

ImWp-sa¶p tXm¶p-¶n-Ã.

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mbn hf-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp-

]Ivsj temI-{]-knZv[cmb Ncn-{X-Im-c³am-cnÂ tSmb³_n-bnÂ am{Xw

Ip-h¶ ssienbpw imkv{Xo-b-hoIvjWhpw, \njv]Ivjkz`m-h-hp-

amWv skbvXp-ap-l-½-ZnÂ ImWm³ Ign-ª-Xv. tIc-f-N-cn-{X-]-T\w

imkv{Xo-b-ambn kwhn-[m\w sNbvXv tIc-f-kw-kv¡m-c-¯nsâ X\-

Xmb ]ivNm¯-ehpw, kz`m-hhpw hyIvXambn {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-hm³

AZvtZlw B{K-ln-¨p. Xms\m-d-d-¡n-hn-sS-bn-cp¶p {]hÀ¯n-¨mÂt]m-

89

sc¶pw Ncn-{X-]-T-\-¯nepw cN-\-bnepw HuÂkp-Iy-ap-Å-hÀ Iq«m-bn-

cp¶p Nnń-t¡ Imew AXn-{I-an-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pw AZvtZlw

a\kvknem-¡n. ‘tIcf lnkvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tb-j³’ Ahn-S-¶-t§m«p

{]hÀ¯-\-am-cw-`n-¡p-¶p. Pohn-Xmýw hsc B {]kvYm\-¯nsâ

Imcy-ZÀin-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sImv Ncn-{X-K-th-j-W-¯nepw cN-\-bnepw

AZvtZlw sNbvXn-«pÅ tkh\w F¡m-e¯pw hnkva-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bn-Ã.

_rl-¯mb cp `mK-§-fn-embn, kÀ¡mÀ klm-b-t¯msS

{]knZv[oI-cn¨ ‘tIc-f-N-cn{Xw’ C¡m-cy-¯nÂ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv

AÀln-¡p¶ Hcp kvamc-I-am-Wv.

Rm\pw skbvXp-ap-l-½Zpw At\ym\yw Adnªpw t\cn-«p-Im-Wm-

tXbpw \mfp-I-tfsd ]n¶n«pt]mbn. 1962 Â Hcp kmbmlv\¯nÂ Fd-

Wm-Ip-fs¯ Pyqkv{So-d-dn-epÅ Hcp Huj-[-im-e-bnÂsh¨p R§-f-

t\ym\yw Ip. Hcp kplr¯v R§sf ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n. “Rm\o

A½p-ªnsb H¶p ImWm-\m-{K-ln-¨n«v F{X \mfp-I-fm-bn.” F¶p

]dªv AZvtZlsas¶ sI«n-¸n-Sn¨ cwKw Hcn-¡epw Fsâ kvac-W-

bnÂ\n¶pw amªp-t]m-hp-I-bn-Ã. A¶ZvtZl¯nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-tI-{µ-

am-bn-cp¶‘Pam A¯-s^-U-td-j³’ Hmô-kn-te-¡mWv R§Ä t]mb-

Xv. ASp-¯-Zn-hkw {]knZv[oI-cn¨ ‘tIc-f-apkvenw Ncn{Xw’ Hcp tIm¸n

\ÂIn-s¡mv B kplrÂ_\v[¯n-¶-Sn-¯d ]mIn.

A¶p Rm³ sIm¨n-bn-em-bn-cp-¶p. BgvN-bnÂ cp Znh-k-sa-

¦nepw R§Ä At\ym\yw ImWpw. ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sm³ sshIn-t¸mb

\mfp-I-sf-¡p-dn¨v F¶pw kwkm-cn-¡pw. kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-K¯p

{]hÀ¯n¡p¶ ]e-cp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sm³ F\n-¡-tXmsS Ah-kcw

e`n-¨p.‘Xm³a\ivimkv{X-te-J-\-§-sf-gp-X-Wwþkmaq-ly-a\ivimkv{Xw.

’Hcn-¡Â AZvtZlw \nÀZvtZin-¨p.‘B hnPvRm\-im-J-bnÂ ae-bmfw

Zcn-{Z-bm-Wv.’ Hcp a\ivimkv{X-te-J-I³ F¶ \ne-bnÂ Fs¶ ]e-

tcmSpw ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXp. At¸m-sgms¡ \nkvklm-b-

\mbn \n¶p-sImv Rm³ Nqfp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. imkv{X-te-J-\-§-fn-

emWv A¡m-e¯v Fsâ {iZv[ ]Xn-ªn-cp-¶-Xv.

apkvenw FPp-t¡-j-\Â Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ hmÀjn-I-

t¯m-S-\p-_\v[n¨p {]knZv[oI-cn-¡p¶D]-lm-c-{K\vY¯n-te¡v ‘kmaq-

ly-a-\ivimkv{Xw’F¶ ioÀj-I-¯nÂ teJ\w Bh-iy-s¸-«p-sIm-s-

msc-gp¯v F\n-¡p-In-«n. Cu ioÀjIw \nÀZvtZin-¨-Xm-cm-Ip-sa¶v

90

F\n¡p kwi-b-ap-m-bn-Ã. Rm\p-Ss\ skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn\v t^m¬

sNbvXp; “Fs¶ c£n-¡-Ww.”“]ddn-Ã.” CXm-bn-cp¶p adp-]-Sn. “d^-

d³kv Rm³ Xcmw. Fgp-tX-Xv kmaq-ly-a-\ivimkv{Xw Xs¶.” AtXmsS Nne ]pkvX-I-§-fpsS t]cpw At±lw \nÀZvtZ-in-¨p. Ah-

bnÂ NneXv Rm\n¶pw HmÀ¡p-¶p. tdm_À«v t_Âknsâ‘Interaction process analysis’NmÀ«vssdddpwkm³ddpw IqSn Fgp-Xnb ‘Group dynamics’t]mÄ FUvKmdpw addpw Fgp-Xnb ‘Small groups’F¶o

]pkvX-I-§Ä Cu teJ\w X¿m-dm-¡p-hm-\mbn A¶p Rm³ a{Zm-

knse bp.- F-Êv.- sF.- F-Êv. sse{_-dn-bnÂ \n¶pw FSp-

¯XmtbmÀ¡p¶p, A§n-s\-bm-Wv kmaq-ly-a-\ivimkv{X-s¯-¡p-dn¨v

Fgp-Xn-¯p-S-§n-b-Xv. XpSÀ¶v A¯-c-¯n-se-gp-Xnb teJ-\-§Ä¡v \Ã

{]Xn-I-c-W-ap-m-bn. tImgn-t¡mSv G.- sF. BdneqsS {]`m-jWw

sNbvX Ipsd teJ-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw \Ã A`n-{]m-b-§Ä h¶p.

kmaq-ly-cw-K¯v Fsâ hfÀ¨-bpsS (A-§ns\ hÃ -Xp-ap-

s-¦nÂ) ]n¶nÂ {]hÀ¯n-¨Xp skbvXp-ap-l-½Zp am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Xnc-¡pÅ kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ ap³]-ń-bn-te¡v Ib-dn-\nÂ¡p-

hm³ B{K-ln-¡p¶hÀ ]e-cp-ap-m-Ipw. AÀl-X-bpÅ ]ecpw

]et¸mgpw ]n³X-Å-s¸-«p-t]m-Ip-¶Xv Ah-cp-sS-Xs¶ A{iZv[

sImmWv. Hmtcm-cp-¯cpw \o§p-¶Xpw t\m¡n hn\-b-]qÀhw Im¯p-

\n¶mÂ ]n¶nÂ \nÂ¡pI Xt¶-bp-m-hq. \mw Xs¶ B Xnc-¡n-

eqsS XÅn apt¶m«p Ib-d-Ww, Ne-\-§-fp-m¡n s]mXp-P-\-{i-Zv[-bm-

IÀjn-¡-Ww. Cu ]mTw BhÀ¯n-¨m-hÀ¯n¨p ]d-ªn«pw Rm³

apt¶m-«p-\o-§p-¶-Xn\p thK-X-t]m-sc-¶-t±lw ]cm-Xn-s¸-«p. ]e-bn-

S¯pw At±-lw-Xs¶ Fs¶ XÅn ap¶n-se-¯n-¨p. Nne-t¸mÄ

ap³]nÂ \n¶p Xs¶ Fs¶ hen¨p Ipsd-¡qSn ap¶n-tem«p \o¡pw.

1962 Â sIm¨n-bnse kmln-Xy-Im-c³am-cpsS ‘kmln-Xy-k-anXn’cq]oIcn-

¨-t¸mÄ skbvXp-ap-l-½-ZmWv I¬ho-\-dmbn Fsâ t]À A`n{]mb-s -̧

«-Xv. 1965 Â Rm³ sIm¨n hnSp-¶-Xp-hsc B kvYm\¯p XpS-cp-Ibpw

sNbvXp.

CXn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶v kmaq-ly-kmw-kvIm-cn-I-cw-K¯v ]nSn-¨p-\nÂ¡p-

hm-\p-ff Icp¯v F\n¡p e`n-¨p. kmln-Xy-]-cn-j-̄ nsâ 35þmw

hmÀjn-I-k-t½-f-\-̄ nÂ Hcp IWvho\-dmbn Fsâ t]À \nÀZvtZ-in-¨Xv

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v Rm³ a\kvknem-¡n-bXv ]n¶o-Sm-Wv.

91

CsXsâ kz´w IY am{X-a-Ã. C¶v kmaqly kmkvIm-cn-I-cw-

K¯v D¶-XkvYm\a-e-¦-cn-¡p¶ ]ecpw skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ

t{]mÂkm-l-\hpw klm-bhpw aqew B ]Z-hn-bn-se-̄ n-b-h-cm-Wv. Hcp

Ime¯p an¡-hmdpw \mam-h-ti-j-ambn Ign-ªncp¶ kmln-Xy-]-cn-j-

¯n\v ]p\ÀPo-h³ \ÂIp-hm-\pÅ AZvtZl-¯nsâ {iaw aqew B

al-¯mb kwL-S-\-bpsS DbÀs¯-gp-t¶Â]n-t\m-sSm¸w Imńbpw

aqey-hp-apÅ ]e hninjvS hyIvXnI-tfbpw tX¨p-an-\p¡n ]pd-¯p-sIm-

p-h-cp-hm³ Ign-ªp-sh-¶Xv skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâXp am{X-amb Hcp

Ign-hm-Wv. kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-bpsS sshkv {]kn-Umbn

NmÀPvsPSp¯ 1968 apXÂ acn-¡p-¶-Xp-hsc skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-eqsS

klmbw t\Sn-b-hcpw bYmÀlw kvYm\-am\w e`n-¨-hcpw ]ecpw C¶v

kap-Zm-b-¯nse kap-¶-X-cmb Bcm-[y-cm-Wv. F¶mÂ Ch-cnÂ ]ecpw

]nÂ¡m-e¯v AZvtZl-¯nsâ A`n-em-j-§Ä¡v hn]-co-X-ambn s]cp-

am-dn-bn-«p-s-¦nÂ AXp tIhew a\p-jy-k-l-P-amb sZuÀ_ey-am-

sW¶p kam-[m-\n-¡m-hp-¶-tX-bp-Åp.

tIcf Iem-a-WvUew alm-Ihn hÅ-t¯m-fnsâ P³a-i-Xm_vZn

BtLm-jn-¡p-hm³ hn]p-eamb tXmXnÂ AWnsªmcp-§p-I-bm-Wv.

Cu BtLm-j-¯n\v Hcp kmÀÆ-eu-In-I-kz-`m-hhpw XmÂ¸-cyhpw

Dm-I-W-sa¶v skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Bin-¨p. CXn-\p-thn AZvtZlw

X¿m-dm¡n Ah-X-cn-¸n¨ s{]mPIvSv dnt¸mÀ«n\v BZ-c-Wo-b-amb AwKo-

Im-c-amWv e`n-¨-Xv. iXm_vZn BtLm-j-¡-½-d-dn-bpsS I¬ho-\-dmbn

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zns\ e`n-¨-XnÂ Iem-a-WvUew {]hÀ¯-IÀ A`n-am\w

sImp. F¶mÂ BtLm-j-¯nsâ s{]mPIvSp tcJ-IÄ ]qÀ¯n-bm-

¡nb B Iem-cm-[-Is\ BtLmjw t\cnÂ ImWp-hm³ ssZhw A\p-

h-Zn-¨n-Ã.

Ie Nne {]tXyI hÀKvK¡mcpsS Ip¯-I-bm-sW-¶-h-Im-i-s¸-«n-

cp¶ Iem-a-WvU-¯nÂ Cu Ip¯I Ah-km-\n-¸n-t¡-W-sa¶ ap{Zm-hm-

Iy-hp-am-bmWv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv `c-W-k-an-Xn-bnÂ h¶-Xv. k¦p-Nn-X-

amb AXnsâ Hd-d-b-Sn-¸m-X-sh-«n-sX-fn-bn¨vp AZvtZlw hnkvXr-X-am-¡n.

C¶pv IY-I-fo-cw-K¯v {iZvt[b-\mbn ]cn-e-kn-¡p¶ IY-I-fn-Km-b-I-

\mb sslZÀ Aen-bpw, A[x-Ir-X-hÀKvK¯nÂs¸« sN-sIm-«p-Im-c-

\mb ]mW³ eIv¨-ddpw addp ]ecpw skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ krjvSn-

IfmWv.

Hcp ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-\m-bmWv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv sIm¨n-bnÂ h¶-

Xv. ‘bph-tI-cfw’AZvtZl¯nsâ ]{Xm-[n-]-Xy-¯nÂ AXn-tâ-Xmb

hyIvXnXzw \ne-\nÀ¯p-Ibpw A¡m-e¯v tIc-f-¯nse t`Z-s¸« Hcp

92

hmcn-I-bmbn hf-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. ‘P\-iàn ’AZvtZlw ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-

bn-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv Gd-dhpw {]Nm-c-apÅ hmcn-I-I-fnÂ H¶m-bn-¯oÀ¶-

Xpw. ‘P\-iàn ’bneqsS hfÀ¶ ]ecpw C¶v tIcf kmkv¡m-cn-I-cw-

Ks¯ kap-¶-X-hyIvXnI-fm-Wv. Hcp ]{Xm-[n-]À¡v kaq-l-¯nÂ

Fs´Ãmw Ign-bp-sa¶v A¶v skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv sXfn-bn-¨p.

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv F¶ hyIvXn hf-cp-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ]n¶oSv

1963þÂ AZvtZlw kz´w \nebnÂ Bcw-`n¨ ‘kÀKvKw’ amknI AXp-

ey-amb Hcp {]knZv[oI-c-W-am-bn-cp-¶p. cq]-¯nepw, `mh-¯n-epw,

hyIvXnXz¯nepw Cý-bnÂXs¶‘Bhavans Journal’¶p am{Xta CtX

kvYm\w Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sm-\m-hq.

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv XpS-§n-sh¨ GXp {]kvYm\-¯n\pw AXn-tâ-

Xmb sshin-jvSyhpw hyIvXnXz-hp-ap-v. tIc-f-¯nÂ At±-l-t¯mfw

BIÀj-Wo-b-cmb hmKvanIÄ hnc-enÂ F®m³am-{Xta ImWq.

ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ hnjbw F´p-X-s¶-bm-bmepw B hnj-b-¯nsâ

ap¯p-a-Wn-IÄ Bg-¯n-temfw Cd§n X¸n-sb-Sp¯v kz´w

_pZv[nbpsS aqi-bn-en«p IS-sª-Sp¯v skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-tâ-Xmb kzX-

{´-amb Bib-amWv ]pd¯p hcn-I.

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ hyIvXnXzw GsX-¦n-ep-samcp {]tXy-I-_n-µp-

hnÂ HXp-§n-\nÂ¡p¶XÃ. BZÀi-k-¼-¶-\mb cmjv{So-b-{]-hÀ¯-

I³, Ign-hp-dd kmln-Xy-Im-c³, imkv{Xo-b-amb hoIvjWhpw, kpµ-c-

amb ssienbpw ssIap-X-em-bpÅ kzX-{´-Nn-´-I-\mb Ncn-{X-K-th-j-

I³, AXp-ey-\mb kwLm-S-I³, kaq-ls¯ ]Tn¨ ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I³,

kÀtÆm-]cn ]cn-N-b-s¸-«-h-sc-sbÃmw D¯-a-kp-lr-¯p-¡-fmbn IW-

¡m¡n F¶pw KmV-amb skulrZ-_\v[w \ne-\nÀ¯p¶ Hcp henb

a\p-jy³ XpS§n Pohn-X-¯nse FÃm Xpd-I-fnepw hyIvXnXzw t\Snb

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ A`mhw kmwkvImcnI cwKs¯ HcÀXvY¯nÂ

A\m-Y-am-¡p-I-bmWv sNbvX-Xv. AZvtZl-¯nsâ Nc-a-Zn-\-{]-kw-K-

¯nÂ apg-§n-t¡« Hcp i_vZw thZ-\-tbmsS Rm³ kvacn-¨p-t]m-hp-I-

bmWv. ‘‘skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ acWw aqew aq¶p kvYm]-\-§-fmWv

{][m-\-ambpw A\m-Y-am-bn-¯oÀ¶Xv þ tIcf lnkvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tb-

j³, kmln-Xy-]-cn-j-¯v, AZvtZl-¯nsâ IpSpw-_w.’’

* * *

93

amXr-`qan sIm¨n-¸-Xn-¸nsâ dkn-U³dv FUn-d-d-dmbn Fd-Wm-Ip-f-

¯p-h¶p Xmakw XpS-§nbXn\p-ti-j-amWv ]n.- G.- sk-bvXp-ap-l-½-

Zns\ ASp-¯p-]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-hm³ F\n¡p Ign-ª-Xv. AÂ] Ime-

¯n\pÅnÂ Fsâ kvt\lm-Z-c-§-fmÀPvPn¡p-hm³ {]Xn-`m-im-en-bpw,

hn\o-X-\pw, IÀ½-Ip-i-e-\p-amb B sNdp-¸-¡m-c\v Ign-ªp. Fd-Wm-Ip-

fs¯ kmwkvIm-cn-Ihpw kmaq-ly-hp-amb ]e {]kvYm\-§-fnepw

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv ]s¦-Sp-¡p-I-am-{X-a-Ã, t\XrXzw hln-¡p-I-IqSn

sNbvXn-cp-¶p. GXp tPmen Gsd-d-Sp-¯mepw AXv BXvamÀXvYambpw

kaÀXvYambpw \nÀÆ-ln-¡p-hm³ AZvtZl-¯n\v \nÊo-a-amb Ign-hp-

m-bn-cp-¶p. AZvtZl-s¯-t¸mse kwL-S-\m-]m-S-h-apÅ addp sNdp- -̧

¡msc Rm³ A[n-I-sam¶pw In-«n-Ã.

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Xsâ tkh-\-§-fpsS Hcp \Ã ]¦v tIcf

lnkvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tb-j³ hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¡m-\mWv hn\n-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-

Å-Xv. tIcf CXn-lm-k-k-anXn F¶ t]cnÂ tIhew Hcp \ma-am{X

kwL-S-\-bmbncp¶p. Cu Øm]-\-¯n\v hn]p-e-amb AÀXvYhym]vXn

Dm-bXv skbvXp-apl½Znsâ I¿nÂ h¶-Xn-\p-ti-j-am-Wv.

Ncn{Xw Ncn-{X-Im-c³am-sc-¶-h-Im-i-s¸-Sp¶ hyIvXnIÄ am{Xw

ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp¶ Hc-h-k-c-¯nÂ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Ncn-{Xs¯

P\-§-fn-te-¡-Sp-¸n-̈ p. \nc-h[n skan-\m-dp-Ifpw knwt]m-kn-b-§fpw

CXn-\mbn AZvtZlw kwL-Sn-¸n-¨p.

Hcp hyIvXn Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xp¶ k{¼-Zm-b-amWv C¡mew hsc tIc-

f-¯nÂ \ne-\n-¶p-t]m-¶-Xv. skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv No^v FUn-d-d-dmbn

{]knZv[oI-cn¨ “tIc-f-N-cn{Xw ”cp hmey-§Ä tIc-f-¯nÂ \qX-\-

{io.-]n.-G.-sk-bvXp-ap-l-½Zv

sI.-G.-Zm-tam-Z-ctat\m³

94

amb Hcp ]\vYmhv sh«n-¯p-d-¶p. Cu {K\vY¯nÂ Hmtcm

AZv[ymbhpw AXmXp hnj-b-¯nÂ {]KÂ -̀cmb Ncn-{X-Im-c³amsc-

s¡mv Fgp-Xn-¡p-I-bmWv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv sNbvX-Xv. CXnsâ

kwLm-S-I³ F¶ \ne-bnÂ AZvtZl-¯nsâ {ia-§Ä A`n-\-µ-\o-b-

am-Wv. tIc-f-ln-kvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tb-j³ Hcn-¡epw Ncn-{X-Im-c³am-

cpsS am{Xw kwL-S-\-bm-bn-cp-¶n-«n-Ã. Ncn-{X-Im-c³am-tcm-sSm¸w Xs¶

kmwkvImcnI {]hÀ¯-I-tcbpw ]s¦-Sp-¸n-¡-W-sa¶v skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv

B{K-ln-¨n-cp-¶p.

anI¨ Hcp kwLm-S-I-\m-bn-cp¶p skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv. Ignª cp

hymg-h-«-ambn Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯pw sIm¨n-bnepw \S-¯nb ]e kmkvIm-cn-

Im-tLm-j-§-fp-tSbpwkq{X-[m-c³ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zmbn-cp-¶p. lnkvd-

ddn skan-\m-dp-IÄ, PqX-¸-Ån-bpsS 400-þmw hmÀjn-Iw, lcn-P³ skan-

\mÀ, kzmX-{ý- -̀S³am-cpsS skan-\mÀ, alm-ho-csâ 2500 amv kw_-

Ôn¨ BtLm-j-§Ä, sIm¨n Su¬ lmÄ DÂLm-S\w F¶n-h-bp-sS-

sbÃmw I¬ho-\tdm sk{I-«-dntbm skbvXp-ap-l-½Zmbn-cp-¶p. PqX-¸-

Ån-bpsS hmÀjn-Iw, almhocsâ \nÀÆm-Ww kw_\v[n¨ BtLm-jw,

Su¬lmÄ DÂLm-S\w XpS-§nb ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnÂ {][m-\-a{ń Cµn-cm-

KmÔn kw_\v[n¨n-cp-¶p. ]cn-]m-Sn-IÄ Bkq-{XWw sN¿p-hm\pw

AXns\ A´ÀtZ-iob {]m[m\yw \ÂI-¯-¡-hn[w cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm-

\p-apÅ Hcp {]tXyI Ignhv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zn\p-m-bn-cp-¶p. ]e

BtLm-j-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-tSbpw Bcw`w apXÂ Ah-km\w hsc FÃmw

Bkq-{XWw sNbvXXv AZvtZl-am-bn-cp-¶p. AZvtZlw Ncn-{Xs¯ P\-

Io-b-am-¡n. kmwkv¡m-cnI cwK-¯n-\p-WÀÆp-m-¡n. hÅt¯mÄ

iXm_vZn BtLm-j-§Ä¡mbn kaÀ¸n¨ t{]mPIvSv AZvtZl-¯nsâ

ZoÀL-hoIvjW-¯n\v aIp-tSm-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv.

Xm³ Gsd-d-Sp-¡p¶ GsXmcp {]hÀ¯nbpw \ndª AÀ¸-W-

_pZv[ntbm-Sp-IqSn \nÀh-ln-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p AZvtZl-¯nsâ {]tXy-I-

X. tIc-f-¯nse kmwkv¡m-cnI Pohn-X-¯nÂ AZvtZlw Hc-Xp-ey-

iIvXnbmbn-cp-¶p.

1968þÂ AZvtZlw kmlnXy A¡m-Zan sshkv {]kn-Uâm-bn-

¯oÀ¶p. ka-kvX-tI-cf kmlnXy ]cn-j¯v sshkv {]kn-U³dv,

kmln-Xy-{]-hÀ¯-I-k-l-I-c-W-kwLw Ub-d-IvSÀ t_mÀUv AwKw,

tIcf{K\vYimemkwLw FIvkn: I½n-ddnsa¼À, AÀt¡-hkv D]-tZ-

i-I-k-an-Xn-bw-Kw, {K\vYmtemIw ]{Xm-[n-]À, Iem-a-WvUew BIvSn§v

{]kn-U³dv, F¶n-§s\ F{Xtbm ]Z-hn-IÄ AZvtZlw hln-¨n-cp-¶p.

95

Ncn-{X-[m-c-W-Isf amd-dn-a-dn-¡p-hm³ lcn-P-\-§-fpsS Hcp Ncn-{X-

sa-gp-Xp-hm³ DÅ {ia-¯n-teÀs¸-«n-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv hn[n B Poh³

A]-l-cn-¨-Xv.

{io skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Hcp A\p-{K-loXhmKvanbm-bn-cp-¶p.

AZvtZlw ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ hnjbw, hyIvXambpw t{imXm-¡sf

BIÀjn-¡p¶ hn[-¯nepw hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-hm\pw hmZ-{]-Xn-hm-Z-§Ä

bpIvXn bpIvXambn \S¯n Xsâ A`n-{]mbw kvYm]n-¡p-hm\pw

AZvtZl-¯n-\p-m-bn-cp¶ Ignhv Af-h-d-d-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. tIc-f-¯nse

s]mXp-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ kap-¶-X-amb kvYm\-§-fn-te-¡n-\nbpw Db-cp-

sa¶ {]XoIvjbmWv s]mXp-P-\-§-fnÂ AZvtZlw ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-¶-Xv.

]Ivsj lX-hn[n AXn-\-\p-h-Zn-¨n-Ã. AZvtZl¯nsâ AIm-e-N-caw

\nan¯w \nI-¯m-\-cp-Xm¯ \jvS-amWv tIc-f-¯n-\pmb-Xv.

96

tIc-f-¯nse kmln-Xy-Im-c³am-cnepw Ncn{X cN-bn-Xm-¡-fnepw,

Ncn{X Kth-j-I³am-cnepw AXyq-¶-X-am-sbmcp kvYm\w Xsâ {lkz-

am-sbmcp Pohn-X-Im-e¯v t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ Ignª D¯-a-\m-sbmcp

hyIvXnbm-bn-cp¶p ]tc-X-\mb skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv kmln-_v. kmln-Xy-

Im-c³am-cpw hninjym Ncn{XImc³amcpw kaq-l-¯nÂ \nt¶m,

kÀ¡m-cnÂ \nt¶m hf-sc-sbm¶pw t{]mÂkm-l-\-§Ä {]Xo-£n-¡m-

\n-S-bn-Ãm¯ Hcp Ime-L-«-¯nÂ, {]hÀ¯-\-a-WvU-e-§-fnÂ

BXvamÀXvYX-tbmSpw kvYntcmÂkml-t¯m-Spw- IqSn \o§n-s¡m-n-cn-

¡-sh-bmWv hn[nbpsS lkvX-§Ä B Pohn-X-¯n\p hncm-a-an-«-Xv.

1965 tem 66 sem BsW¶p tXm¶p-¶p, XeivticnbnÂ sh¨v

tIcf Ckveman¡v skan-\mÀ \S¶p sImn-cn-¡p¶ Ah-k-c-¯nÂ,

skan-\m-dp-ambn _\v[s¸«p GXm\pw Znh-k-§Ä AhnsS Nne-h-gn-¨p-

sIm-n-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv kmln-_p-ambn ASp¯p CS-

]-g-Im³ km[n-¨-Xv. A¶v kmln-Xy-k-t½-f\¯nÂ AZv[yIvj³

AZvtZl-am-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp km[m-cW kmln-Xy-Im-c-\nÂ Ihnªv IqSp-

X-sem¶pw Rm³ {]XoIvjn¨ncp-¶n-Ã. F¶mÂ B kmlnXy kt½-f-\-

¯nÂ k¶n-ln-X-\mbn, HcZv[yIvjs\¶ \ne-bnÂ, skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv

kmln-_v {]I-Sn-¸n¨ Ignhv I-t¸m-gmWv At±-l-t¯m-SpÅ _lp-am-

\hpw, aXn¸pw hÀZv[n¡m-\n-S-bm-b-Xv. skan-\m-dp-ambn _\v[s¸«p ]e

kt½-f-\-§fpw \S-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. kt½-f-\mZv[yIvj³amcnÂGd-

dhpw Ignhv {]I-Sn-¸n-¨Xp skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv kmln-_v Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p-

sh-¶p-ÅXv Ahn-XÀ¡n-X-amb kXyw am{X-am-Wv. skan-\mÀ kt½-f-\-

§-fnÂ A`n-`m-j-IÀ, C©n-\o-bÀamÀ, tUmIvSÀamÀ, aX-]-WvUn-

X³amÀ, AZv[ym]-IÀ XpS§n kap-Zm-b-¯nse hnhn[ cwK-§-fnÂ

{]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ am\y³amÀ ]s¦-Sp-¡p-Ibpw. AZv[yIvjyw hln-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. kmln-Xy-k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ, kmln-Xy-s¯-¡p-dn-¨pw,

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv _lp-apJ hyàn-Xz-¯nsâ DSa

Sn. Fw. kmhm³Ip«n

97

kmln-Xy-Im-c³am-cpsS Npa-X-e-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw addpw, hnhn-[-§-fmb

A`n-{]m-b-{]I-S\§Ä \S-¶-Xmbn Rm³ HmÀ¡p-¶p. Cu A`n-{]m-b-

§-sfÃmw k{iZv[w tI«p-sIm-v, Xsâ-Xmb A`n-{]m-b-KXn Fs´¶v,

kZ-ky-sc-bm-I-am\w \nivi_vZcmbn Ccp-¯n-s¡mv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv

kmln_v sNbvX {]kwK§Ä Gh-scbpw BIÀjn-¨n-cp-¶p. am{X-a-Ã,

hnj-b-§-fnÂ\n-¶pw, amdm³ {ian¨, {]mkw-Kn-I³amsc ISn-ªm-Wn«p

\nÀ¯n, tbmK-\-S-]-Sn-IÄ A¨-S-¡-t¯msS \nb-{ń-¨p-t]m¶ coXn-bpw,

kÀÆ-cp-sSbpw aXn¸v t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡m-\n-S-bm-bn.

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv kmln-_nsâ \ncymWw aqeapf-hmb hnShv

A{X s]s«¶p \nI-¯m-\m-hn-sÃ¶p ]d-tb--Xn-Ã. Ncn-{X-]-T-\-¯n-\pw,

hninjym apkveow Ncn{X ]T-\-¯n\pw, tIc-f-apkvenw Ncn-{X-]-T-\-

¯n\pw Hcp Xocm-\-jvS-am-Wv At±-l-¯nsâ A`m-h-sa¶p ]dtª

Xocq. At±lw cNn¨ ‘tIc-f-apkvenw Ub-d-IvSdn ’tIc-f-apkvenwIsf

ImWm-\pÅ I®m-Sn-bm-sW-¶p-thWw ]d-bm³. ‘tIc-f-apkvenw

PamA¯v kvddm-d-dn-kvd-dn-Ivk’v, ‘tIc-f-apkvenw Ncn-{Xw’, CkvfmanIv

skan-\m-dp-I-fpsS ‘dhyq-IÄ’ FÃmw tIc-f-apkvfowI-fpsS hnhn-[-§-

fmb {]hÀ¯-\-a-WvU-e-§sf B[n-Im-cn-I-ambn {]Im-in-¸n-¡p¶ al-

Xpv {K\vY§-fm-Wv. Xsâ kvacW F¡m-ehpw \ne-\nÀ¯m³ t]m¶

A\-iz-c-amb kvamc-I-§-Ä Xsâ IrXn-I-fnÂ IqSn AZvtZlw Xs¶

krjvSn-¨n-cp-¶p.

skbvXv apl-½Zv kmln-_nsâ kmaq-ly, km¼-¯nI ]ivNm -̄

e-t¯bpw At±lw ]n¶oSv ssIh-cn¨ t\«-§-sfbpw Chn-sS-sbm¶p

FSp¯p ]d-tb--Xp-v. Gd-dhpw ]mh-s¸« IpSpw-_-¯nÂ P\n-¡m-\n-

S-bmb ]tc-X³ Kth-j-W-¯n-sâbpw sshPvRm\nI Pohn-X-¯n-

sâbpw D¶X taJ-e-I-fnÂ F¯n-t¨À¶Xp kz]-cn-{i-a-¯mÂ am{X-am-

Wv. kwkv¡m-c-k-¼¶amb Xsâ ]n³Ime-Po-hnXw am{Xw ]cn-N-b-s¸-

Sm³ CS-bm-b-hÀ¡pw At±lw sNdp-¸-¡m-e¯p t\cn-tSn h¶

{]bm-k-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw, Pohn-X-t]m-cm-«-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw Hcp kqN-\bpw

e`n-¡p-I-bn-Ã. Ft¸mgpw kpkvta-c-h-Z-\-\mbn ImW-s¸« AZvtZlw ad-

dp-f-f-hsc t{]mÂkm-ln-¸n-¡p-¶-XnÂ AXy-[nIw \njvIÀj ImWn-¨n-

cp-¶p. A§ns\ Ffnb \ne-bnÂ Pohn-X-am-cw-`n-¨p-sh-¦nepw Pohn-X-

¯nsâ D¶X taJ-e-I-fnÂ kz{i-a-¯mÂ Ib-dn-s¨¶ skbvXp-ap-l-

½Zv kmln-_v, \½psS Ime-¯nse kmaq-ly-h-fÀ¨-bpsS Hcp {]Xo-I-

am-sW¶p ]dtª Xocq.

98

]tc-Xm³am-hn\p ]c-tem-IIvtjaw t\À¶p-sIm-Åp-¶p.----- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- -

________________________________________________ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- -- -- -- - -- -- -- -- --

kÀ«n-^n-¡-d-dn-semcp sXddv

hÀj-§Ä¡p-ap¼pv kwkvIrXw ]Tn¨p ]mÊmb skbvXp apl-½-Znsâ

kÀ«n-^n-¡-d-dnÂ A[n-Ir-XÀ¡p Adn-bmsX Hcp sXddp ]d-dn. skbvXp-

ap-l-½Zv F¶-Xn-\p-]-Icw tkXp-am-[-h³ Fs¶-gp-Xn-t¸m-b-Xm-bn-cp¶p

B ]ni-Iv.

XnI¨pw Adn-bm-sX-bmWv Cu ]niIv ]nWªsX¶pw ]d-ªp-Iq-S.

Hcp apkvfowIp«n kwkvIrXw ]Tn¨p ]mÊm-hp-Itbm? B Ip«n Hc-

apkvfoambn-cn-¡Ww F¶ A\p-am-\-t¯m-sS-bm-Wt{X skbvXp-ap-l-½-

Zn-\p-]-Icw A¶pv tkXp-am-[-h³ Fs¶-gp-Xn-t¨À¯-Xv.

Iqt\-g¯p ]c-ta-iz-c-ta-t\msâ Iogn-em-bn-cp¶p skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv kwkvIrXw]Tn-¨n-cp-¶-Xpv. kwkvIr-X-¯nÂ kmlnXyhnim-cZv ]coIvjbpw At±lw ]mÊm-hp-I-bp-m-bn.

99

________________________________________________________

tIc-f-¯nse P\-kwJy

tIc-f-¯nsâ hnkvXoÀ®w 38864 NXp-c{i Intem-ao-d-d-dm-Wv.

1971 þ se sk³kkv {]Imcw ChnsS 213-.47þeIvjw P\-§-fp-v. Ccp-

]Xmw \qd-dm-nsâ {]mcw`w apXÂ Chn-Ss¯ P\-kw-Jy-bnÂ {Iam-

\p-K-X-amb hÀZv[\ A\p- -̀h-s¸-«n-cp-¶p. AXn-\p-ap³]p-ff Nne IW-

¡p-IÄ Ct¸m-gs¯ hÀZv[\hnsâ Kpcp-X-cm-hkvY hyIvXam-¡p-¶-h-

bm-Wv. AXm-bXv 17-þmw \qd-dm-nsâ Bcw- -̀¯n-ep-m-bn-cp¶30

eIvjw P\-§Ä 45 eIvjambn s]cp-Im³ 250 hÀjw thn h¶p.

1881 apXÂ 1921 hsc-bpÅ 40 hÀjw sImv P\-kwJy 26 eIvjw

hÀZv[n¨-t¸mÄ ASp¯ 40 hÀjw (1921--þ61) sImv 91 eIvj¯nsâ

hÀZv[\hm-Wv- Dm-b-Xv. XpSÀ¶v 10 hÀjta thn-h-¶p-Åq, P\-kw-

Jy-bnÂ 44.43 eIvj¯nsâ hÀZv[\bp-m-Im³. NXp-c-{i-In-tem-ao-d-d-

dn\v 549 BWv Chn-Ss¯ P\-km-{µ-X. CXv C³Uy-bnse icm-icn P\-

km-{µ-X-bpsS 3 Cc-«n-bnepw IqSp-X-em-Wpv

tIc-f-¯nÂ IpSpw-_m-kq-{X-W-]-cn-]mSn Bcw-`n-¨-Xv 1955þem-Wv.

{][m\ saUn-¡Â kvYm]-\-§-tfmSv A\p-_\v[n¨v 11 IpSpw-_m-kq-

{XW Ivfn\n-¡p-IÄ A¶p {]hÀ¯n-¨p-Xp-S-§n. ]n¶o-Sv A\p-Iq-e-amb

]ptcm-KXn Cu cwK-¯p-m-bn. AXnsâ ê-am-bn-«m-Wv C¶v IpSpw-_m-

kq-{X-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä \msSm-«p¡pw hym]n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. Ct¸mÄ

\K-c-X-e-¯nÂ 21 AÀ_³ t^manen]vfm\nwKv tI{µ-§fpw {Kma-X-e-

¯nÂ 158 {]mY-an-Im-tcmIy tI{µ-§fpw 1761 D]-tI-{µ-§fpw hgn

IpSpw-_m-kq-{XW tkh-\-§Ä \ÂIn hcp-¶p.

kv{XoI-fpsS h\v[oI-c-W-¯n-\p-am-{X-ambn kwkvYm\-¯v 313 InS-

¡-I-fpÅ 21 hmÀUp-IÄ {]hÀ¯n-¨p-h-cp-¶p. AJn-teým t]mkvddv

]mÀ«w ]cn-]m-Sn-b-\p-k-cn-¨pv kv{XoI-fpsS {]k-hm-\-ć h\v[oI-c-W-i-

kv{X-{In-b-bv¡mbn 12 bqWn-d-dp-IÄ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶p-v. KÀ -̀\n-tcm-[-\-

¯n-\mbn Ign-¡p¶ Kpfn-Im-]-cn-]mSn 21 tI{µ-§-fn-te¡v hym]n-¸n-¨n-cp-

¡p-¶p. \nb-am-\p-krX KÀ -̀On-{Z-¯n-\v 67 Kh¬saâv Bip-]-{Xn-

IÄ¡pw, 7 kzImcy kvYm]-\-§Ä¡pw AwKo-Imcw \ÂIn-bn-«p-v. 140

saUn-¡Â Hmô-kÀamÀ¡pw CXn-te-¡pÅ ssek³kv \ÂIn Ign-

ªp.

Btcm-Ky-cw-K¯v hnhn[ tkh-\-§Ä¡mbn {]tXy-Iw-{]-tXyIw

{]hÀ¯-Isc \ntbm-Kn-¨p-sIm-pÅ C¶s¯ GÀ¸m-Sn-\p-]-Icw

hnhn[ tkh-\-§Ä Hcm-fn-eqsS \nÀh-ln-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp ]pXnb

100

{]hÀ¯-\-ssi-en-¡v cq]w sImSp-¯p-h-cn-I-bm-Wv. AX-\p-k-cn-¨v IpSpw-

_m-kq-{X-Ww, amXr-in-ip-kw-cIvjWw, akq-cn-\nÀamÀPvP\w XpS-§nb

hnhn[ hn`m-K-§sf GtIm-]n-¸n¨v Hmtcm sabnÂ hÀ¡-dp-sSbpw

ôsa-bnÂ hÀ¡-dp-sSbpw {]hÀ¯-\-ta-J-e-bnÂ sImp-h-cp-¶-Xm-Wv.

1975-þ76þte¡p tIc-f-¯nÂ 148,400 h\v[oI-c-W-i-kv{X-{Inb \S-

¯-W-sa-¶m-bn-cp¶p eIvjyw. 1976 P\p-h-cn-am-km-h-km\w hsc 66,012

i-kv{X-{InbIÄ am{X-ta sNbvXn-cp-¶p-Åq. F¶mÂ ]n¶o-SpÅ cp

amks¯ Xo{h-bXv\w sImv amÀ¨v Ah-km-\-am-b-t¸m-tg¡pw 156.591

i-kv{X-{InbIÄ sN¿m³ km[n-¨p. \nÀZvZnjvSeIvjy¯nsâ 203.5 iX-

am\w hnPbw ssIh-cn¨v CSp-¡n-PnÃ H¶mw kvYm\w IckvYam-¡n-b-

t¸mÄ cmw kvYm\-s¯-¯n-bXv 134.8 iX-am\w t\«w ssIh-cn¨

XriqÀPn-Ã -bm-Wv. tImgn-t¡mSv PnÃ 126.2 iX-am\w t\Sn aq¶mw

kvYm\-s¯-¯n.

A©mw ]©-hÂk-c-]Zv[Xn-bpsS Ah-km\w P\-\-\n-c¡v

1000þ\v 30 B¡n Ipd-bv¡-W-sa¶ C³Uym Kh¬saânsâ AwKo-Ir-

X-eIvjyw tIc-fs¯ kw_\v[n¨n-S-t¯mfw 1973þÂ Xs¶ ssIh-cn¨p

Ign-ªp. F¦nepw Chn-Ss¯ ac-W-\n-c-¡n-ep-m-bn-«pÅ KWy-amb

Ipd-hp-aqew P\-kwJymhÀZv[\-hnÂ kmc-amb Ipd-hp-m-I-W-sa-¦nÂ

Cu ]cn-]mSn Ipsd-¡qSn DuÀPvPkze-X-tbm-sS-Xs¶ XpS-tc--Xp-v.

kvtddddv ^manen ]vfm\nwKv _yqtdm

kn.-H.16/10 tIc-fm, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw

________________________________________________________

101

\½psS {]nb-s¸« skbvXp-ap-l-½Xv acn-¨n«v Hcp hÀjw

XnI-bm-dm-bn. F¶mÂ skbvXp-ap-l-½Xv acn-¨p-t]mbn F¶v hniz-kn-

¡p-hm³ a\-Ên-t¸mgpw Hcp-¡-a-Ã. acn-¨m-epw Pohn-¡p-sa¶v ]d-bp¶

a\p-jy-sc-¸-ddn CÆn-[-am-bn-cn¡mw ka-Im-enI-cp-sS A\p- -̀hw.

sslkv¡qÄ Imew apXÂ skbvXp-ap-l-½Xns\ ImWp-hm\pw

AZvtZl-¯-nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨-dn-bp-hm\pw Htc \m«p-Im-

sc¶ \ne¡v F\n¡v `mKy-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. AZvtZlw I£-¯n-e-S-¡n-

¸n-Sn-¨p-sImv \S¶v hnÂ]\ \S¯m-dpÅ ]pkvX-I-¯nsâ ]n¶n-ep-

ff hn]vf-hm-th-i-s¯-¸-d-dn-tbm, Ae-ªpXn-cnªp shbnepw agbpw

sImv \S¶v {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ Imcy-§-fpsS BZÀi-am-lmXvays¯¸d-

dntbm H¶pw A¡m-e¯v R§Ä¡mÀ¡pw Hcp ]nSn-]m-Sp-ap-m-bn-cp-

¶n-Ã. \Ã -h®w {]kw-Kn-¡p¶ Hcp sNdp-¸-¡m-c-\m-bn-cp¶p

sslkv¡qÄ Imew apXÂ Xs¶ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv F¶-Xn-\mÂ

hnZymÀXv Yn\n-I-fmb R§Ä¡v t]mepw AZvtZlw kp]-cn-Nn-X-\m-bn-

cp-¶p.

A¡mew Ignªp Iptd \mfp-IÄ¡v tij-amWv, ]ns¶

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Z¼-Xn-I-fp-ambn IqSp-XÂ k¼À¡-¯n\v F\n¡v

skuIcyw e`n-¡p-¶-Xv. AXm-Is« Fsâ `À¯m-hnsâ Dd-d-an-{X-amb

skbvXp-ap-l-½Xpw IpSpw-_hpw R§-fpsS IpSpw-_-hp-ambn Gd-dhpw

lrZy-amb skulrZ-¯nÂ Ign-ªn-cp-¶-Xp-aq-e-hp-am-Wv. GX-h-k-c-

¯nepw Fd-Wm-Ip-f-¯vIqSn IS-¶p-t]m-tI--Xmbn hcp-t¼m-Ä

skbvXp-ap-l-½Znsâ ho«nÂ Ibdn GsX-¦nepw Hcp-t\-cs¯ ÌvjWw

Ign-¡m-sXbpw Ipsd kabw AhnsS \À½-k-Ãm-]-hp-ambn Nne-h-gn-¡m-

sXbpw Hcn-¡-ep-an-cp-¶n-«n-Ã. At¸m-sgÃmw Nncn-¸n¨v a®p-I-¸n-¡p¶

ên-X-§Ä ]d-bm-dpÅ skbvXp-ap-l-½Xv HmÀ½-I-fpsS Ad-I-fn-te¡v

Cgp-In-ho-Wn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶v F§n-s\-hn-iz-kn-¡p-hm-\m-Wv.

skbvXp-ap-l½Zv HmÀ½I-fnÂ¡qSn

anknkv ^m¯n-am-Icow

102

acn-¡p-¶-Xn\v H¶-c-amkw ap¼mWv Rm³ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zns\

ImWp-¶-Xv. Rm\pw aq¯ aI³ _m_phpw-IqSn ^dq-¡vtIm-tfPv

{]n³kn-¸Â PeoÂkm-ln-_nsâ aIÄ kpl-d-bpsS Ieym-W-¯n\p

t]mb kµÀ -̀¯n-em-bn-cp¶p AXv. t]mb-t¸mgpw aS-§n-h-¶-t¸mgpw

Kncn-\-K-dn-epÅ skbvXp-ap-l-½Znsâ ho«nÂ Ib-dn-bn-cp-¶p. skbvXp-ap-

l-½Zpw `mcy JZo-Pbpw R§-sf-Ãm-h-cpw-IqSn Ccp¶v ÌvjWw Ign-

¡p-t¼mÄ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv ]d-ªp. ‘Icow sIm¨nÂ bqWn-th-gvkn-

ddnbnem-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ F\n¡v Fs´m-cmXva_-e-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ct¸mÄ

hew-ssI-\-jvS-s¸-«-Xp-t]m-se-bpÅ tXm¶-em-Wv. kaÀXvYambn Fs´-

¦nepw sN¿p-hm³ Ign-hp-f-f-hsc Hcn-¡epw ad-dp-f-f-hÀ¡v kln-¡p-hm-

s\m-¡p-I-bn-Ã¶pw A¯cw Ak-ln-jvWp-X-bpsS cIvXkmIvjnbmWv

Ico-sa¶pw’AZv tZlw ]d-ªp. Fs¶ I-Xp-sImv ]d-bp-¶-Xm-bn-

cp-¶nÃ AXv. Icow sIm¨n³ bqWn-th-gvkn-d-dn-bnÂ\n¶pw Xncn¨p hnfn-

¡-s¸« A¶p apXÂ hfsc lrZ-b-th-Z-\-tbm-Sp-IqSn C¡mcyw

AZvtZlw BhÀ¯n-¡m-dp-m-bn-cp-¶psh¶v JZo-Pbpw Ft¶mSv ]d-

ªp. Cu ASp¯ Znhkw hopw Kncn-\-K-dnse B ho«nÂ sN¶-t¸m-

gmWv kZm D\vtaj-hm-\mbn Nncn-¡p-Ibpw Nncn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv acn-¨p-t]m-btÃm Ft¶mÀ¯v hymIp-e-bm-Ip-¶-Xv.

R§-fpsS ho«nÂ ]e-X-c-¯n-ep-ff Bfp-Ifpw hcm-dp-v. cmjv{So-

b-¡mcpw, kmln-Xy-Imc³amcpw, kmwkvIm-cnI hnZym-`ymk {]hÀ¯-

Icpw, DtZym-KkvY³am-cp-sam-s¡. ]Ivsj skbvXp-ap-l-½Xns\-t¸mse

ho«nÂ Ib-dp¶ \nanjw apXÂ t]mIp-¶-Xp-hsc a\p-jysc Nncn-¸n-¡p-

I-bpw kt´m-jn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-ff hyIvXnIÄ CsÃ -¶p-Xs¶

]d-bmw. Rmt\mÀ¯p-t]m-Ip-I-bm-Wv. ssI¿nÂ GsX-¦nepw Hcp

henb s]mXn-bp-ambn aS-¡n-¡p-¯nb app-am-bZvtZlw Nncn-¨p-

sImv Ibdn hcpw. B¸n-tfm, \mc-§-tbm, _nkv¡-tddm A§ns\

Fs´-¦n-ep-am-bn-cn-¡p-a-XnÂ. IS-¶-]msS tNmZy-am-bn, ‘]pXn-am-¸nf

FhnsS’ At¸mÄ XpS-§p¶ Nncn ]ns¶ CtX-hn[w Hmtcm-t¶m-tcm¶v

]d-bp-t¼mgpw IqSp-XÂ {]^p-Ã -am-Ip-¶p. Hcn-¡Â skbvXp-ap-l-½Xv

X\n-¨mWv h¶Xv. Rm³ tNmZn-¨p.-‘J-ZoP CtÃ’, DS³ adp-]Sn ‘]cp-¡p-

]än InS-¸n-em-Wvv. hÃ hogvNtbm atddm kw`-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-sa¶v IcpXn

DXv¡-WvT-tbm-Sp-IqSn R§Ä tNmZn-¨p. ‘htÃm-S¯pw hoW-XmtWm?’ ‘AÃ, KÀ`w.’ Nncn-¨p-sImv skbvZp-ap-l-½-Znsâ adp-]-Sn. Nncn-bpsS

B Ae-sbm-en-bnÂ R§-sfms¡ Aen-ªp-tNÀ¶p.

103

skbvZv Z¼-Xn-am-cpsS Cf-b-a-IÄ kn\v[phn\v aq¶p hb-Êmbn

ImWpw. Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯p sh¨v C³Uy³ lnkvtd-dm-dn-¡Â

sd¡mUvkv I½o-jsâ 41þmw aXp kt½-f-\-¯nÂ skbvXv apl-½Zpw

JZo-Pbpw Ip«n-Ifpw h¶n-«p-v. Cu kt½-f-\-¯nsâ tem¡Â sk{I-

«dn Ico-am-bn-cp-¶p. R§-fpsS ho«nÂ cp aq¶p Znhkw HcpÂk-h-

¯nsâ {]Xo-Xn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. skbvXp-ap-l-½Xpw IpSpw-_hpw; Xam-

ibpw Nncnbpw Xs¶. tImh-f¯v t]mIm-s\m-cp§n FÃm-h-cp-an-d-§n.

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Xncnªp JZo-P-tbmSv hfsc Kuc-h-¯nÂ‘FhnsS

kvddm³vR§Ä¡v Imcyw a\kvknem-bn-Ã.Cf-b-a-IÄ kn\v[phns\

{Sm³kn-kvd-dÀ F¶mWv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv ]d-bmdv. Fhn-sSbpw

Ft¸mgpw ssI¿nÂ FSp-¯p-sImv \S-¡p¶ km[-\-sa-

¶ÀXvY¯nÂ. ]Ivtj F´m-Wo-kvd-dm³v. R§Ä Xnc-¡n. ‘AtXm

{Sm³kn-kvd-dÀ LSn-¸n-¡p¶ kvddm³dv, skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv ]dªp

XoÀ¶nÃ; Ip«nsb FSp-¡p¶ the-¡mcn h¶v {Sm³kn-kvd-dÀ

bYmkvYe¯v sh¨p.

\À½-ckw Xpfp-¼p¶ B kc-k-kw-`m-jWw ad-dpÅhcpsS

a\x{]bm-k-§fpw avfm\-X-Ifpw XoÀ¡m³t]mepw ]cym-]vX-am-bn-cp-¶p.

Hcn-¡Â ASp¯ Hcp _\v[p acn-¨-X-dnªv ZpxJw {]I-Sn-¸n¨ R§-

tfmSv ac-W-hn-hcw hni-Zo-I-cn-¨p-sImv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv ]d-ª-h-km-

\n-¸n- -̈Xn-§-s\-bm-Wv. “\Ã Hcp a\p-jy³. 92-þmwas¯ hb-ÊnÂ AIm-

e-N-c-a-a-S-ªp.”CtXm-Sp-IqSn FÃm-hcpw s]m«n-¨n-cn-¨p. ZpxJhpw

ZpxJ{]I-S-\hpw amªp. ck-I-c-amb ]e IY-Ifpw skbvXp-ap-l-½-

Xn\v ]d-bm-\p-v. sIm¨n-bnÂ Aa-cm-h-Xn-bnÂ Xma-kn-¨n-cp¶ Ime¯v

\S¶ Iptd IY-IÄ IpSpw-_n-I-fpsS ae-bm-f-ssi-en-bnÂ skbvXp-ap-l-

½Zv Ah ]d-bp-t¼mÄ Nncn¨v Nncn¨v Ah-i-cm-Im-¯-hÀ ImWp-I-bn-Ã.

ASp¯ temUvPnse sNdp-¸-¡m-c³ aXn-en-\p-ap-I-fnÂIqSn ASp¯

then-¡-I-t¯¡v F¯n-t\m-¡n-b-Xns\ho«p-Im-c-\mb

sIm¦nWn{_mlvaW³ BIvtj]n-¡p-¶-Xn-§-s\-bm-Wv. “F´m kwKm-

Xn, aXnÂ s]m¡n-t\m-¡-tW....” AXp-t]mse Aev]w Aiveoe-a-b-amb

Imth-dn-bpsS IY-bp-sam-s¡-¸-dªp kplr-¯p-¡sf Hs¡ Nncn-¸n-

¡m-dpÅ, kZm Nncn-¡p¶ skbvXp-ap-l-½Xv! Xm¦sf C\n ImWm³

Ign-bp-I-bn-Ã¶ hnNmcw lrZ-b-t -̀Z-I-am-Wv. Xm¦Ä acn-¨n-«n-Ã. acn-¡p-I-

bp-an-Ã. Fs¶-t¸m-se-bpÅ Bbn-c-am-bncw kplr-¯p-¡-fpsS kpµ-c-

kva-c-W-bnÂ kpkvta-c-h-Z-\-\mb Xm¦Ä F¶pw Pohn¡pw. B N{µ-

Xmcw Xm¦-fpsS HmÀ½ \ne-\nÂ¡pI Xs¶ sN¿pw.

104

\nivNb-ambpw ssZhw, hnIm-c-§sf \nb-{ń-¡p-Ibpw

kZm \³a-sN-¿p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶-h-cpsS `mK-¯m-Wv.

]: Jpdm³: 16/128

* * * *

105

“hgnª emh-Wy-sam-SmSn \nev¡th

sImgnªp t]mw NnÃ -bnÂ\n¶p Xmcp-IÄ

sXfnªp hm\nÂ Ifn-bm-Sn-tbm-Sth

apdn-ªp-hogpw Nne sIm¨p-Xm-c-IÄ”.

skbvXp apl-½-Zn-s\-¸-ddn teJ-\-sa-gp-Xm³ thn t]\

FSp-¯-t¸mÄ sI.-sI. cm-Pm-hnsâ ‘_mjv]m-RvP-en’bnÂ \n¶pÅ

Cu ivtfmI-amWv F\n¡p s]s«-t¶mÀ½ h¶Xv. tIc-f-¯nsâ

kmkv¡m-cnI cwK¯v A\n-Xc km[m-c-W-amb hyIvXn{]`mhw

]peÀ¯n-s¡mv I¯n-sX-fn-ªp-\n-¶n-cp¶ Ime-¯mWv skbvXp-ap-

l-½Zv lrZ-b-kvXw- -̀\w-aqew AIm-e-N-c-a-a-S-ª-Xv. tIc-f-km-lnXy ]cn-

j-¯nsâ sshkv {]kn-Uâv, tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-bn-tebpw

Iem-a-WvU-e-¯n-tebpw \nÀÆm-l-I-k-an-Xn-bw-Kw, tIc-f-ln-kvd-ddn

Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ sk{I-«-dn, tIc-f-kw-KoX \mSI A¡m-Zan

Iu¬knÂ AwKw F¶n-§s\ ]e \ne-I-fnepw kPo-h-ambn

{]hÀ¯n-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡-th-bmWv AZvtZlw A´-cn-¨-Xv. Xm³ AwK-

am-bn-cn¡p¶ kvYm]-\-§Ä Xs¶-t¸mse-Xs¶ ssNX-\y-ap-f-f-h-bm-bn-

cn-¡-W-sa¶v AZvtZl-¯n\p \nÀ_\v[ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sIm-p-

Xs¶ Xsâ hyIvXnXz-¯n-tâ-Xmb {]`mhw AZvtZlw Ah-bn-te-ev]n-

¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-bpsS Imcy-¯nÂ AZvtZlw

AwK-amb Ime-a-{Xbpw AZv tZl¯nsâ KpW-I-c-amb

km¶nZv[y¯nsâ kÂ^-e-§Ä A¡m-Zan A\p- -̀hn-¨n-«p-s¶pw Dd-

¸n¨p ]d-bm³ B{K-ln-¡p-¶p.

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zpw kmlnXy A¡m-Z-anbpw

]h-\³

106

skbvXp apl-½Zv tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-bpsS sshkv {]kn-

Uâmbn \nb-an-X-\m-bXv (1968 Â) At±-l-¯nsâ 40-þmw hb-Ên-em-bn-cp-

¶p. {]mb-¡q-Sp-Xepw Ccp¯w h¶-hcpw D¶-X-t{i-Wn-bnÂ hÀ¯n-¡p-

¶-h-cp-amb“alm-km-ln-Xy-Im-c³amÀ¡v” kwh-cWw sN¿-s¸« kvYm\-

§-fmWv A¡m-Zan AZv[yIvjtâXpw D]mZv[yIvjtâXpsa¶n-cns¡

A¯cw AÀl-X-I-sfm-¶p-an-Ãm¯ Hcmsf XÂkvYm\¯p \nb-an-¨Xp

Hcp ]ń-tI-Sm-bntÃ F¶p kwi-bn-¨-h-cp-m-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-cnÂ

]ecpw X§-fpsS FXnÀ¸p ]c-ky-am-bn-¯s¶ {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. F¶mÂ A¶v A¡m-Zan {]kn-Uâm-bn-cp¶ s{]m: Ipd-dn-¸p-

gbv¡p AXnÂ Hc-kp-Jhpw tXm¶n-bn-Ã. F´p FXnÀ¸p-m-bmepw,

AXns\ t\cn-SpI Xs¶ sN¿psa¶p skbvXp-ap-l-½Zpw Dd-¨p.buh-\-

¯nsâ DuÀPvPkzeXAXn-¶ZvtZls¯ klm-bn-

¨p.BXvamÀXvYXbpw ]cn-Nb k¼-¶-Xbpw ssIap-X-em-¡n-s¡mv,

DÅ a®nÂ Dd¨p \nÂ¡p-hm³ Xs¶ AZvtZlw Xocp-am-\n-¨p. FXn-

cm-fn-IÄ¡p ]n³hm-t§n h¶p. HSp-hn-sem-Sp-hn-em-b-t¸mÄ

FXnÀ¯-h-cnÂ ]ecpw AZvtZl¯n\p kzoI-cWw \ÂIn. Ah-km\w

FXnÀ¸p Xs¶ CÃm-Xm-bn. am{X-a-Ã, FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS CS-bn-ep-m-bn-

cp¶ sIm¼-\m-\-IÄ Xs¶ skbvXnsâ Npddpw \n¶p

AZvtZl¯ns\mcp cIvjmh-ebw krjvSn-¨p. ]n¶oSp ]n¶oSp tIc-f-

¯nsâ kmwkv¡m-cnI cwK¯p HutZy-KnI Xe-¯n-em-bmepw

A\utZymKnI-X-e-¯n-embpw Imcy-amb {]hÀ¯\w \S-¯p-¶-Xn¶p

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ Iq«p-Iq-Sntb Ignbq F¶p h¶p. A§ns\

FXnÀ¸nsâ ap\ HSn-¨p. i{Xp-¡sf an{X-§-fm-¡n, Xsâ IÀ½Ivtj{X-

¯n¶p hnim-eX hcp-¯n-s¡m-mWv Adp-]-Xp-I-fpsS HSp-¡-¯nÂ

skbvXp apt¶-dn-b-Xv.

Ipd-dn-¸pg {]kn-U³dpw skbvXv sshkv {]knU³dpambn-cp¶

Ime¯p kmln-Xy-A-¡m-Zan AXn¶p ap¼p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ

Gsd kPo-h-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p F¶p ]dtª Xocq. A¡m-Z-an-bpsS

hoIvjW-¯n\p hn]p-eo-I-c-Whpw {]hÀ¯-\-¯n\p \h-ssN-X-\y-hp-

ap-mb Hcp Ime-L-«-am-bn-cp¶p AXv. 1971 s^{_phcn 11-þmw XobXn

Ipd-dn-¸pg A´-cn-¨-Xn-s\-¯p-SÀ¶v A¡m-Z-an-bpsS BIvSn§v {]kn-U-

m-bn. ]qÀ®-amb kmcXvYyw skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zp-Xs¶ Gsd-d-Sp-¯p.

C{Xbpw {]mbw Ipdª asd-dm-cmÄ AXn-\p-apt¼m ]nt¼m C¯cw

Hcp kvYm\-¯n-cp-¶n-«n-Ã. ]cn-Wn-X-{]PvR\pw [nj-Wm-im-enbpw

]WvUn-X-h-tc-Wy-\p-am-bn-cp¶ Ipd-dn-¸p-g-bp-ambn skbvXns\ Xmc-X-ay-

107

s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xp icn-bm-bn-cn-¡n-Ã. F¶mÂ skbvXv AZvtZl-¯n-tâ-

Xmb hyIvXnXzw Xm³ Gsd-d-Sp¯ kvYm\-¯n\p \ÂIn F¶Xp

\nÀÆn-hm-Z-amb Hcp hkvXp-X-bm-Wv. Ipd-dn-¸pg {]kn-Upw skbvXp-ap-

l-½Zv sshkv {]kn-Upw Bbn-cp¶ Imes¯ \nÀÆm-l-I-k-anXn

]ptcm-K-a-\-]-c-amb \S-]-Sn-IÄ At\Iw ssIs¡m-Åp-I-bp-m-bn.

kmln-Xy-Im-c³am-cpsS jjvSn-]qÀ¯nbpw k]vX-Xnbpw BtLm-

jn-¡p¶ Hcp kwL-S-\-bmWv kmlnXy A¡m-Zan F¶ [mcW AhÀ

Xncp-¯n. A¡m-Z-an-bpsS Hmôkv {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp¶ sI«nSw A¡m-Z-

an¡p kz´-ambn e`n-¡p-am-dm-¡n-bXv Ah-cm-bn-cp-¶p. A¡m-Z-an-bpsS

{]knZv[oI-c-W-§-fnÂ F´p-sImpw {]m[m-\y-aÀln-¡p¶‘{K\vY

kq-Nn’-bpsS cp-`m-K-§Ä Dm-¡p-hm-\pÅ {]mcw`w Ipdn-¨Xpw B

\nÀÆm-l-I-k-an-Xn-bpsS Ime-¯m-Wv. skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv B {]knZv[oI-

c-W-¯nsâ FUn-td-dm-dn-bÂ t_mÀUv AwK-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p. {K\vYkq-Nn

{]knZv[s¸-Sp-¯n-¡m-Wp-hm-\pÅ `mKyw Ipd-dn-¸p-g-bv¡p-m-bn-Ã.

F¶mÂ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv acn-¡p-¶-Xn\p Ipd¨p ap¼p-Xs¶‘{K\vYkq-

Nn’- {]knZv[oI-cn-¡-s¸-«p.

A¶p XpS-§n-sh¨ asd-dmcp _rl-Xv{K\vYamWv ‘kmln-Xy-Im-c-

U-b-d-IvS-dn.’CXnsâ FUn-td-dm-dn-bÂ t_mÀUnepw skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv

ac-Ww-h-scbpw AwK-am-bn-cp-¶p. Xma-kn-bmsX {]knZv[oI-cn-¡p-hm³

t]mIp¶ Cu {K\vYw A¡m-Z-an-bp-ambn skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p-m-bn-

cp¶ _\v[¯nsâ Hcp kvamcIw IqSn-bm-bn-cn-¡pw.

A¡m-Z-an-bpsS B`n-ap-Jy-¯n-epÅ ‘kmln-Xy-temIw’ {]knZv[oI-c-W-am-cw-`n-¨Xpw skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ Ime-¯m-Wv. CXn\pw

]pdsa shsd]e henb {K\vY§-fp-sSbpw {]knZv[oI-c-W-¯n\pÅ

Bcw`w Ipdn-¨Xpw A¡m-e-¯m-bn-cp-¶p. ‘Nne-¸-Xn-Im-cw’, `c-X-ap-\n-

bpsS ‘\mSy-im-kv{Xw,’ ‘]Z-kw-kv¡m-c-N-{µn-I,’ ‘aWn-ta-J-e,’‘alm-`m-

cXw’ addpw addpw B ]«n-I-bnÂs]-Sp-¶p. Ah-bnÂ ]eXpw ASp-¯-

Im-e-¯mWv {]knZv[oI-c-n¨sX-¦nepw XpS¡w Ipdn-¨Xv A¡m-e-¯m-bn-

cp-¶p. Ch-bp-sS-sbms¡ ]n¶nÂ t{]c-I-iIvXnbmbn {]hÀ¯n-¨-h-

cpsS Iq«-¯nÂ skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-\pÅ kvYm\w AZz-Xo-b-am-Wv.

tIc-f-I-em-a-WvU-ew, kwKo-X-\m-SIA¡m-Zan XpS-§nb addp

kmwkvIm-cn-IkvYm]-\-§-fnepw skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ ap³I¿pw t{]c-

Wbpw ImcWw DS-se-Sp¯ ]pXnb kwcw- -̀§sf Rm\n-hnsS kv]Àin-

108

¡p-¶n-Ã. kmln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an-bn-se-¶-t]mse addp kvYm]-\-§-fnepw

At±lw Xsâ hyàn-Xz-¯nsâ iàn-bmb ‘{]kmcw’ GÂ¸n-¨n-cp-¶p-

sh¶p am{Xw {]kvXm-hn-¡p-¶p. Iem-a-WvU-e-¯nsâ B`n-ap-Jy-¯nÂ

hf-f-t¯mÄ P³a-i-Xm_vZn Kwò-c-ambn BtLm-jn-¡p-hm\pw AXn-

tebv¡p Hcp tImSn Ddp-¸n-I-bpsS _UvP-ddv Dm¡n kaÀ¸n-¡p-

hm\pw B BtLm-j-¡-½-d-dn-bpsS sk{I-«dn F¶ \ne-bnÂ

skbvXn\p Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. Cu BtLm-j-§Ä h¼n¨ hnP-b-am-¡n-

¯oÀt¡-W-sa¶p At±lw AXn-bmbn B{K-ln-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-

¶p.

hyIvXn]-c-ambn ]d-ªmÂ skbvXv Fsâ Nnc-´-\-kp-lr-¯m-bn-

cp-¶p. {]mb-¯nÂ Ihnª ]Iz-Xbpw kml-Ncyw A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶-

XnÂ Ihnª tkh-\-XÂ¸-c-Xbpw ImWn¨ B kplr-¯p-ambn IqSp-

XÂ ASp¯p CS-]-g-Ip-hm³ km[n-¡p-sa¶ {]XoIvj kmln-Xy-A-¡m-

Z-an-bnse ]pXnb Npa-Xe Hcp sImÃw ap¼p Gsd-d-Sp-¯-t¸mÄ F\n-

¡p-m-bn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ hÀjw ]qÀ¯n-bm-Ip-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼p-Xs¶

At±-l-¯nsâ arX-tZ-l-¯nÂ ]pjv]-N{Iw sh¨p ]n³hm-§p-hm-\pÅ

KXn-tI-Sm-Wp-m-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xv. IjvSw Xs¶. Cu Ipdn¸v Ah-km-\n-

¡p-t¼mÄ Ipd-dn-¸p-d-¯nsâ Hcp ]Zy-i-Iew IqSn a\kvknÂ Xn¡n-

¯n-c¡n hcp-¶p. Rm\Xp Ipdn-¨n-Ss«!

“Hc-Ã -en-sÃ -¦n-se-\n¡p IÃmþ

bncn-¡p-hm-\m-Wn\n taen-enjvSw

acn-¨pt]mw aÀ¯yX Fń-\mWv

Ic-ªn-Sm\pw Ic-bn-¨n-Sm\pw“

\ap¡v A§s\ Biz-kn-¡mw.

* * *

109

{]nbw-I-c-\mb D]-tZ-jvSm-th; At§bv¡v

R§-fpsS _mjv]mPvRen-IÄ

A§v kmwkv¡m-cnI tIc-f-¯nsâ

A´-cn-{µn-b-§sf Iq«n-bn-W-¡p¶ iIvXntI{µ-am-bn-cp¶p;

Hcp ]pXnb kaq-l-̄ nsâ ]nd-hn-bv¡p-thn Zmln-¡p¶

]p¯³ Xe-ap-d-bpsS {]tNm-Z-\-tI-{µ-am-bn-cp¶p;

Ignª ]Xn-t\gv kwhÂk-c-§-fmbn R§-fpsS hoYn-I-fnÂ

shfn¨w {]k-cn-̧ n-̈ p-sIm-n-cp¶ tPymXnÀt¤m-f-am-bn-cp¶p; R§-fpsS a\-Êp-I-fnÂ,

lrZ-b-§-fnÂ, kncm-hyq-l-§-fnÂ Hcn-¡epw sI«-S-§m¯ IÀ½-ssN-X\yw ]IÀ¶

A\nÀKvKf PohÂ{]-hm-l-am-bn-cp-¶p. C¶nXm;

A§v R§sf Fs¶ -t¶ -bv¡p-ambn hn«p-t]m-bn-cn-¡p¶p;

ambm¯ kvac-W-Ifpw, Xocm¯ thZ-\-Ifpw Ah-ti-jn-̧ n-̈ p-sImv

F¦n-epw, A§v

R§-fn-ep-bÀ¯nb PvRmt\m]m-k-\-bpsS; \nkzmÀXvYX-bpsS, IÀ½-tN-X-\-bp-sS,

PohÂkv^p-c-W-§Ä R§-fnepv. B Zo]vXn-Pzm-e-IÄ

F¶pw R§sf HmÀ½n-¸n-¡pw, ]n.- G.- sk-bvXp-ap-l-½-Zn\v

ac-W-anÃ.“

\ndª thZ-\-tbm-sS,

{]hÀ¯-IÀ

auem\m BkmZv tkmtjym IÄ -̈dÂ skâÀ

sIm¨n³.

110

Kp-cphpw in-jy\pw

tIk-cn G. _m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-Åbpw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zpw

111

F. _

m-e-I

r-jv-W

-]n-Å

sk

-bv-X

p-ap-l

-½-Zn-s

\-gpX

n-b I

-̄n-s

â t

^m-t

«m-k

v-d-dm

112

t^mt«m-Ìm-d-dnsâ icn-¸-IÀ¸v

amS-h-\-]-d¼v ]d-hqÀ

24-þ2þ1949.

Dear Mr.Sayed Mohamed,

\h-hÀjm-cw- -̀¯n-e-b¨ Pictoral CardDw cp teJ-\-

§fpw In«n. Ahbv¡p Rm³ hfsc IrX-PvR-\mWv. Chbv¡p \µn

]dªp adp-]Sn Ab-¡m-¯-Xn\p ImcWw I¯p-IÄ Fgp-Xp-¶-XnÂ

F\n-¡p-ff sshap-Jy-am-Wv. ]¯p-ap-¸-Xp-hÀj-¯n-e-[n-I-ambn F¶pw

teJ-\-§Ä Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶Xp \nan¯w ss{]h-ddv I¯p-IÄ Fgp-Xp-¶-

XnÂ F\n¡p henb aSn-bp-v. FgpXn FgpXn Fgp-¯nÂ apjnhp

tXm¶p-¶-XmWv CXn\p Imc-Ww. Fsâ IpSpw-_-_\v[p¡Ä¡pw adp-

]-Sn-¡-¯p-IÄ Rm³ hfsc Xma-kn¨p am{Xta Fgp-Xm-dp-Åp. AhÀ¡v

Fsâ Cu hgn Adn-bmw. Imcyw {Kln¨v Rm³ ImWn¨ \µn-tISv

\n§Ä Ivjan-¡p-sa¶v hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. I½yq-Wn-kvd-dp-ImÀ¡pw

bmYmkvYnXn-IÀ¡pw H¶p-t]mse Ft¶mSp ck-an-sÃ -¶pÅ kwKXn

F\n¡v Adn-bmw. sImfw_nse Hcp I½yq-Wn-kvddp ]{Xw AhÀ

F\n¡p shdpsX Ab-¨p-X-cp-¶-Xp-am-{Xta Rm³ ImWm-dp-Åp. tIc-f-

¯nse Hcp I½yq-Wn-kvddp ]{Xhpw Rm³ ImWm-dn-Ã. Rm³ ]{X-{]-

hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ GÀs¸« \mÄ apXÂ¡p Fs¶ ]e IIvjn¡mcpw

FXnÀ¯n-«p-v. FXnÀ¸p {]knZv[n P\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. CXp-sIm-mWv

F\n¡p th-Xn-e-[nIw {]knZv[ntbm Ip{]knZv[ntbm In«n-bn-«p-Å-

Xpw. Rm³ Nne cmjv{So-b-IIvjnI-sfbpw kmln-Xy-IIvjnI-sfbpw

iIvXn]qÀÆw ]e-t¸mgpw A\p-Iq-en-s¨-gp-Xm-dp-s-¦nepw, Ch-bnÂ

H¶nepwXs¶ BZn-Imew apXÂ¡p Rm³ AwK-ambn tNÀ¶n-«n-Ã.

ImcWw Fsâ kzX-{´-Nn-´m-K-Xn-bmWv. Cu Nn´m-KXn sXd-dm-bn-cn-

¡m-sa-¦nepw AXv kzX-{´-am-sW-¶pÅ sa¨w AXn-\p-v. Hcp N«-¡q-

Sn-\-I¯pw \nÂ¡p-hm³ Rm³ CjvS-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. Bk-¶-amb ac-W-]-

cy´w Rm³, GXv FXnÀ¸pw hnK-Wn¨v Cu \ne-Xs¶ XpSÀ¶p-

sImp t]mIp-¶-Xm-Wv. Rm³ Nne IIvjnIsf A\p-Iq-en-s¨-gp-Xp-¶ -

Xv Ah-cpsS Nn´m-K-Xn-bnÂ NneXv Fsâ Nn´m-K-XntbmSp tbmPn-¡p-

¶-Xp-sImp am{X-am-Wv. Fsâ Acm-PI (anarchic)Nn´m-KXn F\n¡v

FÃm IIvjn¡mcnÂ\n¶pw FXnÀ¸p-t\-Sn-¯-¶n-«p-v. Iayq-Wn-kvddv

113

Nn´m-KXntbmSv F\n¡p ]e Imcy-§-fnepw tbmPn-¸p-s-¦nepw

FsâanarchicNn´m-K-Xnbpw, Ft¶mSv Ah-cpsS Nne

hyIvXnIÄ¡pÅ hyIvXn]-c-amb hntcm-[-hp-amWv AhÀ Fs¶

FXnÀ¡p-¶-Xn\p Imc-Ww. Iayq-Wn-kvd-dp-IIvjn tIc-f-¯nÂ P\n¨

Ime-¯v, AXnsâ Hcp Poh-\m-Unbpw Hcp AZv`p-X-a-\p-jy\pw AXn-a-

lm-\mb cmjv{So-b-{]-hÀ¯-I-\pamb Cu¿nsS acn¨ ssh¡w IrjvW-

]n-f-fsb AXp th-hn[w kvYm]n-¡p-¶-XnÂ Rm³ D]-tZ-in-¨n-«p-m-

bn-cp-¶p. At±lw C¶v Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ CXn\v

At±lw kmIvjyw hln-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. an.- i-¦-c³ \-¼q-Xn-cn¡pw CXn-

s\-¸-ddn NneXv Adn-bmw. tcmK-ieyw \nan¯w Rm³ 1118 Â ]d-

hqÀ¡p hcp-¶-Xp-h-sc, {]kvXpX ssh¡w IrjvW-]n-ff Xncp-h-\-´-

]pcw kµÀin-¡m-dp-Å-t¸m-sgÃmw Fs¶ h¶p-Iv Ivtjaw At\z-jn-

¡m-dp-v. At±-l-¯nsâ ac-W-¯nÂ Ft¶-¡m-f-[nIw ZpxJn¨ Hcp

a\p-jy³ tIc-f-¯nÂ ImWp-sa¶p tXm¶p-¶n-Ã. C¶s¯ I½yq-Wn-

kvddv kmln-Xy-Im-cnÂ sa.-sI.-]n.-Pn.-\-¼q-Xn-cn, A¨p-X-¡p-dp-¸v, tZh-

Zmkv apX-emb NneÀ¡v Ft¶mSp hyIvXn]-c-amb hntcm-[-ap-v.

tIkcn \ndp-¯p-hm³ Rm³ \nÀ_\v[nX-\m-bn-¯oÀ¶-Xn-\p-tijw

AXnsâ \S-¯n-¸nÂ h¶n-«pÅ ISw ho«m³ {]kvkp hnÂ¡p-¶-Xn-s\-

¸-ddn Nnń¨p Rm³ AkzkvY\mbn-cp¶ Ime¯v Xsâ Hcp am\n-kv

{In]vSv IrXn¡p apJ-hpc Fgp-Xm-\mbn Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯p h¨v Fs¶

an.-sI.-]n.-Pn.-\-¼q-Xncn h¶p Ip. XÂ¡mew am\n-kv{In]vSv hmbn¨p

t\m¡m³ Fsâ a\kvYnXn A\p-h-Zn-¡p-In-sÃ¶pw AXv A¨-Sn-¨-Xn-\p-

tijw F\n¡p Ab¨p X¶mÂ apJ-hpc Fgp-Xmtam F¶p t\m¡m-

sa¶pw Rm³ \¼q-Xn-cn-tbmSp adp-]Sn ]d-ªp. CXp-t]mse Rm³

s]m³Ip¶w hÀ¡n-bpsS Hcp sNdp-I-Ym-k-am-lm-c-¯nsâ apJ-hp-c-sb-

¸-ddn At±-l-t¯mSp A¡m-e-¯p ]d-ªn-cp-¶p. ]ns¶bpw Fsâ

Ip{]-knZv[amb Nne Ah-Xm-cn-I-I-fnÂ satÊÀkv K.P.G. \¼q-Xn-cn,

A¨p-X-¡p-dp¸v apX-emb Nne I½yq-Wn-kvddp kmln-Xy-Im-c³amsc

hmk-\-bpÅ kmln-Xy-Im-c³am-cpsS Iq«-¯nÂ {]kvXmhn-¡m-sX-bn-cp-

¶-XnÂ ChÀ¡v Ft¶mSp hntcm-[-ap-v. Ch-cn-tem, bmYmkvYnXn-I-I-

£n-bn-tem-s]« NneÀ Fs¶ `b-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ Hcp cIvXteJ\w (red letter) IqSn F\n¡v Ab-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. C¯cw cIvXteJ-\-§Ä

Fsâ cmjv{So-b-]-{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-Im-e¯v F\n¡v Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯p-

\n¶pw e`n-¨n-«p-v. CsXm¶pw Xs¶ Fsâ Nn´m-K-Xn-bnÂ bmsXmcp

hyXn-bm-\hpw hcp-¯n-bn-«n-Ã. hf-f-t¯m-fnsâ IIvjn¡m-cmb Ch-

cnÂ\n¶pw Rm³ N§-¼p-gsb cIvjn¡phm³ bYm-iIvXn {ian-¨n-«p-

ÅXpw, Ch-cpsS sshcw hÀZv[n¸n-¡p-I-bp-m-bn. t]msc-¦nÂ ]pw

114

C¶pw H¶p-t]mse Rm³ hf-f-t¯m-fns\ FXnÀ¡p-I-bpw, Ipam-c-\m-

im³, Pn.-i-¦-c-¡p-dp-¸v, N§-¼pg F¶n-hsc Ihn-I-sf¶ \ne-bnÂ hf-

f-t¯m-fn\p ap¶nÂ {]Xn-jvTn-¡p-hm³ Fsâ ]e Ah-XmcnI-Ifpw

\ncq-]-W-§fpw aptJ\ {ian-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-v. CXpw t]msc-¦nÂ

an.-tZ-h-Zmkv apX-emb Nne I½yq-Wn-kvddv \ncq-]-I³amÀ¡v ]pXnb

djy³km-ln-Xy-sam-gn¨v addp hniz-km-ln-Xy-im-J-I-sf-¸-ddn Hcp

K\v[hp-an-sÃ¶pw, Gd-dhpw HSphn-es¯ djy³ km-ln-Xy-s¯-]-ddn

Xs¶ ChÀ X¯-IÄ¡p-Xpeyw Nn´ {]tbm-Kn-¡msX AXnsâ alna

AXn-i-tbmIvXn]qÀÆw {]iw-kn-¨n-«pÅ Nne djy³\n-cq-]-I³am-cpsS

kvXpXn-Isf BhÀ¯n-¡pI am{Xta sN¿p-¶pÅp F¶pw, CXnsâ

bYmÀXvYamlmXvayw Fń-em-sW¶p Nnń¨v ChÀ a\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-«n-

sÃ¶pw, Ch-cpsS SexImcy-§-tfm-SpÅ FXnÀ¸v `mc-X-¯nse ]cn-

XkvYnXn¡pw, bYmÀXvY Proletariaa\kvYnXn¡pw tbmPn-¨-X-sÃ¶pw,

djy-bnse C¡m-cy-t¯m-SpÅ FXnÀ¸v i{Xp-¡-fmÂ Npd-d-s¸« Ah-

cpsS Xmev¡m-en-I-amb {]tXyI cmjv{So-bkvYnXn P\n-¸n¨n«pÅ-Xm-

sW-¶pw, Cu a\kvYnXn I®p-a-S¨p Chn-sSbpw thW-sa¶p iTn-¡p-

¶Xp Chn-Ss¯ cmjv{So-bkvYnXn¡pw addpw tbmPn-¨-X-sÃ¶pw, CXv

_qÀjzm-a-\kvYnXn-bm-sW¶pw, Nne awK-tfm-Zbw \ncq-]-W-§-fnÂ

Rm³ [z\n-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. CXpw I½yq-Wn-kvd-dp-km-ln-Xy-Im-c³am-À¡p

Ien hÀZv[n¸n-̈ n-«p-v. ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-Im-c³am-cnÂ Hcp

]Ivj¡mÀ F\n¡p awK-f-]{Xw kaÀ¸n-¡-W-sa¶p ]mÊm-¡n-b-Xmbn

Adn-bp¶ {]ta-bs¯ Rm³ hyIvXn]-c-ambn A\p-Iq-en-¡p-¶n-sÃ¶pw,

Rm³ Ahsc [cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. {][m\ ImcWw Fsâ HXp-§nb Pohn-

X- co-Xn¡v AXp `wKw hcp-¯p-sa-¶p-f-f-Xm-Wv. CXn\p ap¼pw Xncp-

hn-Xmw-Iq-dnse \nhÀ¯-\-{]Ivtjm -̀W-Im-e¯p \nhÀ¯-\-IIvjn¡mÀ

F\n¡p Hcp saUÂ k½m-\n-¡p-¶-Xn\p Btem-Nn-¨n-cp-¶-Xns\ Rm³

A\p-Iq-en-¡m-bvI-bnÂ AXp \S-¶n-Ã. Fsâ hyIvXn]-c-amb {]Xn-

Iqeyw X§Ä hnK-Wn-¡p-sa¶v {]kvXpX ]ptcm-K-a\ kmlnXy

{]hÀ¯-I-cnÂ NneÀ F\n¡p adp-]Sn X¶n-«p-ap-v. ad-dp-f-f-h-cpsS

{]hÀ¯-\-kzm-X{ýw Rm³ XS-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-X-sÃ¶pw Rm³ Chsc

CXn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn [cn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p.

an¡ bphm-¡³amcpw hmbn-¡p¶ Fsâ Kth-jW teJ-\-§-

fnÂ \n§Ä¡v XmÂ]-cy-ap-s-¶-dn-bp-¶-XnÂ F\n¡v AXnbmb

kt´m-j-ap-v. an. hme¯pw CXp-t]mse CXnÂ XmÂ]cyw ImWn-¨n-

cp-¶p. Rm³ CZw-{]-Y-a-ambn B[p-\nI temI-¯n\v k½m-\n-¨n-«pÅ

]s¯ IÂ]-K-WnX hnh-cWw NncRvPohnknZv[m´w, ]pcm-W-§-

115

fpsS Ncn-{X-]-c-amb {]m[m-\yw, Atd-_y-bnse AtlantsZzo]v, B.C.6036

Â `qan-Ip-ep¡w aqew ]pdw-I-S-enÂ Xmgv¶p-t]m-bXv apX-em-bh am\p-

jnI kwkvIm-c-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bnepw Ncn-{Xm-Xo-X-Ime Ncn-{X-{K-l-W-

¯nepw X³aqew C¶s¯ a\p-jy-cpsS a\kvYnXn-bnepw Fsâ ac-W-

tijw Hcp henb hn]vfhw hcp-¯n-h-bv¡p-sa¶v F\n¡v \nivNb-ap-

v. Hcp Cyclic or rather Spiritual theory of historyBWv CXp-ta-em³

P\n-¸n-¡p-hm³ t]mIp-¶-Xv. Fsâ Cu Kth-j-W-te-J-\-§Ä CwKvfo-

jnÂ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ Ct¸mÄ Xs¶ Ah {]kvXpX alm-hn-

]vfhw XpS-§p-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ch-sb-¸-ddn ctm aqt¶m teJ-\-§Ä

am{Xta Rm³ Santhiniketase Sino-Indian Journal-sâ {]Ya e¡-

¯nepw, {Xniviqcnse Rama Varma Archeological Society Journal14-þmw hmey-¯nepw addpw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-f-fp. Cu ae-bmf teJ-\-§-sfÃmw

Iq«n-t¨À¯v ]pkvX-I-cq-]-¯nÂ {]knZv[s¸-Sp-¯-W-sa¶v

At]Ivjn¨v NneÀ F\n¡v FgpXn Ab-¨n-cp-¶p. Fsâ asd-dÃm

{]hÀ¯-\-§-sf-¡m-f-[nIw imiz-X-ambn \nÂ¡p¶ Cu Kth-j-W- -̂

e-§Ä ]pkvX-I-cq-]-¯nÂ {]knZv[s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bpw, CwKvfojnÂ ]cn-

`m-j-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sNbvXmÂ sImÅm-sa¶v F\n¡pw B{K-l-an-Ãm-

Xn-Ã. ]Ivsj \nXy-Z-cn-{Z-\mb F\n¡v Ch {]knZv[oI-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-

th ]Ww sNe-hm-¡m³ km[n-¡p-¶-X-Ã. Cu apjn-¸³ teJ-\-§-

fpsS kam-lmcw IY-I-sf-t¸mse hnd-d-gn-bp-I-bn-sÃ -¶p-ff ]c-

amÀXvYs¯ Bkv]-Zn¨v tIc-f-¯nse ]pkvXI {]knZv[oI-c-W-¡mÀ

Bcpw-Xs¶ kz´w Nne-hnÂ {]knZv[s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xp-a-Ã.

Cu¿nsS Fsâ kI-e-amdm tcmK-§fpw H¶n¨p AXn-I-e-i-embn

Fs¶ _m[n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. C¶p AXnÂ\n¶p Rm³ ]qÀ®-am-bn

hnapIvX\m-bn-«n-Ã. CXp \nan¯w ITn-\-amb IvjoWw Fs¶ _m[n¨n-

cn-¡p-¶p. cp aq¶p hÀj-¯n-\-Iw Cu iey-§-fnÂ\n¶v F\n¡v

NnckvYmbn-bmb tamN\w e`n-¡p-sa¶p Cu hÀZv[n¨p-h-cp¶ tcmK-

ieyw Fs¶ [cn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p.

\n§Ä¡p kIe Ivtja-§fpw t\cp-Ibpw Fsâ IrX-Lv\-

Xbv¡p hopw am¸-t]Ivjn¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-v,

kvt\ln-X³

A. Balakrishna pillai Editor, Kesari

116

P.S.asd-dmcp Imcyw IqSn Fgp-Xm³ ad-¶p-t]m-bXv ChnsS

tNÀ¯p-sIm-Å-s«. tIc-fob klr-Z-b-tem-I¯p (C-hÀ `qcn-]Ivjw

khÀ®-ln-µp-¡fpw aZv[yh-b-kv¡³am-cp-am-Wv) Ipam-c-\m-im-s\-t¸m-

se-tbm, sISm-aw-K-e-¯n-s\-t¸m-setbm AhÀ®-\mb Hcp kmln-Xy-Im-

c\p Hcp alm-IhnbmImt\m, _jo-dn-s\-t¸m-se-bpÅ Hcp apkveoan\v

Hcp alm-km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\m-Imt\m, N§-¼p-g-sb-t¸m-se-bpÅ Hcp sNdp-

¸-¡m-c\v alm-I-hn-bm-Im-t\m, apivticn-sb-t¸msebpÅ Hcp

{InkvXym\n \ncq-]-I\v Hcp \Ã \ncq-]-I-\m-Imt\m Ah-Im-i-an-sÃ -¶pw,

CsXÃmw khÀ®-ln-µp-¡-fpsS Ip¯-I-bm-sW-¶p-apÅ t_m[w

AXnse AwK-§-fpsS D]-t_m-[-a-\-ÊnÂ(Sub-Conscious mind) Hfn-¨p-

In-S-¡p-¶Xv kq£va-\n-coIvjW³amÀ¡v ImWm³ Ign-bpw. Cu

“avtfO³am-tcbpw”“XoÂPm-Xn-¡m-tcbpw”“sNdp-¸-¡m-tcbpw” Rm³ alm-I-hn-I-fm-¡n-bXv Chn-Ss¯ {]kvXpX khÀ® klr-Z-b-

tem-I-¯n\pw, P³a\m AXnÂs¸-«n-«pÅ \½psS ]e Iayq-Wn-kvddv

kmln-Xy-Im-c³amÀ¡pw ckn-¨n-«n-Ã. X\n khÀ®-\mb hÅ-t¯m-

fn\pw IIvjn¡mÀ¡pw Ft¶m-SpÅ \oc-k-¯n\v asd-dmcp ImcWw

CXm-Wv.

To hand on 28-2-49

“Family Planning in our country is an essential part of our whole strategy of enlarging welfare. Greater welfare is in fact the only reason for family planning. And we need it not because we are against more children but because we want every child to have the best opportunity possible in life. We want our children to inherit a better world than own. This is the aim of every father and mother, and this is the objective of planned development.”

Indira Gandhi

117

“kz]v\w ImWp-I, B kz]v\-¯nsâ kmIvjmXv¡m-c-¯n-\p-

thn ITn-\-ambn bXv\n-¡p-I, HSp-hnÂ B kz]v\w bmYmÀXvYyam-bn-

¯oÀ¶Xmbn ImWp-I-þ-C-XmWv Pohn-X-km-êyw”F¶p ]WvUn-ddv

s\lvdp Hc-h-k-c-¯nÂ {]kvXm-hn-¨n-cp-¶p. Cu hm¡p-IÄ skbvXp-ap-

l-½-Zns\ kw_\v[n¨nS-t¯mfw kÀÆYm tbmPn-¨Xm-Wv. At±lw

kz]v\w ImWm-dp-m-bn-cp-¶p; ]Ivtj Hcp kz]v\-Po-hn-bm-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

Xsâ kz]v\w IXn-c-Wn-bp-hm³ ITn-\mZv[zm\w sNbvX Hcp {]mtbm-

KnI _pZv[nPohn-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. Bi-b-§-fpsS temI-¯nÂ

AZvtZlw Pohn-¨p. B Bi-b-§-fpsS kmIvjmXv¡m-c-¯n-\p-thn

bXv\n-¨p. AXp k^-eo-I-cn-¡m³ kz´w Btcm-Ky-s¯-t¸mepw Ah-K-

Wn-¨p-sImp {]hÀ¯n-¡m³ At±lw k¶Zv[\m-bn-cp-¶p. HSp-hnÂ

AIm-e-¯nÂ Nc-a-a-S-ªXp Xs¶ B ITn-\mZv[zm\-¯nsâ A\-´-c-

^-e-am-bn-«m-bn-cp-¶p.

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zpw Rm\p-am-bpÅ _\v[¯n\v GXmv ImÂ\q-

d-dm-n-tesd ssZÀLy-ap-v. AXn-\p-ap-¼p-Xs¶ Hcp ]Ivsj Fgp--¯p-

Ip-¯p-I-fnÂ¡qSn R§Ä ]cn-Nn-X-cm-bn-cp-¶p. A¶v ‘sIm¨n³ sabn-

enepw’‘{]XnZv[z\n-’bnepw addpw Rm³ teJ-\§sf-gp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p. B

{]kn-Zv[o-I-c-W§fnÂ AZvtZlhpw Fgp-Xp-am-bn-cp-¶p. A§s\

R§Ä ]c-kv]cw Adn-ªn-cp¶ Ime-¯mWv F\n¡v skbvXp apl-

½-ZnÂ\n¶v Hcp I¯p In«p-¶-Xv. Hcp Is¿-gp¯p amkn-Ibv¡p

teJ\w Bh-iy-s¸-«p-sIm-pÅ I¯v. amkn-Ibv¡p teJ-\-a-b-¨p.

]Ivsj AZvtZl-s¯-¡p-dn¨p Rm³ ]n¶oSpw ]eXpw tI«p-sIm-n-cp-

¶p. Iznd-dn-ým-k-a-c-¯nÂ hnZymÀYntem-Is¯ Bthiw sImÅn¨

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Hcp kplr-¯nsâ HmÀa-a-IÄ

Smd-dm-]pcw kpIp-am-c³

118

‘slap-I-em-\n-’bpsS Hcp sNdp-Po-h-N-cn{Xw Bbn-Sbv¡p Rm³ ImWp-

hm-\n-S-bm-bn. AXp skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv cNn-¨-Xm-sW-¶-dn-ª-t¸mÄ At±-

ls¯ ImWm³ HuÂkp-Iy-ap-Zn-¨p. CXn-\n-Sbv¡p I¯p-IÄ hgn

R§Ä kp]-cn-Nn-X-cm-bn-¯oÀ¶p-Ignªncp-¶p. A§-s\-bn-cn-¡p-t¼m-

gmWv Xriq-cnÂ \S¶ (1946) {]kw-K-aÂk-c-¯nÂ AZvtZlw

H¶mwk½m\w t\Snb hmÀ¯-b-dnbp¶Xv. Rm³ A`n-\-µ-\-sa-gp-Xn-b-

b-¨p. AXn-\p- In-«nb adp-]Sn kt´m-j-{]-Z-am-bn-cp-¶p. Xm³ ASp-

¯p-Xs¶ FdWmIpf-t¯¡p hcp-¶p-sh-¶mWv I¯nÂ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-

¶-Xv.

Hcp Znhkw AZvtZlw Fsâ ho«nÂ h¶p Ib-dn. saenªp

hnfÀ¯ Hcp sNdp-¸-¡m-c³. R§Ä Nnc-]-cn-Nn-X-tc-t¸mse sI«n-¸p-

WÀ¶p. AZvtZl¯nsâ IqsS asd-dmcp sNdp-¸-¡m-c³ IqSn-bp-m-bn-

cp-¶p. t]cv cmL-h³. sImSp-§-Ãqcp \n¶p t]m¶-t¸mÄ Fd-Wm-Ip-

f¯p tPmen tXSn skbvXp apl-½-Znsâ IqsS Cd-§n-¸p-d-s¸-«-XmWv

cmL-h³. cp-t]cpw Fsâ ho«n-emWv hfsc Znhkw Xma-kn-¨-Xv. B

Znh-k-§-sf-¸-ddn C¶v HmÀ½n-¡p-t¼mÄ Fsâ Pohn-X-¯nse kp{]-

[m\ Znh-k-§Ä F¶p ]d-bm³ tXm¶p-¶p. skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn\v ]e

Bib§-fp-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. A¶pw At±lw Bi-b-k-¼-¶-\m-bn-cp-¶p.

Znh-tk\ cmL-h-s\m-¶n¨p cmhnse t]mbmÂ sshIp-t¶-c-am-bmte

Xncn-s¨-¯p-I-bp-Åp. cmL-h\v Hcp tPmen Xc-s¸-Sp-¯pI F¶-Xm-bn-

cp¶p Cu bm{X-I-fpsS Dt±iyw F¶p ]n¶o-sS-\n¡p a\-Ên-em-bn.

CXp skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ Hcp {]tXyI kz`m-h-hn-ti-j-am-Wv.

kplr-¯p-¡Ä¡p thn F´p sN¿p-¶Xpw HcmXvakw-Xr-]vXn-bmbn

At±lw IW-¡m-¡n-bn-cp-¶-Xmbn F\n-¡-dn-bmw. kz´w Imcy-§Ä

amddn sh¨p kplr-¯p-¡-fpsS IqsS Cd-§n-¯n-cn¨p AhÀ¡p

thXp km[n¨p sImSp-¡m³ AZvtZlw kZm k¶Zv[\m-bn-cp-¶p-

sh¶v ]nÂ¡m-e¯p AZvtZl-hp-ambn ASp-¯n-S-]-g-In-b-hÀs¡Ãmw

Adn-hp-ff Imcy-am-Wv.

A[nIw sshImsX skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn\v Xsâ kplr-¯n\v Hcp

tPmen k¼m-Zn-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡p-hm³ km[n-¨p; sIm¨n³ t]mÀ«nÂ. cmL-

h\v tPmen e`n-¨-XnÂ cmL-h-s\-¡mÄ IqSp-XÂ kt´mjw A¶v

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-\m-bn-cp-¶p. B D¯a kplr-¯p-¡Ä t^mÀ«p-sIm-

¨n-bnÂ Hcp-an¨v Xma-k-am-¡n.

A§n-s\-bmWv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv sIm¨n-bp-ambn _\v[s¸-«-Xv.

hfsc thKw sIm¨n-bnse H«p-an¡ hn`m-K-¯n-epw-s]« Bfp-I-fp-ambn

119

AZvtZlw BXva_\v[w ]peÀ¯n. sImSp-§-ÃqÀIm-c-\mb skbvXp-ap-

l-½Zv sImö-¡m-c-\m-bn-¯oÀ¶Xv A§n-s\-bm-Wv. A¶v ‘P\-iIvXn’ hmcnI sIm¨n-bnÂ\n¶v \Ã \ne-bnÂ \S-¶p-sIm-n-cp-¶p. ]n.- hn.-

sI. s\Sp-§m-Sn-bm-bn-cp¶p ]{Xm-[n-]À. s\Sp-§mSn ]{Xm-[n-]Xyw Hgn-

ª-t¸mÄ P\-iàn ]{Xm-[n-]À, F.- ]n. hmk-h³ ]d-dn-sbm-cmsf

At\z-jn-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ tkh\w

At±lw A`yÀXvYn¨p. A§n-s\-bmWv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv P\-i-àn-

bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]Xyw Gsd-d-Sp-¯-Xv. GXmv A¡m-e-¯mWv sImÃ -¯p-

sh¨v ]ptcm-K-a-\-km-ln-Xy-k-t½-f\w \S-¶-Xv. Fd-Wm-Ip-f-¯p-\n¶pw

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zpw Rm\pw H.- ]n.- tPm-k^pw, F³. tKmhn-µ³Ip-«nbpw

(C-t¸m-gs¯ kn\n-am-\-S³) Hcp-an-¨mWv kt½-f-\-̄ n\v t]mb-Xv.

kt½-f-\-¯nÂ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv {iZv[n¡-s¸-«p. Ahn-sS-sh¨v tIc-f-

¯nse ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-Im-c³am-cp-ambn ASp¯ ]cn-N-bhpw

_\v[hpw ]peÀ¯m³ At±-l-¯n\v Ign-ªp.

“bph-tI-cfw” F¶ t]cnÂ A¶p t^mÀ«p-sIm-¨n-bnÂ \n¶p-

Xs¶ asd-dmcp {]kZv[oI-cWw A_q-_-¡À \S-¯n-bn-cp-¶p. skbvXp-

ap-l-½Zv AXnsâ ]{Xm-[n-]Xyw hln¨ Ime¯v tIc-f-¯nse H«p-an¡

Fgp-¯p-Imcpw AXnsâ hnti-jmÂ {]Xn-bnÂ Fgp-Xn-bn-cp-¶p.

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-\pv Ah-cnÂ ]e-tcbpw t\cn-«-dn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p. Ah-

sc-sbÃmw “bph-tI-cf”¯nÂ AWn-\n-c-¯m³ Ign-ªXv AZvtZl--

¯nsâ kmaÀXvYyw H¶p-sIm-p-am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p.

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zpw cmL-h\pw Fw.- ]-c-ta-iz-c³\m-bcpw Hcp-an-

¨mWv A¶pv sIm¨n-bnÂ Hcp temUvPnÂ Xma-kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. ap¯¿,

FUvUn, ]n.- sP.- BâWn F¶n-hsc A¶v BZy-ambn tIc-fo-bÀ¡p

]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXv “bph-tI-cf”¯nepw “P\-i-IvXn”bnepw IqsS-bm-

bn-cp-¶p. Fw.-Sn.-hm-kp-tZ-h³\m-b-À DÄs¸sS C¶p e_v[-{]-Xn-jvT-

cmb ]e Fgp-¯p-Im-cp-sSbpw Is¿-gp¯p {]Xn-IÄ A¶p skbvXp-ap-

l-½-Znsâ ap¼nÂh¶p Ip¶p-Iq-Sp-¶Xv Rm³ In-«p-v. ]e-tcbpw

AZvtZlw klm-bn-¨p; t{]mÂkm-ln-¸n-¨p.

hnhm-ln-X-\m-b-tijw skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Fd-Wm-Ip-f-t¯¡p

Xmakw amddn. ap\n-Æn-dpÂ Ckvemw kvIqfnÂ AZv[ym]n-I-bmb `mcy

JZo-P-bpsS kuI-cyw-IqSn IW-¡n-se-Sp-¯m-bn-cn¡mw kvIqfn\p

sXm«p-Xs¶ Xma-k-am-¡n-b-Xv. ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ\n¶p ]n³am-dnb

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv s]mXp-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ Bªp-ap-§n-bXv C¡m-e-

¯m-Wv.

120

Hcp Znhkw tIcf CXn-lmk kan-Xn-bpsS GXm\pw ]gb ^b-

ep-IÄ Fs¶-¡m-Wn-¨p-X-¶p-sImv AZvtZlw ]d-ªp.

“\ap¡pv CXns\ H¶p ]p\-cpPvPohn-¸n-¡Ww ”

A¶p Ncn{Xw Ncn-{X-Im-c³am-cpsS am{Xw Imcy-am-

sW¶v Icp-Xn-bn-cp¶ Ime-am-Wv. Cu k¦-ev]-s¯-am-ddn adn-¡m-\pÅ

{ia-amWv tIcf lnkvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ cq]o-I-c-Ww-sImv

AZv tZlw sNbvX-Xpv.

Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xp-¶-Xn\v ap¼v Ncn-{X-s¯-¸-ddn P\-§Ä¡v

hnPvRm\w \ÂI-W-sa-¶m-bn-cp¶p At±-l-¯nsâ A`n-{]m-bw. tIcf

lnkvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tbm-j³ Feq-cp-ff F^v F kn SnbnÂsh¨pw

]n¶oSv Fd-Wm-Ip-f-¯p-sh¨pw cp D{K³ skan-\m-dp-IÄ \S-¯n.

CXnsâ Bkq-{XWw apXÂ \S-¯n¸p hsc-bpÅ FÃm Imcy-§-

fpsSbpw taÂt\m«w hln-¨Xp skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp-¶p. ka-{K-amb

Hcp tIc-f-N-cn{Xw X¿m-dm-¡pIbmbn-cp¶p eIvjyw. CXn-s\mcp

s{]mPIvSv X¿m-dm-¡p-hm³ ]n.- Fk.v them-bp-[\pw, skbvXp-ap-l-

½Zpw, t]mÄkWpw Rm\pw IqSn-bmWv BZy-ambn bXv\n-¨-Xv. B Znh-

k-§Ä C¶v Fsâ a\-knÂ sXfn-ªp-h-cp-¶p. Hcp Znhkw D¨-Xn-

cnªp skbvXp-ap-l-½Zpw t]mÄkWpw (A-t±-l-amWv lnkvd-ddn

Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ Ct¸m-gs¯ JPm³Pn) Rm\pw Fd-Wm-Ip-fs¯

Hcp ssS¸vssd-d-dowKv C³kvd-dn-d-dyq-«n-en-cp¶p s{]mPIvSv ssS¸v sN¿n-

¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. CsXm-cp kz]v\-amWv CXv Fs¶-¦nepw \S-¡ptam?

F¶v kzm`m-hn-I-ambn DXv¡WvT-bp-m-bn-cp-¶p. ]Ivsj s{]mP-IvSp-

ambn Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-¯p-sN¶v A¶s¯ KhÀ®-cpsS ap¼nÂ

\nth-Z\w kaÀ¸n-¨p. a{ń-k- -̀IÄ amdn-bn«pw s{]mP-IvSn\v H¶pw kw -̀

hn-¨n-Ã. HSp-hnÂ kn.- F¨v. ap-l-½-ZvtImb hnZym-`ym-k-a-{ń-bm-b-Xn-\p-

ti-j-a-mWv lnkvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ s{]mPIvSv AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-«-

Xv.

tIc-f-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bv¡mbn Atkm-tky-jsâ s{]mPIvSv AwKo-I-

cn¨ Znhkw skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn\v Hcp kpZn-\-am-bn-cp-¶p. ‘\ap-¡n\n

]eXpw sN¿m-\p-v ’. _m¡n-bp-Å-hÀ Nnń-¡p-t¼m-tg¡pw skbvXp-

ap-l-½Zv ]d-bpw. ]d-bpI am{X-aÃ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw.

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-s\-t¸mse C{X-am{Xw ]_vfn-Ivdn-te-j³ t_m[-

t¯msS {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ kmwkvIm-cnI {]hÀ¯-I³amÀ Bsc-¦n-ep-

aptm F¶v kwi-b-am-Wv. Fd-Wm-Ip-fs¯ cmjv{So-b-{]-hÀ¯-I-

cnÂ\n¶pw hyh-km-bn-I-fnÂ\n¶pw hÀ¯-I-cnÂ\n¶pw F¶p-

121

thkaq-l-¯nse FÃm Xpd-I-fn-ep-ff Bfp-I-fnÂ\n¶pw At±lw

klmbw tXSn. Hcp Znhkw _nj¸v ]me-kn-en-cp¶v IÀ±n-\mÄ ]mtd-

¡m-«n-ep-ambn kwkm-cn-¡p¶ AZvtZls¯ A¶p-Xs¶ {]oan-bÀ Stb-

gvknsâ B-ô-knÂ tZim-bn-bp-ambn kwkm-cn-¡p-¶Xp ImWmw.

tIm¬{Kkv Bô-knepw amXr-`qan Bô-knepw At±-ls¯

ImWmw. sslt¡m-SXn hcm-´-bnÂ Hcp Pkvd-do-kns\¡p kwkm-cn-

¡mt\m \nbaw kw_-Ôn¨ Hcp Imcy-¯n\v AUz.- _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c-ta-

t\ms\ ImWp-hmt\m A¶p-Xs¶ At±lw t]m-sb-¶n-cn-¡pw. FÃmw

lnkvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ Imcy-¯n-\v. HSp-hnÂ tIhew ‘IS-em-kp-

kw-L-S\’bmbn-cp¶ Atkm-tky-js\ IpSn-bn-cp-¯m-\pÅ sI«n-S-

\nÀ½m-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯n-teÀs¸-«n-cn¡pt¼m-gmWv hn[n B Poh³

A]-l-cn-¨-Xv. cp hmey-§-fmbn {]knZv[oI-cn-¨n-«pÅ tIc-f-N-cn{Xw

F¶_rl-Xv{K\vY¯nsâ]n¶nÂ skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ

AXyZv[zm\hpw ZoÀL-hoIvjWhpw IÀ½-ti-jn-bp-a-ÃmsX asd-dm-¶p-

an-Ã. AZvtZlw sXm«-sXÃmw s]m¶m-¡n. Hcp an¶Â]n-W-cp-t]mse ad-

ªp-t]m-hp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

am\m-]-am-\-tbm-kvXp-eyþ

kvXpteym an{Xm-cn-]Ivjtbmx

kÀÆm-cw` ]cn-XymKo

KpWm-XoXx k DNy-tX.

{ioaZv `K-h--ZvKoX 14-þ25

122

{]nbw-I-c-\mb B kplr-¯ns\ F¶mWv Rm³ BZy-

ambn ]cn-N-b-s¸-«-sX¶v HmÀ¡p-¶n-Ã. ap¸-XnÂ¸cw hÀjw-ap¼v

s{SbnUv bqWn-b³-þ-cm-jv{So-b-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fn-teÀs -̧«n-cp¶ Ime¯v

]e Øe-§fpw kµÀin¡p-¶-Xn\pw, ]e-cp-ambn CS-s]-Sp-¶-Xn\pw

_\v[s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\pw F\n-¡-h-kcw e`n-¨n-«p-v. AJne Xncp-hn-Xmw-

IqÀ \mhn-I-sXm-gn-em-fn-kw-L-¯nsâ {]kn-U-s¶ \ne-bnÂ Xncp-h-

\-´-]pcw apXÂ ]d-hqÀhsc IqS-¡qsS k©-cn-t¡ Bh-iyhpw

t\cn-«n-cp-¶p. A§-s\-bpÅ GtXm Hcp bm{X-bv¡n-S-bnÂ, Fd-Wm-Ip-

f¯p h¨m-sW¶p tXm¶p-¶p, ]n.- G.- sk-bvXp-ap-l-½-Zns\ Rm³

Ip-ap-«n-b-Xv. B kam-K-a-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Ahy-à-amb HtcmÀ½ am{Xta

Ct¸m-sg-\n-¡p-Åp. AZvtZl-¯n\v \mhn-I-sXm-gn-emfn kwL-hp-ambn

F´p _\v[am-Wp-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv-þ-F-s´-¦nepw _\v[w B kwL-S-\-bp-

ambn Dm-bn-cpt¶m CsXm¶pw Ct¸mÄ F\n-t¡mÀ½bn-Ã.-G-Xm-

bmepw BZyw ]cn-N-b-s¸« \mÄ apXÂ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Fsâ

HcmXvaan-{X-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p.

a\-ÊnÂ\n¶v þ tj¡vkv]ob-cpsS `mj-bnÂ ]d-ªmÂ a\-

Ênsâ I®nÂ\n¶vþHcn-¡epw hn«p-am-dm¯ A]qÀÆw Nne kplr-¯p-

¡Ä \ap-t¡m-tcm-cp-¯À¡pw Dm-bn-cn-¡p-sa-¶mWv Fsâ hnizm-kw.

hÃ -t¸m-gp-sam-s¡-bm-bn-cn¡pw Ahsc \½Ä ASp-¯p-Im-Wp-I. Pohn-

X-hy-{K-X-IÄ¡n-S-bnÂ e`n-¡p¶ kt´m-j-I-c-§-fmb B kam-K-a-

§Ä, acp-`q-an-bnse ]pjv]-hm-Sn-Ifpw \ocp-d-h-I-fp-am-Wv. skbvXp-ap-l-

½-Zns\ Ip-ap-«p-t¼m-sgÃmw Cu A\p-`q-Xn-bmWv F\n-¡p-m-bn-«p-Å-

Xv.

\nem-hp-s]m-gn-bp¶ ]p©n-cn-bp-am-bn-«-ÃmsX B kplr-¯ns\

Rm³ In-«n-Ã. Aip- -̀I-c-§-tfm, Akp-J-I-c-§tfm Bb hm¡p-IÄ

B apJ-¯p-\n¶v DXn-cp-¶Xv Rm³ tI«n-«n-Ã. F{X A\n-jvS-I-c-amb

kvt\tlm-]-lmcw

Fw.-sI.-Ip-am-c³

123

A\p- -̀h-§-sf-t¸mepw, lrZy-X-sImv a[p-co-I-cn¨p am{Xta AZvtZlw

A\y-cn-te¡p ]I-cp-am-bn-cp-¶p-Åp. hen-b-hsc¶v \½Ä Icp-Xp¶

Nne Bfp-I-fpsS AÂ]-¯-c-§-sf-¸-ddnbpw, kmln-Xy-þ-km-kv¡m-cnI

cwK-§-fnÂsImSn-Ip-¯n-hm-gp¶ Ipip-¼p-I-sf-¸-d-dnbpw ]d-bp-

t¼mÄt]mepw At±lw \À½-ckw ssIsh-Sn-ªn-cp-¶n-Ã.

apÃ -¸q-t]mse arZp-ehpw lrZ-bm-`n-cm-a-hp-amb Hcp hyIvXnXz-

amWv skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. AtX-k-abw \nivNb-ZmÀVy-

¯n-sâbpw A`n-{]m-bkvssYcy-¯n-sâbpw L\-Kmw-ò-cyw-sImv AXv

A\p-{K-ln-¡-s¸-«p-an-cp-¶p. Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-c-s\¶ \ne-bnÂ AZvtZl-

s¯-t¸mse XtâSw {]I-Sn-¸n-¨n-«pÅ Bfp-IÄ \½psS \m«nÂ Npcp-

¡-amWv. kÀh-I-em-imemkÀ«n-^n-¡-d-dp-I-fpsS klm-b-sam¶pw IqSm-

sX-bmWv tIc-f-N-cn-{X-K-th-j-W-cw-K-t¯¡v AZvtZlw IS-¶p-h-¶-Xv.

kzX-{´-Nn-´bpw kXym-t\z-j-W-X-ev]-c-Xbpw, tZi-kvt\-lhpw am{X-am-

bn-cp¶p AZvtZl-¯nsâ ssIap-XÂ. DÂkm-l-im-enbpw, _pZv[nam-\p-

amb B sNdp-¸-¡m-c\v thsdm¶pw thn-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. BZy-Im-e-§-fnÂ

Ah-K-W-\-sImp ]cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯m³t\m-¡n-b-hÀt]mepw ]nÂ¡m-

e¯v skbvXv apl-½-sZ¶ Ncn-{X-Im-cs\ AwKo-I-cn-t¡-n-h-¶p.

\½psS \m«nÂ kmaq-ly-þ-cm-jv{So-b-Im-cy-§-fn-se-¶-Xp-t]mse Ncn-{X-

\nÀ½m-W-cw-K¯pw ^yqU-enkw B[n-]Xyw hln-¨n-cp¶p F¶-dn-bm-a-

tÃm. Ahn-sSbpw Hcp P\m-[n-]-Xy-hn-]vf-h-¯nsâ Bh-iy-ap-m-bn-cp-

¶p. CXp XnI¨pw a\-Ên-em-¡nb Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶p

skbvXvapl-½-Zv.

CXv hyIvXn]-c-amb Hc-\p-kva-c-W-am-W-tÃm. AXp-sImv

hyIvXn]-c-§-fmb _\v[§-fn-te¡v Rm³ Xncn-¨p-h-c-s«. cmjv{So-b-

amb ‘Ah-[q-X’-hr¯n aXn-bm¡n Rm³ ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-cw-K¯v {]th-

in-¡p-Ibpw, Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v kvYnc-Xm-a-k-am-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\p-

tijw, R§Ä¡p X½nÂ Ip-ap-«p-¶-Xn\v A]qÀÆamtb Ign-ªn-cp-

¶p-Åq. F¶mÂ I¯p-IÄ aptJ\ R§Ä _\v[w ]peÀ¯n-bn-cp-

¶p. tIc-f-Iu-ap-Zn-bpsS hnti-jmÂ {]Xn-IÄ¡v teJ\w Ab-¨p-X¶v

R§sf kvYnc-ambn klm-bn-¡p¶ Hcp _\v[phm-bn-cp¶p AZvtZlw.

Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯v Ft¸mÄ h¶mepw AZvtZlw Fs¶ In-«p-

t]m-Im³ {ian-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶p. HSp-hnÂ Rm³ AZvtZls¯ IXpw

Fsâ ho«nÂh-¨m-Wv. tIc-f-N-cn-{X-̄ nsâ cmw-hmeyw F\n¡v t\cn-

«p-X-cp¶Xn\v, ]n.- sI. -tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW-\p-sam¯v AZvtZlw h¶-Xm-bn-

cp-¶p. tIcf lnkvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ Imcy-§-sf-¸-d-dnbpw addpw

kwkm-cn-¨-Xn-\p-tijw, skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv ]Xn-hp-t]mse Xam-i-I-fn-

124

te¡v kw`m-jWw Xncn-¨p-hn-«p. BbnsS AZvtZlw tImgn-t¡m«p

t]mb-t¸mÄ ssh¡w apl-½Zv _jo-dns\ In-cp-¶p. B ênX

km{am-«nsâ Nne t\c-t¼m-¡p-IÄ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv hnh-cn-¡p-Ibpw,

R-§Ä s]m«n-¨n-cn¨p ckn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Ignª hÀjs¯ P\-bpKw hnti-jmÂ{]-Xn-bnÂ, Fsâ Ip«n-

¡m-e¯v R§-fpsS \m«nÂ \S¶ Ivtjm -̀P-\-I-amb Hcp kw -̀h-s¯-

¡p-dn¨v Rms\mcp teJ\w F-gp-Xp-I-bp-m-bn. B teJ-\s¯ {]iw-

kn-¨p-sIm-pw, Rm³ XpSÀ¶v Pohn-X-kva-c-W-IÄ Fgp-X-W-sa-¶m-h-

iy--s¸-«p-sImpw AZvtZlw F\n-s¡mcp I¯-b-¨p. AZvtZl-

¯nÂ\n¶pw F\n¡p In«nb Ah-km\s¯ Ipdn¸v AXm-bn-cp-¶p.

AXn\v adp-]Sn Ab-bv¡m³ F\n¡v Ign-ªn-Ã. skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ

Nc-a-¯nÂ tIc-f-Iu-ap-Zn-¡pÅ ZpxJw tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ t]\

ssIbn-se-Sp-¯-t¸mÄ, B kvt\l-k-¼-¶-t\mSv F\n-¡pÅ FÃm IS-

¸m-Sp-I-sf- -̧d-dnbpw Rmt\mÀ¯p. B IS-¸m-Sp-IÄ \ndthd-dp-hm³

Fsâ t]\bv¡p Ign-ªn-«p-s¶p Rm³ Ah-Im-i-s¸-Sp-¶n-Ã. a\p-

jysâ G-d-dhpw henb iIvXnbpw, Ahsâ Gd-dhpw henb ZuÀº-

eyhpw `mj-bm-Wv. lrZbw ]IÀ¯n-¡m-Wn-¡p-hm³ \ap¡v hm¡p-I-

fn-Ã. hmKvtZ-h-X-bpsS hoc- -̀S³ F¶v XoÀ¯pw ]d-bm-hp¶ sjÃn-sb,

Iq«n-\-I-¯p-In-S¶v Nnd-In-«-Sn-¡p¶ ]IvjntbmSv amXyq BÀt¶mÄUv

D]-an-¨-t¸mÄ `mj-bpsS A]-cym-]vX-X-sb-¸-d-dnbpw DZvtZin-¨n-cn-¡-Ww.

Fsâ Cu Ffnb hm¡p-IÄ Hsc-fnb kvt\tlm-]-lm-c-am-Wv.

kvt\lm-cm-[-I-\mb skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ kvac-W-bv¡p-ap-¼nÂ sXmgp-

ssI-¿p-ambn Rm³ Cu D]-lmcw AÀ¸n-¨p-sIm-Åp-¶p.

\ N Xkvam\v a\p-tjyjp

IivNn\vta {]nb-Ir-¯ax

`hnXm \ N ta Xkvamþ

Z\yx {]nb-Xtcm `phn.

{ioaZv `K-h-ZvKoX 18-þ69

* * * *

125

sk-bv-Xv ap-Éow kv-d-dnUâv A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ k-t½-f-\-̄ nÂ. hn-Zym-`ym-k-a-{ń-bm-bn-cp-¶ kn.F¨v. ap-l-½Zv-tIm-b-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-²y£³.

sIm-ö b-lq-Z-¸-Ån-bp-sS 400þmw hmÀ-jnIm-tLm-j-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn-¨v kw-L-Sn-¸n-¨n-cp-¶ ]p-cm-tc-Jm {]-ZÀ-i-\ ]-h-en-b-\nÂ {]-[m-\-a{ń

{ioa-Xn C-µn-cm-KmÔn-tbm-sSm¸w.

126

{io.F³.C. _-edmw hy-h-km-b-a-{ń-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ sIm-¨n-bn-se kp-Ir-Xo-{µ Hm-dn-bâÂ dn-kÀ-¨v C³-kv-d-dn-d-dyq-«nÂþsXm-«p-]p-d-InÂ

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Xv.

kp-Ir-Xo{µm dn-kÀ-̈ v C³-kv-d-dn-d-dyq-«n-sâ {K-Ù-tiJ-cw hn-Zym-`ym-k-a-{ń-bm-bn-cp-¶ kn.F¨v. ap-l-½Zv-tIm-b ]cn-tim-[n-¡¶p.

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Xm-Wv Iq-sS-bp-ÅXv.

127

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv, D-dq_v, D-ss_-Zv

]-tc-X\m-b a-lmI-hn D-ss_-Zv km-ln-_n-s\ Xn-cq-c-§m-Sn am¸n-f km-ln-Xy-sk-an-\m-dnÂ sh-¨v sI.]n. tI-i-hta-t\m³ s]m¶m-S NmÀ¯n

Xn-cp-c-§m-Sn am¸n-f km-ln-Xy-sk-an-\m-dn-sâ kq-{X-[m-c³ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-

½-Zm-bn-cp¶p.

128

tI-c-f-N-cn{Xw H¶mw hm-fy-¯n-sâ {]-Im-i-\-¨-S-§nÂ kw-_-Ôn-¡p-hm-s\¯n-b hn-Zym-`ym-k-a{ń {io. Nm-¡n-cn A-l-½-Zp-Ip«n-tbm-sSm-¸w.

ln-kv-dd-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ ]-eÀ-¡m-bn \Â-In-bn-«p-Å tXbn-e kÂ-¡m-c-§fn-sem-¶nÂ.

129

a\p-jys\ kw_\v[n¨n-S-t¯mfw Dd-¸n-¨p-]-d-bm-hp¶

GI-k-Xy-amWv ac-Ww. ac-Ws¯ AXn-Po-hn-¡p-hm³ BÀ¡pw Ign-

ªn-«n-Ã, Ign-bp-I-bp-an-Ã. ]Ivsj sùXnI-PUw a¬a-d-ªmepw A\-

iz-c-ambn \nÂ¡p¶ Nne kvYmbo-`m-h-§-fp-v. \in-¡m¯ AXt{X

al-Xzw. Pohn-¨n-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ sN¿p¶ kÂ{]-hr-¯n-I-fpsS ê-ambn

kl-Po-hn-IÄ¡pw kaq-l--¯n\pw Iq«m-bp-m-Ip¶ kÂ^-es¯

B[m-c-am-¡n-bmWv GsXmcp a\p-jy-sâbpw al-Xzs¯ hne-bn--cp-¯p-

¶-Xv. tkh-\-§Ä hnhn-[-§fpw I-gn-hp-IÄ ]e Xc-hp-am-Wv. kaq-l-

¯n\v Iq«mb \³a-¡p-thn Hmtcm hyXvXnbnepw hn`n-¶-ambn

ImWm-dpÅ hninjvS-I-gn-hp-Isf hn\n-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xn-ep-ff k¶Zv[X-

bmWv CXnÂ {][m-\w. NneÀ BXp-c-ip-{iq-jbpw Zo\-Z-bm-ep-Xzhpw

{]ZÀin-¸n v̈ kl-Po-hn-I-fpsS I®o-scm-¸p-hm³ {ian-¡p-¶p. IjvS-s¸-

Sp¶ a\p-jysc klm-bn-¡p-hm³ k¼¯p Nne-h-gn-¡p-¶-hcpw Dv.

a\p-jysâ kmw-kvIm-cnI \thmXvYm\¯n\pw cmjv{S-]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡pw-

thn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ kmln-Xy-Im-c³amcpw, Iem-Im-c³am-cpw, `c-W-

X-{´PvR³amcpw, cmjv{So-b-{]-hÀ¯-Icpw \nkzmÀXvYtk-h-\-§-fpsS

{]Xo-I-§-fmbn amdp-t¼mÄ alm³am-cmb \Ã a\p-jy-cpsS Iq«-

¯nÂs¸-Sp-¶p. X§-fpsS {]hÀ¯\w kaq-l-¯nse ZpÀ_-e-hn-`m-K-

§Ä¡pw A[kvYnX-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä¡pw-thn Dgn-ªp- h-¨n-«p-Å-

hcpw alm³am-cpsS ]«n-I-bnÂs]-Sp-¶-h-cm-Wv.

A¯cw \Ã a\p-jy-cpsS Iq«-¯nÂ Rm³ In-«pÅ hfsc

\Ã Hcp a\p-jy-\m-bn-cp¶p skbvXp apl-½-Zv. sNdp-{]m-bw-ap-XÂ

Xs¶ kmaq-ln-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb ITn-\-{]-bXv\§Ä hgn

AZvtZlw kaq-ls¯ At§-b-ddw tkhn-¡p-I-bp-m-bn-«p-v. tIc-f-

¯nsâ kmkvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-¯n\v Hcp Ime¯pw ad-¡m³ Ign-bm¯

skbvXp-ap-l-½-sZ¶ \Ã a\p-jy³

sI.-A-hp-¡m-ZÀ Ip«n\l

130

al-\o-b-§-fmb tkh-\-§Ä AÀ¸n¨ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Rm³ BZyw

]d-ªp-h¨ al-¯p-¡-fpsS Iq«-¯nÂ Xe-sb-Sp-t¸m-Sp-IqSn F¶pw

\ne-sIm-Åpw.

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ hn]p-ehpw hnhn-[-§-fp-amb {]hÀ¯-\-a-

WvU-e-§sf F®n-sb-®n-¸-dªv Ah-bn-seÃmw AZvtZlw AÀ¸n¨

kw`m-h-\-Isf hne-bn-cp-¯p-hm³ Cu sNdnb A\p-kva-c-W-bnÂ

AkmZv[yam-Wv. Ah AZvtZls¯ {]i-kvX-\mb Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-c-\m-

¡n, {]KÂ -̀\mb Hcp {]mkw-Kn-I-\m-¡n, Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp kmln-Xy-

Im-c-\m-¡n. BZ-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶ kmkvIm-cnI {]hÀ¯-I\pw AP-¿-\m-

sbmcp kwLm-S-I-\p-am-¡n-¯oÀ¯p. Bcpw {iZv[n¡-s¸-SmsX InS-¶n-

cp¶ Ncn-{X-hn-j-bs¯ P\-{iZv[bn-te¡v sImSp-¦m-d-dnsâ thK-X-tbm-

Sp-IqSn sImp-h-¶Xv skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp-¶p. kmln-Xy-]-cn-j-

¯nepw kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-bnepw HmPkvkpdd ]pXp-ssN-X\yw

DXnÀ¯Xv B {]b-Xv\-imen Xs¶. tIc-f-{K-Ù-imem kwL-¯n-

sâbpw kmln-Xy-{]-hÀ¯-I- k-l-I-c-W-kw-L-¯n-sâbpw, kwKo-X-\m-

SI A¡m-Z-an-bp-sS-bpw, kwkvIrX ]cn-j-¯n-sâ-bpw, Iem-a-WvU-e-

¯n-sâbpw Fń\v? tIc-f-¯nÂ DÂ -̀hn-¨pv {]hÀ¯n-¨pv sImn-cn-

¡p¶ FÃm kmwkvIm-cn-I-kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS-bpw, kÀ¡mÀ Xe-¯n-

epÅ kmwkvIm-cnI hIp-¸p-I-fpsS Xs¶bpw {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä

skbvXp-ap-l-½-ZnsâAÀ¸n-X-a-t\m-`m-h-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-ff

BXvamÀXvYk-l-I-cWw tXSn-bn-«p-f-f-h-bm-Wv, e`n-¨n-«p-Å-h-bp-am-Wv.

Ignª cp Zi-I-¯n-tesd Ime¯v tIc-f-¯nsâ kmkvIm-cnI

\thmXvYm\-¯nÂ ]¦p-h-ln-¨n-«pÅhcnÂ H«pw A{]-[m-\-a-Ãm¯

Øm\-amWv skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p-f-f-Xv.

kaq-l-¯nse Ah-i-hn-`m-K-§Ä¡v kmaq-ly-amb hfÀ¨ Dm-

¡p-hm³ thn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ kwL-S-\-I-fp-ambpw hyIvXnI-fp-

ambpw Hcp-an¨v {]hÀ¯n-¡p-hm³ At±lw F¶pw X¿m-dm-bn-cp-¶p.

1953-þÂ ]f-fp-cp-¯n-bnÂ h¨v BtLm-j-]qÀÆw sImm-Snb {io\m-cm-

b-W-Kp-cp-hnsâ P³a iXm-_vZn-bm-tLm-j-¡-½-d-dn-bnÂ AZvtZlw apgp-

{]-hÀ¯-I-\m-bn-cp-¶-t¸mgpw Fkv. -F³.- Un.- ]n-bpsS AwKXzw kzoI-

cn¨v ktlm-Z-c³ A¿-¸-\p-ambn \nc-´-c-k-¼À¡w ]peÀ¯n-t¸m-¶-

t¸mgpw apkveo§-fpsS \nc-h[n kwL-S-\-I-fnÂ \nc-ćw {]hÀ¯n-¨p-

sIm-n-cp-¶-t¸mgpw lcn-P³ skan-\m-dp-IÄ kwL-Sn-¸n-̈ -t¸mgpw Ah-

bpsS FÃmw ]n¶n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ tNtXm-hn-Imcw A[kvYnX-hn-`m-

Ks¯ DbÀ¯n-s¡m-p-h-cpI F¶Xp am{X-am-bn-cp-¶p. kmaq-lyhpw

kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-ambn apt¶-dp-hm³ IpXn-Im-enÂ \n¶n-cp¶ apkveow

131

kap-Zm-bs¯ {]tNm-Z\w sImsmcp D´v sImSp-¡p¶ {]hr-¯n-

bmWv 1960 IfnÂ ]e kvYe-§-fnÂsh¨v `wKn-bmbn \S-¯n-t¸m-¶n-

cp¶ CkvemanIv skan-\m-dp-IÄ. A-Xnsâ kn{I-«-dn-sb¶ \ne-bnÂ

CkvemanIv skan-\m-dp-Isf Hcp Nn´m-hn-]vf-h-¯n-sâ Xo¸-´-§-fm¡n

amd-dp-hm³ skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ AIvjoW-amb ]cn-{i-ahpw Xf-cm¯

a\o-j-bp-amWv klm-bn-¨-sX-¶pÅ Imcy-¯nÂ BÀ¡pw XÀ¡-ap-m-

hp-I-bn-Ã. AXp-t]m-se-Xs¶ A{X-tbsd {iZv[n¡-s¸-SmsX

InS¶ncp¶ am¸n-f-km-ln-Xy-s¯bpw Ie-I-tfbpw FÃm hn`mKw P\-

§fpw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-hm³ \nÀ_\v[nX-cm-hpw-hn[w {]Im-in-X-am-¡n-b-

XnÂ skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn\v AZzn-Xo-b-amb ]¦p-v. Xncq-c-§m-Sn-bnÂ

\S¶ am¸n-f-km-ln-Xy-sk-an-\m-dp-Ifpw ItemÂk-h-§fpw B {]Xn-`m-[-

\sâ kwhn-[m-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v BÀ¡mWv Adn-bm-¯-Xv.

\Ã -h-\mb B a\p-jy³ D¯-a-\mb Hcp kqlr-¯p-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-

cp¶p FÃm-hÀ¡pw. Fs¶ kw_\v[n¨n-S-t¯mfw Gsd-¡m-es¯ ]g-

¡-apv B kplr-Xv_\v[¯n-\v. tIcf apkveow Pam A¯v kvddm-d-

dn-kvd-dnIvkpw tIcf apkvenw Ub-d-IvS-dnbpw kwhn-[m\w sN¿p-hm-

\pÅ kwcw- -̀§-fp-ambn AZvtZlw XoÀXvYmS\w \S-¯p¶ Iq«-¯nÂ

Fs¶ ]e {]mhiyw ImWpI ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. {]k-¶-h-Z-\-\mb

Fsâ B kplr-¯nsâ apJw I¬ap-¼nÂ ImWp-¶-Xp-t]mse

tXm¶p-¶p. skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zp-am-bp-ff kulrZw AZvtZlw

\½nÂ\n¶pw bm{X-]-dªp ]ncn-bp-¶-Xp-hsc A`w-Kpcw XpS-cpI

Xs¶ sNbvXp. B ac-W-¯nÂ hymIp-e-cmbn hnj-an-¡p¶ IpSpw-_mw-

K-§-fpsSbpw kplr-¯p-¡-fp-sSbpw k¦-S-¯nÂ ]¦v tNcp-hm\pw

Ah-km-\-ambn Hcp t\m¡p ImWp-hm\pw Ign-ª-XnÂ F\n¡v

AXoh IrXmÀXvYX-bp-v. AZvtZlw acn-¨n«v Hcp hÀjw XnI-bp¶p

F¦nepw B kvacW F¶nÂ\n¶pw ]¨-]n-Sn¨p \nÂ¡pw. kÀÆ-

iIvX\mb AÃmlp \Ã a\p-jy-cpsS Iq«-¯nÂ AZvtZl-s¯bpw

DÄs¸-Sp¯n ]c-tem-I-kpJw {]Zm\w sN¿s«!

Bao³.

Ipcp-S\pw, ImgvN-bp-Å-h\pw ka³am-cmtWm? Ccp-«pw, shfn-¨hpw Xpey-amtWm? Hmtcm BXvamhpw AsX´p {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶pthm AXn\p ]W-b-sa-s{X. ]; Jpdm³ 13/16,74/38. * * * *

132

temI kmkvIm-cnI Ncn-{X-¯nÂ Ad-_n-IÄ¡v AXn-{]-[m-\-amb

Hcp kvYm\-am-Wp-f-f-Xv. acp-`q-an-bnÂ P\n-¨pv acp-¸-̈ -I-fnÂhfÀ¶p

hep-Xmb AZv[zm\-io-e-cmb Hcp P\-hn-`m-K-amWv Ad-_n-IÄ. GU³

DÄ¡-SÂ (C-ýmk-ap-{Zw) apXÂ aZv[y[-c-Wymgn hsc-bp-ff {]tZ-i-§-

fnÂ k©-cn¨v hym]mcw \S-¯n-bn-cp¶ AhcpsS kmÀXvYhm-l-I-

kwLw {]knZv[am-Wv. ]pcm-X-\-Im-e-¯pv temI-km-{am-Pyw-Xs¶

kvYm]n-¡p-hm³ {ian¨ {Ko¡p-ImÀt¡m, tdma-¡mÀt¡m- C-hsc

AS¡n- -̀cn-¡p-hm³ Ign-ªn-Ã. A§ns\ CX-c-P-\-X-bnÂ\n¶v Hdd-s¸-

«p-I-gn-ªn-cp¶ Hcp hn`m-K-am-bn-cp¶p Ad-_n-IÄ. {InkvXm_vZw Ggmw

\qd-dm-p- ap-XÂ am{X-amWv temI-̄ nsâ CX-c-`m-K-§-fp-ambn AhÀ

_\v[s¸-Sp-hm³ XpS-§n-b-Xv. _mly-tem-I-hp-am-bp-ff _\v[¯n\v

AhÀ Ffp¸w iIvXnbmÀPvPn¨p. kmwkvIm-cnI temI-¯n\v al-

¯mb kw`m-h-\-IÄ ]eXpw Ah-cnÂ\n¶p e`n-¨p. CXn\p klm-b-I-

c-amb Icp-¯p-ff Hcp `mj-bm-W-hÀ¡p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xpv. JpÀ-Bsâ

BhnÀ`mhw Ad-_n-`m-jsb IqSp-XÂ BIÀjIhpw k¼p-jvS-hp-amb

Hcp `mj-bmbn hfÀ¯n. CS-¯p-\n¶p he-t¯m-s«-gp-Xp¶ en]n-IÄ,

Ipd¨p hm¡p-IÄsImv IqSp-XÂ Bibw kv]jvS-ambn ssIImcyw

sN¿p-hm-\pÅ Ign-hv, i_vZ-am-[pcyw F¶nh B `mj-I-fpsS {]tXy-I-

X-I-fm-Wv. Ad-_n-IÄ {]th-in¨ cmPy-§-fn-seÃmw Ad-_n-`m-j¡pw

{]Nmcw e`n-¨p. temI-¯nsâ CX-c-`m-K-§-fn-se-¶-t]mse aX-{]-N-c-W-

t¯m-sSm¸w sXt¡ Cý-bnepw, {]tXy-In¨v Xan-gv\m-«nepw tIc-f-

¯nepw Ad-_n-`mj {]N-cn-¨p-Xp-S-§n. F¶mÂ FÃmaX {K\vY§fpw,

Ad-_n-`mj Adn-bm-¯-hsc Ad-_n-bnÂ ]Tn-¸n-¡pI Ffp-¸-am-bn-cp-¶n-

Ã. Ad-_n-en-]n-I-fp-]-tbm-Kn v̈ {]mtZ-in-I-`m-j-I-fnÂ {K\vYc-N\ Bcw-

`n-¨Xv C§-s\-bm-Wv. ae-bmfw As¶mcp kzX-{´-`m-j-bmbn hfÀ¶n-«n-

Ãm-bn-cp-¶p. A¶s¯ apkvenwI-fmb Ad-_n-IÄ ae-bm-f-i-_vZ-§Ä

Ad-_n-en-]n-bnÂ Fgp-Xp-hm³ XpS-§n. t]Àjy³, Ad-_n-¡v,

lnµpkvYm\n, Xan-gv, IÀ®m-S-Iw, ae-bmfw, Xpfp, kwkvIr-Xw, F¶o

`mj-I-fnse ]Z-§Ä A¶s¯ Ad_n ae-bm-f-`m-j-bnÂ DÄs¡m-n-

Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xyhpw skbvXp-ap-l-½Zpw

s{]m: -sk-¿nZv samln-bn-±o³ jm

133

cp-¶p. C§-s\-bmWv BZy-ambn Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw F¶ Hcp `mjbv¡p

cq]w e`n-¨-Xv.

Ckvemans\ ae-bm-fn-IÄ¡p ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p¶

{K\vY§Ä A[n-Ihpw Ad-_n-þ-a-e-bm-f-¯n-emWv cNn-¡-s¸-«-Xv. Ad-_n-

`mj ]cn-N-b-an-Ãm¯ ae-bm-fn-Isf kw_\v[n¨n-S-t¯mfw Cu k{¼-

Zmbw henb skuIcy-am-bn. tIc-f-¯nÂ Ckvemw aX-{]-Nm-cWw

Bcw-`n¨ Imew apXÂ Cu {]tXyI `mj Chn-Ss¯ Hcp {]mtbm-Kn-I-

`m-j-bmbn hfÀ¶p-Xp-S-§n, Ad-_n-þ-a-e-bmf `mjsb Ipdn¨v an.- F.-

kn.- _ÀWÂ At±-l-¯nsâ ‘South Indian Dialects’F¶ ]pkvX-I-

¯nÂ C§ns\ tcJ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. “an¸n-f-amÀ Hcp \ne-bnepw

Hcp kmln-Xy-an-Ãm-¯-h-c-Ã. AhÀ¡v Ah-cp-tS-Xmb Nne

BNmc{]amW {K\vY§Ä Dv...... Cý-bpsS sX¡p-]-Sn-ªm-d³ Xoc-

{]-tZ-i-¯pÅ am¸n-f-amÀ ]cn-jvIrX Ad_n en]n-I-fmWv Ah-cpsS

`mj Fgp-Xp-hm³ D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv.........-X-an-gv\m-«nÂ apgp-h\pw Cu

en]n D]-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-v.”

aX-{K\vY§Ä am{X-a-Ã, addp \ne-bnepw kmln-Xy-]-c-ambn

k¼Âk-arZv[amb Hcp `mj-bmbn Ad_n ae-bmfw hfÀ¶p-h-¶p.

KZy-¯nepw ]Zy-¯nepw BZyImew apXÂ cNn-¡-s¸« \nc-h[n Ad_n

ae-bm-f-Ir-Xn-IÄ C¶pw {]Nmc-¯n-ep-v. ame-¸m-«p-IÄ, ‘Jnk’ ]m«p-

IÄ. ]S-¸m-«p-IÄ, Ieym-W-¸m-«p-IÄ XpS-§n-bh ]Zy-Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv. KZy-

hn-`m-K-¯nÂa-X-\n-b-a-§Ä, hymJym-\-§Ä, sshZyw, addp Nne

imkv{X-Ir-Xn-IÄ, IY-IÄ addp hn[-¯n-epff XÀPvPaIÄ F¶nh

[mcm-f-ap-v. “inkp-Nn-InÂk” F¶ Hcp KZy-{K\vY¯nse Nne hcn-

IÄ Ad_nae-bmf `mj-bpsS kz`mhw a\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ D]-I-cn¡pw.

“aebmw Ad_n Fip-¯nÂ A§ns\ CÃm-¯-Xp-sImpw DÅ-

ZnÂXs¶ NnInÂk³dZv Npcp-¡-amb ZqsImpw AZn-bnÂ CZp-hsc

inip-¡-fmb ss]Z-§Ä¡p-DsÅ tcmK-§Ä¡p \nZm-\-§-tfm-Sp-IqsS

Hcp XÀPvPa Bcpw Dm-¡n-¡m-Wm-bvI-sImpw .......-a-e-_m-cn-b-¯nÂ

XÀPvPa In¯m-_m¡n \mw Dm-¡p-¶p” . ae-_m-dnse P\-§sf

s]mXp-thbpw apkveowIsf {]tXy-I-ambpw Cu `mjm-coXn F´p-

am{Xw kzm[o-\n-¨n-«p-s¶v Ah-cpsS kwkm-c-¯nÂ\n¶p a\-Ên-em-

¡p-hm³ Ign-bpw.

ae-_m-dnsâ ]e `mK-§-fnepw C¶pw Ad_n ae-bmfw Hcp Bi-

b-hn-\n-ab `mj-bm-Wv. ae-_mÀ apÉnw-IÄ t]mbn-S-s¯Ãmw B `mj

134

AhÀIqsS sImp-t]m-bn-«p-v. cmw-tem-I-a-lm-bpZv[Im-e¯v bp.-

F-Êv.- F.- c-l-kym-t\z-j-I-cmb kqIvjva ]cn-tim-[I (Censor) cpsS

I¿nÂ In«nb Ad_n ae-bmf en]n-bn-ep-ff Hcp I¯v `mj ]nSn-In-«m-

¯-Xp-aqew Ata-cn-¡-bnÂ\n¶v CuPn-]vXn-te¡pw hopw ]e \mSp-

Ifpw k©-cn¨v Ahkm\w Idm-¨n-bn-epÅ Hcp ae-bmfn apkveo-ansâ

I¿nÂ In«n-b-Xp-aqew Imcyw {Kln-¨-Xp-amb kw`hw ]d-ªp-tI-«n-«p-

v. ae-bmfn apkveowI-fpsS Hcp aX D]-`m-j-sb¶ kvYm\w Bcw`w

apXÂ Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-¯n-\p-m-bn-cp-¶p. B kvYm\w C¶pw B

AhkvYbnÂXs¶ \nÂ¡p¶p. {Ia-¯nÂ AXv ae-bmfn apkveowI-

fpsS Hcp kmln-Xy-`m-j-bmbn hfÀ¶p kw]p-jvS-am-bn. Ad_n ae-bm-

f-`m-j-bpsS hfÀ¨¡pw ]cn-jv Im-c-¯n\pw {ian-¨-h-cpsS Iq«-¯nÂ

20-þmw \qd-dm-nÂ Pohn¨ ]ecpw DÄs¸-Sp-¶p-v. Nmeo-e-I-¯pv

sauem\m Ipª-l-½Zv lmPn, h¡w A_vZpÂ JmZnÀ sauehn, Ipf-

§c ho«nÂ sambvXp apk-en-bmÀ(-‘ip-Pm-bn’) F¶o alm³amÀ

Ad_n ae-bmf en]n-IÄ ]cn-jvI-cn-¡p-Ibpw B `mj-bnÂ \nc-h[n

kmlnXy kw`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂIp-Ibpw sNbvX-h-cm-Wv. Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-`m-

j-bpsS hymI-cW ]cn-jvI-c-W-¯nepw AXp hgn `mj-bpsS hfÀ¨-

bnepw Imcy-amb ]¦p-h-ln¨ asd-dmcp alm-hyIvXnbmWv Fw.- kn.- kn- -

A-l-½Zp sauehn. ae-bm-f-`m-j-bn-tebpw Ad-_n-`m-j-bn-tebpw am{X-a-

Ã, temI-¯nse asd-dÃm {][m\ `mj-I-fn-tebpw i_vZ-§Ä teJ\w

sN¿-s¸-Sp-hm-\pÅ Ignhv Ad_n ae-bmf en]n-IÄ t\Sn-¡-gn-ªp.

aX-{K\vY§-fp-sSbpw kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw cN-\bv¡v Ad-

_n-a-e-bmf en]n D]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-XnÂ ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bnÂs¸«

NneÀ¡v `n¶m-`n-{]m-b-ap-Å-Xmbn ImWp-¶p. ]pXnb Xe-ap-d-bnse

hnZymÀXvYnIÄ¡v `mjm-en]n bmYm-hn-[n ssIImcyw sN¿p-hm-\pÅ

Ignhv CXp-aqew \jvS-s¸-Sp-sa-¶m-W-h-cpsS hmZ-K-Xn. Ad-_n-a-e-bmfw

tIhew Hcp en]n k{¼-Zmbw am{X-a-sÃ¶pw, k¼p-jvS-amb Hcp kmln-

Xy-¯nsâ `mj-bm-sW-¶p-apÅ hkvXpX \ntj-[n-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp-I-bn-

Ã.B `mj-bnÂ Ct¶m-f-ap-m-bn-«pÅ aX-km-ln-Xy-Ir-Xn-Isf \ntj-[n-

¡p-hm\pw kmZv[ya-Ã -tÃm. bYmÀXvY¯nÂ AÀln-¡p¶ Hcp kvYm\w

B `mjbv¡p Iev]n¨p sImSp-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xp DNn-X-a-sÃ¶p ]e

]WvUn-X³amcpw A`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-`m-j-tbbpw kmln-Xy-t¯bpw Ipdn¨v Kl-\-amb

]T\w Bh-iy-am-sW¶ Bibw IqSp-XÂ iIvXn BÀPvPn¨n-cn-¡p-I-

bm-Wv. C¡m-cy-¯nÂ ap³I-s¿-Sp¯v {]hÀ¯n-¨-h-cmWv ]tc-X-cmb

almIhn Dss_-Zv, ]p¶-bqÀ¡pfw _m]v]p, Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I-\mb ]n.-

135

G.- sk-bvXp-ap-l-½-Zv, hnZzm³ a½n F¶n-hÀ. P. -sk-bvXp-ap-l-½Zv

C¡m-cy-¯nÂ At±-l-¯nsâ Ignhpw kzm[o-\hpw D]-tbm-Kn¨v ]c-am-

h[n ]cn-{i-a-§Ä sN¿p-I-bp-m-bn. B i_vZw GXm-bmepw A[n-

IrX kvYm\§fnÂ {iZv[n¡-s¸-«p-I-gn-ªp-sh-¶Xv Bizm-k-I-c-am-Wv.

Xncq-c-§m-Sn-bnÂ sh¨p-\-S¶ Ad_n ae-bm-f-`mjm skan-\mÀ IqSp-

XÂ P\-§-fpsS {iZv[ C¡m-cy-¯n-te-¡m-IÀjn-¡p-hm³ klm-b-I-c-

am-bn-¯oÀ¶p.

Xncq-c-§m-Sn- Ad-_n-a-e-bmf kmln-Xy-sk-an-\m-dnÂ sh¨v

aÀlqw Nm¡ocn Al-½-Zp-Ip«n AhÀI-fpsS Ad-_n-a-e-bm-f-¯n-epÅ

‘_ZÀ’ F¶ IhnX At±-l-¯nsâ ]p{X\pw, Ct¸m-gs¯ hnZym-`ymk

a{ń-bp-amb Nm¡ocn Al-½-Zp-Ip«n kz´w Ah-Xm-cn-I-tbm-Sp-IqSn ae-

bmf en]n-bnÂ A¨-Sn-¸n v̈ {]Im-i\w sN¿p-I-bp-m-bn. Ad_n Adn-

bm¯hÀ¡p-IqSn Ad_n ae-bmf kmln-Xys¯ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm-

\pÅ ivfmL-\o-b-amb {ia-¯n-te-¡pÅ Hcp ImÂsh-¸m-bn-cp¶p

AXv. P. -sk-bvXp-ap-l-½-Zpw, Dss_-Zp -am-bn-cp¶p B kt½-f-\-¯nsâ

{][m\ kq{X-[m-c³amÀ. Xncq-c-§mSnbnse Ad_n ae-bmf ]pkvX-I-{]-

ZÀi-\-hpw, ^mdq¡v tImtfPv cP-X-Pq-_nen ]pkvXI {]ZÀi-\hpw

Ad-_n-a-e-bmf kmln-Xy-¯nsâ {]m[m\yw A[n-Ir-X-{iZv[bnÂ

sImp-h-cp-hm³ klm-b-I-c-am-bn-̄ oÀ¶p.

Ad-_n-a-e-bmf kmln-Xy-s¯¡p-dn¨v Hcp Kth-j-W-tI{µw

kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-I-sb-¶Xv P.-sk-bvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ Pohn-Xm-`n-em-j-§fnÂ

{][m-\-amb H¶m-bn-cp-¶p. Cu `mj-bpsS Km\-tIm-In-e-am-bn-cp¶

tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ¡v Hcp kvamcIw kvYm]n-¡p-hm\pw AZvtZlw

{]tXyIw ]cn-{i-an-̈ n-cp-¶p. C¡mcyw A[n-Ir-X-cpsS {iZv[bnÂ s]Sp-

¯pI am{X-a-Ã, AXnsâ Bh-iy-IX Ahsc t_mZv[ys¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw

sNbvXn-«p-v. Cu cp A`n-em-j-§fpw ]qÀ¯o-I-cn-¡p-hm³ Ign-

ªmÂ Ah Xs¶-bm-bn-cn¡pw skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p-th-n-bpÅ Gd-

dhpw DNn-X-amb kvamc-I-sa¶ Imcy-¯nÂ ]Ivjm´-c-ap-m-hp-I-bn-Ã.

imń-b-Sª BXvamth! kwXr-]vX-\mbpw, Xr]vXn

`mP-\-ambpw \o \nsâ \mY-\n-¦-te¡p aS-§p-I. Fsâ `à-·m-cpsS kwL-¯nÂ IS-¶m-epw, Fsâ Bcm-a

¯nÂ {]th-in¨mepw ]: Jpdm³ 89-þ27,30

* * *

136

F{X IvjWn-I-amWv an¶Â¸n-W-cnsâ PohnXw? Ccp-«nÂ

Hcp \nan-jw am{Xw an¶n-a-d-bp-¶p. F¶mepw F{X A`n-Imayw!

tLmcm\v[Im-c-¯nÂ apt¶m-«pÅ hgn Is-¯m³ X¸n-¯-Sªp

\«w Xncn-bp¶ ]Yn-I\v B ss\an-jn-I-{]` Fs´m-cm-izm-k-amWv

{]Zm\w sN¿p-¶-Xv. Nne a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xhpw A§-s\-bm-Wv. s]s«¶v

an¶n-a-d-bpw. ]Ivtj IvjWn-I-amb B {]Imiw sNmcn-b-enÂ IqsS

X\n-¡p-ÅXp kÀÆhpw kl-Po-hn-IÄ¡m-bn, Xm³ Pohn¨ kaq-l-¯n-

\mbn kaÀ¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿pw. AXmWv IrX-Ir-XyX]q Pohn-Xw.

F¶mÂ an¶-ensâ {]Im-i-c-ivan-IÄ¡p-thn Im¯p Ign-bp¶ ]Yn-

I³ kwXr-]vX-\-Ã. Ah³ \ncm-i-\mbn hopw Ccp-«nÂ X¸n-¯-S-bp-

¶p.

{]Imiw an¶-ensâ thj-¯nÂ C\n-sbm-cn-¡epw F¯n-t\m-¡m-

\n-Ãm-¯, Ccp-f-Sª Pohn-X-¯nsâ CSp-§nb hgn-bnÂ iq\y-X-bnÂ

I®pw \«p\nÂ¡p¶ lXm-i-\mb ]Yn-Isâ Zb-\o-bm-hkvYbn-emWv

Rm\n-t¸mÄ. Cu A\p-`hw F\n¡p am{X-ap-Å-X-Ã. {io.-sk-bvXp-ap-

l½Znsâ AIm-e-¯n-ep-Å, A{]-XoIvjnX-am-bpÅ \ncym-W-¯nÂ

Ccp-«n-emb ]Yn-I³amÀ Ht«-sd-bm-Wv. hyIvXnIÄ, kvYm]-\-§Ä,

kwL-S-\-IÄ, F¶n-§s\ AZvtZlw sXm«pXtem-Snb ]eXpw

AXnÂs¸-Spw. Ç-d-ª-h-sbÃmw AZvtZlw sNmcnª IvjWn-I-{]- -̀

bnÂ BXva\nÀhrXn ]q-h-bp-am-Wv.

kplr-¯p-¡Ä¡n-S-bnÂ AZvtZlw Ah-cpsS BXvamhnsâ Hcw-

i-am-bn-cp-¶p. kplr-¯ns\ kvt\ln-¡pI am{X-aÃ; kplr-¯mbn

F¶pw Hcp ZpxJ-kva-cW

Sn.-sI.-kn.-h-Sp-Xe

137

Pohn-¡p-I-Xs¶bmWv AZvtZlw sN¿p-I. Xsâ tkh\w Ft¯-n-

S¯v Bh-iy-s¸-Sm-sX-Xs¶ AXp sNs¶-¯p-am-bn-cp-¶p. AÀln-¡p-¶-

h-cnÂ HuZmcyw sNmcn-bm³ sh¼n-\nÂ¡p¶ lrZ-b-amWv

AZvtZl¯n\v Dm-bn-cp-¶-Xv. {]bm-k-a-\p- -̀hn-¡p¶ ]cn-N-b-ko-a-

bnÂs¸« BÀs¡-¦n-epw-th-n, GsX-¦nepw hn[-¯n-epÅ klm-b-sa-

¯n-¨p-sIm-Sp-¡m³ Ign-bm¯ Znh-k-§-fnÂ, AZvtZl¯n\p a\-Ê-am-

[m-\-t¯m-Sp-IqSn Dd-§m³ Ign-ªn-«p-m-Iptam F¶p kwi-bn-t¡-n-

bn-cn-¡p-¶p. Rm\-dn-bp¶“skbvXp”A§-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

Bbn-c-¯n-s¯m-Åm-bn-c¯n Fgp-]-¯n-b©v Unkw-_À ]Xn-s\-

«mw-Xo-bXn cm{Xn Rm³ Fd-Wm-Ip-f-¯p-m-bn-cp-¶p. Kncn-\-K-dnÂs¨¶v

skbvXn-s\ ImW-W-sa-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶p. cm{Xn-bm-b-Xn-\mÂ A¶Xp

ths¶psh¨p. {io.-hn.-Fw.-_m-esâ Nn{X-im-e-bnÂ Rm\ZvtZls¯

t^mWnÂ hnfn-̈ p. t^mWnsâ adp-X-e-bv¡Â\n¶v skbvXnsâ

i_vZw apg-§n-t¡-«p. -Xamibpw Kuc-hhpw IqSn-¡-eÀ¶ kw`m-j-Ww.

R§Ä ZoÀL-t\cw kwkm-cn-¨p. Iq«-¯nÂ Xncp-h-\- -́]p-c¯v Xncn-¨p-

sN-¶mÂ sNt¿ Hcp tPmenbpw Fs¶ Gev]n-¨p.

]s¯m³]-Xmw-Xo-bXn AXn-cm-hnse F\n¡p Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c-

t¯¡p Xncn-t¡--Xp-m-bn-cp-¶p. AXp-sImv asd-dm¶pw At\z-jn-

¡m³ Ah-k-c-ap-m-bn-cp-¶n-Ã.

Ccp-]-Xmw-Xo-bXn Ime¯v Hmô-kn-se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ h¶p-tN-À¶

X]m-ensâ Iq«-¯nÂ skbvXnsâ Hcp I¯p-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. DSs\

AXp s]m«n-¨p-t\m-¡n. ]Xn-s\-«mw- Xo-bXn t^mWnÂ ]dª Imcyw

ad-¶p-t]m-sb¦nÂ I¯p ImWp-t¼mÄ HmÀ½n-¡s« F¶p IcpXn

am{Xw!

I¯v Xpd-¶-]Sn tai-¸p-d-¯n-cp-¶p. Nne tPmen-IÄ AXym-h-iy-

ambn sNbvXp XoÀ¡m-\p-m-bn-cp-¶-Xn-\mÂ AXn-e-§p-ap-gp-In. F{X

kabw Ign-sª-¶pv Ct¸mÄ HmÀ½-bn-Ã. B Xnc-¡n-\n-S-bv¡mWv sSen-

t^m¬ aWn-ap-g-§n-b-Xv. dnko-hÀ ssIbn-se-Sp-¯p. Fd-Wm-Ip-f-¯p-

\n¶v Ite-i³ hnfn-¡p-¶p.

“F´mWp hntijw?”

“Hcp hnti-j-ap-pv.”

B hntijw tIÄ¡m³ Rm³ sNhn IqÀ¼n-¨n-cp-

¶p. adp-X-e-bv¡Â sau\w.

138

“hntijw ]d-ªn-ÃtÃm?”

“\½psS skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zp-t]m-bn.”

BZyw F\n-¡-Xnsâ AÀXvYw a\-Ên-em-bn-Ã. Htc-k-abw H¶n-e-

[nIw Imcy-§-fnÂ apgpIn \S-¡m-dpÅ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Fhn-sS-

sbÃmw t]mIpw? ]Ivtj, AsXm¶pw t^mWnÂ hnfn-¨-dn-bn-t¡

Imcy-a-Ã -tÃm. AXp-sImv hni-Z-hn-hcw In«p-¶-Xn-\mbn Rm³

C§s\ ]d-ªp.

‘F\n-s¡m¶pw a\-Ên-em-hp-¶n-Ã -sÃm.’

“skbp-Xp-ap-l-½Zp acn-¨p-t]m-bn.” CS-dp¶ i_vZ-¯nÂ Ite-i³

]d-sªm-¸n-¨p.

hn[n-bpsS Hcp I\¯ {]l-cw-Xs¶bmbn-cp¶p AXv. B {]lcw

krjvSn¨ ]cp-j-th-Z\ Fsâ BXvamhnÂ Ak-ly-X-bp-f-hm-¡n.

Ct¸mgpw AX-hnsS hn§n-\nÂ¡p-I-bmtWm Fs¶mcp tXm¶Â! Fd-

Wm-Ip-f-t¯bv¡p t]mhm-\pÅ Sn¡-ddp dnkÀÆv sNbvXp-sIm-p-v ho«n-

se-¯n-b-t¸mÄ AhnsS kÀÆ-{X-aq-I-X. FÃmhcpw ap¡nepw aqe-bn-ep-

am-bn apJw Ip\n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p. F«p-h-b-Êmb Fsâ sIm¨p-a-I³ I«n-

enÂ XfÀ¶p-In-S-¡p-¶p. “\½psS AOsâ Iq«p-ImÀ Hmtcm-cp-¯-cmbn

acn-¨p-t]m-hp-I-bm-WtÃm At½!”F¶p-]-d-ªp-sImv Ic-ªp-I-

cªp Ah³ XfÀ¶p-In-S-¡p-I-bm-sW-¶pv `mcy ]d-ªp.

AXm-bn-cp¶p skbvXnsâ khn-ti-j-X. kplr-¯n-s\-am-{X-aÃ

kplr-¯n-sâ IpSpw-_mw-K-§-sf-t¸mepw AZvtZlw ASp-¯-dn-bp-¶p.

Ah-cnÂ Hcm-fmbn Pohn-¡p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS at\m-`m-h-hp-ambn

XmZmXvayw {]m]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p. Xm³ kvt\ln¨ GsXm-cm-sfbpw

Xsâ IpSpw-_-¯nse Hcw-K-ambn IW-¡m-¡mt\ AZvtZl-¯n\p Ign-

bp-am-bn-cp-¶p-Åp.

skbvXns\ ]e-Xp-ambn hnti-jn-¸n-¡m-dp-v. B hnti-j-W-

§sf Rm\n-hnsS ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-¶n-Ã. F´p-sIm-s-¶mÂ AZvtZlw

BZy-ambpw Ah-km-\-ambpw Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-c-\m-bn-cp-¶p. B \nebv¡p

Ncn{XImc-\mbn am{Xw Rm\ZvtZls¯ hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.

H¶n-tesd _ncp-Z-§fpw Ah-bpsS taÂ Hcp “sshZy-_-lp-a-Xn”-bpw-IqSn sI«n-sh-¨mte Ncn-{X-K-th-j-W-¯n\v AÀlX t\Sm-\mhq

139

F¶ anYy-[m-c-Wsb XIÀ¯ Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mWv AZvtZlw. a\p-jy³

Ahsâ A´Êp \ne-\nÀ¯m³, BXvam`n-am\w kwcIvjn¡m³,

kÀtÆm-]cn Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn Im¯p-kqIvjn¨p-t]m¶ kwkv¡m-c-k-¼-

¯p-\n-e-\nÀ¯m³ Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn XpSÀ¶p-t]m¶ ka-c-§-fpsS BI-

¯p-I-bmWv, Ah-bnÂ\n¶v Dudn-Iq-Sn-b Adn-hnsâ kam-lm-c-amWv

Ncn-{Xw. Cu kXyw icn¡pw a\-Ên-em-¡n. Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-c-\m-bn-cp¶p

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zv. At±-l-¯nsâ Npa-X-e-bnepw taÂt\m-«-¯nepw

tIcf lnkvd-ddn AtÊm-tky-j³ {]knZv[oI-cn¨ tIc-f-N-cn{Xw H¶pw

cpw `mK-§Ä Cu ]c-amÀXvYw hnfn-¨-dn-bn-¡p-¶p.

]gb sIm¨n kwkvYm\-¯nse Abn-¯-Pm-Xn-¡m-cm-bn-cp¶ ]pe-

bsc a\p-jy-cmbn AwKo-I-cn-¡m³ aSn-¨n-cp¶ A¶s¯ kaq-ls¯

]cn-l-kn-¡pw-hn[¯nepÅ \S-]-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv, Ihn-Xn-e-I³ sI.-

]n.- I-dp-¸³ ]pe-b-cpsS tamN-\-¯n-\m-bn {]b-Xv\n-¨-Xv. `qan-bnÂ Nhn-

«n-\nÂ¡m³ Ah-Im-i-an-Ãm-Xn-cp¶ ]pe-bsc Imb-enÂ N§mSw sI«n

kt½-fn-¸n¨v k -̀bp-m-¡nb Ncn{Xw temI-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ¯s¶ Hscm-

d-d-s¸« kw -̀h-am-bn-cn¡pw. B [oc-km-l-kn-I-b-Xv\-̄ nsâ alXzw

I-dnª skbvXp Hcn-¡Â Ft¶mSp ]d-bp-I-bp-m-bn.

“ChnsS Ncn-{Xs¯ am\n-¡p¶ a\p-jy-cp-s-¦nÂ, Ct¸mÄ \nI-

¯n-s¡m-n-cn-¡p¶ Fd-Wm-Ipfw Imb-ensâ Hcp `mK-¯pv Ihn-Xn-e-

I³ Idp-¸sâ Hcp ]qÀ®-Imb {]Xna kvYm]n-¡p-I-bm-Wp-th-Xv. ”

am\pjn-Im-h-Im-i-§Ä \ntj-[n-¡-s¸« a\p-jyÀ¡p-thn

t]mcm-Snb alm³ F¶ \ne-bv¡m-bn-cp¶p AZvtZlw Ihn-Xn-e-I³

sI.- ]n.- I-dp-̧ s\ In-cp-¶-Xv. B \nebv¡p AZvtZl¯nsâ kmln-

Xy-kr-jvSn-I-tfmSpw skbvXn\p aXn-¸p-m-bn-cp-¶p. Cu ÌvXn_lp-am-

\m-Zn-I-fpsS ]cn-W-X-cq-]-amWv tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Zan lmfnÂ

hncm-Pn-¡p¶ Ihn-Xn-e-I³. sI.- ]n.- I-dp-¸sâ Ombm-]-Sw. Be-¸p-g-

bnÂ A¶v Xnc-¡n« tPmen-bnÂ apgp-In-bn-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv F\n¡p

skbvXnsâ I¯p In«n-b-Xv. Idp-¸-s\-¡p-dn¨p In«m-hp¶ kIe hnh-c-

§fpw tiJ-cn-¨-b-¡-W-sa-¶m-bn-cp¶p I¯nsâ DÅ-S-¡w. kXy-

¯nÂ Rm³ tImcn-¯-cn-¨p-t]m-bn. skbvXv At¸mÄ Fsâ ASp-¡Â

Dm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ Rm³ At±-ls¯ sI«n-¸n-Sn¨v D½w-sh-bv¡p-am-

bn-cp-¶p. ad-dm-cp-tSbpw t{]cW IqSmsX A\yYm Ah-K-Wn-¡-s¸-«p-I-

gn-ªn-cp¶ Hcp kmln-Xy-Im-csâ, Hcp kmaq-ln-I-]-cn-jv¡À¯m-hnsâ

kvacW kmln-Xy-¯nsâ {iotIm-hn-enÂ A§s\ imiz-Xo-I-cn-¡-s¸-

140

«p. B Nn{Xw A\m-Om-Z\w sNbvX skbvXv, Ihn-Xn-e-I³ Idp-¸sâ

A]-Zm-\-§sf {]IoÀ¯n-¨p-sImv kpZo-ÀLw kwkm-cn-¨p.

tIc-f-¯nse lcn-P-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨p ]Tn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw Ah-cpsS

Ncn-{Xw X¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AZvtZl-¯n\p AXn-bmb XmÂ]-cy-ap-m-

bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\pÅ ASnkvYm\ tcJ-sb¶ \nebv¡p Hcp s{]mPIvSv

dnt¸mÀ«pw AZvtZl-w X¿m-dm-¡n-bn-cp-¶p. B s{]mPIvSv {]mtbm-Kn-I-

X-bnÂ hcp-¯p-¶-Xnsâ Hcp {]mcw`w F¶ \ne-bv¡m-bn-cp-¶p. 1975

HIvtSm-_À amk-¯nÂ AZvtZl-w Fd-WmIpf¯v lcn-P³ Ncn-{X-sk-

an-\mÀ kwL-Sn-¸n-̈ -Xv. {]XoIvjbnÂ Ihnª kl-I-cWw skan-\m-

dn\v FÃm `mK-̄ p-\n¶pw In«n. ImkÀtImSp apXÂ ]mdivime

hscbpÅ lcn-P³ t\Xm-¡Ä skan-\m-dnÂ kw_\v[n¨p. tIc-f-

¯nse {]ap-J-cmb Ncn-{X-Im-c³amcpw. tIc-f-¯nse lcn-P-\--§-fpsS

Ncn-{X-¯nÂ C{X h¼n¨ Hcp kmwkv¡m-cnI kwcw`w CXn-\p-ap-s¼m-cn-

¡epw \S-¶-Xmbn F\n-t¡mÀ½-bn-Ã. AXmWv skbvXnsâ kwL-S-\m-

km-aÀXvYyw.

B skan-\m-dnÂ Hcp {]_\v[w Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡-W-sa-¶pv hfsc

t\c-t¯-Xs¶ Ft¶mSv Bh-iys¸-«n-cp-¶-Xm-Wv. ]Ivtj, Ipgn-a-Sn-b-

\mb Rm³ A¡mcyw {iZv[n¨-tX-bn-Ã. skan-\m-dnsâ Hcp-¡-§Ä¡p

NqSp IqSn-b-tXmsS, {]_\v[w Bh-iy-s¸-«p-sIm-pÅ skbvXnsâ

I¯p-Ifpw I¼n-Ifpw t^m¬hn-fn-Ifpw apS-§msX h¶p-XpS-§n.

A§s\ \nÀ_\v[n¨pw hoÀ¸p-ap-«n¨pw òj-Wn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bp-amWv

AZvtZl-w B {]_\v[w Fs¶-s¡m-s-gp-Xn-¨-Xv. {]_\v[¯nsâ

A¶¶pv Fgp-Xn-¯oÀ¶ `mK-§Ä A¶¶pv Fd-Wm-Ip-f-t¯bv¡p

X]m-enÂ Ab-¡p-I, In«p-¶Xp In«p-¶Xv {]ÊnÂs¡m-Sp¯v A¨-Sn-¸n-

¡pI F¶ {Ia-¯n-emWv FÃm {]_\v[§fpw A¨-Sn-s¨-Sp-¯-Xv.

F¶n«pw skan-\mÀ Bcw-`n-¡p-t¼mgpw {io.- sI.- sI.- am-[-h³ Fw. -]n-.

bpsS {]_\v[¯nsâ Ah-km-\-`mKw {]Ênse A¨-Sn-b-{´-¯n-em-bn-

cp-¶p.

GXp Imcyw sN¿p-t¼mgpw AXp ]qÀ®-X-bnÂ Iem-in-¡-W-

sa¶v AZvtZl¯n\v \nÀ_\v[ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. Xt¶m-Sp-_\v[s¸-Sp¶

FÃm-h-sc-s¡mpw B XXzw AwKo-I-cn-¸n-¡m³ \njv{]-bmkw

AZvtZl¯n\p Ign-ªn-cp-¶p. Nn«-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bpÅ \o¡w, kvt\l-

t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bpÅ kao-]\w F¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p AZvtZl¯nsâ coXn.

A§-s\-bmWv Ncn-{X-sa-gp-¯p-Im-cpsS {iZv[bnÂ C¶p-hsc s]«n-«n-

Ãm¯ lcn-P-\-§Ä¡pw Hcp Ncn-{X-ap-s-¶pv Ah-sc-s¡m-p-]-d-bn-

¡m\pw, A\y-sc-s¡mp Nnń-¸n-¡m\pw AZvtZl¯n\p Ign-ª-Xv.

141

aq¶p Zi-hÂk-c-¡m-es¯ kvt\l-_\v[amWv R§Ä X½n-ep-

m-bn-cp-¶-Xv. tIc-f-¯nse kmwkvIm-cnI Pohn-X-¯nÂ {]im-´-X-bp-

tS-Xmb Hcp \h-ssN-X\yw ]c-¯nb hyIvXnbmWv skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zv.

Xm³ GÀs¸-Sp¶ Fńepw Xtâ-Xmb hyIvXnap{Z ]Xn-¸n-¡m³

AZvtZl¯n\v Hcp _pZv[nap-«p-ap-m-bn-«n-Ã. Xnc-t¡-dnb GXp IrXy-

¯n-\n-Sbv¡pw IqsS \nÂ¡p-¶-hsc Ign-bp-¶{X apt¶m«p apt¶m«p

XÅn-hn-SpI F¶Xv Hcp Pohn-X-{h-Xw-t]m-se-bmWp AZvtZlw Icp-Xn-

bn-cp-¶-Xv.

Gsd-¡mew ISw _m[n¨pw tImSXn tIdn-bpw \mtim³ap-J-am-

bns¡mncp¶ kakvX tIcf kmlnXy ]cn-j-¯nsâ kapZv[cn-¡m-

\pÅ {ia-¯nÂ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv hln¨ ]¦v Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-amb

H¶m-Wv. AsÃ -¦nÂ skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ ITn-\mZv[zm\-¯nsâ ê-am-

bn-«mWv kmln-Xy-]-cn-j¯v C¶p \ne-\nÂ¡p-¶-sX¶p ]d-bp-¶-Xm-bn-

cn¡pw IqSp-XÂ icn. ]cn-j-¯n-\p-thn \nÀ½n-¡m-\p-t±-in-¨n-«pÅ

_lp-\n-e-s¡-«n-S-¯nsâ ]n¶n-epÅ apJy-iIvXn tI{µhpw AZvtZlw

Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Cu {ia-§-fn-seÃmw AZvtZlt¯msSm¸w \n¶v

Ffn-b-sX-¦nepw Ftâ-Xmb ]¦pw IqSn \nÀh-ln-¡m³ Ignªp F¶-

XnÂ Ct¸mÄ NmcnXmÀXvYyw tXm¶p-¶p-v.

Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯p \S¶ temI-{]-knZv[amb IpSpw-_Ivtja

Iym¼nsâ {]knZv[oI-c-W-Np-a-Xe Ftâ-Xm-bn-cp-¶p. A¶v Fsâ

tPmen eLq-I-cn-¡m³ B kplr¯v sNbvX tkh-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨p

ChnsS kvacn-¡m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xv IrX-Lv\-X-bm-bn-cn-¡pw. tIc-f-¯nse

Xe-aq¯ FÃm kmln-Xy-Im-c³am-tcbpw AWn-\n-c-¯n-s¡mv {]N-c-

W-¯nsâ Hcp ka-c-ap-Jw Xs¶ AZvtZlw krjvSn-¡p-I-bp-m-bn.

F{X \njv{]-bmkw AZvtZlw AsXms¡ km[n¨p Ft¶mÀ¡p-

t¼mÄ C¶pw AXv`pXw tXm¶m-dp-v.

tIhew Hcp kplr-s¯¶ \nebv¡p skbv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zns\

ImWm³ F\n¡p Hcn-¡epw Ign-ªn-«n-Ã. AZvtZlw R§-fp-sS-

sbÃmw þ Fd-Wm-Ip-f¯pw sIm¨n-bn-ep-am-bn-¡-gn-ªn-cp¶ R§-fnÂ

Nne-cp-sS-sbÃmw þ PohnX¯nsâ Hcp `mKw Xs¶-bm-bn-cp-¶p. ad-¡m-

\m-hm¯ thZ\ krjvSn-¨p-sIm-pÅ AZvtZl¯nsâ Xntcm-[m\w

F¶pw Hcp ZpxJ-kva-c-W-bmbn Ah-ti-jn-¡pw.

*******

142

BZy-amZyw HcmÄ¡v Xsâ t]c-¨-Sn-¨p-Im-Wp-¶Xv

F{X Bth-i-I-c-am-bn-cn-¡pw. Fsâ BZy-te-J\w {]knZv[oI-cn¨ B

Ime-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Rmt\mÀ¡p-I-bm-Wv. 1954-þ55 Ime-L-«-¯v, A¶p

Rm³ I®qÀ ap\n-kn-¸Â sslkv¡q-fnÂ kv¡qÄ ss^\Â

IvfmknÂ ]Tn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p. kv¡qÄ amK-ko-\nÂ Fsâ Hcp

teJ\w {]knZv[oI-cn-¨p. þ ^dq¡v cmPm-hns\ ]pd-¯m-¡nb

A¶s¯ CuPn-]vd-dnse Iep-j-amb cmjv{So-bm-´-coIvjs¯ kw_\v

[n¨pÅ teJ-\w. A¶s¯ Fsâ hµy-Kp-cp-\m-Y-\m-bn-cp¶ DdpZp

ap³jn ]tc-X-\mb Fw.- A-_q-_-¡À kmln-_ns\ ImWm³ h¶

Hsc-gp-¯p-Im-c³ kv¡qÄ amK-ko-\nse Fsâ teJ\w hmbn-¡m-\n-S-

bm-bn. B teJ\w X\n-¡-b-¨p-X-c-W-sa¶v AZvtZlw Ft¶m-Sm-h-iy-

s¸-«p. Rm\-X-b¨p sImSp-¯p. AZvtZlaXv {]knZv[oIcn-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXp. sIm¨n-bnÂ \n¶p ]pd-s¸-Sp¶ bph-tI-cfw hmcn-I-bnÂ. B

]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp¶p ]n¶o-sSsâ Gd-dhpw henb kplr-¯mbn amdnb

]n.- F. sk-bvXp-ap-l-½-Zv.

R§-fpsS _\v[w hfÀ¶p. Xeivticn {_¶³ tImtf-PnÂ ]Tn-

¨n-cp¶ Ime¯v apÉnw hnZymÀXvYn sÛ-td-jsâ tIcf kn{I-«dn

F¶ \ne¡v Rm\ZvtZls¯ Gsd kmwkvIm-cnI kt½-f-\-§-fnÂ

kw_\v[n¸n-¨n-cp-¶p. skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ {]KÂ -̀amb {]kw-K-§Ä

Hmtcm¶pw ]pkvX-I-¯nse Hmtcm AZv[ymb-§Ä hmbn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]m-

se-bm-bn-cp-¶p. I®qÀ \K-c-¯nse Ad-¡Ä sIm«m-c-h-f-¸nÂ P\-§Ä

Xn§n-¡q-Sm³ {]mkw-Kn-I³am-cpsS ]«n-I-bnÂ skbvXp apl-½-Xnsâ

t]cp IqSn tNÀ¯mÂ aXn-bm-bn-cp-¶p.

Fd-Wm-Ipfw tem tImtf-PnÂ ]Tn-¡p-t¼mÄ AZvtZlhpambn

hfsc ASp¯v CS-]-g-Im³ kµÀ`w e`n-¨p. A¶ZvtZlw tIc-fm-

apkveow Pam A¯nsâ kn{I-«-dn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. aPoXv ac-bv¡m-dnsâ

A¶s¯ apkveow eoKpw Rm\pÄs¡mÅp¶ apkveow eoKpw X½nÂ

alm-a-\-kv¡-\mb skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv

C.- A-l-½-Zpv

143

cmjv{Sob sshcm-Ky-¯n-em-bn-cp¶ Imew. ac-bv¡m-dpsS t\Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-

ff Pam A¯v sÛ-td-j³ Hmô-knsâ tae-[n-Imcn skbvXp apl-

½-Zpambn-cp-¶p. F¶mÂ Fd-Wm-Ipfw PnÃm apkveow hnZymÀXvYn

sÛ-td-jsâ I½-ddn cq]o-I-cn-¡p-hm³ tbmKw tNcp-¶-Xn\v Pam

A¯v Hmôkv At±-l-sa-\n¡p hn«p X¶p. A{X-am{Xw hnime a\-

kvI-\m-bn-cp¶p kwkv¡m-c-k-¼-¶-\mb skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zv.

acn-¡p-¶-Xn\v Hcp amkw ap¼v a{ń \lm-km-ln-_nsâ hk-Xn-

bnÂ sh¨ZvtZlw Fs¶ Ip. A¶pw At±-l-¯n\v Nne-sXÃmw ]d-

bm-\p-m-bn-cp-¶p. Ata-cn-¡³ ]cy-S-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v N{µnI BgvN-¸-

Xn-¸nÂ Rms\-gp-Xns¡mncp¶ teJ\ ]c-¼-c-sb¸-ddn. AtX Hgp-

¡nÂXs¶ XpSÀ¶p-sa-gp-X-W-sa-¶v.

Rm³ A¶v hS-I-c-¡-Sp¯v hmWn-taÂ F¶ kvYe¯v Fw.- F-

kv.- F^v sâ Hcp tbmK-¯nÂ {]kw-Kn¨p \nÂ¡p-t¼m-gmWv sR«n-

¸n¨ B hmÀ¯ tI«-Xv. skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Ft¸mgpw kvt\ln-¨n-cp¶

apkveow hnZymÀXvYnItfm-sSm¸w Rm\pw At±-l-¯nsâ BXvaim-ń-

¡p-thn {]mÀXvYn¨p. I®p-\oÀI-W-§-fpsS bh-\n-I-¡p-Ån-eqsS

Rm\n-t¸m-gp-tamÀ¡p-I-bm-Wv, ambm¯ ]p©n-cn-bpsS DS-a-bmb

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv kmln-_nsâ aµ-kvanXw XqIp¶ apJw.

* * * *

144

1969 sk]vXw-_À amk-¯nse Hcp {]`m-Xw. kvYew \´³tIm-

SpÅ hnZym-`ym-k-a-{ń-bpsS hk-Xn. cmjv{So-b-t\-Xm-¡³amÀ, DtZym-

KkvY³amÀ, hnZym-`ym-k-{]-hÀ¯-IÀ, AZv[ym]-I-hn-ZymÀXvYn kwL-

S\m {]Xn-\n-[n-IÄ XpS-§n-h-cpsS Hcp henb ]ddw Xs¶ AhnsS

h¶p IqSn-bn-«p-v. a{ń-Kr-l-¯nsâ hS-t¡-b-d-d-¯pÅ hcm-´-bnÂ

GXm\pw t]À XIr-Xn-bmbn kwkm-cn-¨p-sImp \nÂ¡p-¶p. A¡q-«-

¯nÂ Fsâ Hcp kplr-¯p-ap-v. Rm³ At±-l-¯nsâ ASp-¡-

te¡p sN¶p. At±-l-t¯mSv kwkm-cn¨p sImp \n¶ Bfns\

Nqn kplr¯v Ft¶mSv tNmZn-¨p. “Adn-bntÃ? ]n.- G.-sk-bvXp-ap-l-

½Zv!”‘tI«n-«pv’ Aev]w Ah-K-W-\m-`mhw kv^pcn-¡p¶ kzc-¯nÂ

Rm³ ]d-ªp. kplr¯v Fs¶ ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n. Fsâ t]cp

tIÄ¡m¯ Xmakw {]Xyqj ]pjv]-¯nsâ Xqa-µ-lm-ks¯

shÃp¶ Hcp Acp-Wna B Npp-I-fnÂ hnSÀ¶p. Bth-i-]qÀÆw

At±lw Fsâ ssI]n-Sn¨p Ipep-¡n. Xsâ ]mX-bnÂ X\n¡p ]pdtI

hcp¶ Hcp bphm-hns\ Ip-ap-«n-b-XnÂ At±lw lrZbw Xpd-¶m-

lvfm-Zn-¨p. ]qhn-S-cp¶ emL-h-t¯msS Npp-IÄ Nen-¸n-¨psImv

At±lw Ft¶mSv ]d-ªp. “cma-N-{µ³\m-b-cpsS ]pkvXIw F³.- _n.-

F-Ên-\p-thn ]cn-tim-[n-¨Xp Rm\m-Wv. BZy teJ\w Xs¶ Fsâ

\nK-a-\-§sf \J-in-Jm´w FXnÀ¯p-sIm-pÅ H¶m-sW-¦nepw,

]pkvX-I-¯nsâ {]knZv[oI-cWw F³. -_n.- F-Êv Gsd-d-Sp-¡-W-sa¶v

Rm³ iIvXnbmbn ip]mÀi sNbvXp. \½psS Ncn-{X-km-ln-Xy-¯n\v

Hcp apXÂ¡q-«mWv \n§-fpsS ]pkvX-Iw. AhnsS hyIvXnK-X-§-fmb

Xmev]-cy-§Ä¡v {]k-àn-bn-Ã. “skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zns\¸ddn Nne sXd-

dnZv[mc-W-I-fp-m-bn-cp¶ Rm³ Aen-ªp-t]m-Ip-¶-Xmbn tXm¶n.

Ak-ln-jvWp-hmb Hsc-gp-¯p-Im-csâ I¯n-¡m-fp¶ AaÀj-¯nsâ

kzcw Rm³ At±-l-¯nsâ hm¡p-I-fnÂ tI«n-Ã. GXmv Ac-a-Wn-

Hma-\n-¡p¶ HmÀ½-I-fn-eqsS

ASqÀ cma-N-{µ³\m-bÀ

145

¡qÀ R§Ä kwkm-cn-¨p. Xsâ IpSpw-_-¯nse Hcw-K-t¯m-SpÅ

kvt\l-hm-bvt]m-sS-bmWv At±lw Ft¶mSv s]cp-am-dn-b-Xv. Xncp-h-\-´-

]p-c¯p hopw hcp-t¼mÄ ImWm³ {ian-¡m-sa¶p ]dªp R§Ä

]ncn-ªp. skbvXp apl-½-Zns\ Adn-bm-hp-¶-hÀs¡Ãmw C½m-Xncn

Fs´-¦nepw A\p- -̀h-§Ä ]d-bm-\p-m-hpw. lrZ-b-k-¼-¶-\mb

henb a\p-jy\mbncp¶p skbvZp apl-½-Zv. Hcn-¡Â ]cn-N-b-s¸-«mÂ

]n¶o-sSm-cn-¡epw At±-ls¯ shdp-¡pI {]bm-k-am-Wv. ImcWw A\-

h-Zy-amb {]km-ZmXvaI-Xz-¯nsâ AIvjb-{]-Im-i-ambn AZvtZlw

\½psS HmÀ½-I-fnÂ X§n \nÂ¡pw. A]qÀh-ZÀi-amb Cu KpW-hn-

ti-j-amWv AZvtZl-¯nsâ hn]p-e-amb kplrXv he-b-¯nsâ tI{µ-

_n-µp.

B[p-\n-I-Im-e¯v tIc-f-N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy-¯n\v Hcp

{]XypPvPoh\w \ÂIn-bXv skbvZp-ap-l-½-Zm-Wv. km[m-cW hmb-\-¡m-

cpsS CS-bn-te¡v Ncn-{Xs¯ hen-¨n-d-¡n-bXv AZvtZl-amWv. Xsâ efn-

X-a-t\m-l-c-amb ssien-bn-ep-ff BJym-\-]m-Shw sImmWv AZvtZl-w

AXv km[n-¨-Xv. ]mWvUn-Xy-¯nsâ tKmZm-bnÂ \S-¯p¶ aÂ¸n-Sp-¯-

§Äs¡m¶pw Xm\n-sÃ¶ a«n-epÅ \nÊw-KX AZvtZl-w Ft¸mgpw

]men-¨n-cp-¶p. skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zns\ Hcp ]WvUn-X³ F¶p hnti-

jn¸n¡p¶Xv lnt¸m-{I-kn-bm-Wv. ]Ivsj Ncn-{X-]-WvUn-X³amsc ae-

bm-f-hm-b-\-¡mÀ¡v ]cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-Sp-¯-XnÂ Imcy-amb ]¦v

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p-v. AZvtZl-w Cfpw-Ip-fw-Ip-ª³]n-f-f-sb-¸-ddn

A`n-am-\-t_m-[-t¯msS kwkm-cn-¡p-¶Xv Rms\mcp tImtfPv

hnZymÀXvYnbm-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ tI«n-«p-v. \½psS `qX-Im-e-hn-`q-X-nIsf

Icp-¸n-Sn-¸n-¡p-hm³ ]cym-]vX-§-fmb D¯-a-{K\vY§-fmWv At±-l-

¯nsâ Ncn-{X-tI-c-fw, tIcfw \qd-dm-p-IÄ¡p-ap-¼v, k©m-cn-IÄ

I tIc-fw, tIc-f-apkveowN-cn-{Xw, BZn-hm-kn-IÄ XpS-§nb IrXn-

IÄ. BÀ¡n-jvS-s¸-«m-ep-an-sÃ -¦nepw ae-bm-f-¯nse C¶s¯ Xe-ap-d-

bnÂ tIc-f-N-cn-{X-]-T-\-¯nsâ A`n-cpNn hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯Xv skbvXp-

ap-l-½-Zm-sW¶p k½-Xnt¨ ]d-dq. \½psS hnti-jmÂ {]XnIfnÂ Ncn-

{X-te-J\w Hcp ‘akvd-dmbn’ AwKo-I-cn-¸n¨Xnsâ ]n¶nse iIvXn

AZvtZl-¯n-tâ-Xm-Wv. A¶p-hsc {hofm-`m-h-apÄs¡mp \n¶n-cp¶

Hcp Im«p-a-¦-bm-bn-cp¶p tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw. Ncn-{X-sa¶ Zo]s¯ IpS-¯n-\-

I-¯p-\n¶pw ]pd-s¯-Sp¯p Im«n-bXv AZvtZl-amWv. h\- ]p-jv]-

¯nsâ ]Z-hn-bnÂ\n¶pw Hcp DZym-\-kq-\-ambn Ahsf AZvtZl-w

hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯p. Ag-Ipw, amÀZvZh-hp-apÅ DS-bm-S-I-f-Wn-bn v̈

Ahsf cwKm-h-X-cWw \S-¯n-bXpw AZvtZl-amWv. ine-bnepw Ipkp-

as¯ Is-¯p¶ {]Ir-X-¡m-c-\mWv skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zv.

146

Aw_-c-aZv[yw Xnf-§p-s¶m-cm-Zn-Xyþ

_nw_hpw sI«p-t]m-sa-¦n-ems«

A¡-cn-bq-Xn-¸n-Sn-¸n-̈ -Xn-semcp

Xo¡-«-bp-m¡pw kÀKvKi-àn.

AXm-bn-cp¶p AZvtZl-¯nsâ hnizm-kw. AZ-ay-amb Cu

A´:tOmZ-\-bpsS ê-am-bn-«mWv GXmv \nÀPvPoh-ambn

InS¶“CXn-lmk kan-Xn”sb “tIcf lnkvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tb-j³” F¶ AJn-teým {]i-kvX-amb {]kvYm\-am¡n hfÀ¯n-sb-Sp-¯Xv.

tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-bp-sSbpw, tIcf kmlnXy ]cn-j-¯n-

tâbpw ]p\-cpPvPoh-\-¯nepw Cu IÀ½-iIvXnbpsS {]`mhw ImWmw.

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ hnc-sem¶p sXm«mÂ, ]mSm¯ GsXmcp

hoWbpw ]mSpw. AXmWv tIcf lnkvd-ddn AtÊm-kn-tb-j\v Fd-Wm-

Ipfw ]«-W-¯nsâ lrZ-b-`m-K¯v at\m-l-c-amb HcmkvYm\hpw hn]p-

e-am-sbmcp {K\vYti-J-chpw ]Sp-¯p-bÀ¯n-b-Xnsâ ]n¶nse iIvXnhn-

tijw shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xv.

Fs´Ãmw Ipd-d-§-fp-m-bmepw tIc-f-N-cn-{X-hnPvRm\-im-J¡v

apXÂIq-s«¶v XoÀ¯p ]d-bm-hp¶ tIc-f-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ cp hmey-§-

fpsS {]knZv[oI-cWw skbvXp apl-½-Znsâ {]hÀ¯-\-iIvXnbpsS

\nXy-\q-X-\-§-fmb kvamc-I-am-Wv. skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ \nc-´-c-amb

Ae-«Â kln-¡-h-¿m-Xm-b-Xp-aq-e-amWv apgp-a-Sn-b³am-cmb F{Xtbm

Ncn-{X-Im-c³amÀ B {K\vY]-c-¼-c-¡p-thn teJ-\-§Ä Na¨-Xv.

I¯p-aq-ehpw apJ-Zm-hn-ep-ff AZvtZl-¯nsâ kvt\l-a-kr-W-amb

\nÀ_\v[sam-¶p-am-{X-amWv tIc-f-N-cn{Xw cmw hmey-¯nse ‘ASn-

a¯w’ F¶ AZv[ymbw Cu teJ-I-s\-s¡mv Fgp-Xn-¸n- -̈sX¶v Cu

Ah-k-c-¯nÂ IrXPvRXm-]qÀhw kvacn-¡-s«. hiy-amb ]p©n-cn-bp-

ambn \s½ hiw sISp-¯p¶ coXn-bn-epÅ B \À½-kw-`m-j-W-

¯nsâ elcn Be-kyhpw `bhpw AI-ddn \t½ IÀt½m\vapJ-cm-¡p-

¶p. tIc-f-N-cn-{X-c-N-\-¡p-thn kÀ¡m-cnsâ [\-k-lmbw hm§p-

hm³ sk{I-t«-dn-b-d-dnsâ GXp Ihm-S-§-fnepw sN¶p-ap«n hnfn-¡p-¶-

XnÂ AZvtZl-w A`n-am-\IvjXw In-cp-¶n-Ã. eIvjyw amÀ¤s¯

km[q-I-cn-¡p-¶p F¶-Xn-em-bn-cp¶p AZvtZl-w B\µw In-cp-¶-Xv.

lrt{Zm-K-¯nÂ \n¶pw ]qÀ®- hn-apàn t\Sm-s¯mcp kml-N-cy-¯nÂ

sk{I-t«-dn-b-d-dnsâsXt¡-I-hm-S-¯nÂh-¨mWvAh-km-\-ambn skbvXp-

147

ap-l-½-Zns\ Rm³ ImWp-¶-Xv. \t¶ hnh-i-\m-bn-cp¶p AZvtZl-w.

tIc-f-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ Cw¥o-jp-hn-hÀ¯-\-¯n-\pÅ [\-k-lm-b-¯n-\p-

thn _\v[s¸« A[n-Im-cn-Isf ImWp-hm-\pÅ ka-bhpw Im¯v

AhnsS \n¶n-cp¶ skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ Bekyam apJw C¶pw

Fsâ HmÀ½-I-fnÂ\n¶pw amªp-t]m-Ip-¶n-Ã. I®p-\o-cnÂ IpXnÀ¶

Hcp ]qs¨v B kvac-W¡p ap¼nÂ AÀ¸n-¨p-sImv Cu A\p-kva-c-

W-¡p-dn¸v ChnsS Ah-km-\n-¸n-¡t«!

\Âkva-c-W-IÄ X³ ]q¡-Wn-s¨-p-ambv C¡-cÄ

AÀ¸n-¨n-Sp-¶-`n-hm-Z\w kvt\tlm-ZnXw IpWvTn-Xw.

148

1969þÂ kÀÆ-hnPvRm\-tIm-i-¯sâ No^v FUn-d-dÀ F¶ \ne-

bnÂ Xncp-h-\-´-]p-c¯p Xmakw XpS-§n-b-Xn-\p-ti-j-amWv {io.-sk-

bvXp-ap-l-½-Zns\ Rm³ t\cn-«p-I--Xv. F¶mÂ AXn-\p-ap¼v At±-l-

¯nsâ teJ-\-§fpw ]pkvX-I-§fpw Rm³ hmbn-¨n-cp-¶p. A§s\

Hcp ]cn-Nbw t\Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-¶p. C¡-gnª Btd-gp-hÀj-

¡mew ]e ]cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw H¶n¨p {]hÀ¯n-t¡ Npd-dp-]m-Sp-IÄ

Dm-bn, tIcf kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-bpsS FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv t_mÀUnepw

P\-dÂ Iu¬kn-enepw, AXnsâ addp Nne I½-d-dn-I-fnepw R§Ä

H¶n¨p {]hÀ¯n-¨n-«p-v. kÀÆ-hnPvRm\-tIm-i-¯nsâ D]-tZ-i-I-k-

anXn (N-cn-{Xw)bnse AwK-sa¶ \ne-bnÂ At±lw Fsâ {]hÀ¯-\-

§-tfmSp kl-I-cn-¨p. AZvtZl¯nsâ Npa-X-e-bnÂ {]knZv[s¸-Sp-

¯nb ‘tIc-f-N-cn-{X’¯nÂte-J-I³ F¶ \nebnÂ kl-I-cWw

At§m«pw ]IÀ¶n-cp¶p. C¡m-cy-§-sfms¡ Hu]-Nm-cn-I-ambn

apt¼m«p sImp-t]m-Im³ {]tXy-I-ku-lr-Z-sam¶pw A\p-t]IvjWo-

b-a-Ã. ]Ivsj R§Ä X½n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ _\v[w HutZym-Kn-Itam

Hu]-Nm-cn-Itam Bbn ]cn-an-X-s¸-«n-cp-¶n-Ã.

BZyw I-t¸mÄ Xt¶, ]t Adn-ªn-cp-¶-hcpw ImWm³

B{K-ln-¨n-cp-¶-hcpw X½n-ep-ff Hcp kt½-f-\-¯nsâ kt´m-jhpw

XmXv]-cyhpw Xnc-b-Sn-¨n-cp-¶p. AXn-\p-tijw X½nÂ ImWm\pw

H¶n¨p {]hÀ¯n-¡m-\p-ap-ff kµÀ -̀§Ä [mcm-f-am-bn-«p-m-bn.

R§ÄXs¶ IqSp-XÂ Dm-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F{X thK-amWv B

]cn-Nbw KmU-ku-lr-Z-ambn hfÀ¶Xv! F{X kzm`m-hn-I-am-bn-«mWv

cv hyIvXnIÄ X½n-ep-m-bn-cp¶ kulrZw cp IpSpw-_-§Ä

X½n-ep-ff kulr-Z-ambn hnI-kn-¨-Xv! R§Ä IpSpw-_-ambn Fd-Wm-Ip-

f-¯p-ff Ah-cpsS hkXn H¶n-e-[nIw XhW kµÀin-¨n-«p-v. AXp-

t]mse skbvXp-ap-l-½Zpw IpSpw-_-¯nse FÃm AwK§fpw tNÀ¶v

Xncp-h-\-´-]pc-¯p-ff R§-fpsS hk-Xn-bnÂ AXn-Yn-I-fmbn h¶n-«p-

ssNX\yw XpSn-¡p¶ kulrZw

tUm.-sI.-Fw.-tPmÀPv

149

v. hnkvXr-X-amb Cu kulr-Z-¯nsâ D¯-c-hm-ZnXzw FÃm AwK-

§Ä¡pw Gsd-¡psd Ds-¦nepw AXnsâ{]`hw icn¡pw Znhw-K-X-

\mb skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zm-sW-¶-XnÂ F\n¡p ktµ-l-an-Ã.

]e I½-d-dn-I-fnepw H¶n¨p `mK-`m-¡p-I-fm-Im³ Ign-ª-Xp-

sImp skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ hyIvXnXzhpw AXnsâ khn-ti-j-X-I-

fpw Gsd-¡psd a\kvknem-¡p-hm³ F\n¡p Ign-ªn-«p-v. I½-d-dn-

tbm-K-§-fnÂ tbmKy-ambn kl-I-cn-¡pI Hcp Ie-bm-sW¶ A`n-{]m-b-

¡m-c-\mWv Rm³. Nne Bfp-IÄ Bh-iy-¯n-e-[nIw kwkm-cn¨v

t_md³am-cm-bn-¸-cn-W-an-¡m-dp-v. GXp hnj-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨pw cp-

samgn Fdn-ªn-sÃ -¦nÂ AhÀs¡mcp kpJ-hp-an-Ã.þ ]d-bp¶ Imcy-

§Ä {]k-IvXamhW-sa¶p \nÀ_\v[hp-an-Ã. addp NneÀ Bh-iy-ap-f-f-

t¸mgpw kwkm-cn-¡-bn-Ã. ‘Rm³ Fń\p CXnÂ CS-s]«p BÀs¡-

¦nepw hÃmbva hcp-¯Ww’ F¶ Nn´-bmWv Nne-t¸mÄ au\¯n\p

Imc-Ww. addp Nne-t¸mÄ AhÀ¡p \Ã bpIvXnIÄ tXm¶p-¶Xv

tbmKw Ign-ªm-bn-cn-¡pw. Nne-t¸mÄ kz´w A`n-{]mbw ]d-bm³

ss[cy-an-Ãm-¯-Xp-sImpw au\w-A-h-ew-_n-¨p-sh¶v hcmw. Ch-sc-

s¡mp tImdw XnI-bv¡m-sa-¶-sXm-gn¨p tbm[\-S-]-Sn-IÄ¡p Hcp

{]tbm-P-\hpw Dm-Ip-¶n-Ã. kµÀ`w A\p-k-cn-¨pv ]d-tb Imcyw

hyIvXambn kwIvjn]vX-ambn ]d-bm³ Ign-hpÅ AwK-§-fmWp I½-d-

dn-I-fnÂ tim`n-¡p-¶-Xv. A¯cw Hcm-fm-bn-cp¶p skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zv.

AZvtZlw A[nIw kwkm-cn-¡m-dn-Ã. X¡wt\m¡n hyIvXamb `mj-

bnÂ iIvXamb kzc-¯nÂ Bcp-sSbpw apJw t\m¡msX A`n-{]mbw

]d-bp¶ AZvtZl-¯nsâ Iuiew F¶nÂ _lp-am\w Df-hm-¡n-bn-«p-

v.

ZpÀ_-e-hn-`m-K-§-fp-sSbpw \yq\-]Ivj§-fp-sSbpw XmXv]-cy-§sf

kwcIvjn¡p-¶-XnÂ AZvtZlw {]tXyIw {iZv[n¨p-t]m-¶n-cp-¶p. AXp

a\kvknÂ IcpXn kwkm-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ B kzc-¯n\p Hcp {]tXyI

iIvXn ssIh-cp-¶-Xmbpw Rm³ {iZv[n¨n-«p-v. tIhew hnIm-c-¯n\p

hnt[-b-\m-ImsX bpIvXn]qÀÆw Imcy-§Ä Gsä-Sp¯p ImWn-¡p-

Ibpw sN¿pw.

skbv-Xp-ap-l-½-Znsâ hnP-b-¯n\p {][m\ ImcWw AZvtZlw

FÃm-h-cp-sSbpw kplr-¯m-bn-cp¶p F¶-X-t{X. GXp ]mÀ«n-bnÂs]-«-

hÀ¡pw, GXp kap-Zm-b-¯nÂs]-«-hÀ¡pw AZvtZlt¯mSp DÅp-

sImp B`n-ap-Jy-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p. kwLm-S-I-{]-ho-W-\mb

AZvtZls¯ FÃm-hÀ¡pw thWw. kmln-Xytam Ncn-{Xtam kwkvIm-

150

ctam F´p-am-Is« cwKw, {]Xn-êw {]XoIvjn¡msX tPmen sN¿m³

Bsf thn-h-cp-t¼mÄ, skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zns\ hnkva-cn-¡m³ Hcp

kwL-S-\bv¡pw km[y-aÃ F¶ kvYnXn-hn-tijw Xs¶-bp-m-bn.

ssNX\yw XpSn-¡p¶ AZvtZl¯nsâ kulrZw, IIvjncm-jv{So-b-ta-

J-e-I-sf-bpw, aX-k-ap-Zm-b-h-c-¼p-I-sfbpw AXn-ew-Ln-¨v, At\Iw

hyIvXnIfpsS lrZ-b-§-fnÂ B[n]Xyw Dd-¸n-¨p. C¯cw kulr-Z-

¯nsâ kuc`yw ]c-¯m³- F-t¶-t¸m-epÅ AZvtZl¯nsâ kplr-

¯p-¡Ä¡p Ign-ªn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ!

A\-t]£x ipNnÀZ£

DZm-kot\m KX-hyYx

kÀhm-cw- -̀]-cn-XymKo

tbm aXvÌvXx k ta {]nbx

{ioa-Zv -̀K-h-ZvKo-X. 12-þ16

* * * *

151

tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bpsS Ncn{Xw hnhn[ kap-Zm-b-

§-fn-ep-mb ]cn-jv¡-c-W-§-fpsS BsI-¯p-I-bm-sW¶p ImWm³

Ign-bpw. Hmtcm kap-Zm-b-¯n-epw, PmXn-bn-epw, sNdpXpw hep-Xp-amb

At\Iw ]cn-jv¡-cWkwcw- -̀§-fp-m-bn-«p-v. kaq-l-am-d-d-¯nÂ

Ahbvs¡Ãmw AXm-Xnsâ kvYm\-ap-v. ssl-µ-h-k-ap-Zm-b-¯nÂ

Xo-en\pw sXmSo-en\pw hncpZv[amb {]Ivtjm`Ww am{X-aÃ Xnc-

pIp-fn-¡pw, ]pfn-Ip-Sn¡pw FXn-cm-b kwcw- -̀§fpw kmaq-ly-hn-]vf-h-

¯nsâ `mK-ambn KWn-t¡--Xm-Wv. Ivtj{X-{]-th-i-\-̄ n-\pÅ kXym-

{Klw lnµp-a-X-]-cn-jv¡-c-WmÀXvYam-sW¶p k½-Xn-¨psImpXs¶

AXpw \½psS kmaq-ly-]-cn-hÀ¯-\-hp-ambn _\v[s¸-«-Xm-sW¶p

AwKo-I-cn-¡m³ {]bm-k-an-Ã. kap-Zmb ]cn-jv¡-c-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ

GÀs¸« ]ecpw \½psS tZiob t\Xm-¡-fm-Wv. kmaq-ly-]-cn-

jv¡À¯m-¡-fm-Wv.

tIc-f-¯nse apkveow kap-Zm-b-̄ nepw ]e ]cn-jv¡-cW

{]kvYm\-§-fp-ap-m-bn-«p-v. Bdp-Z-im-_vZ-§Ä¡p-ap¼v ]WvUn-X\pw

DÂ]-Xn-jvWp-hp-amb h¡w A_vZpÄ Jm-ZÀ auehn t\XrXzw

\ÂInb ]cn-jv¡-cW {]kvYm\-amWv Gd-dhpw {iZvt[-bw. apkveowI-

fnÂ thcq-¶n-bn-cp¶ A\v[hn-izm-k-§Ä¡pw A\m-Nm-c-§Ä¡p-sa-

Xnsc Hcp henb hn`mKw bph-P-\-§sf Cd-¡n-hn-Sm³ B IÀ½-tbm-

Kn¡p Ign-ªp. sI.- Fw. au-e-hn, Cu. sI. au-ehn XpS-§nb {]apJ

]WvUn-X³amcpw apl-½Zv A_vZp-d-ln-am³, sI.-Fw.-ko-Xo-km-ln_v

XpS-§nb DuÀPvPkz-e-cmb sNdp-¸-¡mcpw tNÀ¶p cq]w sImSp¯

apkveow sFIy-kwLw Ipsd-¡mew kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ iIvXamb ]cn-

jv¡-cW {]kvYm\-ambn \ne-sIm-p. F¶mÂ aX-¯nsâ ad-bnÂ

{`m´-ambn hfÀ¶ cmjv{So-bmthi¯nÂ hnNm-c-{]-[m-\-amb kap-Zmb

]cn-jv¡-c-W-{]kvYm\-§Ä \ndw a§n. kzmX-{ý-e-_v[n-¡p-tijw

Hcp Zim-_vZ-t¯mfw kap-Zm-b-cwKw GXmp \nÀPvPoh-am-bn-cp-¶p.

kap-Zmb ]cn-jv¡-c-W-§fpw skbvXp-ap-l-½Zpw

F³.-sI.-e¯o^v

152

kmaq-lyhpw, kmwkv¡m-cn-I-hp-amb ]nt¶m-¡m-hkvYsb Ipdn-¨pÅ

hnem-]-a-ÃmsX {InbmXvaI-ambn H¶pw sN¿m³ Ign-ªn-Ã.

1960 t\mSp-Iq-Sn-bmWv tIc-f-¯nse apkveow kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ

]pXnb Ne\w {]I-S-am-Ip-¶-Xv. B Ne\w krjvSn-¨-h-cpsS ap³]-ń-

bnÂ ]n.- F.- sk-bvXp-ap-l-½-Zns\ Is-¯p-¶p. XpSÀ¶p kap-Zm-b-

¯n-\p-mb ssNX-\ymXvaIamb hfÀ¨bv¡p [oj-Wm-]-c-amb

t\XrXzw \ÂIn-b-h-cpsS \nc-bnÂ AZvtZlw apJykvYm\o-b-\m-Wv.

i_vZ-tIm-em-l-e-§-fnÂ \ns¶m-gnªp Hcp Xm]-k-s\-t¸mse Ncn-{X-K-

th-j-W-¯nÂ apgp-In-bn-cp¶ skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv s]mXp{]hÀ¯-\-cw-

K¯v Dd¨ i_vZ-¯nsâ DS-a-bmbn amdn. kmwkv¡mcn-I-ta-J-e-bnÂ

krjvSn-]-c-amb {]hÀ¯-\-§-fnÂ Imeq-¶nb AZvtZlw _pZv[n]qÀÆ-

amb Bkq-{X-W-¯nepw, kwL-S-\m-km-aÀXvYy¯nepw Akq-bmÀl-\m-

bn, s]mXp-{]-hÀ¯-\-¯nÂ C{Xbv¡p kPvPoh-am-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ -¦nÂ Ncn-

{X-km-ln-Xy-¯n\p C¶pÅXnt\-¡mÄ hne-s¸« kw`m-h-\-IÄ

skbvXp-ap-l-½-ZnÂ\n¶p e`n-¡p-am-bn-cp¶p F¶Xv hmkvX-h-am-Wpv,

F¶mÂ kmaq-ly-[À½-\nÀh-l-W-¯n\p Xsâ ta[m-iIvXntbmsSm¸w

A\-\y-km-[m-c-W-amb IÀ½-ti-jn-IqSn Ime-¯n\p Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-¶p.

AXp-sImp \mSn\pw kap-Zm-b-¯n\pw B PohnXw {]tbm-P-\-s¸-«p.

kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv¡-cWw tZio-b-amb Hcm-h-iy-am-bmWv skbvXp-ap-

l-½Zv I-Xv. ]nt¶m-¡-sa¶p ]dªp ssI¡p-¼nÄ \o«m-\-Ã, Ah-K-

W-\-sb-¡p-dn-¨pÅ A]-IÀj-t_m-[w-sImp Xe Xmgv¯m-\p-a-Ã,

BXvahn-izm-k-t¯msS, IÀ½-_-e-t¯msS tZio-b-Po-hn-X-]m-X-bnÂ

Xe-bp-bÀ¯n ssIhoin Bªp-\-S-¡m-\mWv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Bh-

iy-s¸-«-Xv. A\y-Ym-t_m-[hpw hyÀXvYNn-´bpw ssIsh-Sn-b-Ww. kap-

Zmb ]Ivj]m-Xn-Xz-hpw, hÀKvKob Nn´bpw hn\m-i-I-c-am-Wv. CX-c-k-

ap-Zm-b-§-fp-am-bpÅ kwLÀj-a-Ã, A\p-cPvR\-am-Wm-h-iyw. ]c-

kv]cw AwKo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw am\n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶n-S-¯mWv kulr-

Zw. \mSnsâ D¶-Xn-bmWv apJy-ambn ImtW--Xv. Imew amdp-¶p. B

amddw DÄs¡m-Åm³ apkveow kap-Zm-b-¯n-\p-IqSn Ign-b-Ww. AXn-\-

\p-cq-]-amb hoIvjW-ap-m-I-Ww. kap-Zm-b-¯nÂ ]p\ÀPvPoh-\-aÃ

\thmXvYm\-amWv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv B{Kln¨-Xv. hnIm-c-¯nsâ ASn-

¯-d-bnÂ \thmXvYm\-apm-Ip-I-bn-Ã. hnNm-c-¯n-\mWv AhnsS

Øm\w. Bth-iw-am{Xw ssIap-X-em-bp-f-f-hÀ¡p kap-Zm-b-]-cn-jv¡-

cWw F¶pw Hcp kz]v\w am{X-am-bn-cn-¡pw. Ah-[m-\-]qÀÆw Bkq-

{XWw sNbvXp-sIm-p-ff imkv{Xob kao-]-\-am-Wm-h-iyw. skbvXp-ap-

l-½-Znsâ kao-]-\-a-Xm-bn-cp-¶p.

153

kap-Zmbw ]cn-jv¡-c-W-hn-t[-b-am-I-W-sa-¦nÂ BZyw kz´w Ncn-

{X-s¯-¡p-dn¨p t_m[w thWw. C¶-se-bnse A\p- -̀h-§-fmWv

\msfsb cq]-s¸-Sp-¯p¶Xn\pÅ C¶s¯ {]hÀ¯\-§Ä¡p \nZm-

\w. Ncn{Xw hgn-Im-«n-bm-Wv. AXp-sImp H¶m-a-Xmbn skbvXp-ap-l-

½Zv tIcf apkveowI-fpsS GXmp ka-{K-amb Hcp Ncn{Xw X¿m-dm-

¡n. 1960 Â tIcfm ]_vfn-t¡-j³kv {]knZv[oI-cn¨ tIcf apkveow

Ub-d-IvS-dn-bnÂ apJy-`mKw tIcf apkveowIfpsS Ncn-{X-am-Wv.

AXnsâ Bap-J-¯nÂ AZvtZlw Fgp-Xn. “Hcp cmPy-¯n-sâbpw

AXnse P\-hÀKvK§-fp-tSbpw kwkv¡m-c-[-\y-amb hfÀ¨-bmWv Ncn-

{X-¯nÂ {]Xn-^--en-¡p-¶-Xv. Ncn-{X-an-Ãm¯ P\-Xbpw cmPyhpw Ccp

\qd-dm-nse kw -̀h-ambn Hd-d-s¸-«p-\nÂ¡p-¶-Xm-Wv. kwkv¡m-c-

¯nsâ hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-§Ä Xn«-s¸-Sp-¯p¶ Aaq-ey-\n-[n-bmWv Ncn-

{Xw.”

C¶-se-bpsS Ncn{Xw am{X-a-dn-ª-Xp-sIm-m-bn-Ã, C¶s¯

hkvXpkvYnI-sf-¡p-dn¨p hyIvXamb Hcp Nn{Xw thWw.

bYmÀXvYamb B Nn{Xw cq]-s¸-Sp¯n kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ ap¼nÂh-

bv¡m³ Ign-ªXpw skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-\m-Wv. 1962 Â AZvtZlw FUn-

ddp sNbvX Pam A¯v sÛ-td-j³ {]knZv[oI-cn¨ “tIcf apkveow

Pam A¯v kvYnXn-hn-hcw” Cu kap-Zmbw FhnsS \nÂ¡p¶p F¶-

Xnsâ B[n-Im-cn-I-tc-J-bm-Wv. AXp kaÀ¸n-¨p-sImp AZvtZlw

{]XoIvjn¨p. “kap-Zm-b-̄ nse s]mXp-th-bpÅ Gd-d-¡p-d-¨n-ep-IÄ

IW-¡p-IÄ ap¼nÂh¨p kzbw NÀ¨ sN¿m-\pÅ CZw-{]-Y-amb Hcp

kwcw`w F¶ \nebv¡p Cu {]hÀ¯-\s¯ AXÀln¡p¶ Kuc-h-

t¯msS DÄs¡m-Åp-sa¶p hniz-kn-¡p-¶p. Pam A¯v al-Ã -SnkvYm\-

¯n-epÅ Cu hnh-c-§Ä kap-Zm-b-¯n\p DWÀ¶p {]hÀ¯n-¡m³

{]tbm-P-\-s¸-St«”

]qÀh-N-cn-{Xhpw hÀ¯-am-\-Im-ekvYnXnbpw kmam\yw hyIvXam-

b-Xp-sImp C\n `mhn-bn-te-bv¡pÅ Bkq-{X-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨mWv

Nnń-t¡--Xv. AXn\p kap-Zm-b-¯nse Nn´m-io-e³amÀ¡p Hcp-an¨p

IqSm-\pÅ Hcp thZn Bh-iy-am-Wv. B thZn Hcp-¡p-¶-Xn\p t\XrXzw

\ÂIn-bXpw skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zm-Wv. 1963Â Bep-h-bnÂtNÀ¶ tIcf

CkvemanIv IÄ¨-dÂ skan-\mÀ tIcf apkveowI-fpsS Icp-¯p-dd

Nn´m-{]-kvYm-\-am¡n hfÀ¯m³ skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ kwL-S-\m-]m-S-

h-amWv apJy-ambn klm-bn-¨-Xv. hnhn[ cmjv{So-b-þ-km-ap-Zm-bnI

IIvjnI-fnse t\Xm-¡-sfbpw ]WvUn-X³am-scbpw kaq-l-

154

¯nÂhnhn[ta-J-e-I-fnÂ {]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶-h-tcbpw H¶n-¨n-cp¯n kap-

Zmb ]cn-jv¡-c-Ws¯ Ipdn¨p Nnń-¸n-¡m\pw, NÀ¨ sN¿n-¡m\pw

skan-\m-dn\p km[n-¨p-sh-¦nÂ AXn\p skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ \b-Nm-Xp-

cy-¯n\pw, hyIvXn_-Ô-§Ä¡pw henb ]¦p-v. Cu cwK-¯pv

At±lw Hcp kwtbm-PI iIvXn-bmbn hÀZv[n¨p. kap-Zm-b-s -̄

s¡mp Dds¡ Nnń-¸n-¡m³ km[n¨ B al-¯mb {]kvYm\w

hne-s¸« kw`m-h-\-I-fmWv AÀ¸n-¨n-«p-Å-Xv. kmaq-ly-hpw-þ-kmw-kvIm-cn-

I-hp-amb cwK-§-fnÂ {InbmXvaI-ambn tkh\w sN¿p¶ ]e kwL-S-

\-IÄ¡pw kv Ym]-\-§Ä¡pw AXp _oPm-hm]w sNbvXp. C¶v AJn-

teým kwL-S-\-bmbn hfÀ¶n-cn-¡p¶ Fw. -C.- Fkv. cq]w ]qXpv

skan-\m-dnsâ iIvXamb t{]cW sImm-Wv.

Ignª cp Zi-I-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ apkveow kap-Zm-b-¯n-ep-mb

FSp¯p ]d-bm-hp¶ kmwkvIm-cnI kwcw- -̀§Ä¡p ]n¶nÂ skbvXp

apl-½-Znsâ ssIIÄ ImWmw. tIc-fob kwkvIm-c-¯n\pw apkveowI-

fpsS hne-s¸« kw`m-h-\-bmb am¸n-f-km-ln-Xy-s¯-¡p-dn¨p 1971 Â

Xncq-c-§m-Sn-bnÂ hnP-b-I-c-ambn \S-¯nb skan\mdnsâ Imcy-ZÀin

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp-¶p. hnkvar-Xn-bmgv¶p sImn-cp¶ am¸n-f-¸m-«p-

Ifpw, kmln-Xy-I-e-Ifpw kap-Zm-b-̄ nsâ ]qÀÆ-Ime k¼-s¯¶

\ne-bnÂ DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p-Ibpw klr-Z-b-tem-Is¯ sImp AwKo-I-

cn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿m³ skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn\p Ign-ªp.

kaq-l-¯nse Ahn-`mPy LS-I-amb kap-Zm-b-§-fpsS `mjm-`n-

hrZv[nbn-emWv cmPy-]p-tcm-KXn \ne-s¡m-Åp-¶-sX¶v hniz-kn-¨p-sIm-

mWv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv kap-Zmb ]cn-jvI-c-W-cw-K¯v IS-¶p-h-¶-Xv.

apkveow kap-Zm-b-¯nsâ am{X-a-Ã FÃm kap-Zm-b-§-fp-sSbpw ]cn-jvI-

cW kwcw- -̀§-fp-ambn AZvtZlw BXvamÀXvYambn kl-I-cn-¨n-«p-v.

{]tXy-In¨p kmaq-ly-ambn ]nt¶m¡w \nÂ¡p¶ Cug-hmZn kap-Zm-b-

§-fn-ep-mb {]kvYm\-§-tfmSp At -̀Zy-amb _\v[am-bn-cp-¶p. k-ap-

Zmb ]cn-jvI-c-W--¯n\v ssIs¡m imkv{Xob kao-]-\-amWv ad-dm-tc-

¡mfpw B cwK¯v skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zns\ {iZvt[b-\m-¡n-b-Xv.

* * * *

155

As¶mcp Rmb-dm-gvN-bm-bn-cp-¶p. Hcp aX-{`m-´-\Ã F¶p-h-cn-

Inepw ImÂh-cn-a-e-bnÂh¨p {InkvXp temI-\³a-bv¡mbn AÀ¸n¨ B

hnin-jvS-_-en-bnÂ Rm\n¶pw ÌvXymZ-c-§Ä {]ZÀin-¸n-¡p¶ Hcp

hyIvXnbm-Wv. AXn-\p-thn Ign-bp-sa-¦nÂ FÃm Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw

tZhm-e-b-¯n-se¯n kzÂ]-k-abw B bPvR]p-cp-j-s\-¸-ddn Nnń-

¡p-Ibpw AZvtZl-¯nsâ B Znhy-{]-`sb \a-kvI-cn-¨p-t]m-cp-Ibpw

]Xn-hm-Wv. AXn-tebv¡v A¶pw Hcp-§n-bn-cn-t¡m-t¼m-gm-Wv, amXr-`q-an-

tbm, at\m-c-atbm GtXm H¶v F¯n-t¨À¶-Xv. Xe-s¡-«p-IÄ t\m¡n-

¯p-S-§p¶ XnSp-¡-¯nÂ BZyw I-Xv, Fsâ kvt\ln-X³ skbvXp-

ap-l-½-Znsâ Hcp _vtfm¡pw Nc-a-hmÀ¯-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. Xte-

Zn-hkw i\n-bmgvN cm{Xn Fd-Wm-Ipfw eqÀZm-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂh v̈

AZvtZlw lrt{ZmKw aqew A´-cn-s¨¶pw, Rmb-dmgvN cmhnse 9

aWn¡v Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pqkv kv{ddo-d-dn-\-Sp-¯p-ff k³{SÂ Pam-]-ffn

I_À kvYm\¯v AS¡w sN¿p-sa-¶p-am-bn-cp¶p B hmÀ -̄bpsS

Npcp-¡w. H«pw Xma-kn-¨n-Ã, tZhm-e-b-¯n-tebv¡v ]pds¸Sm³ X¿m-dm-

bn-cp¶ Cu teJ-I³ hcm-¸pg \n¶v DS-\Sn Fd-Wm-Ip-f-t¯bv¡p

Xncn-¨p.

Kncn-\-K-dn-epÅ AZvtZl-¯nsâ hmk-Ø-e¯v F¯n-t¨-cp-

hm\pw Ahn-sS-h¨v B kplr-¯ns\ Hcp \nanjw t\m¡p-hm\pw ka-

b-an-sÃ¶v Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\mÂ ivaim-\-th-Zn-¡-Sp-¯pÅ Fd-

Wm-Ipfw Pqkv kv{Sod-dnÂ F¯n Ahn-sS-¯s¶ \ne-bp-d-¸n-¨p. Fs¶-

t¸mse AZvtZl-¯nsâ hnc-l-¯nÂ ZpxJn-X-cmb addp ]e kplr-

¯p-¡fpw B Ah-k-c-¯nÂ AhnsS F¯n-bn-cp-¶p. A[nIw sshIn-

bn-Ã, ih-a©w hln-¨p-sIm-pÅ ‘^yqW-dÂ¸m-«n³ KZvK-Z-i-_vZ-

sam¶p sNhn-bnÂ X«n’-¯p-S-§n. R§Ä sR«n-¯p-S-§p-I-bp-am-bn.

ASp-s¯-¯nb ih-a-©s¯ ]n³Xp-SÀ¶v B BXvakp-lr-¯nsâ

Aýhn{i-akvYew hsc R§fpw A\p-K-an-¨p. Ah-km-\-am-bn,

B kvt\ln-Xsâ thÀ]mSv

kmlnXy\n]p-W³ Sn.- Fw.- Np-½mÀ

156

Bcnepw kulrZw ]IÀ¶p-sIm-n-cp¶ B apJw Hcp-t\m¡p

t\m¡n DSs\ aS-§p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

DSs\ aS§n F¶p ]d-bp-¶-XnÂ AÂ¸w kXy-`w-K-ap-v.

kwkvImcIÀ½w Ignªv AÂ¸-k-a-b-¯n-\p-f-fnÂ FÃm-hcpw AI-

¯pÅ apkveow sslkv¡q-fnÂ IqSn. (kva-cy-]p-cp-jsâ {]nb-Xa

{ioaXn JZoP tPmen-sN-¿p¶ hnZym-e-b-am-W-Xv). sIm¨n tImÀ -̧td-

j³ tabÀ {io lwk-¡p-ªnsâ AZv[yIvjX-bnÂ Hcp A\p-tim-N-\-

tbmKw \S-¯p-I-bp-m-bn. {ioam³am-cmb Fkv.- Ir-jvW-Ip-amÀ,

kpIp-amÀ Ago-t¡m-Sv, Fkv.- sI.- s]m-d-d-¡mSv, Sn.- H.- _mh XpS-§nb

NneÀ A\p-tim-N\w {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Iq«-¯nÂ Cubp-

Å-h\pw AXnÂ DÄs¸-Sm-Xn-cp-¶n-Ã. A\p-tim-N-\m-hkvYbnÂ¯s¶

\nkzmÀXvYtk-h\w sImp kz´w Imcyw hnkva-cn-¨n-cp¶ AZvtZl-

¯nsâ IpSpw-_-¯n\v km¼-¯n-I-amb GsX-¦nepw klm-bw -\ÂtI-

-Xn-\pÅ amÀK-s¯-¸-ddn Nnń-¡-W-sa-¶p-ff Hcm-i-bhpw AhnsS

Db-cm-Xn-cp-¶n-Ã. A§s\ BXvahn-kvar-Xn-tbm-Sp-IqSn Pohn-X-cw-K¯p

ad-dp-f-f-hÀ¡p thn-¯s¶ {]bXv\n¨p-h-¶n-cp¶ B kplr-¯n-s\-

hn«p R§Ä bYmkvYm\-§-fnÂ F¯n-t¨-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp.

thZ\ \ndª B kw`hw 1975 Unkw-_À 21-þ mw Xob-Xn-bmWv

\S-¶-Xv. AXn-\p-tijw Ct¸mÄ amk-§Ä ]eXp Ign-ªn-cn-¡p-¶p.

F¦nepw AZvtZl-¯nsâ kvac-Wsb \ne-\n-dp-¯p-¶-Xn\p t]mcp¶

Fs´-¦nepw H¶p {]Im-in-¸n-¡p-hm³ CXp-hsc BÀ¡pw Ign-ªn-Ã.

C§-s\-bpÅ Hc-h-k-c-¯n-emWv, Hcp kvamc-I-{K\vYw ]pd-¯n-d-¡p-

hm³ t]mIp-¶p-sh¶pw AXn-tebv¡v Hcp teJ\w Ipdn-¨-b-¡-W-sa¶v

AXnsâ FUn-d-d-dmb tUmIvSÀ kn. -sI. Icow Ab¨ I¯p In«n-b-Xv.

AXp-I--t¸mÄ hfsc kam-[m-\hpw kt´m-jhpw tXm¶n. ]e-hn-[-

amb Aku-I-cy-§-fnÂ IqSn-bmWv Cubp-f-f-h³ Ct¸mÄ Ign-bp-¶-

sX-¦nepw ]tc-X-\mb B {]nb-kp-lr-¯n-s\-¸-ddn Fs´-¦nepw

AÂ¸w NneXp Ipdn-¡p-hm³ sXÃpw hnj-a-an-Ã.

ImÂ\q-d-dm-n-e-[n-I-am-bn-«pv skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zns\ F\n¡p

]cn-N-b-am-bn-«v. 1950 t\mSSp¯ Hcp Ime-L-«-¯n-emWv Rm\ZvtZls¯

BZy-ambn I-sX¶p tXm¶p-¶p. AXv Fd-Wm-Ip-f-¯pÅ kmln-Xy-

]-cn-j¯v Bô-knÂh-¨pw. A¡m-e¯v B bphm-hn\v Hcp Ccp-]-Xp-h-

b-kn-e-[nIw {]mbw ImWp-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. t^mÀ«v sIm¨n-bnÂ\n¶p ]pd-

s¸-«n-cp¶‘P\-iIvXn’ F¶ Hcp hmcn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-¶p-

t]mepw A¶v B bphm-hv. AÂ¸-k-a-bs¯ kw`m-j-W-¯n-\p-ÅnÂ

R§Ä ASp¯ kplr-¯p-¡-fm-bn-¯oÀ¶p. *thgvNbv¡p kw`m-j-

157

Wta Bh-iy-ap-Åp-h-tÃm. skbvXnsâ kw`m-j-W-ssi-en-bmWv Fs¶

AZvtZl-t¯mSp IqSp-XÂ ASp-¸n-¨-sX¶p ]d-bmw. km[m-cW

apkveow bphm-¡-fnÂ A¡m-e¯p {]XyIvjs¸-Sm-Xn-cp¶ hmIv-ipZv[n

Xs¶-bm-bn-cp¶p AXn\p {][m\ Imc-Whpw. AZvtZl-¯nsâ hkv{X-

[m-c-W-co-Xnbpw t]cpw a\-Ên-em--¡m-Xn-cp-s¶-¦nÂ Rm\ZvtZls¯ Hcp

apkveow bphm-hmbn A¶p KWn-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶n-Ã. ipZv[nbpÅ kc-f-

amb Hcp ssien-bmWv kw`m-j-W-¯nÂ At±lw {]Im-in-¸n-¨n-cp-¶-Xv.

]nÂ¡m-e¯v AZvtZl-¯nsâ Pohn-X-¯n-ep-S-\ofw B ipZv[nbpw kc-

f-Xbpw IeÀ¶ncp¶p F¶p-IqSn ]d-ªp-sIm-Å-s«.

\sÃmcp {]`m-j-I\pw Fgp-¯p-Im-c-\p-amWv skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zv.

F¶p-h-cn-Inepw Hcp Ncn-{X-km-ln-Xy-Im-c³ F¶ \ne-bn-emWv

AZvtZlw kmln-Xy-tem-I¯v IqSp-XÂ {]knZv[\m-bn-«p-Å-Xv. Ncn-{X-

tI-c-fw, tIc-f-N-cn-{X-hoIvjWw, k©m-cn-IÄ I tIc-fw, tIcfw

\qd-dm-p-IÄ¡p-ap-¼v, tIc-f-N-cn-{X-Nn-´-IÄ C§s\ H«-t\Iw IrXn-

IÄ AZvtZlw Fgp-Xn-bn-«p-v. sFXn-ly-§fpw A\v[hn-izm-k-§fpw

Ncn-{X-tc-J-I-fmbn IÂ]n¨p Ncn-{X-sa-gp-Xn-bn-cp¶ Hcp Ime-¯m-Wv,

Ncn-{X--K-th-j-W-̄ nÂ imkv{Xo-b-_pZv[ntbmsS k©-cn¨p kXy-

¯nsâ cPX tcJ-IÄ {]Im-in-¸n-¡p¶ tIc-f-hn-j-b-I-amb taÂ]-

dª ]e Ncn-{X-{K\vY§fpw AZvtZl-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv. ‘Ncn-{X-\nÀ½mWw

tIc-f-¯nÂ’ F¶ {]_\v[¯nÂ XZzn-j-b-I-ambn AZvtZlw-Xs¶

Ipdn-¨n-«pÅ Hcp `mKw Cub-h-k-c-¯nÂ DZv[cn-¡p-¶Xv DNn-X-am-bn-cn-

¡p-sa¶p hniz-kn-¡p-¶p.

]ucm-WnI Ncn-{X-]-T\w P\-X-bpsS kmwkvIm-cnI ]ptcm-K-Xn¡p

t{]mÂkm-l\w \ÂIp-¶-Xm-Wv. {Ko¡p-ZmÀi-\n-I³am-cpsS Hcp Iem-

hn-t\mZw F¶ \nebv¡p Bcw-`n¨ Ncn-{X-\nÀ½mWw Imem-´-c-¯nÂ

cmjv{S-¯n-sâbpw AXnse P\-hÀKvK§-fp-tSbpw ]cn-Wm-aw, hnImkw

XpS-§nb {]h-W-X-I-sf-¸-ddn ka-{K-ambn {]Xn-]m-Zn-¡p¶ Hcp imkv{X-

im-J-bmbn hfÀ¶p. PnPvRmk AYhm At\z-j-W-¯n\p Ah-ew-_-

am-Ip¶ ]cnPvRm\w F¶ÀXvYw hcp¶‘lnkvtd-dm-dnb’ F¶ {Ko¡p-

]-Z-¯nÂ \n¶mWv lnkvd-ddn cq]w ]q-Xv. Ncn-{X-¯nsâ ]nXm-sh-

¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶ sltcm-tUm-«-knsâ hntizm-¯-c-IrXn {]kvXpX \nÀÆ-

N-\s¯ kmIvjmÂ¡-cn-¨p. sFXn-ly-§fpw sI«p- I-Y-Ifpw Ncn-{Xm-

cw- -̀Im-e-¯p-Xs¶ \nÀ½m-W-Isc hio-I-cn-¨n-«p-s¶p ImWmw. A¨-

Sn-b{´w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xn\p ap¼p-ff B \nÀ½m-W-]m-c-¼cyw ]ns¶-

bpw-Xp-S-cm³ Ncn-{X-Im-c³amÀ \nÀ_\v[nX-cm-bn-«p-v, ]Ivtj, AXm-Xp-

Im-e-L-«-¯nsâ kz`mhw Gsd-¡psd ]gb Ncn-{X{K\vY§-fnÂ {]Xn-

158

^-en-¡p-¶p-v. \nÀ½m-W-I-cpsS hoIvjW-K-Xn-¡-\p-k-cn¨p {K\vY§-

fpsS GSp-I-fnÂ AXp Icp-¸n-Sn-s¨¶p am{Xw. Ncn-{X-¯nsâ al-¯mb

{]tbm-P\w P\X {Kln-¨p-Xp-S-§n-b-tXmsS hnPvtRb-amb ]cn-

hÀ¯\w Cu cwK-¯m-hnÀ`hn-¨p. cmjv{S-§Ä, kap-Zm-b-§Ä, {]kv

Ym\-§Ä, imkv{X-§Ä XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS ]cn-Wmaw Ahsb kwL-Sn-

¸n-¡p-Ibpw Bhn-jvI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX hyIvXnIÄ, Ah-tbbpw

Ah-tcbpw kw_\v[n¨p-mb Imcy-§Ä apX-em-bh kXy-k\v[X-

tbmsS hnh-cn-¡p-¶-XmWv bYmÀXvY¯nÂ Ncn-{Xw. `qX-Im-e-kw- -̀h-

§sf B[p-\n-I-bp-K-¯nsâ kz`m-h-¯n-\-\p-k-cn¨p P\-hÀKvK¯nsâ

PvRm\-{]-_pZv[Xsb em¡m¡n ]cn-tim-[n-¡p-I-bmWv Ncn{Xw sN¿p-

¶-Xv. hkvXp-\n-jvT-amb Hcp ImgvN-¸mSpw BIÀj-I-amb Ah-X-cW

amÀKvKhp-ap-m-bmÂ Ncn-{X-\nÀ½m-Ws¯ ]ptcm-K-Xn-bn-te¡p \bn-

¡mw. imkv{Xo-b-amb {]kvXpX hoIvjW-KXn tIc-f-¯nÂ hfÀ¯n-

s¡m-p-h-cn-I-bm-Wn-¶m-hiyw*

taÂ ]dª hoIvjW-KXn kvacy-]p-cp-jsâ Ncn-{X-km-ln-Xy-Ir-

Xn-I-fnÂ DS-\ofw hnf-§p-¶p-s-¶p-f-fXv {]kvXp-X-Ir-Xn-IÄ hmbn-¨p-

t\m-¡p-¶-hÀ¡p t_m[y-am-Im-Xn-cn-¡-bn-Ã.

1950þt\m-S-Sp¯ GXm\pw sImÃ -§-fnÂ hnhn[ imJ-I-fn-epÅ

anI¨ ae-bm-f- ]p-kvX-I-§Ä¡p k½m\w \nivNbn-¡p-hm³ a{Zmkv

KhÀs½âv kmln-Xy-]-cn-j-¯n-s\-bmWv GÂ¸n-¨p-h-¶-Xv. 1952þÂ

e`n¨ A¯cw IrXn-I-fnÂ, Ncn-{X-kw-_\v[am-bXv cp aq¶p IrXn-

IÄ am{Xta Dm-bn-cp-¶p-Åp. AXn-\mÂ B hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸« IrXn-

IÄ ASp-¯-sIm-Ãs¯ ]cn-tim-[-\-bv¡mbn amd-dn-h-¨mÂ aXn-sb¶p

\nÀhm-l-I-k-an-Xn-bnÂ NneÀ¡p A`n-{]m-b-ap-m-Im-Xn-cp-¶n-Ã.

F¶mÂ Cu Fgp-¯p-Im-c³ DÄs¸sS NneÀ B A`n-{]m-b-¯n-s\-Xn-

cm-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw, HSp-hnÂ {]kvXpX hn`m-K-¯nÂs¸« IrXn-Ifpw

As¡m-Ãs¯ ]cn-tim-[-\-bnÂ DÄs¸-Sp-¯m-sa¶p Xocp-am-\n-¡p-I-bp-

ap-m-bn. tUmIvSÀ ]n.-sP.-tXm-akv XpS-§nb ctm aqt¶m {]apJ

Ncn-{X-]-WvUn-X³amÀ¡p {]kv-XpX IrXnIÄ ]cn-tim-[-\-bv¡mbn

Ab-¨p--sIm-Sp-¡bpw sNbvXp. Ah-cpsS ]cn-tim-[-\-bv¡p-tijw

amÀ¡p-Ifpw doamÀ¡p-Ifpw Ab¨p In«n-b-t¸mÄ AXnÂ Gd-dhpw

IqSp-XÂ amÀ¡p-IÄ e`n-¨n-cp-¶Xv ‘Ncn-{X-tI-cfw’ F¶ skbvXp-ap-l-

½-Znsâ IrXn-¡m-bn-cp-¶p. A§s\ kvacy-]p-cp-j³ 1952Â Gd-dhpw

anI¨ ]pkvX-I-¯n-\p-ff a{Zmkv KhÀs½ânsâ k½m--\-¯n\p

AÀl\m-bn-¯o-cp-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ncn--{X-]p-cp-j\v A¡m-e¯v 22-þHm 23-

159

þHm hb-Êp-am-{Xta {]mb-ap-m-bn-cp-¶pÅp F¶p-IqSn ]d-ªp-sIm-Å-

s«.

Ncn{X]T-\-¯nepw Ncn-{X-K-th-j-W-̄ n-ep-amWv skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv

Xsâ Pohn-X-¯nÂ `qcn-`m-Khpw Nne-hp-sN-bvXn-cp-¶-Xv. tIc-f-N-cn-{X-kw-

_\v[ambn B[p-\n-I-Im-e¯v At\Iw IrXn-IÄ \nÀ½n-X-§-fm-bn-«p-

v. F¶mÂ Ah-bnÂh¨v Gd-dhpw ]qÀ®hpw B[n-Im-cn-I-hp-sa¶p

]d-bm-hp¶ Hcp IrXn-bmWv tI-c-f-ln-kvd-ddn Atkm-tky-j³ ASp-¯-

Im-e-¯mbn {]knZv[o-I-cn-¨n-«pÅ ‘tIcf Ncn-{Xw’ H¶pw cpw hmey-

§Ä. {]kvXp-X-IrXn \nÀ½n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ad-dp-ambn tIcf lnkvd-ddn

Atkm-kntbj³ ]p\x-kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnepw, kÀ¡mÀ klm-b-

t¯msS kpiIvXamb Hcp kvYm]-\-ambn AXns\ DbÀ¯n-s¡m-p-

h-cp-¶-Xnepw, kvacy--]p-cp-j³ hln-¨n-«pÅ tkh\w Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-

am-Wv. ASp-¯-Im-e¯v B kvYm]-\-¯n-\p-thn KhÀs½ânÂ\n¶v

GXm\pw skâv kvYew t\Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-Ibpw XmÂ¡m-en-I-ambn Hcp

sI«nSw AXnÂ ]Wn-bn-¡bpw sNbvXp-Ignªn-cn-¡p-I-bp-amWv. C¡m-

cy-§-fn-seÃmw lnkvd-ddn Atkm-tky-jsâ I¬ho-\À F¶ kvYm\-

¯n-cp-¶p-sImv skbvXp sNbvXn-«pÅ XymtKmPvPze-tk-h-\-§sf

F{X Xs¶ BhÀ¯n-¨p-]-d-ªmepw aXn-bm-Ip-¶-X-Ã.

tIc-f-¯nse {]ap-J-§-fmb kmwkvIm-cnI kwL-S-\-I-fn-seÃmw

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Hcp {][m\ ]¦p hln-¨n-cp-¶p. acn-¡p-t¼mÄ tIcf

kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-bpsS \nÀÆm-l-I-k-anXn AwK-am-bn-cp¶p

AZvtZlw. 1968 apXÂ 71 hsc B kwL-S-\-bpsS D]mZv[yIvj\p-am-bn-

cp-¶p. kwKoX \mSI A¡m-Zan AwKw, tIc-f-{K\vYimem {]hÀ¯-

I³, kvtddv BÀ¡ohvkv Bâv BÀ¡n-tbm-fPn FIvkn-Iyq-«ohv sa¼À

F¶o kvYm\-§-fnepw ]tc-X³ {]hÀ¯n-¨p-sIm-m-Wn-cp-¶-Xv. tIcf

Iem-a-WvU-e-¯nsâ sshkv {]kn-Uâv F¶ \ne-bnÂ Ccp-¶p-sImv

AXnsâ Pq_nen kw_\v[n¨ Imcy-§-fnÂ {]tXy-In¨pw AZvtZlw

sNbvXn-«pÅ tkh-\-§Ä Ahn-kva-c-Wo-b-§-fm-Wv.

Hcp Zim-_vZ-¯n-e-[n-I-ambn kakvX tIcf kmlnXy ]cn-j-

¯nsâ DZv[mc-W-¯n\pw kpkvYnXn-¡p-ambn Ncn-{X-]p-cp-j³ \nÀh-ln-

¨n-«pÅ \nkzmÀXvYtk-h\w AhÀ®\o-b-sat¶ ]d-tb-q. ]cn-j-

¯nsâ IpSn-bn-cp¸p kvYew ASp¯ Ime¯p NneÀ KqU-ambn

kzm[o\-s¸-Sp-¯m³ sNbvXp-sIm-n-cp¶ bXv\w aW-¯-dnªp AXn-

s\-Xn-cmbn s]mcpXn ]cn-j-¯nsâ Ah-Imiw kpkvYm]n-¡p-¶-XnÂ

skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv \nÀh-ln-¨n-«pÅ tkh\w AXnsâ Ncn-{X-¯nÂ

F¶p-sa¶pw kvacn-¡-s]-tS H¶p-X-s¶-bm-Wv. kmlnXy ]cn-j-

160

¯nsâ A´-Ên-\-\pcq]-amb Hcp sI«nSw XÂkvYm\-¯n-sÃ -¶p-ÅXv

FÃm-hÀ¡p-a-dn-bmw. B \yq\-Xsb ]cn-l-cn-¡p-hm³ Ipd-¨p-Im-e-ambn

\nÀÆm-l-I-k-anXn {ian-¨p-h-cn-I-bpamWv. {io.- Fkv. IrjvW-Ip-am-dnsâ

t\Xr-Xz-¯nepw kl-I-c-W-¯nepw AXn-\p-thn apJy-ambn bXv\n¨p-

sIm-n-cp-¶Xp ]cn-j-¯nsâ D]mZv[yIvj³ IqSn-bmb skbvXp-ap-l-

½-Zm-bn-cp-¶p. ]cn-j¯v {]Ên-t\m-S-\p-_\v[n¨p-m-bn-cp¶ sI«n-S-§-

sfÃmw s]mfn-¨p-am-ddn 10 eIvjw Ddp-¸nI sNehp sNbvXp B[p-

\nIcoXn-bnÂ AhnsS \nÀ½n-¡p-hm³ ]vfm\n-«n-cp¶ sI«n-S-¯n\p ASn-

¡-Ãn-Sm³ apJy-a-{ń-bpsS kuIcyw Im¯n-cn-¡p-t¼m-gmWv Cu AXym-

lnXw kw -̀hn-¨-sX-¶pÅ hkvXpX IqSn ktimIw ChnsS tcJ-s¸-Sp-

¯n-s¡mÅ-s«. kÀÆ {]Im-tc-Wbpw kvacy-]p-cp-jsâ Cu AIme

Ncaw B kvYm]-\-¯n\p h¼n¨ Hcp BLmXwXs¶bmbn-¯oÀ¶n-cn-

¡p-I-bm-Wv. Fń-\-[nIw? skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ \ncymWw kmln-Xy-]-

cn-j-¯n-\mWv IqSp-XÂ IvjoW-ap-m-bn-«pÅ-Xv. GXpw Bkq-{XWw

sN¿p-hm\pw DuÀÖ-kz-e-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p-hm\pw B {]Xn`m {]`m-

h-\p-m-bn-cp¶ Ignhv A\-\y-km-[m-c-W-am-Wv. GXp hnj-a-

k\v[nbnepw cIvjmamÀKw Ip-]n-Sn-¡m-\pÅ {]XypÂ¸-¶-a-XnXzw

B aZv[yh-b-kv¡-\nÂ Akq-bm-h-l-ambn {]Im-in-̈ n-cp-¶p. A¯-c-

¯n-se-Ãm-apÅ Hcp \njvImaIÀ½-tbm-Kn-sb-bmWv hn[n \½nÂ\n¶pw

A]-l-cn-¨p-I-f-ª-Xpv. \-ap-¡n-jvS-am-bmepw CsÃ -¦nepw hn[n-bpsS

hn[nsb Ah-K-Wn-¡m³ \ap¡p kmZv[ya-Ã -tÃm. ]tc-X-\mb B

BXvakp-lr-¯n\p AJ-WvU-hn-{i-a-kp-Jw t\À¶p-sImp XÂ¡mew

Cu Ipdn¸p \ndp-¯s«!

* * *

161

Hcp Ncn-{X-Im-c³, hmKvan, kmln-Xy-Im-c³, kmaq-ly-

{]-hÀ¯-I³ F¶o \ne-I-fnÂ {io.-]n.-F.-sk-bvXp-ap-l-½Zv tIc-fo-

bÀ¡p kp]-cn-Nn-X-\m-Wv. \½psS kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-K¯v hf-sc-b-[nIw

tim`n-¨n-cp¶ Hcp hyIvXnbm-bn-cp¶p AZvtZlw. B \Ã a\p-jysâ

AIm-es¯ AkvX-a\w tIc-f-¯nsâ kmwkvIm-cn-I-cw-K¯v A]-cn-

lm-cy-amb hnf-fÂ krjvSn-¨n-cn-bv¡p-¶p. Pohn-X-¯nÂ Hcn-¡-se-¦nepw

skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zp-ambn _\v[s¸-Sm³ Ign-ªn-«p-Å-hÀ¡p B a\p-

jys\ ad-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp-I-bn-Ã. kzX-knZv[amb kw`m-jW NmXp-

cyhpw, hn\-b-hpw, apJ¯v Xfw sI«n \nÂ¡p¶ aµ-lm-khpw Gh-

tcbpw BIÀjn-¡p-hm\pw `mhm-\p-_\v[\w krjvSn-¡p-hm\pw klm-

b-I-am-bn-cp-¶p.

sIm¨n-bnse Fsâ HutZym-Kn-I-Po-hn-X-¯nÂ {io. skbvXp-

ap-l-½-Zp-ambn _\v[s¸-tS A\-h[n Ah-k-c-§Ä Dm-bn-«p-v.

Cý-bnse CXc kwkvYm\-§Ä¡p apgp-h\pw IpSpw-_m-kq-{X-W-cw-

K¯v amXrI Im«p-hm³ Ign-ª tIc-f-¯nÂ, 1971þÂ kwL-Sn-¸n-¡-

s¸« IpSpw-_m-kq-{X-W-Iym-¼nsâ {]hÀ¯-\-hp-ambn tIc-f-¯nse

kmln-Xy-Im-c³amsc _\v[s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ Ign-ªXv {io.-sk-bvXp-ap-l-

½-Znsâ DÂkm-lhpw BXvamÀXvYamb kl-I-c-Whpw sImp am{X-

am-sW-¶pÅ hkvXpX \ntj-[n-¡p-hm³ Ign-bp-I-bn-Ã. kmln-Xy-Im-

c³am-cpsS Xqen-I-bp-sS-b-N-e\w IpSpw-_m-kq-{X-W-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS

hnP-b-¯n\v Hcp henb tXmXnÂ klm-b-I-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. IpSpw-_m-kq-

{X-W- k-tµiw P\-§-fpsS CS-bnÂ F¯n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw AXv Hcp

_lp-P-\-{]kvYm\-am¡n amd-dp-¶-Xn\pw tIc-f-¯nse kmln-Xy-Im-

c³amcpw Ah-cpsS iIvXamb kwL-S-\-bmb ka-kvX-tI-cf imkv{X-

]-cn-j¯pw kzmK-XmÀl-amb kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-«p-s-¶pÅ hkvXpX

Rm³ Cu Ah-k-c-¯nÂ kvacn-bv¡p-¶p. CXn\p {][m-\-ambpw

ImcWw sIm¨n tI{µ-ambn {]hÀ¯n-¡p¶ kmln-Xy-]-cn-j-¯nsâ

sshkv {]kn-U-m-bn-cp¶ {ioam³ skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ {]iw-k-\o-b-

amb BXvamÀY-Xbpw kl-I-c-Whpw DÂkm-l-io-e-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p.

]n.F. skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Hc-\p-kva-cWw

{io.-F-kv.-Ir-jvW-Ip-amÀ sF.-F.-F-Êv.

162

{]hÀ¯\w aµo- -̀hn-¨p-In-S-¶n-cp¶ ka-kvX-tI-cf kmln-Xy-]-cn-j-

¯nsâ C¶s¯ hfÀ¨bv¡p skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv Hcp henb ]¦v hln-

¨n-«p-v. Hcp henb kwLm-S-Isâ FÃm KpW-§fpw B a\p-jy-\nÂ

\ngen-¨n-cp-¶p. Bi-b-]-c-ambn AIÂ¨-bnÂ ]e-tcbpw s]mXp-hmb

eIvjy¯n-\p-thn H¶n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw \qX-\-amb {]hÀ¯-\-ssi-en-

bnÂ FÃm-h-scbpw AWn-\n-c-¯p-¶-Xn\pw skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p-m-bn-

cp¶ Ignhv A]m-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. CXp a\-kn-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\pÅ A\-h[n

Ah-k-c-§Ä Fsâ Pohn-X-¯n-ep-m-bn-«p-v.

Fd-Wm-Ipfw \K-c-¯nsâ lrZ-b-`m-K¯v tIc-f-¯nse kmln-Xy-

Im-c³am-cpsS iIvXamb kwL-S-\-bmb ka-kvX-tI-cf kmlnXy ]cn-

j-¯n\v ]pXnb Hcp sI«nSw \nÀ½n-¡pI F¶Xv skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ

Hcp A`n-em-j-am-bn-cp-¶p. tIcf lnkvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tb-jsâ

{]hÀ¯-\-]p-tcm-K-Xn-bnÂ AZzn-Xo-b-amb kvYm\-amWv skbvXp -ap-

l-½-Zn-\p-Å-Xv.

Ncn-{X-tI-cfw, BZn-hm-kn-IÄ, Ncn{Xw Hcp I®mSn, tIcf apÉnw

Ncn-{Xw, tIcf Ncn{X Nn´-IÄ, tIcf Ncn-{X-hoIvjWw, Ip«n-IfpsS

tIc-f-N-cn-{Xw, k©m-cn-IÄ I tIc-fw, tIcfw \qd-dm-p-IÄ¡p

ap³]v, tIc-f-¯nse hntZ-i-a-X-§Ä, Ncn-{X-¯nse inem-Ip-kp-a-§Ä,

apKÄ km{am-Py-¯n-eqsS Hcp bm{X XpS§n ]{´-nÂ]cw IrXn-IÄ

Ncn-{X-km-ln-Xy-¯n\v skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-«p-v. ka-Im-

eo\ Ncn-{X-Im-c³am-cpsS {]nb\pw, N-cn-{X-]-T-\-hn-ZymÀXvYnI-fpsS

amÀKvKZÀin-bp-am-bn-cp¶p skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zv. Pohn-¨n-cp-¶-t¸mÄ ZpxJw

Fs´-¶-dn-bm¯ B a\p-jy³ Xsâ kplr-¯p-¡-fnÂ ZpxJ-¯nsâ

apJ-§Ä krjvSn-¨p-sIm-mWv IS-¶p-t]m-b-Xv. kakvX tIcf kmln-

Xy-]-cn-j-¯n\v FdWmIpfw \K-c-aZv[y¯nÂ cq]w sImÅp¶ B[p-

\n-I-a-µncw skbvXp-ap-l-½-Znsâ A\-iz-c-kvam-c-I-am-bn-cn-¡s«!

tIc-f-¯nsâ {K\vYimem {]kvYm\-¯n-\p-thn \nkzmÀXvYambn {]hÀ¯n-¨n-«pÅ, {]hÀ¯n-¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶, ]Xn-\m-bn-c-¡-W-¡n\v {]hÀ¯-I-cpsS aZv[y¯nÂ skbvXp apl-½-Znsâ hyIvXnXzw Xnf§n \nev¡p-¶p. hmb-\-bp-sSbpw ]T-\-¯n-sâbpw ]c-a-{]m-[m-\y-s¯-¡p-dn¨v XnI¨pw t_m[-hm-\m-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. _lp-ap-J-§-fmb {]hÀ¯-\-§Ä¡n-S-bnÂ {K\vYimem {]kvYm\-¯n\p thn Pohn-X-¯nsâ Hcp \Ã `mKw Nne-hgn¡m-\-t±lw X¿m-dm-bXv AXp-sIm-p-X-s¶-bm-Wv. ]n. F³.- ]-Wn-¡À * * * *

163

*{io.- ]n. F skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn-Ãm¯ tIc-f-¯nsâ

kmwkvIm-cnI cwK-s¯-¡p-dn¨v Nnń-¡m-\m-hm-¯-hn[w ImÂ

\qddmpIm-e-ambn kmlnXy ]cn-jXv, kmln-Xy-{]-hÀ¯I kl-I-c-

W-kw-Lw, {K\vYimem kwLw, kmln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an, kwKo-X-\m-SI

A¡m-Zan, Iem-a-WvU-ew, tIcf lnkvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tb-j³,

kwkvIrX ]cn-j¯v XpS-§nb kvYm]-\-§-fpsS ktµ-i-hm-l-I-\mbn,

kÀÆ-hym-]n-bmb Hcp ssNX-\yw-t]mse {]hÀ¯n¨ Xf-cm¯ Hcp

hyIvXnXz-¯nsâ DS-akvY\m-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. hyIvXnbnÂ\n-¶p-]cn

Hcp kmkvIm-cnI {]kvYm\w, Akvam-Zr-i-cmb At\Iw kmln-Xy-þ-

kmw-kvIm-cnI {]hÀ¯-I³am-cpsS iàn t{kmXÊv {io.- skbvXv apl-

½-Zm-bn-cp-¶p.

sIm¨n-bnse ‘P\-iIvXn’ hmcn-I-bpsS ]{Xm-[n-]-cmbn {]hÀ¯n¨

1950 Ime-¯mWv R§Ä X½n-epÅ lrZ-b-_\v[w Bcw-`n-¡p-¶-Xv.

AXn-\p-ap-¼p-ap-XÂ Xs¶ sIm¨n-bnse Xpd-apJ sXmgn-emfn kwL-S-\-

bpsS kmwkv-Im-cnI lkvXw t]mse At±lw {]hÀ¯n-¨n-cp-¶p.

tIcf ]ptcm-K-a\ kmln-Xy-kw-L-S-\-bpsS \nÀÆm-l-I-k-an-Xn-bwKw

F¶ \ne-bnÂ kmln-Xy-cw-K¯v ]ptcm-K-a-t\m³ap-J-amb ]cn-hÀ¯-\-

ap-m-¡m³ {ian-¨p-h-¶p.

tkmjy-en-kvddv {]kvYm\-hp-ambn _\v[s¸-Sm³, hnZymÀXvYn Zi-

bnÂXs¶ tZiob {]kvYm\-¯nÂ apgp-Inb At±-l-¯n\v aSn-bp-m-

bn-cp-¶n-Ã. tIm¬{K-Ên-tebv¡v BIr-jvS-\mb At±lw ]Ivsj Hcn-

¡epw Hcp cmjv{Sob {]hÀ¯-I-\m-Im³ B{K-ln-¨n-Ã. ImkÀtKm-Up-

sXm«v Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw hsc kmwkvIm-cnI {]_pZv[X-bpsS ktµ-i-hm-

l-I-\mbn At±lw k©-cn-¨p. CXn-\n-Sbv¡v F{Xtbm kwL-§fpw

*(21-þ12þ75- Â amXr-`qan Zn\-¸-{X-¯nÂ {]kn-²-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv)

]n.- F.- sk-bvXp-ap-l-½Zv

kn.- ]n. -{io-[-c³

164

kwL-S-\-Ifpw Dm-¡p-Ibpw F{Xtbm kplr-¯p-¡sf k¼m-Zn-¡p-

Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-v. PmXn-a-Xm-Xo-X-amb am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-§-fpsS aWvU-

e-¯n-emWv At±lw hnl-cn-¨-Xv.

Ncn-{X-]-T-\-hpw Kth-j-W-hp-amWv skbvXnsâ kmln-Xy-]-c-amb

‘kzIvtj{Xw’imkv{Xo-bhpw B[p-\n-I-hp-amb Hcp ImgvN-¸mSv Ncn-{X-cw-

K¯v Dm-¡n-bXp am{X-aÃ At±lw km[n¨ t\«w, Ncn{Xw ck-ip-

jvI-amb Hcp Ime-hn-h-c-¸-«n-I-b-sÃ¶pw kÀKvKmXvaI-km-ln-Xy-am-

sW¶pw sXfn-bn¨v hmb-\-¡msc BIÀjn-¡m³ Ignª BZys¯

Ncn-{X-Im-c³ At±-l-am-Wv. kmlnXy A¡m-Z-an-IÄ hcp-¶-Xn-\p-ap-¼p-

Xs¶ At±lw AXn\v kÀ¡mÀ k½m-\hpw t\Sn.- tI-c-f-N-cn{Xw

\nÀ½n-¡p-hm³ Hcp Atkm-kn-tb-j³ kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-Ibpw, tIc-f-

¯nse kwL-Sn-Xhpw kpiIvXhp-amb Hcp kvYm]-\-ambn AXns\

DbÀ¯n-s¡m-p-h-cn-Ibpw tIc-f-¯nÂ BZy-ambn k¼qÀ®-amb Hcp

Ncn{Xw cv hmfy-§-fn-embn {]knZv[oI-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvX-tXmsS

Hcp al-¯mb Pohn-X-ZuXyw At±lw \nÀÆ-ln-¨p F¶p ]d-bmw.

tIc-f-¯nsâ Ncn-{X-t_m-[s¯DWÀ¯pIbpw \ho-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw

sNbvXXv At±-l-¯nsâ kvYntcmÂkm-l-am-sW¶p ]d-ªmÂ AXn-

i-tbmIvXnbm-hn-Ã.

kmlnXy ]cn-j-¯nsâ sshkv {]kn-Up kvYm\w Gsd-d-

Sp¯v 10 eIvjw I. bpsS sI«nS-¯n\v ASn-¡-Ãn-Sm³ apJy-a-{ń-bpsS

kuIcyw Im¯n-cn-¡pI-bm-bn-cp¶p At±-lw. lnkvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tb-

j-\p-thn \nÀ½n-¡p¶ XmÂ¡m-enI sI«nSw apgp-an¨tijw

kmlnXy ]cn-j-¯nsâ sI«n-S-\nÀ½mWw Xsâ asd-dmcp Pohn-X-Zu-Xy-

ambn At±lw ImWp-Ibpw k^-e-P³am-hmb Hcp a\p-jysâ

BlvfmZ \nizmkw ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn-¡p-I-bpw sNbvXXv Rm³ HmÀ¡p-¶p.

]Zv[Xn-IÄ Bkq-{XWw sN¿p-I, AXv DuÀPvP-kz-e-ambn \S-¸n-em-¡p-

I, AXn-s\mcp hnZKvZ[\mWv At±-lw. GXv kt½-f-\hpw alm-

{]kvYm\hpw IvjW-t\-cw-sImv kwL-Sn-¸n-¡m³ At±-l-¯n\v Ign-

bp-am-bn-cp-¶p. KpP-dm-¯n-I-fm-bmepw _wKm-fn-I-fm-bmepw ssP\-cm-

bmepw blq-Z-cm-bmepw lnµp-hm-bmepw ]W-¡m-cm-bmepw Zcn-{Z-cm-

bmepw Xc-t¡-Sn-Ã -þ-F-Ãm-h-cp-tSbpw Hcp hniz-kvX-kp-lr¯pw \s«-Ãp-

ambn AZvtZlw hÀ¯n-¨p. hnfn-tIÄ¡pw-ap¼v HmSn-sb-¯p¶ Ht«sd

kplr-¯p-¡sf t\Sm³ skbvXn\v km[n-¨p. Al-´-bn-Ãm¯, Hcp

km[m-cW {]hÀ¯-I-\m-bn-«-ÃmsX Hcn-S¯pw AZvtZlw {]XyIvjs¸-

«n-cp-¶n-Ã.

165

Rm\pw skbvXp-ap-l-½Zpw GXmv Htc Ime-L-«-¯n-emWpv

sIm¨n-bnÂ sN¶pv IqSnbXpv. A¶v Rm³ ktlm-Z-c³ ]{X-¯nsâ

Hcp {]hÀ¯-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p. skbvXp apl-½Zv At±-l-¯nsâ P\-

iIvXn hmcn-I-bpsS ]{Xm[n]-cm-bn-cp-¶p. A¶pv cp-t]cpw hfsc

Zmcn{Zw A\p-- -̀hn-¨n-cp-¶-h-cmWpv. R§Ä IqsS-IqsS ImWp-Ibpw ]e-

Im-cy-§-sf-¸ddn kwkmcn-¡p-Ibpw ]Xn-hm-bn-cp-¶p. AXn-\pv tijw

Rm³ sIm¨n hn«p. skbvXp-ap-l-½Zv sIm¨n-bnÂ Xs¶ kvYnc-am-¡n.

]n.-tI-i-h-tZ-hpv

* * * *

166

1975 Unkw-_À 20-þmw XobXn cmhnse ]¯c aWn.

]Xn-hmbn 9 aWn¡v F¶pw ho«nÂ \n¶n-d-§p¶ Rm³

AIm-c-W-ambn þ Ae-k-\mbn þ ho«nÂ¯s¶ Ip¯n-bn-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv.

sSen-t^m¬ s_Â ASn-¨p. tIcf lnkvd-ddn Atkm-kn-tb-j-

\nÂ\n¶pw Ite-i-\m-Wv. skbvZp-ap-l-½-Zns\ eqÀZvZmip-]-{Xn-bnÂ

{]th-in-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶p, C¶se cm{Xn s\©p-th-Z\ tXm¶n. Rm\pw

tKm]m-e-Ir-jvW\pw At§m«p t]mhp-I-bm-Wv.

‘Rm\pw h¶p Ign-ªp. \ap-s¡m-¶n-¨p-t]m-Imw. ’Rm³

]d-ªp.

]ns¶ Xma-kn-¨n-Ã. GXmv ]¯p-an-¶n-«n-\Iw R§Ä

aq¶p-t]cpw H¶n¨p eqÀZvZmip-]-{Xn-bn-se-¯n. At¸mÄ {io. Smd-dm-

]pcw kpIp-am-c\pw h¶p-tNÀ¶p. tUmIvSÀ Ipsd‘kocn-bkv’ BsW¶p ]d-sª-¦nepw A¶p sshIp-t¶cw Xs¶ skbvXv I«n-

enÂ Fgp-t¶-d-dn-cp-¶p. R§-tfm-sSms¡ ]Xn-hp-t]mse

kt´mjt¯m-sS kw-km-cn-¡-W-sa-¶p-I-cp-Xn; ]-s£ A-sXm-cp kz-]v-

\w am-{X-am-bn-cp¶p. A-c-a-Wn-¡q-sd ]n-¶o-Sv B Po-hn-Xw A-h-ti-jn-

¨pÅp.

Rm-t\mÀ-¡p-I-bmWv. F-¶m-Wv Rm³ sk-bv-Xv ap-l-½-Zn-s\ B-Zy-am-bn I-p-ap-«p-¶Xv?A-h-km-\-am-bn I-p-ap-«nb-Xv a-\-Ên-en¶pw Z-ln-¡m-¯ th-Z-\-bp-sS H-cp Zp:J-kv-am-c-I-am-bn \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶p. sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zn-sâ a-c-W-¯n-\v 24 a-Wn-¡q-dn-\p-ap³]v. Un-kw-_À 19þmw-\p sh-Ån-bmgv-N G-Xm-v 11 a-Wn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn F-d-Wm-Ip-fw tlm-kv-]n-ä-Â tdm-Un-ep-Å ]-cnj-¯v Hm-ô-kn-te-bv-¡v Rm³ sNÃp-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. sXm-«-Sp-¯p ]-Wn-I-gn-¸n¨p-sIm--n-cn-¡p-¶ tI-c-f-ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ ]pXn-b sI-«n-S-¯n-sâ tIm-¼u-

Hcp kulr-Z-¯nsâ HmÀ½-IÄ

sI.-Sn.-X-cy³

167

nÂ\n¶pw F-sâ kv-t\-ln-X³ C-d-§n-h¶p. R-§Ä H-¶n-¨v ]-cn-j-¯n-te-¡p \-S¶p. P-\ph-cn H¶mw Xob-Xn X-s¶ ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tbjsâ Hm-ô-kv ]pXn-b sI-«n-S-¯n-te-bv-¡v am-äp-¶-Xn-t\-¸-änbpw A-s¶mcp-tbm-Kw hn-fn-¨p Iq-«p-¶-Xn-s\-¸-änbpw aäpw A-t±-lw hf-sc t\cw F-t¶m-Sv kw-km-cn-¨n-cp¶p. tI-c-f cm-{ão-b-¯n-se ]pXn-b kw- -̀h-hn-Im-k-§-sf¸-än ]-dªp-sIm-v Rm³ kw-km-cw Xn-cn-¨p-hn«p. A-Sp-¯ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸p h-cp-t¼mÄ Ipd-¨p {]-hÀ-¯n-t¡-n hcpw F-¶p Rm³ ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv s]-«-s¶-t¶m-Sv D-]-tZ-in¨p: Xm-s\m-cp s]-S-s]-S-¸p-Im-c-\mWv. ]-cnj-̄ v _nÂ -Unw-Kv ]qÀ-¯n-bm-Im-sX C-\n a-säm-cp Im-cy-¯nepw Xm³ sN-¶p-s]-S-cpXv. ]-d-tª-¡mw. B kw-km-cw A§-s\ \op-t]mbn. C-S-bv-¡v R-§Ä Htcm Nm-b h-cp-¯n Ip-Sn¨p. FÃm ]-²-Xn-Ifpw \-S-¸m-¡p-sa-¶pw \-½-sfm-s¡ H-¶n-¨p-\n-¶mÂ F-´m-Wv \-S-¸m-Im-¯-sX¶pw Rm³ ]-dªp; F-§n-s\-bm-Wv A-§n-s\ H-cp kw-km-cw h-¶-sX-¶-dn-ªp-IqS. sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv ]-dªp. "Xo-sc kp-Jw tXm-¶p-¶nÃ -tSm. h-b-Êm-b-t]m-se tXm-¶p¶p. AsX, Fsâ-sbm-s¡ I-¯n¡-ev XoÀt¶m?" A-t¸mÄ ka-bw G-Xm-v 12 a-Wn-bm-bn-¡m-Wpw. ssh-Ip-t¶-cw Im-Wm-sa-¶p ]d-ªp Rm³ bm-{X ]-d-ªn-d§n. ssh-Ip-t¶-cw t\-cnÂ Im-Wm³ I-gn-ªnÃ. t^m¬-sN-bvXp. A-Sp-¯ Zn-h-kw 11 aWn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv Rm³ B-ip-]-{Xn-bn-se-¯p-¶Xv. A-hn-sS s]«-¶p In«n-b H-cp sN-dn-b-ap-dn-bnÂ Hm-Iv-knP-sâ kn-eâdpw Syq-_p-I-fp-am-bn InS¶ sk-bv-Xpap-l-½-Zv R-§-fp-sS ImÂ -s¸-cp-am-äw tI-«m-sW-¶p tXm-¶p-¶p I-®p Xpd-¶p t\m¡n, B Np-p-I-fnÂ H-cp ]p-©n-cn ]-c-¶p. ]-s£ £o-Ww sIm-v I-®p-IÄ A-S-ªp t]mbn. A-t¸mgpw R-§-sfÃmw HmÀ¯p. tl-bv sk-bv-Xn-\v H¶pw kw- -̀hn-¡p-I-bnÃ ! F-¶mÂ, h-fsc-sbm¶pw Xm-a-kn-¨nÃ. B Po-hn-Xw A-h-km-\n¨p. \n-Ý-eamb B apJ-¯p t\m-¡n \n-¶-t¸mÄ BZyw a-c-hn¸pw iq-\y-X-bp-am-Wv tXm-¶n-bXv. C-sXm-cp a-c-WaÃ. hn-[n-bp-sS {Iq-c-am-bþsR-«n-¸n-¡p-¶ F-t´m H¶v. Rm-t\mÀ-¡p-I-bmWv. ]-¯p-]-Xn-\m-dp hÀ-j-§Ä-¡-¸p-d-am-sW-¶p tXm-¶p¶p. H-cp ]-{X{]-hÀ- -̄I-\m-bn sIm-¨n \-K-c-¯n-te-bv-¡v Rm³ IS-¶p h-¶ Imew. F-d-Wm-Ip-fw t{_m-Uvth-bn-se Iv-tfm-¯v _-kmÀ tdm-UnÂ h-¨p R-§Ä X-½nÂ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp¶p. A-¶-hnsS sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zn-sâ Np-a-

168

X-e-bnÂ H-cp sse-{_-dn \-S-¡p-¶pv. X-«n³ ]p-d-s¯m-cp sse-{_-dnþF-s¶ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-«-t¸mÄ H-cp Nn-cIm-e kp-lr-¯n-s\ hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p-ti-jw I-p-ap-«n-b-t]m-se sk-bv-Xp ]-dªp.

“Hm-tlm, Xm-\mWtÃ Cu sI. Sn. X-cy³, ]m-Wm-h-Ån F-¶ sN-dp-I-Ym-Ir-¯v ! X-sâ H-¯n-cn I-Y-IÄ Rm³ hm-bn-¨n-«pv. Sm-ä-]p-chpw a-äpw ]-dªpw F-\n-¡-dn-bmw. F-´m-Wv Xm-\o-bn-sS H¶pw F-gp-Xn-I-Wm-¯Xv? F-gp-X-Wwþ]-{X-{]-hÀ-̄ -\hpw I-Åp-Ip-Sn-bp-sam-s¡-bm-bn

\-S-¶n-«p Im-cy-anÃ. X-\n-¡p sN-dp-¸a-tÃ?þH-¯n-cn F-gp-X-Ww” ]n-¶o-Sv A¶-t¯ R-§-fp-sS c-p-t]-cp-tSbpw kp-lr-¯p-Ifm-b F³. tKm-hn-µ³-Ip«n, ]n.sP. Bâ-Wn F-¶nh-sc ]än-sbm-s¡ hf-sc kw-km-cn¨p. a-«m-t©-cn-bnÂ sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶ ]-{X-s¯-¸-änbpw F-Ín-am-Ì-dp-tSbpw ]n.sP Bâ-Wn-bp-tSbpw aäpw t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ \-S-¶ I-em-k-an-Xn-I-sf- -̧änbpw a-äpw HmÀ-½-IÄ ]p-Xp¡n. ]-c-ta-iz-c³ \m-b-cp-sS _n-kn\Ên-s\¸-än ]-dªp. t]m-cp-¶-Xn-\p ap-¼v F-s¶ hm-b-\-im-e-bp-sS H-cp sa-¼-dm-¡p-Ibpw c-p aq-¶p ]p-kv-X-I-§Ä sX-c-sª-Sp-¯p-X¶p. ]n-s¶bpw F-gp-X-W-sa-¶v D-]-tZ-in-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Po-hn-X-bm-{X-bp-sS h-gn-¯m-c-bnÂ H-tcmÀ-½-s¯äp-t]m-se Rm³ D-t]-£n¨p-t]m-b F-sâ F-gp-¯n-s\¸-än C-S-¡nS-¡v Im-Wp-t¼m-sgm-s¡ B kp-lr-¯v F-s¶ D-]-tZ-in-¡p-am-bn-cp¶p. am-{X-aÃ F-s¶ c-m-aXpw B cw-K-t¯-bv-¡p sIm-p-h-cp-¶-Xn-\p-th-n F-sâ Ip-sd ]-g-b-I-Y-IÄ Xn-c-ªp-]n-Sn¨v F-kv.]n.kn.F-Ên-s\-s¡m-v c-p ]p-kv-X-I-§Ä {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¸n-¨Xpw a¬-a-dªp-t]m-b F-sâ B-ß kp-lr-¯mWv. F-{X-s]-«-¶m-Wv R-§-fp-sS kv-t\-l_-Ôw h-fÀ-¶-sX-¶v F-\n-¡-dn-bnÃ ]-s£ th-cp-I-tfm-sS A-Km-[-am-bn A-Xp ]-´-en¨p. an-¡-hm-dp-sa-¶-t]m-se FÃm Zn-h-khpw cm-hn-se F-sâ ho-«n-te-bv-¡v H-cp sS-e-t^m¬ hn-fn-bp-m-Ipw. Rm-\p-WÀ-¶n-«nÃ -¦nÂ `mcy-tbm-Sp ]-dbpw 'C¶-se F-hn-sS-sb-¦n-epw t]mbn' A-Sn-¨p'h-¶p In-S-¡p-I-bmhpw' ]n-s¶ `mcy-tbm-Sm-Wv D-]-tZiw. F-sâ B-tcmKyw Rm³ {i-²n-¡p-¶nÃ. Xm-a-kn-¨p-ho-«nÂ h-cm³ k-½-Xn-¡-cpXv. Ip-«-nI-fp-sS hn-ti-j-§Ä h-sc Xn-c-¡n-sb B Ip-i-em-t\zm-j-W-§Ä A-h-km-\n-¡p-I-bpÅp. sk-bv-Xpap-l-½-Znâ G-ähpw a-l¯m-b H-cp kz-`m-h-am-bn F-\n-¡p tXm-¶n-bn-«pÅ-Xv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ hy-àn]-cam-b kv-t\-l-_-Ô-§-fmWv. B kv-t\-l-_-Ô-§Ä-¡v H-cn-¡epw D-e-¨nÂ X-«m³ sk-bv-Xpap-l-½-Zv k-½-Xn-¡p-I-bnÃ. sk-bv-Xp ]-cn-N-b-s¸-« Hcm-tfmSp-t]mepw A-t±-lw ]n-W-§n-b-Xm-bn A-dn-hnÃ. H-cp -hen-b lr-Z-b-¯n-sâ D-S-a-am-{XaÃ, kv-t\-ln-X³-amÀ-¡p-th-n B lrZ-bw ]-Ip¯p -sIm-Sp-¡p-

169

hm\pw sk-bv-Xp F-t¸m-gpw X-¿m-dm-Ip-am-bn-cp¶p. AXp-sIm-p X-s¶-bm-Wv cm-{ão-bþkm-ap-Zm-bn-IþPm-Xn-hy-Xym-k-anÃm-sX sk-bv-Xn-sâ a-c-W-taÂ -¸n-¨ B-Lm-Xw \n-Xm-ám-b H-cp Zp:J-¯n-sâ I-dp-¯ ]-S-e-am-bn C¶pw ]-e- Ip-Spw-_-§fn-epw, tI-c-f-̄ nepw ]p-d-¯p-ap-Å B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-\p kp-lr-¯p-I-fp-sS a-\-Êp-I-fnepw X-§n-\nÂ -¡p-¶Xv. A-Sn-b-´-cm-h-Ø-sb Xp-SÀ¶pw a-äp Nn-e cm-{ão-b Im-c-W§Ä-sImpw F-d-Wm-Ipf-s¯ R-§-fp-sS H-cp ]-{X-kp-lr-¯v A-d-Ìn-embn, sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zn-s\ kw-_-Ôn¨v Cu ]-{X-¡m-c³ H-cp ]-cn-N-b-¡m-c³-am-{X-ta B-bn-cp-¶p-Åp F-¦nepw B A-d-Ìv sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zn-s\ hÃm-sX D-e¨p. F-s¶ Im-Wp-t¼m-tgm-s¡bpw sk-bv-Xp tNm-Zn-¡p-am-bn-cp¶p. F-´m-bn B tI-kv P-bn¡ptam! A-¡m-cy-§-sfm-s¡ A-dn-bp-hm³ sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zn-\v F-s´m-cpÂ -¡-WvT-bm-bn-cp-s¶-t¶m? A-Xm-bn-cp¶p sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zn-sâ kz-`mhw. k-akv-X tI-c-f km-ln-Xy-]-cnj-¯v A-Xn-sâ X-IÀ-¨-bnepw I-S-_m-[y-X-bnepw ap-§n G-Xm-v X-IÀ-¶p-t]mIpw F-¶p tXm-¶n-b-L«w. H-cp Znh-kw ssh-Ip-t¶-cw sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv Fsâ Hm-ô-kn-te-bv-¡v I-S-¶p h¶p. XpS-¡w X-s¶ C-§-s\-bm-bn-cp¶p.

‘Xm-s\m-cp-\q-dpcq-] C-t§m-s«-Spt¯’ ‘F-ń-\m?’ ‘Imcyw ]n-s¶ ]-d-bmw, \q-dpcq-] X-t¶ a-Xn-bmhq.

‘C-t¸mÄ F-sâ ssI-¿nÂ Im-inÃ’ Rm³ ]d-ªp ]n-s¶ A-Xym-h-iy-am-sW-¦nÂ A-Sp-s¯-hn-sS \n-s¶-¦n-epw I-Sw-hm-§-n X-cmw.

‘F-¶mÂ hm-§n-¯m.’ Rm³ \q-dp-cq-]m kw-L-Sn-¸n-¨p sIm-Sp¯p. X-sâ k-´-X k-l-Nm-cnbm-b t_-Kp-Xp-d-¶p k-a-kv-X-tIc-f km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-¯nÂ H-cm-Po-h-\m-´ sa-¼-dm-bnF-s¶ tNÀ¯p-sIm-p-Å c-io-Xn F-gp-Xn A-t¸Ä-¯-s¶ X¶p-sImv sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv ]-dªp.

‘X-s¶ C§-s\ hn-«mÂ ]-äp-I-bnÃ. H-¯n-cn Im-cy-§Ä X-\n-¡v sN-¿p-hm³ I-gn-bpw. Xm³ ]-cn-j-¯nÂ k-Po-h-am-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-t¨ a-Xn-bmhq. A-Xm-WnXv. BZyw F-\n-¡v XmÂ -]cyw D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Imc-Ww tI-c-f-¯n-se G-ähpw hen-b H-cp kmw-kv-¡cn-I kwL-S-\ \-in-¨ I-Y F-\n-

170

¡-dn-bm-am-bn-cp¶p. \-in-¸n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶Xv. \-in-¸n-¨-hÀ Zq-sc am-dn-\n-¶v kz-bw kw-Xr-]v-Xn A-S-bp-¶p-m-bn-cp¶p. Ip-d-¨p-t]À ho-gmdmb B h³-ac-s¯ Xm-§n-\nÀ-¯m-\p-Å _-²-¸m-Snepw sIm-¨p-\m-fnÂ ap-S-§m-sX ]-cnj-¯v hmcn-I hm-bn-¡p-Ibpw A-Xp-h-gn-am{Xw ]-cn-j-¯p-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sNbv-X F-\n-¡v \-in¨p-sIm-n-cp¶ B Øm-]-\-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v th-Z-\-IÄ am-{X-ta D-m-bn-cp-¶pÅp. Rm-\mZyw a-Sn ]-d-sª-¦nepw sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv hn-«nÃ. B-Zy-am-bn F-d-Wm-Ip-f-¯p-sh-¨p hn-]p-eam-b H-cp k-t½f-\w hn-fn-¨p-Iq«p-I F-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p ]-cn-]mSn, A-Xn-\p Ipd-¨p ]n-cn-hp-m-¡Ww. sa-¼Àa-sc tNÀ-¡Ww. FÃmw sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zn-sâ a-\-Ên-ep-m-bn-cp¶p, Cu k-t½-f\-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶m-Wv ]-cn-j-¯n-s\ kw-_-Ôn-¨v H-cp hen-b t{]m-P-Îv dn-t¸mÀ-«v X-¿m-dm-¡-s -̧«Xv. A-¶p F-d-Wm-Ip-fw I-f-Î-dm-bn-cp-¶ {io Fkv. Ir-jv-W-Ip-amÀ R-§Ä-s¡Ãm k-lm-bhpw \Â -Im³ ap-t¼m-«p-h¶p. Xp-SÀ-¶v tIm-gn-t¡m«pw þ sIm-Sp-§Ãqcpw sh-¨v ]-cnj-¯v hmÀjn-I k-t½-f-\-§Ä A-Xy-´w hn-]p-eamb tXm-XnÂ \-S¶p. Cu kw- -̀h-§-sfÃmw X-s¶ A-Xm-Xp Ime-s¯ a-lm-kw- -̀h-§-fm-¡n am-äm\pw kmw-kv-¡mcn-I tI-c-f-¯n-sâ {i-²-]n-Sn-s¨-Sp-¡m-\pw I-gnªp. kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-tI-c-f-¯n-\v H-cp- Ime-¯v ]-cnj-¯v t\-XrXzw \Â -Inb-Xp t]m-seX-s¶ hopw ]-cnj-¯v D-bÀ-s¯-gp-t¶äp. sIm-¨n³ \-K-c-¯nse lr-Z-b-`m-K-¯v 26 sk-sâ Ø-ew C-¶p ]-cn-j-¯n-\p kz-´-am-bpv. ]-¯pe-£w cq-] sN-e-hp-Å H-cp hen-b sI-«n-S-¯nÂ, ]-cnj-¯v A-Xn-sâ kmw-kv-¡mcn-I {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä Iq-Sp-X³ hn-]p-eamb tXm-XnÂ\-S-¯p-hm³ ]-²-Xn-IÄ B-kq-{X-Ww sN-bv-Xp {]hÀ¯-\w \-S¶p-sIm-n-cn-¡p¶p. Iq-«m-b, kzmÀ-°-X-bnÃm-¯ H-cp {i-a-¯n-sâ t\-«-§-fpsS Xp-S-¡-¯nÂ R-§Ä-¡n-¶p \-ã-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶-Xv R-§-fp-sS iàn-tI{µ-amWv. sIm-Sp-§-eqÀ k-t½f-\w I-gn-ªv am-k-§-fm-bnÃ. B-Zyw Fw ]-c-ta-iz-c³ \m-bÀ, a-c-W-¯n-\v G-Xm\pw a-Wn-¡q-dn-\p ap³]p-t]m-epw ]-cnj-¯v `m-c-hm-lnI-sf ]-e-tcbpw t^m¬ sN-bv-Xv hn-ti-j-§Ä A-t\z-jn-¨ {io. ]-c-ta-iz-c³ \m-b-cp-sS thÀ-]mSpw s]-«-¶m-bn-cp¶p. B B-Lm-X-¯n-sâ sR-«-enÂ \n¶pw hn-ap-à-cm-bn-cp-¶nÃ sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv DÄ-s¸-sS R-§-sfÃm-h-cpw. A-Xy-²zm-\-¯n-sâ ]-cym-b-am-bn-cp¶ sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv. kz-bw A-²zm-\n-¡p-¶Xn-t\m-sSm-¸w a-ä-Å-h-sc-s¡m-v A-²zm-\n-¸n-¡p-¶-Xnepw sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zn-sâ I-gn-hv A-]m-c-am-bn-cp¶p. I-gn-ª Ip-td hÀ-j-§-fm-bn sIm-¨n \-K-c-¯nÂ \-S-¶n-«p-Å ]-e-a-lm-kw-̀ -h-§-fp-sSbpw ]n-¶nÂ sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-\n-X-c km-[m-c-Wam-b kw-L-S-\m-]mS-hw Im-Wmw. C-tXm-sSm-¸w kp-lr-¯p-¡Ä-¡p th-nbpw kw-L-S-\-IÄ-¡p-th-nbpw A-hn-hm-ln-Xcm-b kp-lr-¯p-¡Ä-¡v \Ã h-[p¡-sf I-p-]n-Sn-¡p-¶ Imcyw hsc sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zn-sâ tkh-\w sN-s¶-¯pw. H-cp Imcyw am-{X-ta A-t±-lw Po-hn-X-¯nÂ a-d-¶n-«n-Åp-sh-¶p tXm-¶p-¶pþkz-´w Ip-Spw-_-¯n-sâ Im-cyw.

171

Xm³ Ipd-¨p \Ã kp-lr-¯p¡-sf am-{X-sa k-¼m-Zn-¨n-«p-Åp-sh-¶p sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv X-t¶m-Sv ]-d-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶v A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Zp:Jn-Xbm-b `m-cy {io-a-Xn. J-ZoPmsk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv F-sâ `m-cy-tbm-Sv ]-d-ªXpw Rm³ HmÀ-¡p¶p. i-cn-bm-Wv {]n-b-s¸-« sk-bvXv, R-§-fp-sS a\-ÊnÂ \n¶pw Xm-¦-sf- -̧än-bp-Å HmÀ-½-IÄ am-bnÃ. F-t¸mgpw k-t´m-j-t¯mSpw Xp-d-¶ a-\-tÊmSpw Iq-Sn-bp-Å Xm-¦-fp-sS s]-cp-am-ähpw \À-½-t_m-[-hpwþG-Xp ITn-\ {]-iv-\-s¯bpw em-L-h-t¯m-sS t\-cn-Sp-¶ Xm-¦-fp-sS kn-²n-I-fpw R-§Ä a-d-¡p-I-bnÃ. Xm-¦-fp-sS kp-lr-¯p-¡-fmcpw a-d-¡p-sa-¶p tXm-¶p-¶p-anÃ. * (N-{µn-I B-gv-N-¸-Xn¸v. sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv kv-s]-jyÂ 1976 amÀ-¨vþ6)

172

ImÂ -\q-äm-p-Imew, kv-t\-l-¯n-sâ a-[p-c kw-Ko-Xw ]-Ým-¯-e-am-¡n-sIm-p lr-Z-bmhÀ-Ö-I-am-bn A-\p-kyq-Xw {]-h-ln¨ B kv-t\-l-\nÀ-Xv-[-cn-bp-sS Ne-\w \n-e¨p-t]mbn. F-sâ Po-hn-Xw tcm-Khpw bm-X-\-I-fp-am-Ip-¶ k-lm-d-bp-sS a-WÂ -¡m-«nÂ InS-¶p th-hp-t¼mÄ ]-e-t¸mgpw A-Xn-\p Ip-fncpw im-´-X-bp-taInb B \nÀXv[-cn hän-t]mbn. A-Xn-sâ D-d-hn-Sw A-Sªp-t]mbn. N-cn-{X-Im-c-\pw, km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\pw, kmw-kv-¡mcn-I {]-hÀ-¯-I-\pam-b P-\m-_v ]n.F. sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv km-ln-_n-sâ hn-tbm-Kw aq-ew tI-c-f-¯n-¶p ]-eXpw \-ãv-S-s¸-s«-¦n-epw, Rm³ FÃmw \-ãv-S-s¸-«-h-s\-t¸m-se B-bn-t¸mbn. sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv km-ln-_v ]-{X-cwK-̄ p IS-¶p h-¶-Im-e-¯pX-s¶Rm-\pam-bn ]-cn-N-b-s¸-«p. B ]-cn-N-b-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨-sb¸-än hn-h-cn-¸m³ Cu A-hk-cw A-\pIq-eaÃ. Un-kw-_À 16þmw Xo-b-Xn-bm-Wv F-\n-¡v H-Sp-hn-em-bn A-t±-l-¯n-sâ F-gp-¯p In-«n-bXv.hn-{i-ahpw {]-hÀ-¯-\-hp-am-bn I-gn-ªp-Iq-Sp-¶p-sh-¶v A-XnÂ F-gp-Xn-¡--t¸mÄ Ip-sd k-t´mjw tXm¶n. Rm³ tcm-K-{K-kv-X-\m-b-Xn-\p-ti-jw, _mly-tem-I-hp-am-bn Fs¶ _-Ô-s¸-Sp-̄ n-h-¶ H-cp I-®n F-sâ kp-lr¯v sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv km-ln-_v B-bn-cp¶p. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ FÃm Xo-{h-b-Xv-\-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw G-sd-¡p-sd ]qÀ-®-am-bn¯-s¶ A-dn-bm-hp-¶ kp-lr-¯p-¡Ä C-¶p hn-c-f-am-sW-¶p tXm-¶p¶p. 'tI-c-f apÉow U-b-d-Iv-ädn' F-¶p hf-sc F-fp-¸-¯nÂ, i-Ð-`w-Kn-tbm-sS ]-d-ªp-XoÀ-¡p-¶ ]-e-cpw, B U-b-d-Ivä-dn Im-Wm-¯-h-cm-bn-cn-¡pw. I-h-cnÂ ]-e-cpw, B _r-l¯mb tPm-en km-¼¯n-I tijntbm a-äp-hn-[-¯n-ep-Å ]n³-_-e-§sfm CÃm-¯ H-cp bp-hm-hv G-I-\m-bn-«m-Wv \nÀ-Æ-ln- -̈sX-¶v A-dn-ªn-cn-¡pI-bnÃ. tI-c-f C-Ém-an-Iv sk-an-\m-dn-sâ B-kq-{X-I³-am-cnÂ {]-[m\n sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv km-ln-_v B-bn-cp¶p. Ad-_n a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-s¯-bpw `m-j-sbbpw Ip-dn-¨p hy-à-ambpw km-aq-ly-ambpw ]Tn-¡p-hm-\pw Nn-ń-¡p-hm\pw th-Zn H-cp-¡nbXv C-Ém-an-Iv sk-an-\m-dmWv. 'C-Ém-an-Iv sk-an-\m-dn-sâ FÃm-tbm-K-§-fnepw {]-kvXp-X hn-j-b-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å {]-_-Ô-§fpw D-]-\y-k-§fpw X-¿m-dm-¡m³ Rm-\m-Wv `m-c-taÂ -]n-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. A-Xn-\p-Å t{]cW sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv km-ln-_n-sâ-Xm-bn-cp¶p. C-S-¡me-¯v Ad-_n a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-s¯bpw `m-j-sbbpw Ip-dn-¨p {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡-s¸-«p-I- A-`n-{]m-b-§-fp-sS D-S-a-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨p H-Sp-

lm !F-sâ sk-bv-Xv

H. B-_p

173

hn-em-bn F-\n-¡-b-¨ I-¯nÂ -t¸mepw A-t±-lw ]-cm-aÀ-in-̈ n-«pv.

‘AÂ -]-Ú-Xbpw X-e-¡-\-hpw’F-¶ {]am-W e-£-W-¯n-¶p Aw-Ko-Im-cw \Â -In-b-sX-¶p ]-d-b-s¸-Sp-¶ A-Xy-´m-[p\n-I Im-e-L-«-¯n-sâ sXm-«p-ap-¼p-Å Im-e-¯n-sâ ssI-I-fmWv sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zn-sâ hy-àn-Xz-¯n-\p an-gn-hv \Â -In-bXv. \-½p-sS I-em-i-me _n-cp-Z-[m-cnIÄ, I-em-im-e-bp-sS ]-Sn-I-b-dn-bn-«nÃm¯ sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zn-sâ I-gn-hp-I-fp-sS ap¼nÂ A-Ûp-X-kv-Xn-an-X-cm-bn¯-s¶ Nn-e-t¸mÄ \n-¶p-t]-b-Xn-sâ Im-c-W-hpw a-säm¶Ã. B Im-e-¯n-sâ Ic-§Ä-¡p A-§n-s\ H-cp-i-àn-hn-ti-jw D-m-bn-cp-¶p tIk-cn _m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-sb-t¸m-ep-Å \-dp-Zo-]-§-fnÂ \n-¶m-Wv B sN-dp-Zo-]w sh-fn-¨w sIm-fp-¯n-sb-Sp-¯Xv. A-Xp Ip-fncpw sh-×bpw am-{XaÃ, b-YmÀ-¯-¯nÂ a-\-Ên-¶p N-´hpw a-kv-Xn-jv-I-¯n-¶p K-Ôhpw \Â -Ip-¶ Zo-]v-Xn ]-c-¯n-b-XnÂ A-Xn-i-bn-¸m-\p-tm? kv-t\-l-P-\-§-fp-sS t£-a-¯n-ep-Å-Xm-Xv-]-cy-am-Wv A-t±l-s¯ kv-t\-ln-X³-am-cp-sS C-ãv-S-\m-¡n-¯oÀ¯-Xv kv-t\-ln-X³-am-cp-sS t£-a-s¯¸-än A-t\z-jn-¡p-Ibpw A-Xn-\p-th-n ]-c-t{]-c-W Iq-Sm-sX-Xs¶, kz-t{]-cn-X-\m-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-I F¶-Xp B \Ã kp-lr-¯n-sâ k-l-Pam-b H-cp Kp-W-am-bn-cp¶p. B {]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-em-Wv A-t±-lw B-\-µhpw kp-J-hp-saÃmw A-\p- -̀hn-¨n-cp-¶Xv, km-ln-Xy-cw-K-¯pw, km-aq-ly-cw-K-¯pw, s]m-Xp-Po-hnX-cw-K-¯pw aäpw A-t±-lw {]-hÀ-¯-t\m-·p-J-\mbn, DÃm-k-hm-\mbn, IS-¶p-sN-¶Xv, X-sâ A-´-cwK-s¯ Ip-fn-c-Wn-bn-¡p-¶ A-`n-em-jam-b kv-t\-l-P-\t£-a {]-hÀ-¯-\ km-²yX-sb e£yw h¨p-sIm-Ã F-¶p kw-i-bn-¨p t]m-I-¯-¡ \n-e-bn-em-Wv A-¡m-cy-¯nÂ A-t±-lw {]-hÀ-¯n-¨p-t]m-¶n-cp¶-Xv F-¶n-«pw kp-lr-¯p-¡-fp-sS H-cp hn-\o-X kp-lr-¯m-bn hÀ-¯n¨p-sI-m-v A-h-cp-sS kv-t\-l-hpw, B-Z-c-hpw, I-S-¸mSpw am-{XaÃ, lrZ-bw X-s¶ t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡m³ B ip-²-Po-hn-X-¯n-\p km-[n¨p. B H-ä hn-f-¡p-sI«p-t]m-b-t¸mÄ, lm! F-{X h-gn-I-fm-Wv C-cp-«nÂ Bp- t]m-b-n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-s¶m! k-ap-Zmbw sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv km-ln-_n-s\- I--Xv-]-tc-X\m-b G._n.sIm-¨p-®n km-ln-_v an-Sp-¡mÀ¶ B I-gn-hn-s\ k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-¶p Im-gv-¨ h¨-Xp sIm-m-Wv. HmÀ-½-IÄ F-s¶ izm-kw ap-«n-¡p¶p. th-Z-\ F-sâ ssII-sf X-fÀ-¯p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶p. B I-\-s¸-«-I-gn-hv \-ap-¡v \-ã-s¸«p. B \-ãv-Sw \-ã-am-bn X-s¶ A-ti-jn-¡pw. ]-c-a-Im-cp-Wn-I\pw Ir-]m-\n-[n-bpam-b AÃm-lp A-t±-l-¯nsâ sFln-I Po-hn-X-¯n-se hn-gv-¨-I-sfÃmw s]m-dp¯p-sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bpw, ]-c-tem-I-¯nÂ A-t±-l-¯n-¶p im-ńbpw k-am-[m-\hpw \Â -Ip-Ibpw sN¿-s« F-¶p {]mÀ-°n¨p-sIm-v \-\-ª I®p-I-tfm-sS Rm³ hn-c-an-¡p¶p. * (B-h-\m-gnþhm-cn-I, Un-kw-_À 26/75)

174

kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ koÂ -¡m-cwtI-«p-Xp-S-§¶-Xv F{X-tbm-ap-¼v Xs¶, tIm¬-{K-Êv ]-£-¡cm-b tZio-b ap-Éo-§-fp-sS H-cp kwL-S-\ cq]w-sIm-n-cp¶p. C-ý³ ap-Éow a-Pv-enkv. tI-c-f-¯Â C-Xn-sâ t\-Xr-Xzw Cu sam-bv-Xp au-e-hn-bp-sSbpw ap-l½-Zv A-Ðp-d-ln-am³ km-ln-_n-sâbpw AXp-t]m-se-bp-Å tZ-io-b-t\-Xm-¡-fn-sSbpw Np-a-en-em-WÀ-¸n-X-am-bn-cp-¶Xv. ap-l½-Zv A-ÐpÄ d-ln-am³-km-ln-_m-I-s« 1939 Â X-S-hn-em-¡-s¸-«p-sh-¦nepw ]p-d-¯p-h-¶n-«nÃ. A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ k-tlm-Z-c³ C-{_mlnw km-ln_pw sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ-¡m-c\m-b Jm-en-Zv km-ln-_pw sam-bv-Xp au-e-hnbpw Iq-Sn AÂ A-ao³ ]{Xw \-S-¯p-Ibpw tZ-io-b-ap-Éo§-sf kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Imew. hf-sc Np-cp-¡am-fp-I-tf a-Pv-en-kn-sâ sIm-Sn-¡o-gnÂ A-Wn-\n-c-¡p-hm³ D-m-bn-cp-¶pÅp. kÀ-Æcpw ap-Éow eo-Kp-ImÀ hn-ZymÀ-°n-I-fm-bn-cp-¶ R-§Ä Ip-td-t¸À a-Pv-en-kv {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä ]g-b-sIm-¨n-bn-se an-¡ Ø-e-§-fn-epw kw-L-Sn-̧ n-¨n-cp¶p. B-fp-IÄ Ip-d-hm-bn-cp-s¶-¦nepw i-Ð-ap-m-¡p-¶-Xnepw ]-{X-]-àn-I-fnÂ Ø-ew ]n-Sn-¡p-¶-Xnepw a-Pv-en-kv {]-hÀ-¯-IÀ an-Sp-¡³-am-cm-bn-cp¶p. F-S-h-\-¡m-Sv a-Pv-en-kn-sâ hmÀ-jnIm-tLm-jw hf-sc Kw-ò-c-am-bn \-S-¯p-hm-\p-Å H-cp-¡-§Ä R-§Ä ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡n. 1946 B-Zy-am-sW-¶m-sWsâ HmÀ-½ {]-ap-Jcm-b ]-e {]m-kw-Kn-I³-am-cp-tS-bpw Iq-«-¯nÂ A-\-K-X-iv-a-{iphm-b H-cp bp-hm-hp-m-bn-cp-¶p. I-ãn-¨p 18 hb-Êp am{Xw {]-mb-ap-m-bn-cp-¶ kp-kv-ta-c-h-Z-\\mb B bp-h-tIk-cn F-Xn-cm-fn-I-fp-sS t]m-epw B-Z-c-hp-IÄ I-c-tLm-j-§-fn-ep-sSbpw {]-iw-k-I-fn-eq-sSbpw I-c-Ø-am-¡n-s¡m-m-Wv X-sâ {]-kw-Kw A-h-km-\n-¸n-¨Xv. a-Pv-en-kn-sâ F-S-h-\-¡m-Sv im-J-bp-sS sk-{I«-dn F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶ F-\n¡v Cu {]-kw-Kn-I-\p-am-bn ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sm-\p-Å A-hk-cw e-`n¨-Xv A-§-s\-bmWv. F-t¶-¡mÄ Ht¶m ctm hb-Êp Iq-Sp-X-ep-m-bn-cp¶ B bp-hm-hv R-§-fpsS-sbm-s¡ {]n-b-¦-c-\m-bn-¯oÀ-¶ ]n. F. sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp¶p. A-¶p XpS-§n h-¨ R-§-fp-sS kp-lr-Zv_-Ôw bm-sXm-cp X-S-Êhpw Iq-Sm-sX Iq-Sp-XÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ ]p-jv-¡-e-am-bn-¯oÀ-¶n-cp¶p. I-gn-ª aq-¶p Z-im-Ðv-¡m-e-§-fp-sS kp-ZoÀ-Lam-b {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fn-eqsS, H-cp {]m-kw-Kn-I\pw F-gp-¯p-Im-c-\p-am-bn-¯o-c-W-sa-¶ Xr-jv-W F-sâ lr-Z-b-¯nÂ DZ-bw sN-bvXXv Cu kw- -̀h-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-sW-¶ Imcyw hn-kv-a-cn-¡p-hm³ km-[yaÃ. A-¶v k-t½f-\w I-gn-ªv s]m-XpP-\w ]n-cnªp-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn-\p ap-¼m-bnX-s¶ X-sâ ssI-k-©n-bnÂ s]m-Xn-ªp-sh-¨n-cp-¶ H-cp e-Lp-te-J-tbm-fw

]n.F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½Zv

tUm: kn. sI. Icow

175

am{Xw h-ep-¸-ap-Å X-sâ B-Zy-s¯ ]p-kv-X-I-¯n-sâ tIm-¸n-IÄ A-t±-lw ]p-d-s¯-Sp-¯p. C-ý-bn-se bp-hm-¡-fp-sS c-à-¯nÂ tZio-b B-

th-i-¯n-sâ Nq-Sp-tI-än-bn-cp-¶ c-à-km-£n-bm-b ‘sl-ap-I-em-\n’sb-¸-än-bp-Å H-cp e-Lp ]p-kv-X-I-am-bn-cp-¶p AXv. Hc-Wtbm A-cb-Wtbm F-

¶v Ir-Xy-ambn HmÀ-¡p-¶nÃ -¦nepw ‘sl-ap-I-em-\n’bp-sS Ip-sd-b-[n-Iw tIm-¸n-IÄ A-¶p R-§Ä hn-ä-Xm-bn Rm-t\mÀ-½n-¡p¶p. kp-µ-chpw im-eo-\-hp-am-b a-ebmf ssien, B-th-iw sIm-Ån-¡p-¶ D-Öz-e-am-b,

‘sl-ap-I-em-\n’hm-bn-¨v B-th-iw sIm-m-WvA¯-cw km-ln-Xy-{i-a-§Ä sN-¿-W-sa-¶ A-XypÂ -¡-Sam-b B-{K-lw F-¶n-ep-m-bXv. A-§-s\-bm-Wv 1946 Â P-b-{]-Im-iv \m-cm-b-W³ F-¶ H-cp sNdn-b ]p-kvX-Iw F-S-h-\-¡m-«p-m-bn-cp-¶ H-cp hm-b-\-im-e-bp-sS [-\-ti-J-c-WmÀ-°w Rm-s\-gp-Xn {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨Xv. sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zv X-sâ _m-ey-Im-ew ap-XÂ \-S-¯n-b km-lnXy {]-hÀ¯-\w F-s¶-s¸m-se F-{X-sb-{X A-t±-l-¯n-sâ k-a-Im-eo-\À-¡p am-Xr-I-bm-bn XoÀ-¶n-«p-m-I-bnÃ. ssl-kv-IqÄ ]T-\hpw kw-kv-Ir-X-¯nÂ hn-Zzm³ ]-co-£bpw ]mkm-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv H-cp `m-jm-[ym-]-I-\m-bn Ip-sd-¡m-ew tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-̈ n-cp¶p. C-¡me-¯v A-t±-l-¯n-sâ {]-hÀ-¯-\-aÞ-ew sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cnÂ \n¶pw t^mÀ«p-sIm-¨n-bn-te-¡v amdn. A-hn-sS \n¶pw {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨n-cp-¶ P-\-i-àn-bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-sc-¶ \n-e-bnÂ ]e sssI-sb-gp-¯p-am-kn-I-I-fp-sSbpw km-cYyw h-ln-¨v ]-cnN-bw t\-Sn-bn-cp-¶ A-t±-lw ]-{X-{]-hÀ¯-\w X-sâ km-ln-Xy k-]-cy-bv-¡p G-ähpw A\p-tbm-Pyam-b th-Zn-bm-bn-¡-cpXn. Xp-SÀ-¶p-Å A-t±-l-¯n-sâ km-ln-Xy tk-h-\-§Ä-¡p \n-Ý-b-ambpw P-\-i-àn-bnÂ \n-¶p t\Sn-b ]-cn-N-b-k¼-¯v hf-sc {]-tbm-P-\-I-c-am-bn XoÀ-¶n-cp¶p. a-ä-p ]-e am-kn-I-I-fp-sSbpw B-gv-¨-]-Xn-¸p-I-fp-sSbpw ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn XoÀ-¶n-«p-Å A-t±-lw \me-©p hÀ-jw ap-¼p \n¶p-t]m-b kÀ-Kw F-¶ H-cp am-kn-I-bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-Xy-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn B cw-K-¯p-\n¶pw ]n³-am-dp-I-bm-Wp sN-bv-XXv. C-¡m-e-§-fnÂ H-gn-hp-In-«p-¶ k-µÀ- -̀§-fn-em-sI tIc-fw I-n-«p-Å-XnÂh-t¨-ähpw {]-KÂ - -̀a-Xnbpw K-th-j-W-]-Sp-hpam-b tIk-cn _m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-Å-sb A-t±-l-¯n-sâ h-S-¡³ ]-d-hq-cn-ep-Å h-k-Xn-bnÂ sN-¶p ImWp-I ]-Xn-hm-bn-cp¶p. DÂ -km-l-i-menbpw ]-cn-{i-a-im-en-bpam-b Cu bp-hm-hn-sâ A-dn-hn-\p th-n-bp-Å XnÀ-°mS-\w i-cn¡pw {K-ln-¨n-cp-¶ tI-k-cn-bmIs« sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-Zn-s\ X-sâ A-cp-a-in-jy-\m-bn kzo-I-cn-¡p-hm³-A-[n-Iw Xm-a-kn-¨nÃ. ]-Þn-Xm-t{K-k-c\m-b tI-k-cn-bp-am-bpm-b \n-Xm-´-k-¼À-¡-amWv sk-bv-Xvap-l-½-ZnÂD-d-§n¡nS¶ncp-¶ N-cn-{Xm-t\z-jI-s\ hn-fn-¨p-WÀ-¯n-bXv. tI-k-cn-bp-sS K-th-j-W- -̂e-§fpw \n-K-a-\-§fpw ]-Þn-X³-amÀ¡p-t]mepw ZpÀ-{Km-ly-am-bn-cp-¶-hn-[w hf-sc k-¦oÀ-Whpw hn-¹-h-I-c-hp-am-bn-cp¶p. X-sâ Kp-cp-`qX-sâ k-hn-[-¯nÂ \n¶pX-s¶ ]-eÀ¡pw a-\-kn-em-Im-Xn-cp-¶ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ N-cn-{X-hn-Úm-\w Ip-sd-sb-¦nepw i-cn-bm-bn [-cn-¡p-hm³ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\v I-gn-ªp-sh-¶-Xm-Wv B cwK-¯v ]n-¶o-Sv A-

176

t±-l-¯n-\pm-b t\-«-§-fnÂ -\n¶pw a-\-kn-em-Ip-¶Xv. N-cn-{X-]T-\-¯n-sâ {]-tbmP-\tam B-hiytam A-[n-I-am-fp-Ifpw H«pwX-s¶I-W-¡m-¡m-Xn-cp-¶ A-¡me-¯v N-cn-{X-hn-Nm-c-cwK-¯v kz-ám-b H-cp ssi-enbpw k-ao-]-\hpw A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p-sIm-v N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v \q-X-\am-b H-cp-]-Ùm-hv tI-c-f-¯nÂ sh-«n-Xp-d¶Xv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zm-sW-¶ Imcyw ]-ecpw ad-¶p t]m-b H-cp h-kv-Xp-X-bmWv. N-cn-{X km-lnXyw B-cp-sSbpw {i²-sb B-IÀ-jn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶ A³-]-Xp-I-fnÂ C-§-s\- H-cp hn-im-eam-b hn-f-\n-ew Pn-Úm-kp-¡-fp-sS {In-bm-ß-I i-àn-bp-sS sh«pw In-fnbpw Im-¯v hn-f-bn-d-¡m-sX X-cn-im-bn In-S-¡p-¶p-s-¶v \-½p-sS {i-²-bn-te-¡p sIm-ph¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\v AÀ-ln-¡p-¶ Aw-Ko-Im-cw B cwK-¯v e-`n-¨n-«ptm F-¶ Imcyw kw-i-b-am-Wv. 1952þÂ a-{Zm-kv K-h¬-saâv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ N-cn-{X-tI-c-f-sa-¶ ]p-kv-X-I-¯n-\v B hÀj-s¯ G-ähpw \Ã Ir-Xn-bv-¡p-Å A-hmÀ-Uv sIm-Sp-¯-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv ]-e-cp-sSbpw {i-² Cu cw-K-t¯-¡p Xn-cn-ªXv. C-tX¯p-SÀ-¶v A-t±-lw {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨ \n-ch-[n N-cn-{X-]p-kv-X-I-§-fnÂ k-©m-cn-IÄ I--tI-cfw, tI-c-f-̄ n-se in-em-Ip-kp-a§Ä, tI-c-f apÉow N-cn-{Xw Xp-S-§n-b-h {i-²mÀ-l-§fm-b kw-`m-h-\-I-fmWv. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ N-cn-{X Ir-XnIÄ ]Þn-tXm-Nn-X-§-tfm, K-l\-§-tfm AsÃ -¶pw A-h K-th-j-W-]Sp-X AÂ -]-am-bn am-{X-ta {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¨n-cp-¶p-Å-p-sh¶pw D-Å hn-aÀ-i-\-§Ä D-m-bn-«pv. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ kÀ-Km-ß-I-kn²nbpw ta-[m-i-ànbpw N-cn-{X-hn-Nm-c-cwK-¯v ]-Þn-Xm-{K-k-s\-¶ hn-ti-j-W-¯n-\v A-t±l-s¯ AÀ-l-\m-¡n-bn-«n-sÃ¶-Xv ]-c-amÀ-°-am-bn-cn-¡pw. ]-t£ \mw I-W-¡n-se-Sp¯-Xv i-cn¡pw hn-e-bn-cp-t¯- H-cph-kvXp-X Dv. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv N-cn-{X-am-Þ-e-¯n-te-¡v {]-th-in-¡p-t¼Ä A-hn-sS I-hn-Snbpw e-áhpw ]-©mw-K-hp-am-bn-cp-¶v Iv-fn-ãhpw ZpÀ-{Km-ly-hpam-b A-kw-_-Ô-I-kÀ-¯p-IÄ \-S-¯n-bn-cp-¶ B-cpwX-s¶ D-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-sZ-gp-Xn-bXpw K-thj-Ww \-S-¯n-bXpw D-bÀ-¶ D-tZymK-s¯ e-£y-am-¡n-s¡m-v tUm-Î-td-äv k-¼m-Zn-¡p-hm-\m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. N-cn{Xw F-¶ hn-j-b-¯n-\v tI-c-f-¯n-te-bpw C-ý-bn-tebpw kmw-kv-¡mcnI ssh-Úm-\n-I-am-Þ-e-§-fnÂ \-S-¯p-hm³ km-[n-¡p-am-bn-cp-¶ kzm-[o-\-X-sbbpw DÂ -{K-Y-\-ti-jn-sbbpw P-\-§Ä-¡p ]-d-ªp a-\-Ên-em¡n-sIm-Sp-¡p-Ibpw C-Xn-sâ {]m-tbm-Kn-Iam-b {]-tbm-P-\-̄ n-\p P-\-Xm-a-²y-¯nÂ {]-Nmc-Ww \Â -Ip-Ibpw sN¿p-I F-¶-Xm-bn-cp-¶p F-sâ kp-lr-¯p \ÂIn-b a-l-¯-cam-b kw-`mh-\. A§-s\ N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy-cw-K-t¯-bv-¡v F{Xtbm bp-hm-¡fm-b k-Xym-t\z-jI-sc B-IÀ-jn-¡p-hm-\-t±-l-¯n-\v I-gn-ªn-cp¶p. I-gn-ª ImÂ -\q-äm-n-te-sd-¡m-e-am-bn tI-c-f-ln-kvä-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ sk-{I«-dn F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ tI-c-f-¯n-se \m-\m-tI-{µ-§-fnÂ -sh-¨v A-t±-lw k-L-Sn-¸n-¨n-«p-Å N-cn-{X-sk-an-\m-dp-IÄ¡pw N-cn-{X-k-t½-f-\-§Ä¡pw Cu hn-jb-s¯ Iq-Sp-XÂ P-\-{]o-Xn-bp-Å -H-¶m-¡n am-äp-hm-\pw \-½p-sS FÃm kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-{]-hÀ-̄ -\-§-fp-sS H-gn-hm-¡m-\m-Im-¯ ta-J-e-bm-Wv N-cn-{X-cw-K-sa-¶p-Å kXyw P-\-§-fnÂth-cq-¶n-¡p-hm\pw km-[n-¨n-«pv. cm-Pm-¡³-am-cp-sS N-cn-{X-¯nÂ

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\n¶pw P-\-§-fp-sS N-cn-{X-am¡n Cu hn-Úm-\-a-Þ-e-s¯ ]cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡p-hm³ D-e-bq-¯v \-S¯n-b B-Zy-s¯ Np-cp-¡w Nn-e-cnÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv A-{K-Øm\-¯p \nÂ -¡p¶p. N-cn-{X-K-th-jWw F¶-Xv H-cmÄt¡m c-mÄt¡m F-fp-¸w sN-bv-Xp XoÀ-¡m-hp-¶ A-\m-bm-k-I-cam-b {]-hr-¯nbÃ. F{Xtbm Pn-Úm-kp-¡-fp-sS kn²nbpw km-[-\bpw Iq-«mbpw H-ä-bmbpw ap-XÂ -apS-¡n \n-c-´-chpw \n-e-bv-¡m-¯-Xp-am-b -b-Ú-§Ä sIm-p-am{Xw {]-Im-in-X-am-¡m-s\m-¡p-¶ K-th-j-W ^-e-§Ä sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-tZm, tI-c-f ln-kv-än A-tkm-kn-tb-jt\m kw-`m-h-\-sN-bv-XnÃ F-¶p \nÀ-Zm-£Wyw hn-aÀ-i-\w \-S-¯p¶-h-tcm-SpH-t¶ ]-d-bm-\p-Åp, \n-§fm-scm-s¡ F-t´m-s¡ sN-bv-Xp-sh-¶p B-ß-]cn-tim-[-\-\-S-¯p-I. AXp-t]m-se sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-tZm A-tkm-kn-tb-jt\m C-sXm¶pw sN-bv-XnÃm F¶m-tcm-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p ]I-cw F-s´Ãmw sN-bv-Xp F-¶p \n-jv-]-£-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-¶p-hm³ am-{X-ta I³-j-am-\-kcm-b C¯-cw kp-lr-¯p-I-tfm-Sv ]-dbm-s\m¡q. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ e£yw N-cn-{X-ta-J-e-bn-te-bv-¡v FÃm \Ã -a-\p-jy-scbpw B-IÀ-jn-¡p-Ibpw A-Xn-sâ {]-tbm-P-\-]-c-X-bv-¡v {]-Nmc-Ww sIm-Sp-¡p-I-bp-sa-¶-Xm-bn-cp¶p. Z-´-tKm-]p-c-¯n-en-cp-¶v cm-inbpw \-£-{X-§-fp-sS N-e-\hpw am{Xw ho-£n¨p-sIm-v Aw-Kp-eo-]-cn-an-Xam-b Nn-e-cp-sS _p-²n-bv-¡p-am-{Xw ]-äp-¶]m-Þn-[n-Xy-KÀhpw s]m-§-¨hpw {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-¶ ]-g-b ]-Xn-hn-s\ X-IÀ¯p-sIm-v P-\-§Ä-¡p a-\-kn-em-Ip-¶ co-Xn-bnepw `m-j-bnepw N-cn-{X-c-N-\bpw N-cn-{X-k-t½-f-\-§f-pw \S-̄ n N-cn-{X-¯n-\v P-\Io-b kz-`m-hw \ÂIp-I F-¶ D-¶-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn {]-hÀ-¯n-¨ H-cp hyàn-tbmSpw k-wLS-\-tbmSpw A-hÀ e£yw sh-¨nS-¯v F¯ntbm F-¶v t\m-¡n am-{X-am-Wv P-bm-]-N-b-§Ä hn-e-bn-cp-t¯-Xv. AÃm-sX A-h-cm-cp-ap-t±-in-¡m-¯Xpw GtXm H-cp hn-aÀ-iI-\p tXm-¶n-b-Xpam-b Imcyw D-Å-hÀ sN-bv-XnÃm-sb-¶ ]Ã -hn ]m-Sp¶-Xv kz-´w D-¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-¯nÂ \n¶pw H-gn-ªp-am-depw ]-c-\n-µ-sb-¶ am-\kn-I hn-I-e-X-bv-¡-Sn-a-s¸-Sepw am-{X-am-bn-cn-¡pw. H-cp ]pcp-jm-bp-Ên-\v \Â -Im-hp-¶ kw-`m-h-\ sh-dpw 47þma-s¯ h-b-ÊnÂ Im-e-K-Xn-bSª sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv Cu cwK-¯v \-S-¯n-bn-«p-s-¶v A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Xo-{ham-b {]-hÀ-¯-\-ti-jnsb-bpw I-gn-hn-s\bpw Ip-dn-¨Â -¸-am-bn-s«-¦nepw A-dn-bm-hp-¶-hÀ-¡v \Ã \n-Ý-b-ap-Å Im-cy-amWv. tI-c-f-¯n-se FÃm N-cn-{X-Im-c³-am-scbpw H-¶n-¸n-¨v Iq«m-b H-cp _rl-Xv kw-cw-`w \-S-¯n-b-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-bn A-tkm-kn-tbj-\v tI-c-f N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ G-I-tZ-iw k-a-{K-sa-¶p hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡m-hp-¶ c-p hen-b hm-ey-§Ä -C-d-¡phm-s\m¯p. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp-¶p C-Xn-sâ kw-tim-[-I\pw F-Un-ä-dpw. \q-dp-I-W-¡n-\v {]-_-Ù-§Ä N-cn-{X-sk-an-\m-dp-IÄ kw-L-Sn-¸n¡p-I hgn Cussh-Úm\n-I cw-K-¯n-\v ap-XÂ-¡q-«m-bn-«pv. a-lm-]-Þn-X-s\m-¶p-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ -¦nepw tI-c-f-¯n-se P-\-Io-b-N-cn-{X-Im-c³ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp-¶p F-¶ Imcyw hn-kv-a-cn-¡p-hm³ km-[yaÃ. N-cn{Xm-t\z-j-I-s\-¶ \n-e-bnÂ C-ý-bp-sS ]u-cm-Wn-I-tI-{µ-§Ä FÃmw X-s¶ ]-eh-«w k-µÀ-in-¨n-«p-Å A-t±-lw X-sâ `m-c-X-]-

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cy-S\-s¯ B-kv-]-Z-am-¡n F-gp-Xn-bn-«p-Å N-cn-{X-{K-Ùw `m-cXo-b kw-kv-¡mc-s¯ AXnsâ i-cn-bnbm-b AÀ-°-¯nÂ hn-ZymÀ-°n-IÄ-¡v a-\-Ên-em¡n-sIm-Sp-¡p-hm³ ]än-b H-¶mWv. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv F-gp-Xn-bn-«p-Å N-cn-{X te-J-\-§Ä \q-dp-I-W-¡n-\p-v F¶-Xv A-Xn-i-tbm-ànbÃ. A-h-sbÃmw tX-Sn-̧ n-Sn- v̈ {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨mÂ ip-jv-¡-am-bnX-s¶ In-S-¡p-¶ N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v Iq-Sp-XÂ D-Xv-¡À-jw e-`n-¡p-sa-¶v XoÀ-¨-bmWv. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ {]-hÀ¯-\w N-cn-{X-cw-K-¯p-am{Xw H-Xp-§n-\n-¶nÃ. km-ln-Xy-]-cnj-¯v \nÀ-Öo-h-am-bn FÃm-h-cmepw D-t]-£n-¡-s¸-«v E-W-_m-[y-X-bnÂ ap-gp-In-¡-gn-ªn-cn-¡p-t¼m-gm-Wv A-t±-lw A-Xn-te-bv-¡v X-sâ tk-h-\-aÀ-¸n-¨Xv. ]-cn-j-̄ n-sâ ssh-kv-{]-kn-Uâm-bn Xp-SÀ-¶n-cp-¶ A-t±-lw B kw-L-S\-sb \m-i-KÀ-¯-¯nÂ \n-¶v D-²-cn- v̈ \Ã H-cp {]Êpw kz-ám-b sI-«n-Shp-sam-s¡-bp-ÅXpw Iq-Sp-XÂ hn-I-kn-¸n-¡m-hp-¶-Xp-am-b B-kq-{Xn-X ]-²-Xn-bn³-Io-gnÂ sIm-ph-¶v A-Xn-\v ]p-\À-Po-h³-\Â -In ]p-jv-¡-e-am-¡n. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ hn-tbm-Kw ln-kvä-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j-s\-sb-¶-t]m-se ]-cn-j-¯n-t\bpw XoÀ¯pw A-\m-Y-am-¡n I-fªp. AXp-t]m-se X-s¶ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ hy-àn ap-{Z ]-Xn-¸n-¨n-«p-Å {K-Ù-im-em-kw-Lw km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Zan, I-em-a-Þew, km-ln-Xy {]-hÀ-̄ -I k-l-I-c-W-kwLw, ln-µn-]-cn-j-¯v, kw-Ko-X-A-¡mZ-an Xp-S§n-b \n-ch-[n kmw-kv-¡-cn-I-kw-L-S-\-IÄ Iq-Sp-XÂ Z-cn-{Z-am-bn-¯o-cp-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-«pv. N-cn-{X-Im-c\pw kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-{]-hÀ-¯-I\pw F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kÀ-¡mÀ h-Ip-¸p-Ifm-b K-k-än-tb-gvkv, BÀ-ss¡-hnkv, BÀ¡n-tbmf-Pn Xp-S-§n-b-h-I-fp-sS D-]-tZ-i-I-k-an-Xn Aw-K-am-bn K-h¬-sasâv t\m-an-t\-äv sN-bv-Xn-cp¶p. C-h-bn-seÃmw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡m-dp-Å A-`n-{]-mb-§Ä F-¶pw {i-²n-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶p. tI-c-f-¯nÂ kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-sâ hn-]p-eam-b B-tLm-jw B-cp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-¯nepw G-Xv {]-Øm-\-¯n³ Io-gepw \-S-¶n-«ptm sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-s\ H-gn-¨p-\nÀ-¯n A-Xv `w-Kn-bm-bn \-S-¯m-sa-¶v Bcpw C-Xph-sc Nn-ń-¡p-I-t]mepw sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶nÃ. F-®-¯nÂ Xp-temw Xp-Oam-b Pq-X³-am-cp-sS a-«m-t©-cn-bn-ep-Å ]-Ån-bp-sS 400þmw hmÀ-jn-Iw 1970Â H-cm-gv- -̈¡m-ew \o-p-\n-¶ B-tLm-j-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn \-S-¯-s¸-«-Xp-t]m-se H-cp kmw-kv-¡m-cn-Ita-f tIc-fw I-n-«nÃ. A-Xn-sâ I¬-ho-\À F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ kw-L-S-\m-ti-jn-sb hn-tZ-i-]-{X-§Ä t]mepw {]-iw-kn¨p. Xn-cq-c-§m-Sn-am-¸n-f-km-ln-Xy-sk-an-\mÀ, F-d-Wm-Ip-f¯pw sIm-Sp-§-eqcpw Xp-S-§n-\n-ch-[n tI-{µ-§-fnÂ sh-¨v `w-Kn-bm-bn kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶ N-cn-{X-k-t½-f-\-§fpw sk-an-\m-dp-I-fpw, hÀ-²-am-\-a-lm-ho-c-sâ 2000þmw P³-a-hmÀ-jnIm-tLm-j-§Ä, 1975 H-tÎm-_-dnÂ \-S¯n-b l-cn-P³ N-cn-{X-sk-an-\m-dÀ, km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-¯n-sâbpw A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sSbpw {K-Ù-im-em-kw-L-¯n-tâbpw Io-gnÂ kw-L-Sn-¸n-¨n-«p-Å \n-ch-[n k-t½-f-\-§Ä F¶nh sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-\Â -]hpw A-Xp-ey-hpam-b kw-L-S-\m-ti-jn-sbbpwssh- -̀h-s¯bpw B-sc-s¡mpw Aw-Ko-I-cn-¸n-¡-¯-¡-XmWv.

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h-Å-t¯m-fn-sâ P-·-i-Xm-_v-Zn B-tLm-j-§-fp-sS hn-]p-eam-b ]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ ap-gp-s¡ B-kq-{X-Ww sN-bvXXv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp¶p. im-co-cn-Im-kzm-kv-Xy-§Ä aqew, X-s¶ C-Xn-sâ Np-a-X-e-I-fnÂ \n-¶v H-gn-hm-¡-W-sa-¶v A-`yÀ-°n-¨n«pw ap-Jy-a-{ń-bp-sS \nÀ-_-Ô-]qÀ-Æam-b \nÀ-t±-i-a-\p-k-cn¨p-sIm-mWv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv Cu I-½-än-bp-sS Im-cy-ZÀ-in-bm-bn {]-hÀ-¯n¨p-sIm-n-cp-¶-Xv. hn-{i-a-anÃm-¯ A-\-hc-Xw \-S¯n-b A-[zm-\w A-t±-l-s¯ X-fÀ-¯n-¡-gn-ªn-cp-¶p. A-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn I-gn-ª-hÀ-jap-m-b lr-t{Zm-K_m-[ hn-{i-a-¯n-sâ B-hiyw t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. ]-t£ H-ä-Zn-h-k-sa-¦nepw A-\-§m-sX-bn-cn-¡p-hm-\p-f-f ku-`mKyw kmw-kv-¡mcn-I tIc-fw A-t±-l-¯n-\v \Â -In-bnÃ F-¶-Xm-Wv k-Xyw.kp-J-ansÃ -¦n-epw Xm³ ap³-ssI-sb-Sp-¯v {]-hÀ-¯n ]-Y-¯n-se-¯n-¨n-cp-¶ ]-e ]Wn-Ifpw sN-bv-Xp-XoÀ-¡m-\p-m-bn-cp¶p. hn-{i-a-¯n-\v A-hn-sS A-Sn-Øm-\-ap-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. \n-e-bv¡mX B Hm-«w B-I-kv-an-I-am-bn-«m-Wv \n-Ý-e-am-bn-t¸m-bXv. A-\p-kyq-Xw {]-h-ln¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-¶ B hKv-t[m-c-Wn s]-«-¶m-Wv \n-È-Ð-am-bXv. A-Xv tI-c-f-¯n-sâ kmw-kv-¡mcn-I tN-X\-sb Ip-ä-t_m-[-¯n-em-gv¯n. {]-Xn-¡q-«nÂ \nÀ-t¯- kmw-kv-¡mcn-I tI-c-f-am-Wv {Iq-cam-b Cu h-[w \-S-¯n-b-sX-¶v kp-Ip-amÀ A-gn-t¡m-Sv A-\p-timN-\-tbm-K-¯nÂ ]-d-ª hm-¡p-IÄ F{Xtbm ]-c-amÀ-°-amWv. kz-´w Ip-Spw_-s¯ ]p-eÀ-¯p-hm-\Ã A-t±-lw A-{im-´-]-cn-{i-aw \-S-¯n-bXv. \-½p-sS kw-kv-¡mc-s¯ I-cp-¸n-Sn-¸n-¡p-hm³ th-n Xm-§m-\m-hp-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ `m-cw Iq-Sp-XÂ Npa-¶v Npa-¶v A-t±-lw X-I-cp-I-bm-Wv sN-bv-XXv. kmw-kv-¡mcn-I tI-c-f-¯n-sâ A-\-iz-c\m-b c-à-km-£n-bm-bn A§s\ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv. B c-à-km-£n-bp-sS Ip-Spw-_-s¯þ`m-cy-sbbpw aq-¶p s]¬-Ip-«n-I-sf-bpwþZp:-J`m-c-¯n³ \n¶pw A-ev-¸-sa-¦nepw ap-à-am-¡-s\m¡Wsa-¦nÂ \m-sf F§-s\ Po-hn¡pw F-¶ ò-Xn-sb-¦nepw A-h-cp-sS a-\-ÊnÂ \n-¶pw \o-¡Ww. {]-_p-²-tIc-fw B Ip-Spw_-s¯ Zm-cn-{Z-¯n-te-bv-¡v h-gp-Xn ho-gm³ A-\p-h-Zn-¡-cpXv. \-½p-sS kmw-kv-¡mcn-I tN-X-\ A-Xn-sâ I-S-a \nÀ-Æ-ln- v̈ B Ip-Spw_-s¯ k-lm-bn-¡p-IX-s¶ thWw. A-h-k-c-§Ä \Â -Ip-I-bm-sW-¦nÂ ssh-Úm-\n-Ihpw {]-hÀ-¯n-I-hp-am-b ta-J-e-I-fnÂ XoÀ¯pw D-¯pw-Kcm-b ]-Xn-\m-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-\v `m-c-Xob-sc C-ý-¡v D-m-¡p-hm³ km-[n-¡pw; F-¶mÂ C-hn-sS-bp-Å P-\-§Ä¡v Cu ku-I-cy-§Ä In-«p-¶nÃ. hn-Zym-`ym-khpw Nn-e-t¸Ä -̀£-Whpw h-kv-{X-hpw X-s¶ \-ã-s¸-« Ip-ªp-Ip-«n-Ifp-sS Zriyw t]m-se a-säm¶pw F-sâ lr-Zb-s¯ a-Yn-¡m-dnÃ. \-½p-sS Ip-«n-IÄ-¡v hn-Zym-`ym-kw \n-tj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p-sh-¦nÂ \mf-s¯ \-½p-sS C-ý F-´m-bn-¯o-cpw? cm-Py-¯n-ep-Å FÃm-¡p-«n-IÄ¡pw \Ã hn-Zym-`y-kw sIm-Sp-¡p-I-sb¶Xv Hm-tcm skv-ä-b-nän-sâbpw Npa-X-e am-{X-amWv.

]-Þn-äv P-h-lÀ-emÂ s\lr.

180

P: sk-bv-Xp- ap-l-½-Zn-s\-¡p-dn¨v HmÀ-¡p-hm-s\m-cp-§p-t¼mÄ, Zp:J]qÀ-®am-b B kw- -̀h-§-fmWv HmÀ-½-I-fp-sS ap-IÄ- -̧c-¸nÂ Du-dn-h-cp-¶Xv. k-lr-Z-b\pw kv-t\-l-k-¼-¶-\pamb B kp-lr-¯n-sâ Nc-aw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kw- -̀h-_-lp-eam-b Po-hn-X-¯nÂ {]-[m-\-hpw, {]-I-S-hpam-b H-cp \n-e t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p¶p. sS-e-t^m-Wn-eq-sS B hmÀ-¯ tI-«-t¸mÄ A-\p- -̀h-s¸-« \-Sp¡w, D-¯-a\mb B kp-lr-¯n-t\¸-än HmÀ-¡p-t¼m-sgÃmw B-hÀ-¯n¨p-sIm-n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. F-sâ I-®p-IÄ C-sX-gp-Xp-t¼mgpw Cu-d-\-Wn-bp¶p. P: sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv Cu k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ H-cp- Bh-iy-am-bn-cp¶p. B Po-hnXw Cu k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-\p-th-n AÀ-¸n-¡-s¸-«-Xm-bn-cp¶p. A-t±lw Cu tem-I-t¯m-Sv bm-{X ]-d-ª-t¸mÄ, Cu \m-Sn-sâ-bpw, hn-injy, Cu k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâ-bpw ssh-Úm\n-I a-Þ-e-¯nÂ an-¶n-\n-¶ H-cp Zo-]v-Xn-hn-ti-jw CÃm-Xm-bn-t¸mbn. N-cn-{X-Im-c-\m-bn cw-K-¯p-h-¶ ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp- ap-l-½-Zv km-ln-_n-s\ C-cp-]-¯-b©p-sImÃ -§Ä-¡p ap-¼m-Wv Rm³ ]-cn-N-b-s -̧«-Xv. F-sâ A-`yp-Z-b-Imw-£nbpw {]-ikv-X km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\pw I-hn-bpam-b H. B-_p-km-ln-_v A-t±-l-s¯ F-\n-¡p ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-t¸mÄ-Xs¶, bp-hmhmb sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv F-sâ lr-Z-b-¯nÂ Øm-\w t\-Sn-sb-Sp-¡p-I-bp-mbn. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ A-dnhpw I-gnhpw A-¶pX-s¶ {]m-b-¯n-sâ ]-cn-[nI-sf DÃw-Ln-¨-Xm-bn a-\-Ên-em-¡p-hm³ hn-j-a-ap-m-bnÃ.

tI-c-f apÉnw ‘U-b-d-Îdn’F-¶ I-s¿-¯m-¯ Im-cy-s¯ km-[n-X-{]m-b-am-¡p-hm-\p-Å Xn-{h-]-cn-]m-Sn-bp-ambn, bp-hmhmb sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv cwK-¯p h-¶-tXm-Sp-Iq-Sn R-§-fp-sS kv-t\-l_-Ôw Ip-Sp-XÂ i-à-hpw Zr-U-hp-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. km-¼-¯n-I-ti-jn CÃm¯ B bp-h N-cn-{X-Imc³, N-cn-{X-Xm-ev]-cy t{]-cn-X-\m-bn k-¼-¶À-¡p-Iq-Sn Zp-Êm-²pam-b H-cp Im-cy-\nÀ-Æ-l-W-¯n-\p G-I-\m-bn cw-K-¯p-h-¶-t¸mÄ A-t±l-s¯ Xp-W-¨ Nn-e-cp-sS-bpw, sI-Wn-¨ ]-e-cp-sSbpw ap-J-cq-]-§Ä C-t¸mÄ Fsâ HmÀ-½-bnÂ sX-fn-ªp-h-cp-¶pv. tI-c-f C-Ém-an-Iv sk-an-\m-dn-sâ a-kv-Xn-jv-¡w k-ap-Zm-b t£-a-XÂ-]-c\mb sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp¶p. Ad-_n a-ebmf km-ln-Xy-¯n-sâ ]p-\-cp-Öoh-\w Iq-Sn sk-an-\m-dn-sâ D-t±-iy-§-fnÂ DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¨

HmÀ-½IÄ

Um: Fw. hn. ap-l½Zv ]-{Xm-[n]À: B-tcm-Ky_-Ôp

181

B- [n-j-Wm-imen, B hnj-bw ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-hm³ kÀÆ-Ym AÀ-l\m-b H-cp hy-àn-sb I-s¯n. C-Ém-an-Iv sk-an-\m-dn-sâ FÃm k-t½-f-\-§-fnepw Ad-_n a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p ]T-\mÀ-l-am-b-{]-_-Ô-§Ä A-h-X-cn-¸n¨-Xv B hn-j-b-¯nÂ A-h-Km-lam-b ]T-\-K-th-j-W-§Ä \-S¯n-b H. B-_p-km-ln-_mWv, "Ad-_n a-ebm-f km-ln-Xy N-cn-{Xw" F-¶ ]p-kvX-Iw A-_p-km-ln-_n-s\-s¡m-s-gp-Xn-¨-Xpw, A-Xn-sâ {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-¯n-\p th--sXÃmw sN-bv-XXpw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv X-s¶ B-bn-cp¶p. apÉow km-ln-Xy-hp-am-bn ]-tc-X-\pm-b _-Ô-s¯-bpw, Ad-_n a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-t¯m-Sv A-t±-lw ]p-eÀ¯n-b a-a-Xbpw A-\p-kv-a-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n-bm-Wv C-{Xbpw Im-cy-§Ä Rm³ F-Sp-¯p ]-d-ªXv. HmÀ-½I-sf A-b-hn-d-¡n-¯p-S-§n-bmÂ Cu teJ-\w G-sd ZoÀ-Ln-¨p t]m-Ipw. am-\y\mb sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv tI-c-f-̄ n-\pw, tI-c-f-¯n-se ap-Éo-§Ä¡pw ssh-Úm-\n-I-am-bn A-aq-eyam-b t\-«-§Ä D-m-¡n-¯¶p. A-t±-lw Cu tem-I-t¯m-Sv bm-{X ]-d-bp-t¼mÄ \-½p-sS ap-¼nÂ hn-t«-¨p t]m-b Ip-Spw-_-s¯þA-t±-l-¯n-sâ {]n-b-s¸« sIm-¨p-a-¡-sfþZm-cn-Zy-¯n-\pw, bm-X-\-¡pw hn«p-sIm-Sp-¡m-sX kv-t\-ln-¨p c-£n-t¡-p-¶ I-S-a \-ap-¡p-v. \mw \-½p-sS I-S-a \nÀ-Æ-¨p-sImv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ Ip-Spw_-s¯ k-t´m-jn-¸n-¨mÂ, A-Xp \-½p-sS {]n-b-s¸« sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ ]m-cn-{Xn-I-Po-hnX-t¯ k-t´m-jn-¸n-¡p-hm-\n-S-bm-Ipw.

182

hen-b a-\p-jy³

sI. F. ap-l½-Zv tI-c-f-¯nse -kmw-kv-¡m-cn-Icw-K-am-sI \n-d-ªp-\n¶ B a-lm {]Xn-` C-t¸m-Ä H-tcmÀ-½ am-{X-am-Wv. B-scbpw Iq-km-sX, B-cp-sS ap-¼nepw X-e-Ip-\n-¡m-sX, kz-´-am-bn-sh-«n-sX-fn-bn-¨ amÀ-¤-¯n-eq-sS [o-c-km-l-kn-I-am-bn ap-t¶m«p-t]mb B ho-c-tbm-[m-hn-s\ X-S-b-W-sa-¶v a-c-W-¯n-\p \nÀ-_-Ô-ap-m-bn-cp-¶Xp-t]mse. H-cp \n-an-jw t]mepw A-e-k-Xbpw {]-hÀ-¯-\-c-ln-X-hp-am-bn I-gn-¨p-Iq-«m³ C-ã-s¸-Sm-Xn-cp-¶ IÀ-a-Ip-i-e\mb sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\v tcm-K-i-¿-bnÂ t]mepw A-[n-I-\mÄ Ign-tbm-n h-¶nÃ. Un-kw-_À 19þmw \p AÀ-²-cm{Xn B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ {]-th-in-¡-s¸-« A-t±-lw 20þmw Xob-Xn a-²ym-\-¯n-\p-ap-t¼ C-l-tem-I-hm-kw sh-Snªp. X-sâ A-km-[m-c-Whpw A-Xym-IÀ-j-hpam-b Po-hn-X-ssi-en ac-Ww h-sc A-t±-lw Xp-SÀ¶p. F-{X \mÄ Po-hn-¨p F-¶-XÃ, F§-s\ Po-hn-¨p-sh-¶-Xm-Wv {]-[m-\w F-¶ h-kv-Xp-X, {l-kz-sa-¦nepw [-\yam-b B Po-hn-Xw sX-fn-bn¨p. ]-Xn-aqt¶m ]-Xn\mtem hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p ap-¼v B-ep-hm Sm-Êv lm-fnÂ \-S-¶ tIc-fm C-Éman-I sk-an-\m-dn-ep-sS-bmWv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zpw Rm\pw _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. B Km-V-ku-lr-Z-_-Ôw A-\p-kyq-Xw Xp-SÀ¶p. km-l-N-cy-§Ä A-Xn-\p k-lm-bn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp a-lm-cm-Pm-kv tIm-tf-PnÂ tPm-en sN-¿p-¶ F-\n-¡v F-d-Wm-Ipf-¯v Øn-c-Xm-a-k-¡m-c\mb sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zp-am-bn kp-lrÂ-_-Ôw Xp-S-cp-¶-Xn-\v k-lm-b-I-ambn. G-Xm\pw hÀ-jw ap-¼v tI-c-f ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ B-ô-kv a-lm-cm-Pm-kv tIm-tf-Pv tI-¼-ÊnÂ Øm-]n-¨-tXm-tS B ku-Icyw A-t§b-äw hÀ-²n-s¨-¶p ]-d-tb--XnÃtÃm. k-c-k kw-`m-j-W-§Ä, Ku-h-c-tadn-b NÀ-ÏÄ, Nq-tSdn-b hm-Z-{]-Xn-hm-Z§Ä, A-§n-s\ F-s´Ãmw Im-cy§Ä HmÀ-½bn-tem-Sn-sb-¯p¶p. R-§Ä-¡v ]-c-kv]-cw tbm-Pn-¡m³ I-gn-bm-¯ {]-iv-\-§fpw A-]qÀ-Æ-am-sb-¦nepw D-m-bn-«pv. ]t£, ku-lr-Z-¯n-\v AÂ-¸hpw tIm-«w X«-sX C-cp-h-cpw Xm-´m-§-fp-sS \n-e-]m-SnÂ D-d-¨p-\n¶p. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv a-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ X-te Znh-kw t]m-epw ln-kvä-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj³ B-ô-knÂ-sh-¨v AÂ-]w Nq-tSdn-b H-cp cw-K-ap-mbn. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zpw Rm\pw {io. kn. ]n. {io-[-c\pw am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p ap-dn-bnÂ. R-§Ä aq-h-cp-tSbpw kp-lr-¯pw, A-tX-ka-bw Rm-\p-am-bn Km-V-_-Ô-ap-Å-Xpam-b a-säm-cp {]-i-kv-X\m-b F-gp-¯p-Im-c-s\-¡p-dn-¨p {io-[-c³ AÂ-]w hn-aÀ-i-\]-c-am-b H-c-`n-{]m-bw {]-I-Sn-¸n-¡p-I-bp-mbn. kzm-`m-hn-I-ambpw F-\n-¡-Xn-ãv-S-s -̧«nÃ. Rm³ F-XnÀ-̧ v hy-à-am-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv F-´p \n-e-]m-Sm-bn-cn¡pw kzo-I-cn-¡p-

183

I-sb-¶p Rm³ k-{i-²w Im-¯n-cn-¡p-¶p. ]s£, A-t±-lw H-cp \n-e-]mSpw F-Sp-¡m³ k-¶-²-am-bnÃ. i-cn F-sâ ]-£-¯sÃ. AXp-sIm-v sk-bv-Xv F-t¶m-Sv tbm-Pn-t¡--Xm-bn-cp-¶n-tÃ-sb-¶ H-cp ]-cn-`hw F-\n-¡p tXm-¶m-Xn-cp-¶nÃ. ]s£, AÂ-] \n-an-j-§Ä¡-Iw X-s¶ kz-X-kn-²am-b \À-t½m-àn-I-fn-eq-sS A-t±-lw A-´-co-£w ip-²-am-¡p-Ibpw R-§Ä k-k-t´m-jw ]n-cn-bp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zp-am-bn A-Sp-¯p _-Ô-s¸-«n-«p-Å FÃm-hÀ¡pw X-s¶ C¯-cw A-\p- -̀h-§Ä D-m-Ip-sa-¶m-sW-sâ hn-izmkw. C¯-cw hn-hm-Z-hn-j-b-§-fnÂ \n-¶p H-gn-ªp \nÂ-¡m³ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv {]-tXy-Iw {i-²n-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¶m-Wv C-Xp hy-à-am-¡p-¶Xv. tI-c-f C-Ém-an-Iv sk-an-\mÀ, k-a-kv-X-tI-c-f km-ln-Xy ]-cn-j¯v, tI-c-f ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ F-¶n§-s\ hn-hn-[-§fm-b cw-K-§-fnÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ kv-t\-l-kp-c-`n-eam-b k-l-hm-khpw t\-Xr-Xzhpw F-\n-¡p e-`n-¨n-«pv. FÃm- k-µÀ-§-fnepw F-\n-¡p A-\p--̀h-th-Zyam-b H-cp h-kvXp-X C-hn-sS kq-Nn-¸n¨p-sIm-Ås«. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-

½-Zn-sâ k-¦Â-]-§fpwho-£-W-§fpw hf-sc K-l-\-am-bn-cp¶p. km-ln-Xy-Im-c³ k-apZm-b ]-cn-jv-¡À-¯mhv, N-cn-{X-Imc³, hm-Ün- F-¶o \n-e-I-fnÂ A-t±-l-¯n-\p D-¯pw-Kam-b H-cp Øm-\-am-Wp-ÅXv. k-a-Im-en-I-sc-¶-t]m-se `m-hn X-e-ap-dbpw C-¡mcyw Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-I-bnÃ. ]s£, F-s¶ A-t±-l-¯n-te-¡m-IÀ-jn¨-Xv ap-¼v kq-Nn-¸n-̈ k-hn-ti-j-X-bmWv. hen-b hen-b k-¦-ev-]-§-fpw D-¶-X-§fm-b am-\-Z-Þ-§-fp-am-bn kmw-kv-¡mcn-I tI-c-f-¯n-sâ c-£m-[n-Im-cn-sb-t¶m-Ww ImÂ-\q-äm-n-te-sd-¡m-ew sh-«n-¯n-f-§nb B hen-b a-\p-jy-s\ AÂ-]-Im-ew Iq-sS Po-hn-¡m³ hn-[n A-\p-h-[n-¨n-cp-s¶-¦nÂ F-¶m-in¨p-t]m-hp¶p. (N-{µn-I B-gv-¨- -̧Xn¸v. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv kv-s]-jyÂ 1976 amÀ-¨v 6) cm-{ão-b kzm-X-{ý-¯n-sâ Xn-tcm-[m-\w kmw-kv-¡m-cnIm-[:]-X-\-¯n-\v h-gn-sh-¡pw. F-¶mÂ cm-{ão-bm-Sn-aXzw F-´p sIm-p D-m-Ip¶p. A-Xn-\p-ap-¼v X-s¶ kmw-kv-¡m-cn-Iam-b A-t[mK-Xn D-m-bn-cn-¡Ww. H-cp sNdn-b cm-Py-s¯ i-à-am-b a-säm-cp cm-ã-¯n-\v F-fp-¸w Io-g-S-¡mw. F-¶mÂ C-ý-sb-t¸m-se hn-kv-Xr-Xhpw hn-I-kn-Xhpw kmw-kv-¡cn-tIm¶-Xn t\-Sn-b-Xpam-b H-cp cm-Py-s¯ Io-g-S-¡p-hm³ km-[n¡p-I H-¶p-InÂ B-´-cn-Iam-b A-[:]X-\tam A-sÃ-¦nÂ B-{I-a-Im-cn-I-fp-sS Gähpw B-[p-\n-I-hpam-b \m-tim³-ap-JX 10þmw \q-äm-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn C-ý-bnÂ hf-sc {]-I-S-am-bn Im-Wm-am-bn-cp¶p.

]-Þn-äp P-h-l-cn-emÂ s\lr.

184

1975 Un-kw-_À 20, ]-Xnhp-t]m-se B-̂ o-knÂ F¯n. A-c-a-Wn-¡qÀ I-gnªp.

‘sk-bv-Xv C-¶p h-cn-tÃ, K-{_nbÂ’Rm³ A-t\z-jn¨p.

‘A-dn-bnÃ’,K-{_n-tbÂ ]-dªp. ‘I-em-a-Þ-e-¯nÂ t]m-b-

Xm-bn-cn-¡pw’Rm³ kz-bw ]-dªp.

A-©p ]-¯p an-\n-«p I-gn-ª-t¸mÄ ]n.sI.tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W³ h¶p. A-t±-lhpw sk-bv-Xp h-¶n-tÃ-sb-¶p A-t\z-jn¨p. Aev-] \n-an-j-§Ä I-gn-ªp-Im-Wpw. sS-e-t^m¬ i-Ðn-¡p¶p. eqÀ-Zv B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ \n-¶mWv. km-[mc-W, Zn-h-k-§-fnÂ \me-©p {]m-h-iy-sa-¦nepw sS-e-t^m-WnÂ eqÀ-Z-sÃ-sb-¶p R-§-tfm-Sp A-t\z-jn-¡m-dpv. R-§-fp-sS \-¼À 32452 eqÀ-Zn-tâ-Xv 31452. ]t£, C-Xv eqÀ-ZnÂ \n-¶m-Wv hn-fn-¡p-¶Xv. sk-bv-Xn-sâ ss{U-hÀ tXm-akv. 'km-dn-\p kp-J-anÃ. DS-s\ h-cWw. hnh-cw X-cy³ km-dn-t\-bpw, Sm-äm-]p-c-t¯-bpw, sIm-¨p-®n-am-Ì-tdbpw A-dn-bn¡-Ww.' F-sâ ap-Jm-`m-hw {i-²n-¨n-«m-bn-cn¡-Ww tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W³ hn-h-ca-t\z-jn-¨p. sk-bv-Xn-s\ eqÀ-Zv B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ X-te-¶mÄ cm-{Xn- {]-th-in-¸n¨p, B-kv-]-{Xn-bn-te-¡p sNÃ-W-sa-¶v tXma-kv A-dn-bn-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. ]p-d-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\p ap-t¼ hnh-cw Xcy-t\m-Spw, Sm-äm-]p-c-t¯-bpw, sIm-¨p-®n am-Ì-tdbpw hn-fn-¨v A-dn-bn¨p. R-§Ä eqÀ-Zn-te-bv-¡p Xn-cn¨p. Rm-\pw tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W\pw sS-e-t^m-WnÂ kw-km-cn-¨p-d-¨-X-\p-k-cn-¨v X-cy³ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Im-dp-am-bn I-t¨-cn-̧ -Sn-bnÂ Im-¯p \n-¶n-cp¶p. eqÀ-±n-sâ h-f-¸nÂ F-¯n-bm-t¸mÄ A-hn-sS Sm-äm-]p-chpw F-¯n-bn-cp¶p. F-«p-a-Wn-I-gn-ªmÂ k-µÀ-i-IÀ-¡p {]-th-i-\-an-sÃ-¶ \n-_-Ô-\-bp-m-bn-cp-¶-X-Xp-sIm-v sk-bv-Xn-s\ Im-Wp-¶-Xn-\v ]-{X-¡m-

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zvþ Fsâ kv-a-c-W-bnÂ

hn._n. Ip-te-i³

185

c³ F-¶ X-cysâ Hu-tZymKn-I Øm-\w D-]-I-cn¨p.

R-§Ä sNÃp-t¼mÄ sk-bv-Xv ‘{So-äp-saâp’ap-dn-bn-se H-cp C-cp-¼p ]-e-I-bn-« I-«n-enÂ In-S-¡p¶p. aq-¡nepw ssI-¿nepw Np-h-¶ d-_À-Ip-g-ep-IÄ L-Sn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. Hm-Iv-kn-P\pw {Un¸pw \Â-Ip¶p. ]-c-h-ibm-b `mcy, {ioa-Xn J-Zo-P, I-®o-cnÂ Ip-fn-¨v i-¿-¡-cn-InÂ. A-ev-]w am-dn sk-bv-Xn-sâ C-f-b A-fn-b\pw ss{U-hÀ tXm-a-kpw I-«n-en-\-Sp-¯p In-S-¡p-¶ kv-äq-fn-en-cp-¶n-cp¶p. F-sâ `m-cy {Un-¸n-sâ \o-UnÂ C-f-In-t¸m-Im-Xn-cn-¡m³ sk-bv-Xn-sâ ssI-¿nÂ ]n-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv. aq-I-X X-fw sI-«n \nÂ-¡p-¶ A-´-cn£w. B-cp-amcpw H-¶pw ]-d-bm-sX sk-bv-Xn-sâ ap-J-t¯-bv-¡p X-s¶ D-äp-t\m¡n-sIm-v \n¶p. R-§-fp-sS ImÂ-s¸-cp-am-äw tI-«n-t«m, AtXm A-h-km-\-am-bn R-§-sf-Im-I-W-sa-¶p tXm-¶ot«m sk-bv-Xv X-sâ I-®p-IÄ sa-sÃ Xpd-¶p R-§-sfsbÃmw t\m-¡n, ar-Zp-e-am-bn H-¶p Nn-cn¨p. I-®p-IÄ ]-Xp-s¡ A-S-¨p. CS-Xp-ImÂ h-en-¨-t¸mÄ {ioa-Xn sk-bv-Xv A-Xp sXm-«p t\-sc-bm¡n. F-´p sN-¿-W-sa-¶p A-dn-bm-sX \n-¶ R§-sf Uyq-«n t\-gv-kv h-¶p ]pd-¯p \nÂ-¡m³ Bhiys¸«p. tUm. t]mÄ h¶p. A-t±-lhpw t\-gv-kn-sâ B-hiyw B-hÀ-¯n¨p. R-§Ä \m-ep-t]cpw ]p-d-¯p h-cm-´-bnÂ sN-¶p \n¶p. ]pd-¯p h-cm-´-bnÂ \n¶p-sIm-v C-Xn-\p-ap-¼v c-p-X-h-W-bm-bn sk-bv-Xv B-kv-]-{Xn-bnÂ In-S-¶ Imcyw Rm³ HmÀ¯p. A-t¸m-sgm-s¡ A-t±-lw B-kv-]-{Xn-bnÂ F¯n-b DS-s\ F-\n-¡p hnh-cw In-«n-bm-bn-cp¶p. C-¯-h-W X-te-¶mÄ cm-{Xn 9þ30 \v eqÀ-±n³ h-¶n«pw sXm-«-Sp-¯p Xm-a-k-¡m-c\m-b Rm³ t\-cw ]p-eÀ-¶p B-ô-kn-se-¯n-b-t¸m-gm-Wv A-dn-ªXv. cm-{XnX-s¶ F-s¶ A-dn-bn-¡m-ª-sX´v? R-§Ä-¡p ]n-¶m-se h-cm-´-bn-te-bv-¡p-h-¶ J-Zo-Pm So¨À, A-¯m-gw I-gn-ªp sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv h-cm-´-bnÂ ]-c-h-i-\m-bn Id-§n \-S-¶ hnh-cw H-Sp-hnÂ ss{U-hnw-K-v ]Tn-¨p-h-cp-¶ So-¨-dnsâ C-f-b k-tlm-Z-c³ hn]-Xn ss[-cy-t¯m-sS slUv-sseäp-t]m-ep-anÃm-sX sk-bv-Xn-s\ Im-dnÂ eqÀ-±n-te-¡v Kn-cn-\-K-dnÂ-\n-¶p sIm-p-h-¶ Im-cyhpw hn-h-cn¨p. tcm-Kn-bp-sS k-ao-]-¯p-\n-¶p am-dm³ ku-I-cy-s¸-Sm-ª-Xn-\m-em-Wv F-s¶ cm{Xn hnh-cw A-dn-bn-¡m-Xn-cp-¶Xv. X-s¶-bpaÃ, A-§n-s\ A-dn-bn-¡-¯-¡ hn-ti-j-anÃtÃm F-¶p sk-bv-Xpw ]-d-ªp-h-s{X. tUm-ÎÀ ]cn-tim-[-\-I-gn-ªp ]p-d-¯p-h¶p. {ioa-Xn sk-bv-Xv I-«n-en-¶-Sp-t¯-bv¡p-t]mbn. R-§Ä tUmÎ-sd k-ao-]n¨p. A-t±-lw

hf-sc k-¦-S-t¯ms-S R-§-tfm-Sp ]-dªp, ‘C¯-h-W hf-sc i-à-amWv. A-t±l-s¯ c-£n-¡m-\p-f-f Xo-{h-am-b {i-a-¯n-em-Wp Rm³. \n-§Ä AI-¯p IS-¶p A-t±l-s¯ Im-Wm³ {i-an-t¡. a-äm-tc-bpw IS-¯n hn-Sp-Ibpw th-. kp-lr-¯p-¡-tfbpw _-Ôp-¡-tfbpw I-

186

mÂ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ tcm-Kw aqÀ-¨n-¡m-\n-S-bp-v.’tUm-ÎÀ t]mÄ Xm-sg a-säm-cp tcm-Kn-sb ]cn-tim-[n-¡m³ t]mbn. B-kv-]{Xn h-cm-´-bnÂ Iq-Sn-\n-¶v t\-gv-kp-am-cp-sS tPm-en X-S-Ê-s¸-Sp-¯m-Xn-cn-¡p-¶-Xm-Wp-¯-aw F-¶p I-cp-Xn \n-§Ä Xm-g-t¯-bv-¡n-d§n. ka-bw G-Xm-v 11 I-gn-ªn-cn-¡Ww. X-cy\pw tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-\pw, Sm-äm-]p-chpw F-s¶ B-kv-]-{Xn-bnÂ hn-«n-«v F-d-Wm-Ip-f-t¯-bv-¡p a-S§n. B-izm-k-ap-s-¶ hn-izm-k-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv Rm³ A-h-tcm-Sp s]m-bv-s¡m-f-fm³ ]-d-ªXv. AÂ-¸w I-gn-ª-t¸mÄ R-§-fp-sS B-ô-kn-se tPmÀ-Öv F¯n. \n-Ê-lm-b-cm-bn \nÂ-¡p-¶ J-Zo-Pm So-¨-td-bpw, F-sâ `m-cy-tbbpw sk-bv-Xn-sâ A-fn-b-t\bpw k-lm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn Rm³ tPmÀ-Ön-s\ {So-äp-saâp ap-dn-bn-te-bv¡vp A-b¨p. Rm³ hm-Xn-en-¶p ]pd-¯p Ip-sd t\-cw \n¶p. A-c-aWn-¡qÀ I-gn-ªp-Im-Wpw. {io-a-Xn- skbv-Xn-\p-h-¶ H-cp sS-e-t^m¬ F-Sp-¡m³ Rm³ Xm-g-t¯-bv-¡p t]mbn. sS-e-t^m¬ kw-`mj-Ww I-gn-ªp ap-I-fn-te-bv-¡p I-S-¡m³ {i-an-¨ F-s¶bpw ss{U-hÀ tXm-a-kn-t\bpw tIm-Wn-¸-Sn-bn-se Im-hÂ-¡m-cn-I-fm-b Ip-«n-I-Ä I-S-¯n-hn-«nÃ. A-h-cp-am-bn kw-km-cn-¨p \nÂ-¡p-t¼mÄ F-sâ `m-cy H-cp sIm-Sp-¦mäp-t]m-se ]m-ªp-h¶v, F-s¶ i-I-m-cn-¡p-¶ co-Xn-bnÂ DS-s\ h-c-W-sa-¶v B-h-iy-s¸«p. ]n-s¶ Rm³ Im-hÂ-¡m-cp-sS \o«nb ssI-IÄ h-I-h-bv-¡m-sX ap-I-fn-te-bv-¡v Hm-Sn-¡-bdn. ]n-¶m-se tXm-aÊpw

‘\n-§Ä F-´p t]m-¡mWp-t]m-b-Xv!’F-sâ `m-cy AÂ-]w A-cn-i-t¯m-

sS tNm-Zn¨p. ‘F-´m C-t¸mÄ hn-ti-j-sam-¶p-anÃ-tÃm! Rm³ ]-d-

ªp’.F-\n-¡v kw-i-b-amWv, {]-Ir-X-sam-s¡ am-dn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p,’F-sâ `m-cy ]-dªp. R-§Ä- sk-bv-Xn-sâ i-¿-bv-¡-cn-InÂ F¯n. I-^-s¡«p-sIm-p izm-kw hn-Sm³ {]-bm-k-s¸-Sp-¶Xp-t]m-se tXm¶n. Rm³ s\-gv-kn-s\ t\m¡n. A-hÀ DS-s\ tUm-ÎÀ-¡p B-f-b¨p. tUm-ÎÀ ]p-¶q-km-Wp h-¶Xv. A-t±-lw sk-bv-Xn-s\ ]cn-tim-[n-¨p. I-^w F-Sp-¡m³ \-gv-kn-\p \nÀ-tZ-iw -\Â-In-bn-cn-¡Ww. DS-s\ H-cp b{´w ap-dn-bnÂ sIm-p-h¶p. F-s¶bpw tXm-a-kn-t\bpw tPmÀ-Ön-t\bpw ]pd-¯p h-cm-´-bn-em¡n. AI-¯v t\-gv-kp-amcpw tUm-Î-cpw. I-^-sa-Sp-¡p-¶ b{´w N-en¨p. b-{´-¯n-sâ iÐ-s¯ Io-gv-s¸-Sp-¯n-sImv, eqÀ-Zv B-ip-]-{Xn-bp-sS A-´-co-£w ap-gp-h³ hym-]n-¡p-am-dv sk-bv-Xp \n-e-hn-fn¨p. Rm³ A-I-t¯-bv-¡v ]m-ªp sN¶p. A-t¸m-tg-bv¡pw sk-bv-Xn-sâ I-®p-IÄ an-gn-¨p \n¶p. A-h a-dn-ªp a-dn-ªp t]mbn. I¬-t]m-f-IÄ Iq¼n. h-

bdpw s\©pw {Zp-X-am-bn N-en¨p-sIm-n-cp¶p. ‘F-´m-Wv h-bÀ hoÀ-

¡p¶Xv’{ioa-Xn JZo-P F-t¶m-Sp A-t\z-jn¨p. ]t£, FÃmw \n-tÝ-X-\-am-bn-¡-gn-ªn-cp¶p. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv t]m-bn. s]m-«n s]m-«n-¡-cªp-sIm-n-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xn-sâ `m-cysb, P-U-¯n-sâ ImÂ-¡Â-\n-¶v Fsâ `m-cy ]n-Sn-s¨-gp-t¶Â-¸n¨p. Ah-sc Xm-§m³ Rm³ ]-dªp. A-hÀ-¡v

187

Xm-§m-bn-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp t]mbn. F-sâ `m-cy-tbbpw Iq-«n {ioa-Xn J-ZoP-sb sk-bv-Xn-sâ Im-dnÂ Kn-cn-\-K-dn-se-¯n-¡m³ GÀ-¸m-Sp sN-bvXp. ]m-hw tXm-akv, hn-d-¡p¶ ssI-I-fnÂ hf-bw ]n-Sn-¨v Im-dv F§-s\ Hm-Sn-¡p-sa-¶v Rm³ B-tem-Nn¨p. F-´p-sN-¿-W-sa-¶p A-dn-bm-sX Rm³ Ip-sd \n-an-j-§Ä sk-bv-Xn-sâ A-Sp-¡Â \n-¶p Rm³ I-c-tªm? F-\n-¡-dn-bnÃ. G-Xm-bmepw tPmÀ-Ön-s\ ap-dn-bnÂ \nÀ-̄ n-bn-«v Rm³ Xm-tg-¡p-t]mbn. B-ô-kn-te-¡p hn-fn¨p. K-{_n-tbÂ t^m-sW-Sp¯p. F-\n-¡p ]-d-tb-n h¶p! sk-bvXp-t]m-bn!B-kv-]-{Xn _nÃp XoÀ¯p. Bw-_p-e³-kv sIm-¨n³ tImÀ-¸-td-j-\nÂ-\n-¶p sIm-p-h-cp-¶-Xn-\p A-hn-sS hn-fn-¨p ]-dªp. eqÀ-±n-se Bw-_p-e³-kv A-§m-Sn-bn-em-bn-cp¶p. Bw-_p-e³-kv F-¯n-t¨-cp-¶-Xn-¶p ap-t¼ tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-\pw, t]m-ªn-¡-c dm-^n-bpw, sI. sI. am-[-h-\pw, Fw. ]n. sP. cm-P\pw F¯n. h-n-h-¶-t¸mÄ tamÀ-¨-dn-bnÂ-\n-¶p P-U-sa-Sp-¯p I-bän. Zp:JmÀ-¯cm-b kp-lr-¯p-¡Ä sk-bv-Xn-sâ P-U-sa-Sp-¯p I-b-äp-t¼mÄ tPmÀ-Öv sN-cn-¸p-I-fp-am-bn B h-n-bnÂ I-bdn. Bw-_p-e³-kph-n ImÂ-S-Iv-kv IÂ-shÀ-«p I-gn-ª-t¸mÄ ap-XÂ B-fp-IÄ A-hn-sS Xn-§n-¡q-Sn-bn-cp¶p. Kn-cn-\-K-dn-se \memw se-bn-\n-se kn. ssS-¸v 70þmw \-¼À ho-Sn-sâ ap-¼nÂ Bw-_p-e³-kv \n-¶-t¸mÄ F-d-Wm-Ip-f-t¯bpw a-«m-t©-cn-bn-tebpw sk-bv-Xn-sâ kp-lr-¯p-¡-fp-m-bn-cp¶p. H-cp Im-«pXo-t]m-se a-c-W-hmÀ-¯ ]-c-¶n-cn-¡Ww. kv-s{S-¨-dp-am-bn ho-«n-\-I-¯p-I-b-dp-t¼mÄ Zo-\ Zo-\w I-c-bp-¶ `m-cy-tb-bpw, A-e-ap-d-bn-Sp-¶ sk-bv-Xn-sâ s]m-t¶m-a-\ a-¡-sf-bp-am-Wv F-\n-¡p Im-Wm³ I-gn-ªXv. A-§n-s\ ]-cn-N-b-am-bmÂ C-W-§m-\pw, C-W-§n-bmÂ kp-lr-¯m-Ip-hm-\pw, kq-lr-¯m-bmÂ kp-lr-¯n-s\-s¡m-v F-s´-¦nepw sN-¿n-¡p-hm-\pw, kp-lr-¯n-\p-th-n A-bm-f-dn-bmsX-t]mepw k-lm-b-§Ä \Â-Ip-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp-h-¶ a-\p-jy-kv-t\-lnbm-b sk-bv-Xv \-s½ hn«p-t]mbn.

188

tI-{µ- hn-Zym-`ym-k-a-{ń-bm-bn-cp-¶ s{]m. lp-a-bq¬ I-_odpw ]n.G.sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zpw sau-em-\m B-km-Zv sse-{_-dn-bnÂ.

kÀ-Æ-{io. sI. sP-bn\n, ]n.sI. A-kokv, F³.sI.G. e-̄ o^v, ]n.Fw.Fw. sj-co-^v F-¶n-h-cm-Wv ]n-¶nÂ.

kp-lr-¯p-¡Ä

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv, Fw.]-c-ta-iz-c³-\m-bÀ, Hm.]n.tPm-k^v, Sm-d-dm-]p-cw kp-Ip-amc³, sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zpw ]-c-ta-iz-c³ \m-bcpw I-Ym-h-ti-j-

cmbn.

189

{K-Ù-im-em kw-Lw

{]-iv-\w sKu-c-h-X-c-amWv.

{K-Ø-im-em-kw-Lw F-d-Wm-Ip-fw PnÃm k-t½f-\w sI-t¦-a-am¡n.

D-¨-Du-Wn-\v {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-tfm-sSm¸w.

190

C³-Uy³ ln-kv-td-dm-dn-¡Â sd-t¡-Uv-kv I-½o-j-sâ 41þmw k-t½f-\w Xn-cp-h-\-´-]pc-¯p sh-¨v \-S¶p. tI-{µ hn-Zym-`ym-k a{ń tUm. \q-dpÄ lÊ-s\ hn-am-\-̄ m-h-f-¯nÂ sh-̈ v kzo-I-cn-¡p¶p. \m-j-WÂ BÀ-s¡-bn-hn-sâ Akn. U-b-d-ÎÀ ankv. tI-ivhmWn, sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Xv, tUm.kn.sI. I-cow, tUm. \q-dpÄ-lÊ³, {]-^. ]n.FÊv. th-em-bp-[³ F-¶nhÀ.

tUm. \q-dpÄ lÊ-\v blq-Z ]-Ån-bp-sS 400þmw hmÀ-jnIm-tLm-j-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn-¨v {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨ sa-t½m-dn-bÂ hmfyw k-½m-\n-¡p¶p.

191

192

N-c-a-hmÀ-¯-IÄ

N-{µn-I 21þ12þ75

]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv \n-cym-X-\m-bn

F-d-Wm-Ipfw, Un-kw. 20þ{]-kn-² km-ln-Xy-Im-c\pw H-t«-sd {K-Ù-§-fp-sS IÀ-̄ mhpw {]-ikv-X N-cn-{X-Im-c-\pam-b ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv (47) C-¶p-¨-¡p 12 a-Wn-¡v F-d-Wm-Ip-fw eqÀ-±v B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ lr-t{Zm-Kw-aq-ew \n-cym-X-\mbn. ar-X-tZ-lw \m-sf cm-hn-se H-¼-Xp-a-Wn-¡v F-d-Wm-Ip-fw sk³-{SÂ Pq-am A-¯v ]-f-fn-bnÂ J-_-d-S¡w. F-d-Wm-Ip-f-s¯ km-aq-ly kmw-kv-¡mcn-I a-Þ-e-¯n-se D-Öz-e-{]-hÀ-¯-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p ]-tcX³. tI-c-f-N-cn{Xw ]-{Xm-[n]À, tI-c-f-ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ P-\-dÂ sk-{I-«dn, k-a-kv-X-tI-c-f km-ln-Xy-]-cnj-Xv ssh-kv {]-kn-U-v, km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS ap³ ssh-kv {]-kn-Uv, tI-c-f-I-em-aÞ-ew h-f-f-t¯mÄ i-Zm-Ðn-bm-tLm-j-¡½-än F-Iv-kn-Iyq-«o-hv I½-än AwKw, tI-c-f {K-Ù-im-em-kw-Lw -̀c-W-k-an-Xn-bnepw F-Iv-kn-Iyq-«o-hn-epw 12 hÀ-j-am-bn Aw-Kw F-¶o \n-e-I-fnÂP: sk-bv-Xpap-l½-Zv {]-hÀ-¯n-¨p h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. 1930 \-hw-_À 27þmw-Xob-Xn Xr-iqÀ PnÃ-bn-se \m-«n-I-¡-Sp-¯ B-e-bnÂ {Km-a-¯nÂ s]m-¶pw-Ip-gn-bnÂ A-l-½-Zp-®n F-¶-bm-fp-sS a-I-\m-bn ]n-d-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv kz-tZ-i¯pw F-S-h-\-bv-¡m-«p-am-Wv {]m-Yan-I hn-Zym-`ym-kw \-S-¯n-b-Xv. 8þmw-¢m-Êv h-sc ]Tn-¨-ti-jw F-S-h-\-¡m-Sv ]-f-fn-bnÂ In-Xm-_v Hm-Xm³ t]mbn. A-Xn-¶p-ti-jw sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ ssl-kv-¡q-fnÂ-\n-¶v Fkv. Fkv. FÂ. kn. ]m-Êmbn. km-ln-Xy-hn-imc-Zv ]-co-£bpw A-t±-lw ]m-Êm-bn-«p-v.

]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I-\mbpw A-t±-lw tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-¨n-«pv. bp-h-tI-

cfw, P-\i-àn F-¶o hm-cn-I-I-fp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn 10 hÀ-jw tPmen-t\m¡n. Xr-iq-cnÂ \S-¶ sF-Iy-tI-c-f k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ {]-kw-K-¯n-\pw, D-]-\ym-k-¯n\pw k-½m-\w t\-Sn. 1949þÂ sX-t¡-A-ta-cn-¡-bnÂ \-S¶ tem-I bp-h-P-\-k-t½-f-\-¯n-te¡vv C-ý³-{]-Xn-\n-[n-bm-bn A-t±-lw Xn-cn-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶p. au-em-\m ap-l-½-Z-en-s\-¡p-dn-s¨-gpXn-b Po-h-N-cn-{X-am-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ B-Zy-s¯ IrXn. sl-ap-I-em\n (Izn-äv C-ým-k-a-c-¯nÂ hn-ZymÀ°n-temI-s¯ ]p-f-I-a-Wn-bn-̈ c-à-km-£n-bp-sS Po-h-N-cn-{Xw) N-cn-{X-tI-c-fw, \q-äm-p-IÄ-¡p-ap¼v, tIc-fw tI-c-f-ap-kveow U-b-dÎ-dn tI-c-f N-cn-{X-ho-£Ww, ap-KÄ-km-{am-Py-¯n-eq-sS H-cp bm{X, N-cn-{X-¯n-

193

se in-em-Ip-kp-a§Ä, B-Zn-hm-knIÄ, tI-c-f-N-cn{Xw Xp-S-§n-b 15 Hm-fw {K-Ù-§-fpw 800þÂ ]-cw te-J-\-§fpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ h-I-bm-bpv. N-cn-{X-tI-c-f-sa-¶ {K-Ù-¯n-\p K-hÀ-s½-v A-hmÀ-Uv \Â-Io-«pv. C-ý³-ln-Ì-dn tIm¬-{KÊv, C-ý³ A-t{´m-t]mf-Pn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ F-¶o kw-L-S-\-I-fn-e-t±-l-aw-K-am-bn-cp¶p. P: kn. F¨v. ap-l-½Zv-tIm-b hn-Zym-`ym-k-a-{ń-bm-bn-cp-¶-t¸mÄ B-hn-jv-I-cn-̈ tI-c-f-N-cn{Xw F-¶ {K-Ù-¯n-sâ No-^v F-Un-äm-bn-cp-¶p ]-tcX³. tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ 2 hm-fy-§Ä C-Xn\-Iw ]p-d-¯n-d§n. tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Zan, tI-c-f-I-em-a-Þew, tI-c-f-{K-Ù-im-em-kwLw, tI-c-f-kw-kv-Ir-X-]-cn-j¯v, tI-c-f-kwKo-X \m-S-I A-¡mZ-an Xp-S§n-b H-t«-sd kw-Lm-S-\-I-fp-sS kp-{][m-\ Im-cy-IÀ-¯m-hp-Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. A-{im-´-Xo-{ham-b hn-Úm-\-Xr-jv-W-tbm-sS Ip-«n-¡m-ew ap-XÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv kz-´w k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-se bm-Ym-Øn-Xn-I-tcmSpw km-ln-Xy km-{am-Py-¯n-se bm-Ym-Øn-Xn-Icpw DÂ-]-Xo-jv-Wp-¡-fpam-b X-¼p-cm-¡³am-tcmSpw k-Ôn-bnÃm-¯ ka-cw \-S-¯n-bm-Wv B-[p-\n-I-tI-c-f-¯n-se A-\n-tj-[yam-b H-cp i-àn--bm-bn h-fÀ-¶-Xv. sF-Xn-ly-§fpw A-Ô-hn-izm-k-§-fpw N-cn-{X-̄ n-sâ {]-am-W-tc-J-bmbn-sIm-p \-S-¶ H-cp Im-e-L-«-¯n-em-Wv N-cn-{X-K-th-j-W-¯n-sâ im-kv-{Xo-b kn-²n-IÄ kzm-b-¯-am-¡n ]pXn-b k-Xy-ZÀ-i-\-¯n-sâ t{]-cW-I-tfm-sS C-t±-lw cw-K-¯n-d-§n-bXv. N-cn-{X K-th-j-W-̄ n-¶-Xy-´m-t]-£n-Xam-b \-c-hw-i-im-kv-{Xw, km-aq-ly-im-kv{XwF-¶n-h-I-fn-sebpw H-cKm-[ ]-Þn-X-\m-bn-cp-¶p sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv. F-d-Wm-Ipf-s¯ km-aq-ly-{]-hÀ-¯-I-bpw -F-d-Wm-Ip-fw ap-\-Æn-dqÂ C-kvemw ssl-kv-¡qÄ A-²ym-]n-I-bpam-b J-Zo-P-bm-Wv ]-tcX-sâ `mcy. aq¶pv s]¬-k-´m-\-§-fm-Wp-f-f-Xpv. a-c-W-hn-h-c-a-dn-ªv H-t«-sd B-fp-IÄ ]-tcX-sâ -̀h-\-¯n-se-¯n-t¨À¶p. a{ń A-hp-¡m-ZÀ-Ip-«n\-l, sI. ]n. kn. kn. {]-knU-v BâWn, F. F. sIm-¨p-®n Fw. FÂ. F. F-¶n-hÀ hn-h-c-a-dn-ª D-S³ F-¯n-t¨À-¶-h-cn-epÄ-s¸-Sp¶p. F-Iv-kv-{]-Êv 21þ12þ75

194

]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv \n-cym-X-\m-bn

F-d-Wm-Ip-fw 20þ12þ75 H-cp {]ap-J km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\p N-cn-{X-]-Þn-X\pw tI-c-f ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ sk-{I-«-dn-bpam-b ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv (47) C-¶p¨-¡v F-d-Wm-Ip-fw eqÀ-±v B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ-sh-¨v lr-t{Zm-Kw-aq-ew \n-cym-X-\mbn. C¶-se AÀ-²-cm{Xn tcm-K-_m-[n-X\m-b A-t±l-s¯ B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ {]-th-in-̧ n¨p. tUm: hn. sP. t]mÄ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Po-h³ c-£n-¡p-hm³ ITn-\-{]-b-Xv-\w \-S-¯n-sb-¦nepw C-¶p-¨-¡v 12þ30 \v \n-cym-X-\m-Ip-I-bm-Wp-m-bXv. ]n-¶o-Sv ar-X-tZ-lw Kn-cn-\-K-dn-ep-f-f A-t±-l-¯n-sâ h-k-Xn-bn-te-¡v sImp-t]mbn. I-_-dS-¡w \m-sf cm-hn-se 9 \pv F-d-Wm-Ip-fw sk³-{SÂ Pq-am-a-kv-Pn-Zv ]-f-fn-bnÂ-sh-¨v \-S-¡pw.a-c-W-hmÀ-¯-b-dn-ªv k-aq-l-¯n-sâ \m-\m Xp-d-I-fn-ep-f-f {]ap-J hy-àn A-t±-l-¯n-sâ h-k-Xn-bn-se-¯n ar-X-tZ-l-¯nÂ do-¯v k-aÀ-¸n¨p. a{ń A-hp-¡m-ZÀ-Ip-«n\-l, F F. sIm-¨p®n, Fw. sI. cm-L-h³ F-¶n-hÀ do-¯v k-aÀ-¸n- -̈h-cnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp¶p. km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j¯n-\p-th-n sI. Sn.X-cy-\pw, ln-kvä-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j-\p-th-n ]n. sI. tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W\pw do-¯v k-aÀ-¸n¨p. 1930 \-hw-_À 25þmw\pþ BeþsIm-Sp-§-Ãq-cnÂ s]m-¶pw-Ip-gn-bnÂ A-l-½-Xp-®n-bp-sS a-I-\m-bn P-\n¨p. hn-ZymÀ-°n-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄX-s¶ cmão-b km-aq-ly {]-Øm-\-§-fp-am-bn k-Po-h-am-bn _-Ô-s¸«p. 1946þÂ Xr-iq-cnÂ-sh-¨p- \S-¶ sF-Iy-tI-c-f k-t½-f-\-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn-¨p-f-f A-Jn-e-tI-c-f {]-kw-K-a-Õ-c-¯nÂ H-¶mw-Øm-\w t\Sn. P-\-iàn, bp-h-tI-c-fw-hm-cn-I, kÀ-¤w F-¶n-h-bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-¶n-«p-v. tl-ap-I-em-\n-sb-¡p-dn-¨v sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-sX-gpXn-b {K-Ùw Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ K-hÀ-t½-v \n-tcm-[n-¡p-Ibp-mbn. I-gn-ª aq-¶v Z-im-Ð-am-bn tI-c-f-¯n-se km-ln-Xyþkmw-kv-Imcn-I cw-K-§-fnÂH-cp kPo-h i-àn-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. ZoÀ-L-Im-e-am-bn tI-c-f-ln-kvä-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ sk-{I-«-dn-bm-bn-cp¶p.

195

1968 ap-XÂ 1971 h-sc tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS ssh. {]-kn-U-m-bn-cp¶p. A-¶p-ap-XÂ C-t¶h-sc A-¡mZ-an F-Ivkn: I½-än AwKw, tI-c-f I-em-aÞ-ew F-Ivkn: I-½n-än AwKw, tI-c-f kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I A-¡mZ-an AwKw, {K-Ù-im-em-kw-Lw Aw-Kw F-¶o \n-e-I-fnÂ A-t±-lw tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-¨p-h-cn-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. k-akv-X tI-c-f km-ln-Xy ]-cn-j-¯n-sâ D-]m-[y-£-\p-am-bn-cp¶p. N-cn-{X-im-J-bn-em-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ {K-Ù-§Ä ap-gp-h-s\-¶v ]-d-bmw. tI-c-f N-cn-{X-ho-£Ww,tIc-fw \q-äm-p-IÄ-¡p-ap¼v, N-cn-{X-tI-cfw, tI-c-f ap-kvfow N-cn-{Xw, N-cn-{X-¯n-se in-em-Ip-kp-a§Ä, k-©m-cn-IÄ I- tIc-fw F-¶n-h-bm-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ ap-Jy-Ir-XnIÄ. tI-c-f N-cn-{X-ho-£-W-¯n-\v a-{Zm-kv K-hÀ-t½-n-sâ A-hmÀ-Uv e-`n-¨n-«pv. A-t±-l-¯n-\v `m-cybpw aq-¶p s]¬-a-¡-fp-apv. `m-cy JZo-P kv-IqÄ A-[ym-]n-I-bmWv.

]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv A-´-cn¨p I-em-t{]-an sIm-¨n Un-kw 20þ {]-ikv-X N-cn-{X K-th-j-I-\pw, {]-KÂ-̀ -a-Xnbm-b {]m-kw-Kn-I-\pw, kÀ-tÆm]-cn A-P-¿\m-b H-cp kw-Lm-S-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶ {io. ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv C-¶n-hn-sS h-¨v lr-t{Zm-Kw \n-an-̄ w A-´-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. a-c-Wm-h-k-c-¯nÂ A-t±-l-¯n-\v 47 hb-Êv am-{X-ta {]m-b-ap-m-bn-cp-¶p-ffp. c-p-Z-im-Ð-§Ä-¡p- ap-¼v t^mÀ-«v sIm-¨n-bn-se A-a-cm-h-Xn-bnÂ \n-¶p {]-kn-²w sN-bv-Xn-cp-¶ P-\i-àn hm-cn-I-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s -̧«v H-cp ]-{X-{]-hÀ-̄ -I³ F-¶ \n-e-bnÂ s]m-Xp-Po-hn-X-¯n-te-¡v {]-th-in-¨ {io sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv tZio-b hn-ZymÀ-°n {]-Øm-\-¯nÂ \n-¶v ]p-tcmK-a-\ km-ln-Xy-{]-Øm-\-¯n-eq-sS N-cn-{Xm-t\z-j-W cw-K-t¯-bv-¡p I-S-¡p-Ibpw A-hn-sS B-[n-]-Xyw Øm-]n-¡p-I-bp-am-Wp-m-b-Xv. 1949þ50þ51 Im-e-§-fnÂ hym-]-I-am-bn Np-h-¸p-cm-in I-eÀ-¶ H-cp N-{I-hm-f-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-« A-t±-l-¯n-\p A-²zm-\-n¡p-¶ a-\p-jy-cp-sS k-¦oÀ-®-§-fm-bn {]-iv-\-§-sf¸-än H-cp k´X k-l-Nm-cn-sb-t¸m-se {Km-ly-ap-m-hp-Ibpw A§-s\ sIm-¨n-bn-se Xp-d-ap-J-s¯m-gn-em-fnIfp-ambn ASp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. sIm-¨n-Xp-d-ap-J-s¯m-gn-em-fn bq-Wnb-s\ km-ln-

Xy-I-em-kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-cw-K-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-Sp¯n-b ‘]-hÀ-tÌ-j-

\pw’A-t±-l-am-bn-cp¶p. N-cn-{X-Im-c³ F-¶-tXm-sSm-¸w H-cp {K-Ù-Im-c-\pw, {]-KÂ-̀ -a-Xnbm-b {]m-kw-Kn-I-\pw, kÀ-tÆm]-cn A-P-¿\m-b H-cp kw-Lm-S-I-\p-am-

196

bn-cp-¶p {io sk-bvv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv.a-c-W-a-S-bp-¶ A-h-k-c-¯nÂ A-t±-lw kwØm-\ ln-Ì-dn A-tÊm-kn-tbj-sâ sk-{I-«dn, tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS \nÀh-l-W k-an-Xn AwKw, k-akv-X tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy ]-cn-j-¯n-sâ ssh-kv {]-knU-v F-¶o kw-Øm-\-§Ä h-ln-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS ssh-kv sN-bÀ-am-\m-bn tk-h-\-a-\p-ãn-¨n-«p-f-f sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv H-cp U-k-\n-e-[n-Iw {K-Ù-§-fp-sS c-N-bn-Xm-hmWv. A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ H-cp km-aq-ly-{]-hÀ-¯-Ibm-b {ioa-Xn J-Po-Z-bm-Wv {io sk-bv-Xp-ap-l--½-Zn-sâ ]-Xv\n. A-t±-l-¯n-\p aq-¶p ]p-{Xn-am-cm-Wp-f-fXv. tI-c-f-\m-Zw 21þ12þ75

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv \n-cym-X-\m-bn tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy-¯n-t\À-s¸-« Xo-cm\-ãw

{]-kn-²-N-cn-{X-K-th-j-I-\qw, tI-c-f-ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ P-\-dÂ sk-{I-«-dn-bp-am-b P-\m-_v ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_v (47) C-¶v D-¨-bv-¡v 12þ\v eqÀ-±v B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ sh-¨v lr-Z-b-kv-Xw- -̀\w-aq-ew \n-cym-X-\mbn. C¶-se cm-{Xn 10 aWn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn lr-t{Zm-K-_m-[-b-\p- -̀h-s¸-«-Xn-s\-Xp-SÀ-¶vv, D-S³X-s¶ B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ F-¯n-s¨-¦n-epw, A-t±l-s¯ c-£n-¡m-\p-ff tUm-ÎÀ-am-cp-sS ]-cn-{i-a-§Ä ]m-gm-bn-t¸mbn. 1928 Â sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-\-Sp-¯v B-e-bnÂ P-\n-¨ P. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv 1943þÂ te-J-\-§-sf-gp-Xn Xp-S-§n-sb-¦n-epw, N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy-¯n-te-¡v Xn-cn-ª-Xv 1948þem-Wv. ssl-kv-¡qÄ hn-Zym-`ym-km-\´-cw H-cp `m-jm A-[ym-]-I-\mbpw sIm-¨n-bnÂ-\n-¶v ]p-d-s¸-«n-cp-¶ P-\-iàn, bp-h-tIc-fw F-¶o hm-cn-I-I-fp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-cmbpwtPm-en-t\m-¡n. 1946þÂ Xr-iqÀ sF-Iy-tI-c-f a-lm-k-t½-f-\-a-Õ-c-̄ nÂ {]-kw-K-¯n\pw D-]-\ym-k-c-N-\-bv¡pw k-½m-\w t\-Sn. 1949þÂ sX-s¡ A-ta-cn-¡-bnÂsh-¨p-IqSnb tem-I-bph-P-\ kmw-kv-Imcn-I k-t½-f-\-¯n-te-¡v C-ý³ {]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifn-sem-cm-fm-bn Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡-s¸«p.

1952þÂ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ ‘N-cn-{X-tI-cfw’F-¶ {K-Ùw a-e-bm-f-¯nÂ G-ähpw \Ã {K-Ù-sa-¶ \ne-¡v K-hÀ-s½-v k-½m-\w t\Sn. N-cn-{X-tIc-fw k-©m-cn-IÄ I- tI-cfw, tIc-fw \q-äm-p-IÄ-¡v ap¼p, N-cn-{X-Nn-ÍÄ, tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-ho£-Ww Xp-S-§n-b-h sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ {K-Ù-§-fnÂ Nn-e-Xm-Wv. C-ý³ ln-Ì-dn tIm¬-{Kkv, C-ý³ B-

197

s{´m-t¸mf-Pn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³, F-¶o kw-LS-\-I-fn-se Aw-Khpw C-ým-N-cn-{X-Im-c³-am-cp-sS ]T-\- ]-cy-S-\-kwLw, tI-c-f ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ F-¶n-h-bp-sS sk-{I-«-dn-bp-am-bn-cp-¶p sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv. hf-sc sN-dp-¸-¯n-se tIc-fm A-Sn-Øm-\-̄ n-ep-f-f \n-ch-[n kw-L-S-\-I-fn-te-¡v sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv sX-c-sª-Sp-¡-s¸«p. N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy cwK-¯v \n-ch-[n hn-e-s¸-« tk-h-\-§Ä A-\p-jvTn-¨n-«p-f-f ]-tcX-sâ {i-a-^-e-am-bn-«mWv, kwØm-\ kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ k-lm-b-t¯m-sS tI-c-f-¯n-sâ hn-hn-[-cw-K-§-fn-se {]-KÂ-`³-am-sc A-

Wn-\n-c-¯n-s¡mv ‘tI-c-f-N-cn-{Xw’F-¶ {K-Ùw c-p hmÃy-§-fm-bn ]p-d-¯n-d-¡n-bXv. sIm-¨n {]-tZi-s¯ G-Xm-v FÃm km-aq-ly kmw-kv-Imcn-I kw-L-S-\-I-fnepw {]m-Xn-\n[yw D-m-bn-cp-¶ ]-tcX³ Cu {]-tZi-s¯ km-aq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯n-se H-c-hn-`m-Py-LS-Iw X-s¶-bm-bn-cp¶p. tI-c-f N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ {]-tXy-In-¨v ap-kveow tI-c-f-¯n-sâ a-c-ªp-In-S-¶ \n-ch-[n ta-J-e-I-fn-te-¡v ]-tcX-sâ Xqen-I sh-fn-¨w ]-IÀ-¶n-«pv. F-d-Wm-Ip-fw PnÃm ap-kveow hn-a³-kv A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ P-\-dÂ sk-{I-«-dn-bpw, ap-\-hn-dpÂ C-kvemw ssl-kv-¡q-fn-se H-c-²ym-]n-I-bpam-b {ioa-Xn J-Zo-P-bm-Wv ]-tcX-sâ [À-½-Xmcw. A-hÀ-¡v aq-¶v s]¬-k-´m-\-§Ä Dv. {]-Y-a-]p{Xn Ip-am-cn Pm-kv-ao³ sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv skâv tX-cm-km-kn-se H-cp hn-ZymÀ-°n-\n-bmWv. ]-tcX-\v AÃm-lp a-Kv-ôd-¯p \Â-Is«. k-Xy-\m-Zwþ 21þ12þ75

]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv A-´-cn-¨p

sIm¨n, Un-kw. 20þtI-c-f I-em-aÞ-ew B-În-§v sN-bÀ-am³ ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv (47) C-¶p-¨-bv-¡p 12þ10 \v eqÀ-±v B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ sh-¨v a-c-W-a-S-ªn-cn-¡p¶p. s\-©p-th-Z-\ A-\p- -̀h-s¸-«-Xn-s\-¯p-SÀ-¶p C¶-se cm-{Xn 11 a-Wn-¡m-Wv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-s\ B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ {]-th-in-¸n-¨Xv. N-cn-{X-Imc³, {K-Ù-IÀ-¯mhv, ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯I³, kmw-kv-Imcn-I {]-hÀ-¯-I³ F-¶o \n-e-I-fnÂ ]-tc-X³ {]-kn-²-\mWv. A-²ym-]-I-\mbpw A-t±-lw tk-h-\-a-\p-jvTn-¨n-«p-pv. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ B-Zy-{K-Ùam-b N-cn-{X tI-c-f-¯n-\v 1952þÂ a-{Zm-kv K-hÀ-s½-n-sâ A-hmÀ-Uv e-`n-¨n-«pv. k-©m-cn-IÄ I- tI-cfw, tIc-fw \q-äm-p-IÄ-¡p-ap¼v, N-cn-{X Nn-ÍÄ, tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-ho£-Ww Xp-S-§n-b-h ]-tcX-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fmWv. t]mÀ«p-sIm-¨n-bnÂ \n-¶p ]p-d-s¸-«n-cp-¶ P-\-iàn, bp-h-tIc-fw F-¶o ]-{X-§-fp-sS A-[n-]-\mbpw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv {]-hÀ-̄ n-¨n-«p-pv.

198

tI-c-f-ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j-sâbpw C-ý³ N-cn-{X-Im-c³-am-cp-sS ]T-\-]-cy-S-\-kw-L-¯n-tâbpw P-\-dÂ sk-{I-«dn, km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Zan, kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I A-¡m-Zan, tI-c-f {K-Ù-im-e, tÌ-äv BÀ-¡o-hvkv, BÀ¡n-tbm-fPn, F-Iv-kn-Iyq-«o-hv AwKw, tI-c-f-e-fn-XI-em A-¡mZ-an P-\-dÂ Iu¬-knÂ AwKw, k-a-kv-X-tI-c-f km-ln-Xy-]-cnj-Xv ssh-kv {]-knU-v F-¶o Øm-\-§Ä A-t±-lw h-ln-¨n-cp¶p. tI-c-f ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ ]p-\:kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw K-hÀ-s½-v k-lm-b-t¯m-sS tI-c-f-N-cn{Xw c-p `m-K-§-fm-bn {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ]-tc-X³ sN-bv-Xn-«p-f-f tkh-\w {]-iw-kmÀ-l-am-bn-cp¶p.

sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-\-Sp-¯v B-e-bn-em-Wv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv P-\n- -̈Xvv. ssl-kv-IqÄ hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-\p-ti-jw s]m-Xp-cw-K-t¯-bv-¡n-d§n. ]-tcX-\v `m-cybpw aq-¶p-s]¬-Ip-«n-I-fp-apv. F-d-Wm-Ip-fw PnÃm-ap-kveow hn-a³-kv A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ P-\-dÂ-sk-{I-«-dnbpw F-d-Wm-Ip-fw ap-\-Æn dpÂ C-kvemw ssl-kv-Iq-fn-se A²ym-]n-I-bpam-b {ioa-Xn J-Zo-P-bm-Wv ]-tcX-sâ `mcy. D-½bpw aq-¶p k-tlm-Z-c-§-fp-ap-pv. I-_-dS-¡w \m-sf cm-hn-se 9 a-Wn-¡v F-d-Wm-Ip-fw sk³-{SÂ P-amþA-¯v-]f-fn I-_À Øm-\-̄ v \-S-¡p-¶-XmWv. 10 a-Wn-¡v ap-\-Æn-dqÄ C-kvemw ssl-kv-Iq-fnÂ-sh-¨v hnhn-[ kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS B-`n-ap-Jy-¯nÂ A\p-tim-N\ tbm-Kw tN-cp-¶-XmWv. am-Xr-`q-anþ 21þ12þ75

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv A-´-cn¨p.

sIm-¨n: 20þ12þ75 N-cn-{X-K-th-j-I-\pw km-ln-Xy-Im-\pw, hm-Ün-bpw, k-a-kv-X-tI-c-f km-ln-Xy ]-cn-j¯n-sâ D-]m-²y-£-\pw, tI-c-f-ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ sk-{I-«-dn-bpam-b ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv (47) C-¶p s]-s«-¶v \n-cym-X-\mbn. C¶-se AÀ-²-cm{Xn Kn-cn-\-KÀ tIm-f-\n-bn-se ho-«nÂ h-¨v A-kp-Jw tXm-¶n-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-s\ eqÀ-±v B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ {]-th-in-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp¶p. D-¨-bv-¡v 12 a-Wn-¡v A-t±-lw A-ý-izm-kw h-en¨p. c-ma-s¯ X-h-W-bm-Wv A-t±-l-̄ n-\v lr-t{Zm-K-ap-m-Ip-

199

¶Xv. BZyw Dm-b A-kp-Jw am-dn s]m-Xp-]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fnepw kz-´w {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fn-epw ]-g-b D-Õm-l-t¯m-sS ap-gp-In h-¶ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ B-I-kv-an-Iam-b Aýw sIm-¨n-bn-se km-aq-ly kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-cw-K§-sf hn-jm-Z-aq-I-am¡n. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ h-k-Xn-bn-te-¡v kp-lr-¯p-¡fpw B-cm-[-Icpw k-l-{]-hÀ-¯-Icpw A-S-¡w hf-sc B-fp-IÄ H-gp-In-s¡m-n-cn-¡p-I-bmWv.`m-cy-bpw, ssl-kv-¡qÄ A-²ym-]n-I-bpam-b J-Zo-P-sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p ]p-dsa, ]n. sI. tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³, sI. Sn. X-cy³, Sm-äm-]p-cw kp-Ip-am-c³ Xp-S§n-b A-Sp-¯ kp-lr-¯p-¡Ä A-t±-l-¯n-sâ A-ý-\n-an-j-§-fnÂ B-kv-]-{Xn-bnÂ D-m-bn-cp¶p. A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶ {]-ap-J\m-b F-gp-¯p-Imc-\pw, N-cn-{X-Im-c\pw F-¶ \n-e-bv-¡p am-{XaÃ, hn-Z-Kv-Z\m-sbm-cp kw-Lm-S-I³ F-¶\n-e-bv-¡p Iq-Sn Np-cp§n-b {]mbw-sIm-v sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv kÀ-Æ-cp-tSbpw Aw-Ko-Im-cw hm-§n-bn-cp¶p. aq-¶p s]¬-a-¡-fm-Wv sk-bv-Xn-\p-f-fXv. Pm-kv-an³, ûkn, knÔp. A-hÀ hn-ZymÀ-°n-\n-I-fmWv. kz-´w \mSmb sIm-Sp-§Ãp-cn-em-W-v hr-²bm-b A-½-bp-f-fXv. B-Zn-a-\n-hm-knIÄ. N-cn-{X-k-©mcn, N-cn-{X-tI-cfw, N-cn{Xw H-cp I-®m-Sn Xp-S-§n-b-h-bm-Wv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ ]p-kv-X-I§Ä. C-h-bnÂ a-Zn-cm-in-K-hÀ-s½-n-sâ k-½m-\w t\-Sn-b-Xm-Wv N-cn-{X-tI-cfw. tI-c-f-ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ Po-h-\m-Unbm-b A-t±lw. A-Xn-sâ C¶-s¯ \n-e-bn-ep-f-f h-fÀ-¨-bv-¡v {]ap-J ]-¦v h-ln-¨n-«pv. km-ln-Xy-A-¡mZ-an D-]m-²y-£-\mbpw A-t±-lw tkh-\w A-\p-ãn-¨n-«pv. ar-X-tZ-l kw-kv-¡c-Ww \m-sf \-S-¡pw. ae-bmf-a-t\m-c-a 21þ12þ75

]n. F. sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv A-´-cn¨p.

sIm-¨n: 20þ21þ75

{]-ikv-X N-cn-{X-]-Þn-X-\pw, K-th-j-I-\pw, tI-c-f-ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ P-\-dÂ sk-{I-«-dn-bpam-b ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv (47) C-¶-se cm-hn-se 11 a-Wn-¡p lr-t{Zm-K-_m[-sb Xp-SÀ-¶v F-d-Wm-Ip-fw eqÀ-±v B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ h-¨p \n-cym-X-\mbn. sh-f-fn-bmgvN ssh-In-«m-Wv s\-©p-th-Z-\ A-\p- -̀h-s¸-«-Xn-s\ Xp-SÀ-¶v sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-s\ B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ {]-th-in-¸n-¨Xv. C¶-se cm-hn-se tcm-Kw aqÀ-Ñn-¡p-Ibpw A-t±-lw a-c-W-a-S-bp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p lr-t{Zm-K_m-[ D-mb-Xv C-Xv cmw X-h-W-bmWv.sk-bv-Xp- ap-l-½-Zn-sâ ]-Xv-\n JZo-P sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv F-d-Wm-Ip-fw ap-\-Æn-dpÄ C-kv-emw ssl-kv-¡q-fn-se A-²ym-]n-I-bmWv. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv Z-¼-Xn-IÄ-¡p aq-¶p s]¬-a-¡-fp-v. aq-¶p-t]cpw hn-ZymÀ-°n-I-fmWv.

200

ar-X-tZ-lw C¶p (RmbÀ) cm-hn-se 9 a-Wn-¡v F-d-Wm-Ip-fw amÀ¡-äv tdm-UnÂ D-f-f ap-kveow P-am A-Xv ]-f-fn-bnÂ kw-kv-¡-cn-¡pw. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \n-cym-W-hmÀ-¯ A-dn-ªp- cm-jv{So-b-km-ln-Xyþkmw-kv-¡mcn-I t{S-Uv bq-Wn-b³ cw-K-§-fn-se \n-ch-[n {]-hÀ- -̄Icpw t\-Xm-¡fpw kp-lr-¯p-¡fpw ]-tcX-sâ h-k-Xn-bn-se-¯n Ań-tam-]-Nm-c-aÀ-¸n¨p. 1929 \-hw-_À 21þmw-Xob-Xn sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-em-Wv A-t±-lw P-\n-¨Xv. hn-ZymÀ-°n-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ ap-XÂ-s¡ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-Xy-cw-K-hp-am-bn k-¼À-¡w ]p-eÀ-¯n-bn-cp¶p. A-t±-lw 14þma-s¯ h-b-Êp-ap-XÂ-¡m-WpteJ-\w F-gp-Xn-¯p-S-§n-b-Xv. 1948þÂ A-t±-lw kÀ-Æ-{i-²-bpw N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy cwK-¯p tI-{µo-I-cn-¡p-I-bp-mbn. ssl-kv-¡qÄ hn-Zym-`ym-km-\´-cw H-cp `m-jm-²ym-]-I-\m-bn-«m-Wp ap-l½-Zv Hu-tZym-Kn-I-hr-¯n-bm-cw-`n-¨Xv. sIm-¨n-bnÂ-\n-¶p ]p-d-s¸-«n-cp-¶ P-\-i-àn, bp-h-tIc-fw F-¶o hm-cn-I-I-fp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-cmbpw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv tPm-en t\m-¡n-bn-«p-v. 1946þÂ Xr-iqÀ sF-Iy-tI-c-f-a-lm-k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ {]-kw-K-¯n\pw D-]-\ym-k-c-N-\-bv¡pw ap-l-½-Zp-k-½m-\w I-c-Ø-am-¡n. 1949þÂ sX-t¡ A-ta-cn-¡-bnÂh-¨p \-S-¯-s¸-« tem-I-bph-P-\ kmw-kv-¡mcn-I k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ C-ý-bnÂ \n-¶p-f-f {]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fnÂ H-cm-fm-bn A-t±-lw kw-_-Ôn¨p. N-cn-{X-tI-cfw, k-©m-cn-IÄ I- tI-cfw, tIc-fw \q-äm-p-IÄ-¡p-ap¼v, tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-ho-£Ww, N-cn-{X-Nn-ÍÄ, tI-c-f-ap-kveow N-cn-{Xw, N-cn{Xw H-cp I-®m-Sn Xp-S-§n-b-h--bm-W-v sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ Ir-XnIÄ.1952þÂ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ N-cn-{X tIc-fw a-e-bm-f-̄ n-se G-ähpw \Ã N-cn-{X-]p-kv-X-Isa-¶ Aw-Ko-Im-cw t\-Sn K-hÀ-saânÂ-\n¶pw k-½m-\w I-c-Ø-am-¡n-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv H-cp N-cn-{X-Im-c-s\-¶ \n-e-bnÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv {]-i-kv-X-\m-bXv. a-{Zm-kv K-hÀ-saân-sâ k-½m-\hpw ap-l-½-Zn-sâ ]p-kv-X-I-¯n\pv e-`n-¨n-«pv.

201

ap-J-{]-kw-K-§Ä

t{]m-K-Êv 27þ12þ75

{io. ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv B-cv a-cn-¨p F-¶p-tI-«mepw Po-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-hÀ Zp:Jn-¡p¶p. A-\n-hm-cyam-b A-ý-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v a-c-W-hmÀ-̄ HmÀ-½n-¸n-¡p-¶Xp-sIm-m-hmw. a-cn-¨ B-fp-am-bp-f-f A-Sp-¸hpw A-bm-fp-sS Po-hnXw-sIm-p-m-bn-cp-¶ {]-tbm-P-\hp-sam-s¡ A-\p-k-cn-¨v Zp:J-¯n-sâ tXm-XnÂ G-ä-¡p-d-̈ n-ep-m-hp-sa-t¶-bp-ffp. {io. ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv A-´-cn¨p. A-t±-lw R-§Ä-¡v hf-sc th--s¸-«-hm-\m-bn-cp¶p. t{]m-{K-Ên-sâ Im-cy-§-fn-e-t±-lw AXo-h XmÂ-]cyw {]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¨p t]m-¶n-«pv. F-s´-¦nepw F-gp-Xn- -̄cm³ F-t¸m-gp-a-t±-lw k³-a-\-Êp-Im-«n-bn-«pv. {io. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-

s\-t¸m-ep-f-f {]-K-Â- -̀a-Xn-I-fp-sS kr-ãnIÄ ‘dn-kÀ-hv tÌm-¡nÂ’C-cn¡-s« F-¶v I-cp-Xn-bXp-sIm-v A-t±-l-¯n-sâ k-lm-bw thp-thm-fw A-\p- -̀hn-¡m³ I-gn-ªn-«n-sÃ-t¶-bp-ffp. AXp-sIm-v B A-Im-e-Nc-aw R-§Ä-s¡m-cp Xo-cm-\-ã-amWv. A-tXÂ-]n-¡p-¶ B-Lm-Xw lr-Z-b-t -̀Z-I-hpw. {io. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ Nc-aw a-e-bm-f-¯n-se H-cp sIm-¨p-]-{X-s¯ _m-[n-¡p-¶ Im-cyhpw A-Xn-sâ {]-hÀ-¯-I-cn-ep-f-hm¡n-b hn-Im-c-hp-am-WnXv. tI-c-f-ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj³, tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Zan, kw-Ko-X \m-S-I A-¡m-Zan, I-em-a-Þew, k-akv-X tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy ]-cn-j¯v, tI-c-f {K-Ù-im-em kwLw, km-ln-Xy-{]-hÀ-¯-I k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw Xp-S§n-b C-hnS-s¯ FÃm kmw-kv-Imcn-I kw-Ym-]-\-§-fp-sS-bpw, BÄ C-ým ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ Xp-S§n-b Nn-e A-Jn-teýw Øm-]-\-§-fp-tSbpw {]-hÀ-̄ -\-§-fnÂ k-Po-hamb ]-¦p-h-ln¨p-t]m-¶n-cp-¶ H-c-Xp-ey hy-àn-bm-bn-cp-¶p {io. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv. A-t¸mÄ B IÀ-½-\n-cX-sâ A-Im-ehn-tbm-Kw \-½p-sS kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-a-Þe-s¯ B-I-am-\w {K-kn-¡p-¶H-cp Zp-c-´w-Xs¶. F-¶n-cp-¶mepw

‘hn-[n-bp-sS {Iq-cam-b hn-t\m-Z-s¯-s¨mÃn hn-e-]n-¨n«pv Imcy-sa-´v?’F-¶-bp-àn hn-Nm-c-¯mÂ I-Z-\-¯n-sâ I-X-I-S-bv-¡p-I-tb K-Xn-bp-ffp. F-¶m-Â kv-a-cy-]p-cpj-sâ Po-hn-Xw \-½p-sS ap-¼n-epv. A-{]-Xn-a\m-b N-cn-{X-Imc³, {]-i-kv-X\m-b km-ln-Xy-Imc³, {]-KÂ-`\m-b kw-Lm-S-I³ F-¶o \n-e-bn-seÃmw A-t±-lw bi-Êv BÀ-Ön¨p. C-sXÃmw A-t±-lw t\-Snb-Xv kz-{]-b-Xv\w-sIm-m-sW-¶ h-kvXp-X {i-t²-b-amWv. H-cp km-[m-c-W Ip-Spw-_-¯n-em-W-t±-lw-]n-d-¶Xv. sN-dp-¸-¯n-te X³-Im-cy-s¯¡m-tf-sd \m-Sn-sâ hn-tam-N-\-¯nÂ B-th-iw-]q-v

202

1942 se Izn-äv Cým k-a-c-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-b-e-bn-S-¨ hn-Zym-e-b-§-fnÂ \n-¶v ]-cn-an-Xam-b hn-Zym-`ym-kw am-{Xw t\-Sm-t\ A-t±-l¯n-\v C-S-bm-bp-f-fp-Xm-\pw. F-¶n«pw A-t±-lw km-l-N-cy-s¯ ]-gn-¨v B-ßm-hn-sâ t\m-hpI-sf Xm-tem-en-̈ v A-e-k-am-bn I-gn-ªp-Iq-Sp-I-b-Ã sN-bv-XXv. a-dn-¨v X-sâ B-ß-k¯-sb hn-I-kn-¸n-¡m³ hn-Úm-\-k-¼m-Z-\-¯n-\v ap-Xn-cp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xvp. B Úm-\-Xrjv-W A-t±l-s¯ \-½p-sS km-ln-Xy-\m-b-I³-am-cp-sS A¶-s¯ Ip-e-]-Xn-bm-bn-cp-¶ tIk-cn _m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-f-f-bp-sS A-Sp-s¯-¯n¨p. B a-lÂ k-¶n-[n-bnÂ \n-¶v a-äp ]-e-cp-tSbpw t]m-se A-t±-lhpw hn-Zym-e-b-§-fp-sS C-Sp§n-b Np-a-cp-IÄ-¡-I-¯p-\n¶pw BÀ-Ön-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶-Xn-t\-¡mÄ F{Xtbm D-bÀ-¶ A-dn-hp-t\Sn. Xp-SÀ-¶v ]-c-¶ hm-b-\-sIm-v B hn-Úm-\-ta-J-e hn-I-kn-¸n¨p. A§-s\ ]n-¶o-Sv N-cn-{X-Im-c-\mbpw ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I-\m-bpw, km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\mbpw h-f-cm-\p-f-f I-cp-¯mÀ-Ön¨p.

{io. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ Po-hn-X-hn-P-b-¯n-sâ \n-Zm-\am-b

I-d-I-f-ª B-ßmÀ-°-X Øn-tcm-Õm-l-hpw, ITn-\-{]-b-Xv-\hpw {]-Xn-`m-k-¼-¶cm-b \-½p-sS bp-hm-¡Ä am-Xr-I-bm-¡n-sb-¦nÂ, B ]m-h-\m-ßm-hn-sâ hn-tbm-K-¯n-f-f Xo-cm-Zp:Jw R-§Ä B H-cm-i-bmÂ D-Zm-¯-hÂ-I-cn-¡s«. F-Iv-kv-{]-Êv 21þ12þ75

]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv kmw-kv-Imcn-I tI-c-f-¯n-\v kp-]-cnNn-X\m-b ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-Im-en-Ihpw A-{]-Xo-£n-X-hpam-b \n-cym-Ww \m-«n-¶p I-\-sªm-cp \-ã-am-Wv h-cp-¯n-sh-¨n-«p-f-fXv. hf-sc hn-]p-eam-b A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kp-lr-Zz-e-b-¯n-¶-¸p-dwX-s¶ A\p-tim-Nn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶ H-¶mW-v Cu N-caw. ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯I³, kmw-kv-Imcn-I a-Þ-e-¯n-se £o-W-a-dn-bm-¯ kw-Lm-S-I³ F¶o \n-e-I-fn-seÃmw {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-Ibpw {]-hÀ-¯n-t¨-S-s¯m-s¡ hnP-bw h-cn-¡p-I-bpw sN-bv-Xn-«p-f-f D-uÀ-Ö-kz-e\mb B bp-hm-hn-s\ a-c-W-¯n-sâ X-Wp-¯p-dª ssI C-{X-th-Kw sR-cn-¨p-I-fª-Xv I-ãmÂ I-ã-X-c-sa-¶Ãm-sX-́ p ]-d-bm³! sN-dp-¸-¯nÂX-s¶ tZio-b {]-Øm-\-¯nÂ B-Ir-ã\m-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv hn-ZymÀ-°n kw-L-S-\m-cwK-¯v H-cp i-àn-bm-bn-cp¶p. sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ kz-tZ-inbm-b A-t±-lw tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-]T-\-̄ nÂ k-hn-ti-j-]T-\w \-S-¯nb-Xv kzm-`m-hn-Iw am-{Xw. N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bnÂ A-Xp-h-sc-bp-m-bn-cp-¶ {]-l-X-amÀ-¤w hn-«v ]pXn-sbm-cp h-gn¯m-c sh-«n-¯p-d-¶-XnÂ sk-bv-Xn-¶p K-Wyam-sbm-cp ]-¦pv. B amÀ-¤-¯nÂ A-t±-lw _-lp-Zq-cw k-©-cn-¨-Xn-sâ {]Xy-£ ^-e-§-fm-Wv tI-c-f ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j\pw A-Xn-sâ B-`n-ap-Jy-¯nÂ {]-kn-²w sN-bv-Xn-«p-f-f _r-

203

l¯m-b tI-c-f N-cn-{X-hpw (c-p `m-K-§Ä). km-ln-Xy ]-cn-j-̄ n-sâ ]p-\-cp-Öo-h-\-¯nÂ sk-bv-Xv h-ln-¨n-«p-f-f ]-¦v A-hn-kv-a-c-Wo-b-amWv. I-gn-ª Ip-sd sImÃ-§-fm-bn tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Zan, tI-c-f Iema-Þew, tI-c-f kwKo-X \m-S-I A-¡mZ-an F-¶n-h-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨-bnÂ A-t±-lw sN-bv-Xn-«p-f-f kw-`m-h-\bpw F-Sp-¯p-]-d-b-¯-¡-XmWv. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ IÀ-½-ti-jn aqÀ-[-\y-¯n-se¯n-b k-Ôn-bn-em-Wv hn[n Cu am-c-Iam-b B-Lm-Xw GÂ-¸n-¨p-I-f-ªXv. Cu A-Xym-lnX-s¯ k-a-Nn¯-X-tbm-sS t\-cn-Sm³ A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ k-l-[À-½n-Wn¡pw Ip-«n-IÄ¡pw i-àn-bp-mI-s« F-¶p {]mÀ-°n-¡p¶p. tI-c-f-\m-Spv 1975 P-\p-h-cn 5

]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv

‘tI-c-f-\m-Sn-sâ’{]n-b-¦-c\m-b kp-lr-¯v {io. ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ thÀ-]m-SnÂ R-§Ä-¡p-f-f Zp:Jw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. ]-tcX-sâ B-ßm-hn-\v A-`n-hm-Z-\-§Ä AÀ-¸n-¡p¶p.

‘]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv’B \m-aw F-¶p-sa¶pw R-§Ä kv-a-cn-

¡pw. ]pXn-b X-e-apd¡v ‘sk-bvXp’H-cp amÀ-¤-ZÀ-in-bm-bn-̄ ocs« !

tI-c-f-\m-Sv {]-hÀ-̄ -IÀ

B-h-\m-gn hm-cn-I 26þ12þ75 kw-kv-¡m-c kv-t\-ln-Ifm-b ap-kv-eow bp-hm-¡sf, tk-h-\-¯n-sâ h-gn-¯m-c-bnÂ ]-co-£-W-cm-bn \nÂ-¡p-¶ k-apZm-b ]-cn-jv-IÀ-¯m-¡-fp-sS X-f-cp¶ ssI-I-fnÂ-\n¶pw hn-Úm-\-{]-N-c-W-¯n-sâ B I-¯n-sb-cn-bp-¶Zo-]in-J \n-§Ä G-äp-hm-§p-I. `m-hn \n-§-fp-sS-

bmWv.’’ ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv {]n-b-s¸-« sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zpw t]m-bn ]n. F sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-sâ B-I-kvan-I \n-cym-W-hmÀ-¯ H-cp sR-«-tem-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv R-§Ä {i-hn-¨Xv. \m-ep Z-im-Ð-¡m-ew F-cn-ªp \n-¶ Xo-¸-´-am-Wv s]m-enªp-t]m-bXv. N-cn-{X-K-th-jI³, km-ln-Xy-Im-c³, hm-Ün F-¶o \n-e-I-fnÂ H-cp ]p-cp-jm-bpÊp-

204

sIm-v sN-bv-Xp-XoÀ-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶-Xn-sâ Cc-«n kw-`m-h-\ A-t±-lw ssI-c-fn-¡p Im-gv-N-sh¨p. B-h-\m-gn-bn-te-¡p te-J-\-§-sf-gp-Xm-sa-¶ Dd-¸p In-«n-bn-«v B-gv-N-IÄ Nne-tX IS-¶p t]m-bp-ffp. B i-àam-b Xq-en-I-bp-sS Ne-\w C-{X £-W-¯nÂ \n-e-¡p-sa-¶p R-§Ä I-cp-Xn-bnÃ. L-\-Kw-ò-camb B i-Ðw C-\n tI-Ä¡p-I-bn-sÃ-t¶mÀ-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶nÃ. tI-c-f-Iu-aq-Zn Un-kw-_À 23, 1975

]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv tI-c-f-¯n-sâ kmw-kv-Imcn-I Po-hn-X-¯nÂ {]-Im-iw ]-c¯n-b H-cp bp-hm-hm-bn-cp-¶p {io. ]n. F sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv. km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j-¯pv, km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Zan, kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I-A-¡m-Zan, tI-c-f-ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj³, km-ln-Xy-{]-hÀ-¯-I k-l-I-c-W-kw-Lw {K-Ù-im-em kwLw, I-em-aÞ-ew ap-Xem-b kmw-kv-Imcn-I kw-L-S-\-I-fp-sS k-Po-h-{]-hÀ-¯I-s\-¶ \n-e-bnÂ A-t±-lw sNbv-X tk-h-\-§Ä A-hn-kv-a-c-Wo-b-§-fmWv. H-cp N-cn-{X-K-th-j-I\pw N-cn-{X-Im-c-\p-sa-¶ \n-e-bnÂ A-t±-lw hf-sc sN-dp-¸-¯nÂX-s¶ tI-c-fn-b-cp-sS {i-²-bm-IÀ-jn-¡p-I-bp-mbn. N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bnepw N-cn-{X-K-th-j-W-¯nepw ]pXn-b ho-£-W K-Xn-IÄ kw-{I-an-¸n-¡p-hm³ A-t±-lw t_m-[-]qÀ-Æw ]-cn-{i-an-¡p-Ibpw A-XnÂ hnP-bw ssI-h-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-s¯¸-än \n-e-hn-en-cp-¶ ]-e A-`n-{]m-b-§fpw hn-izm-k-§fpw Xn-cp-¯n-sb-gp-Xp-¶-XnÂ A-t±-lw h-ln-¨ ]¦v a-l-¯-c-am-Wv. km-aq-ln-Ihpw kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-hpam-b Im-cy-§-fnÂ A-t±-lw H-cp Xn-I-ª ]p-tcm-K-a-\-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-¶p. \nkzmÀ°hpw BßmÀ°-hp-amb tkh-\-wsImv At±-lw ]-e kmw-kvv-Imcn-I kw-L-S-\-I-tfbpw [-\y-am-¡n-bn-«pv.hnim-elr-Z-b\pw hn\-bm-\zn-X\pw kwkvImc k¼-¶-\p-amb {io. skbvXp-ap-l-½-Zn\v AXn-hn-]p-e-amb Hcp kplrXvhe-b-amWv tIc-f-¯n-e-t§m-f-an-t§m-f-ap-m-bn bn-cp-¶-Xv. Ah-sc-sbÃmw Zp:J¯nÂ Bgv¯n-s¡mv At±lw AIm-e-N-caw {]m]n-¨n-cp-¡p-¶p. At±-l-¯nsâ thÀ]m-SpsImv tIc-f-¯n-\p-m-bn-«p-ff \jvSw òa-am-Wv. At±-l-¯nsâ IpSpw-_mw-K-§-fp-sSbpw _Ôp-an-{Xm-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw Zp:J¯nÂ R§Ä ]¦p-sIm-f-fp-¶p. tI-c-f-\m-Zw 23þ12þ75

]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv tI-c-f-¯n-se kmw-kv-¡mcn-I ta-J-e-bv-¡v k-ao-]-Im-e-s¯m¶pw \n-I-¯m-\m-hm-¯ \-ã-am-Wv P-\m-_v ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-sâ \n-cym-Ww-aq-ew kw- -̀hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. tI-h-e-sam-cp

205

N-cn-{X-sa-gp-¯v-Im-c-s\-¶ \n-e-bv-¡Ã sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-s\ kmw-kv-¡mcn-I tIc-fw ]-cn-N-b-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. tI-c-f ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj³, k-akv-X tI-c-f km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j¯v, km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-ansb-¶p-th- Cu \m-Sn-sâ kmw-kv-¡mcn-I [-a-\n-I-fp-sS k-Zm tNm-c-tbm-Sp-¶ `m-K-am-bn-cp-¶p sk-bv-Xpap-l-½Zv. I-em-im-e-_n-cp-Zw t]cn-t\m-Sv Xp-¶n-t¨À-¡m-\nÃm-Xn-cp-¶þk-¼¯n-sâbpw X-d-hm-«v a-ln-a-bp-sSbpw ]n³-_-e-anÃm-Xn-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv Hmtcm C©pw s]m-cp-Xn-bm-Wv Po-hn-¨Xv. H-cp C-S-¯-cw-Ip-Spw-_-¯nÂ-\n¶pw h-¶ A-t±-lw kz-{]-b-Xv-\w sIm-p-am-{X-am-Wv D-bÀ-¶Xv. ImÂ-\q-äm-v Im-e-am-bn a-e-bm-f-¯n-se kmw-kv-¡mcn-I cwK-¯v \nd-ªv \n-¶n-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ Po-hn-Xw ]-e-Xpw-sImpw am-Xr-I-bmWv. D-Xv-IÀ-jw sh-«n-]n-Sn-¡m-\p-f-f B-th-iw {]-Zm-\w sN-¿m³ t]m-¶-Xm-Wv B Po-hn-X-sa-¶v X-s¶ R-§Ä hn-iz-kn-¡p¶p. ]-c-ip-cm-a³ a-gp-sh-dn-ªnS-¯v \n¶pw D-bn-sc-Sp-¯-Xm-Wv tI-c-f-sa-¶ an-Yy-sb-¦n-epw, ]-e \m-hp-Ifpw tNÀ-¶v {]-N-cn-¸n-¨ sF-Xn-ly-¯n-sâ A-Sn-th-cn-s\ sh-«n-s¡m-m-Wv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv [o-c-am-bn tI-c-f N-cn-{X-im-J-bn-te-¡v {]-th-in-̈ Xv. ]-tc-X\m-b tIk-cn _m-e-Ir-jv-W-]n-f-f-sb-t¸m-ep-f-f-h-cp-sS ]n-´p-Wbpw t{]m-Õm-l-\hpw A-t±-l-¯n-\p thp-thm-fw e-`n-¨n-cp-¶p-sh-¶ h-kv-Xp-Xbpw R-§-f-\p-kv-a-cn-¡s«! {_n-«o-jp-Imcpw A-h-cp-sS Nph-Sv ]n-Sn-¨v N-cn-{Xc-N-\ \nÀ-Æ-ln- -̈hcpw ap-kveow k-ap-Zmbw Cu \m-Sn-\v kw-`m-h-\ sN-bv-Xn-«p-f-fh-sb hn-e-bn-Sn-¨p-Im-«m³ \-S¯nb t_m-[-]qÀ-Æam-b {i-a§-sf k-Xy-¯n-sâ I-®m-Sn-¡v ap-³-]nÂ-sIm-v h-¶v \nÀ-¯n bpàn-sIm-v J-WvUn-¨-XnÂ ]-tc-X³ h-ln-¨ ]-¦v Ir-X-Ir-Xy-X-tbm-sS kv-a-cn-t¡--XmWv. H-cp kw-Lm-S-I-s\-¶ \ne-¡p sk-bv-Xn-sâ I-gn-hv A-\ym-Zr-i-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v Bcpw Xpd-¶p k-½-Xn-¡pw. tZ-io-b-Xz-¯n-sâ ]p-dw ]q-¨n-\p-f-fnÂ X-\-Xm-b \n-dw a-d-¨ph-¨v X-cw In-«p-t¼mÄ hn-jw h-an-¡p-¶-h-cp-sS \n-c-bnÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zp-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Pm-Xn-bp-tSbpw a-X-¯n-tâbpw h-c-¼p-IÄ kw-Lm-S-I\m-b sk-bv-Xn-sâ ap³-]n-ep-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. kmw-kv-¡mcn-I tIc-fw Nn-c-Im-ew kv-a-cn-¡p-¶ ]-e k-t½-f-\-§-fp-tS-bpw B-ßm-hm-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¨ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-s\ HmÀ-¡m-¯-h-cm-cpv. C-¶p ]-SÀ-¶p ]- -́en-¨ ap-kveow F-Uyq-t¡-j-WÂ skm-ssk-än-bv-¡v _o-Pm-]m-]w sNbv-X B-ep-hm-bnÂ tNÀ-¶ C-kvem-an-Iv sk-an-\m-dn-sâ A-Wn-b-d-bnÂ {]-hÀ-¯n-¨ {][m-\ ssI-I-fn-sem-¶v sk-bv-Xp-aq-l-½-Zn-tâ-Xm-bn-cp¶p. km-ln-Xy X-¼p-cm-¡Ä ]p-dw-ImÂ sIm-p sXm-gn-¨v \o-¡n-bn-cp-¶ a-e-bm-f-¯n-se am¸n-f km-ln-Xy-ta-J-e \-½p-sS kmw-kv-¡mcn-I [m-c-bp-sS {i-t²-bam-b Nm-em-sW-¶v h-cp-¯n-¯oÀ-¯v Xn-cq-c-§m-Sn-bn-se am¸n-f km-ln-Xy sk-an-\m-dn-sâ {][m-\ kw-Lm-S-I-\pw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-ZÃm-sX a-ämcp-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ.

206

sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cn-em-Wv P-\n-¨-sX-¦nepw sIm-¨n B-Øm-\-am-¡n {]-hÀ-¯n-¨n-cp-¶ sk-bvXv Cu \-K-c-¯n-sâ thÀ-]n-cn-¡m-\m-hm-¯ `m-K-am-bn-cp¶p. sIm-¨p tI-c-f-¯n-sâ kmw-kv-¡mcn-I ta-J-e-bnepw {]-tXy-In-¨v sIm-¨n-\-K-c-̄ n-sâ I-em kmw-kv-¡mcn-I cw-K¯pw sk-bv-Xn-sâ thÀ-]m-Sv A-£cmÀ-°-¯nÂ hen-b hn-S-hp-m-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. R§-sf kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw sk-bv-Xv ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-sâ ac-Ww hy-àn-]-c-am-bn Iq-Sn H-cp h³In-S \-ã-amWv. kz-Ip-Spw-_-t¯m-sS-¶-t]m-ep-f-f A-Sp-¯ _-\v[w 'tI-c-f\m-Z'hp-am-bn A-t±-l-¯n-\p-m-bn-cp¶p. A-]-cn-lm-cyam-b ac-Ww I-hÀ-s¶-Sp-¯ B Po-hn-X-s¯-¡p-dn-t¨mÀ-¡p -t¼mÄ s\m-¼cw-sIm-v D-f-fp-]n-S-bp¶p. ]-tcX-sâ ]-c-tem-I-t£-a-¯n-\m-bn R-§Ä D-f-f-gn-ªp {]mÀ-°n-¡p¶p. A-Sp-¯-h-cp-sS-sbÃmw lr-Z-

b-¯nÂ ku-lr-Z-¯n-sâ kp-c-`n-e-kp-aw hn-SÀ¯n-b ‘sk-bv-Xns\’Cu \m-Sn-\v h-f-sc-¡m-ew HmÀ-¡m-sX X-c-anÃ. £-am-io-e-cp-sS Iq-«-¯nÂ AÃm-lp A-t±l-s¯ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯m-Xn-cn-¡nÃ.

km-¼-¯n-I- -̀{Z-X-bnÃm-¯ H-cp Ip-Spw-_-am-Wv ]-tc-X-tâ-Xv B h-kvXp-X a-\-Ên-em-¡n A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Ip-Spw_-s¯ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn ^-v ti-J-cn-¡m³ {i-aw \-S-¡p-¶p-s-¶-dn-bp-¶-XnÂ k-t´m-j-ap-pv. {]-kvXp-X ^-v hn-P-bn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v FÃm k-lr-Z-bcpw k-l-I-cn-¡-W-sa-¶v R-§-f-`yÀ-°n-¡p¶p. R-§-fp-sS Ffn-b I-gn-hv B ^-n-sâ hn-P-b-¯n-\p-th-n D-]-tbm-Kn-¡m-sa-¶v Dd-̧ v \Â-Ip¶p. {K-Ù-mtem-Iw 26þ1þ76

{io. ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv

{io. ]n. G sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-sâ a-c-W-hmÀ-¯ HmÀ-¡m-¸pd-¯p In«n-b am-c-Iam-b H-cp {]-l-c-am-bn-«m-Wv A-\p- -̀h-s¸-«Xv. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ DÂkm-l-]qÀ-®am-b k-l-Ic-Ww e-`n-¡m-¯ H-cp kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-{]-hÀ-¯-\hpw tI-c-f-¯n-enÃ. C-ý³ kzm-X-{ý-k-a-c-¯n-sâ D-Öz-e-c-iv-an G-än-«m-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ bp-h-lrZ-bw hn-cn-ªXv. Xp-SÀ-¶p ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-em-bn {i². ]n-s¶¸n-s¶ kPo-h cm-{ão-b-cw-K-¯nÂ \n-¶p \n-iv-ti-jw ]n³ hm-§p-Ibpw kmw-kv-Imcn-I a-Þ-e-¯nÂ ]qÀ-®-am-bn A-en-ªp-tN-cp-Ibpw sN-bvXp. {io sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p Gäähpw -{]n-b-s¸-« hnj-bw N-cn-{X-am-bn-cp¶p. km-ln-Xyw, a-äp e-fn-X-I-e-IÄ F-¶n-h-bnepw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ k-Po-ham-b {i-² ]-Xnªp. {K-Ùim-em-kw-L-¯n-sâ F-Iv-kn-Iyq-«o-hv I-½-än-bnepw {KÙm-tem-Iw am-kn-I-bp-sS D-]-tZ-i-I k-an-Xn-bnepw Aw-Kam-b A-t±-lw kw-L-¯n-sâ kw-LS-\m ti-jn-bp-sS an-I-hp-ä D-Zm-l-c-W-am-bn-cp¶p. A-Xy-´w `n-¶-§fm-b ho-£-W-§fpw XmÂ-¸-cy-§-fp-ap-f-f hy-ànI-sf H-¸w tNÀ¯p-sImp-t]m-Ip-¶-XnÂ {io sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\v A-km-[m-c-Wam-b I-gn-hp-m-bn-cp¶p. F-t¸mgpw ]p-©n-cn-\n-dª B ap-Jw B-cnepw kv-t\-lmÀ-{Z `m-hw D-WÀ¯n. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ

207

B ku-lr-Z-kvv-an-Xw `n-¶m-`n-{]m-b-¡m-sc H-¸w tNÀ-¯p-\nÀ-¯p-¶ I-\-I i-em-I-bm-bn-cp¶p.

{ioa-Xn J-Zo-Pm-sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \-ãw B-izm-k h-N-\§Ä-sIm-p \n-I-¯m-hXÃ. X-sâ B-g-tadn-b Zp:J-¯nÂ tI-c-f-¯n-se-§p-ap-f-f A-t\-Iw kp-lr-¯p-¡Ä-Iq-Sn ]¦p-sIm-f-fp-¶p-sh-¶-dn-bp¶-Xv A-hÀ-¡v sX-sÃm-cm-izm-kw \Â-Ip-sa-¦nÂ B B-izm-k-¯n-\p [m-cm-fw h-I-bp-pv. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ ac-Ww A-t±l-s¯ A-dn-bp-¶ H-mtcm hy-àn¡pw \-ã-amWv; {K-Ù-im-em-kw-L-¯n-\pw {KÙm-tem-I-¯n\pw \-ã-amWv. F-\n-¡m-sW-¦nÂ C-Xn-s\Ãmw ]p-dsa, hy-àn-]-cam-b hen-sbm-cp \-ãw Iq-Sn-bmWv.

Xm-bm-«v i-¦-c³

P-\-i-àn, 21þ12þ75

]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zpv Xm-§m-\m-hm-¯ lr-Z-b-`m-c-t¯m-sS-bm-Wvp R-§Ä C-Xv Ip-dn-¡p-¶-Xpv. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ B-Iv-kv-an-Iam-b \n-cym-Ww R§-sf \n-Xy Zp:J-¯nÂ B-gv-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. {]-i-kv-X N-cn-{X-]-WvUn-X-\pw, K-th-j-I-\pw, km-ln-Xy-Im-c-\pw, tI-c-f ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ P-\-dÂ sk-{I-«n-bpam-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv F-¶ {]-Xn-`m-im-en-bp-sS Xn-tcm-[m-\-¯neÃ, R-§Ä th-Z-\n-¡p-¶-Xpv. A-t±lw 'P-\-iàn' X-d-hm-«n-se H-cw-K-amWv. sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cnÂ P-\n-¨ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv, hn-Zym-`ym-km-\´-cw H-cp `m-jm-²ym-]-I-\m-bn Hu-tZymKn-I hr-¯n B-cw-`n-¨p-sh-¦nepw A-t±-lw sIm-¨n-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«Xpw ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\-̄ n-eq-sS ]-Sn-]-Sn-bm-bn {]-i-kv-Xn-bn-te-bv¡p-bÀ-¶-Xpw 1949 Â'P-\i-àn hm-cn-I-bp-sS k-l ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn \n-ba-\w e-`n-¨ \mÄ-ap-XÂ-¡mWv. A-¶-ZvtZ-l-¯n-\p 21 h-b-km-bn-cp-¶p {]mbw. tI-c-f-¯n-se {]ap-J h-m-cn-I-Ifn-sem-¶m-bn-cp-¶p A-¡me-¯v P-\-iàn. C-¶v {]-i-kv-Xn-bp-sS sIm-Sp-ap-Sn-bn-en-cn-¡p-¶ Sm-äm-]pcw, kp-Ip-am-c-\pw, B-ep-hmF-^v.F.kn.än-. bnÂ C-t¸mÄ ]-_v-fn-Iv dn-te-j³-kv Hm-ô-k-dm-bn-cn-¡p-¶ H. ]n. tPm-k-^pw, {]-ikv-X I-Ym-Ir¯pw kn-\n-am-\-S-\pam-b F³. tKm-hn-µ³-Ip-«n-bpw, A-¶p h-fÀ-¶p-h-cp-¶ bp-h-km-ln-Xy-Im-c³-am-cpw P-\-i-àn-bn-se Øn-cw F-gp-¯p-Im-cp-am-bn-cp¶p. taÂv-¸-d-ª aq-¶p-t]cpw Iq-Sn-bm-Wv A-h-cp-sS kp-lr¯m-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Z-n-s\ P-\-i-àn-bp-am-bn ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-̄ n-bXpw _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xpw. 1950 Â P-\-i-àn-bp-sS tPm-b-nâv F-Un-ädmbn-cp-¶ ]n. hn. sI. s\-Sp-§m-Sn kÀ-Æo-knÂ \n¶pw ]n-cnªp-t]m-b-Xn-s\ Xp-SÀ-¶v B Øm\w sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv G-sä-Sp-¡p-I-bpw, c-p-hÀ-j-¯n-te-sd-¡m-

208

ew P-\-i-àn-sb Ip-td-Iq-Sn {]-i-kv-Xam-b co-Xn-bnÂ \-bn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. G-Xmv Cu Im-e-L-«-¯n-em-Wv P-\i-àn am-t\-Pnw-Kv F-Un-ä-dp-sS D-S-a-Ø-X-bnÂ \-S-¶p-h-¶n-cp-¶ a-e-_mÀ saÀ-¡-ssâ-bnÂ _m-¦n-sâ ]-X-\-hpw Xp-SÀ-¶pm-b km-¼¯n-I X-IÀ-¨-bpw. B kw -̀hw P-\-i-àn-bp-sS sI-«p-d-¸n\pw D-e-¨nÂ kr-ãn¨p. Zp-cn-X-§fpw km-¼¯n-I Iv-tf-i-§fpw \n-dª B ]-cn-X-ØnXn, P-\-i-àn-bp-sS kp-K-aam-b \-S-¯n¸pw A-km-²y-am-¡n-¯oÀ¯p. B A-h-k-c-§-fnÂ R-§Ä A-\p- -̀hn¨p-t]m-¶ FÃm {]-bm-k-§-fn-epw, sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zpw R-§-tfm-sSm-¸w ]¦p-sIm-p-sh-¦n-epw, H-Sp-hnÂ, A-t±-lw R-§Ä-s¡m-cp `m-c-am-I-cp-sX¶vp kz-bw Xo-cp-am-\n-¨p lr-Z-b-thZ-\-tbm-sS R-§-tfm-Sp hn-S ]-d-bp-I-bm-Wp-m-b-Xvp. sX-s¡ A-ta-cn-¡-bnÂ h-¨v \-S¯-s¸-« AJne tem-I bph-P-\ kmw-kv-Imcn-I k-t½-f-\-¯nÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¡p-hm³, C-ý-bnÂ\n-¶p-f-f {]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifn-sem-cm-fm-bn P-\-i-àn-bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv £-Wn-¡-s¸-«p-sh-¦nepw km-¼¯n-I Im-c-W-§-fmÂ A-t±-l-¯n\pv A-XnÂ kw-_-Ôn-¡p-hm³ I-gn-ªnÃ. P-\-i-àn-bnÂ \n-¶p ]n-cn-ª-Xn-\p tijw, sIm-¨n Xp-dapJ

sXm-gn-em-fn bq-Wn-bsâ (C.T.T.U) ap-J-]-{X-am-bn A-¶p \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-

¶‘bp-h-tI-cfw’hm-cn-I-bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-cm-bn sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv \n-b-an-¡-s¸«p. c-p-hÀ-j-¯n-\p-ti-jw bp-h-tI-c-f-¯n-sâ {]-kn²o-I-c-Whpw \n-e¨p. A-Xn-\p-ti-jw A-t±-lw X-sâ {]-hÀ-¯-\-cw-Kw F-d-Wm-Ip-f-t¯-bv-¡p am-äp-Ibpw A-hn-sS Nn-e kmw-kv-Imcn-I km-aq-ly {]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fnÂ GÀ-s¸-Sp-Ibpw A-hnS-s¯ ap-\n-Æn-dqÄ C-kv-fmw-ssl-kv-¡q-fn-se {ioa-Xn J-Zo-Pm-sb hn-hm-lw sN-¿p-Ibpw A-§n-s\ Ip-Spw-_-Po-hn-Xw B-cw-`n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. a-c-W-k-a-b-¯v 47 hb-Êv {]m-b-ap-m-bn-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p hn-ZymÀ-°n-\nI-fmb aq-¶p s]¬-a-¡-fm-Wp-f-f-Xpv. P-\-i-àn-bp-am-bp-f-f Hu-tZymKn-I _-\v-[w thÀ-s]-«p-sh-¦nepw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zpw R-§-fp-am-bp-f-f sku-lr-Z¯nt\m P-\-iàn-tbmSpv A-t±-l-¯n-\p-f-f _-lp-am-\m-Z-c-hp-IÄt¡m A-h-km-\-\n-an-jw h-sc AWp-t]mepw tIm-«w h-¶n-«nÃ. F-gp-¯n-em-bmepw {]-kw-K-¯n-em-bmepw In-«p-¶ A-h-k-c-§fn-sem-s¡ A-t±-lw P-\-i-àn-sb A-\p-kv-a-cn-¡m-dp-ff-Xv I-®p\o-tcm-Sp-IqSn Cu A-h-k-c-¯nÂ R-§Ä HmÀ¯p-t]m-Ip-I-bmWv. ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bnÂ-\n-¶p ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bn-te-¡v Ip-Xn-¨p I-b-dn-s¡m-n-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ Hmtcm ImÂ-sh¸pw R§-sf A-`n-am-\-]p-f-In-X-cm-¡n-s¡m-n-cp¶p. kw-kv-¡m-c-k-¼-¶-\pw, hn-\-bm-\zn-X\pw hn-im-em-i-b-\pw kÀ-tÆm]-cn R§-sf kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw R-§-fp-sS A-`n-am-\-`m-P-\hpw {]-Xo-£-bp-am-bn-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-Im-ehn-tbm-Kw \m-Sn-\pX-s¶ H-cp h-¼n-¨ \-ã-amWv. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ B-ßm-hn-\v \n-Xy-imń.

209

N-{µn-I 21þ12þ1975

]-tc-X\m-b sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv P. ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-sâ A-Im-eN-c-a hmÀ-¯ {i-hn-¨ R-§Ä A-Ivj-cmÀ-°-¯nÂ sR-«n-t¸mbn. tI-c-f-¯n-se km-aq-lyþkmw-kv-Imcn-I a-Þ-e-§-fnÂ am-bm-¯ hy-àn-ap-{Z-IÄ ]-Xn-¸n-¨ ]-tc-X³ H-cp {]-K-Â-`\m-b N-cn-{X-Im-c\pw K-th-j-I-\p-am-bn-cp¶p. C-ým-N-cn-{X-¯nÂ s]m-Xp-thbpw tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ {]-tXy-In-¨pw, ap-kveow--I-sfbpw ap-kveow- -̀cWm-[n-Im-cn-I-sfbpw ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶ k-µÀ- -̀§-fnÂ XÂ-]-c-I-£n-IÄ F-gp-Xn-hn-« AÀ-² k-Xy-§-sfbpw A-hm-k-X-h-{]-kv-Xm-h-\-I-sfbpw J-Þn-¡p-¶-XnÂ A-t±-lw h-ln-¨ ]-¦v F-Sp-¯p ]-d-b-¯-¡-XmWv. N-cn-{X-h-kv-Xp-XI-sf b-YmÀ-° Im-gv-N-]m-Sn-eq-sS \n-jv-]-£-am-bn hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-Ibpw A-h-sb¸-än A-t\z-j-W-_p²n-tbm-sS K-thj-Ww \-S-¯pI-bw sN-¿p-¶-XnÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-¶p-m-bn-cp-¶ XmÂ-]cyw A-km-am-\y-am-bn-cp¶p. kÀ-Æ-I-em-im-em _n-cp-Ztam K-th-j-W Un-{Ktbm atäm CÃm-Xn-cp-¶n«pw N-cn{Xw Ipsd-sbm-s¡ am-än F-gp-Xm-\pw K-thj-Ww \-S-¯m\pw A-t±-l-¯n-\p km-²y-am-sb¶-Xv {]-iw-kmÀ-lw-am-{Xw. tI-c-f-ap-kveow-I-fp-sS N-cn-{X-s¯-¸-änbpw _-Ô-s¸-« Im-cy-§-sf-¡p-dn¨pw ]Tn-¡m\pw F-gp-Xm\pw C-¶-s¯-t¸m-se ap-kveow F-gp-¯p-ImÀ A-[n-I-am-bn CÃm-Xn-cp-¶ H-cp Im-e-L-«-¯n-em-Wv ]-tc-X³ h-f-s¨m-Sn-¡-s¸-«p-In-S-¶ N-cn-{X h-kv-Xp-X-IÄ-s¡-Xn-cm-bn X-sâ i-àn-bm-bn Xq-en-I-bp-ta-ń ap-t¼m-«p-h-¶Xv. C-ým-Ncn-{X-s¯¸-än {K-Ù-§Ä F-gp-Xn-bn-«p-f-f {]-kn-² N-cn-{X-Im-c³-amÀ-t]mepw A-dntªm A-dn-bmsXtbm F-gp-Xn-hn-« h-f-f-¡-YI-sf sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_v sh-dp-sX hn-«n-cp-¶nÃ. bp-àn-bp-à-ambpw h-kv-Xp-\n-jvT-ambpw N-cn-{X-¯nÂ \n-¶p-f-f sX-fn-hp-IÂ \n-c-¯n-h-¨p-am-bn-cp-¶p A¯-cw k-µÀ- -̀§-fnÂ A-t±-lw Ah-sb J-Þn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. \mep-sImÃw-ap-¼v Xn-cq-c-§m-Sn-bnÂ hn-]p-eam-b co-Xn-bnÂ kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡-s¸-«n-cp-¶ am-¸-f-km-ln-Xy sk-an-\m-dn-sâ {]-[m-\-in-ev-]n P; sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv B-bn-cp¶p. am¸n-f a-lmI-hn tam-bn³-Ip-«n ssh-ZyÀ-¡p kv-am-c-Iw ]-Wn-bp¶-Xp kw-_-Ôn-¨ H-cp t{]mP-Îv dn-t¸mÀ-«v A-t±-lw X-¿m-dm-¡n-bn-cp¶p. ssh-ZyÀ-¡v H-cp kv-amc-Iw ]-Wn-b-W-sa¶-Xv sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-sâ H-cp Nn-c-Im-em-`n-em-j-am-bn-cp¶p. tI-c-f-ap-kveow-IÄ-¡n-S-bnÂ hn-Zym-`ym-kþkmw-kv-Im-cn-I km-aq-ly a-Þ-e-§-fnÂ H-cp Ne-\w kr-ãn-¡m\pw \-thm-°m-\-¯n-sâ \m-µn-Ip-dn-¡m\pw D-ZvtZ-in¨p-sIm-v cq-]o-Ir-X-am-bn-cp-¶ C-kvem-an-Iv sk-an-\mÀ k-an-Xn-bp-

210

sS kq-{X-[m-c-I-³-am-cnÂ H-cm-fm-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS ssh-kv {]-knU-v F-¶ \n-e¡v, tI-c-f ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ sk-{I-«-dn Xp-S-§n-b \n-e-bnepw P: sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zv A-\p-jvTn-¨ tk-h-\-§Ä \n-kv-Xp-e-amWv. tI-c-f-ap-kveow U-b-d-Îdn, tI-c-f-ap-kveow N-cn{Xw ap-Xem-b {]-ap-J-{K-Ù-§-fp-sS IÀ-¯m-hm-Wv ]-tcX³. tI-c-f-¯n-se H-«-t\-Iw B-\p-Imen-I {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-§-fnepw tkm-h-\o-dp-I-fnepw ]-{X-am-kn-I-I-fnepw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ te-J-\-§Ä {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n«pv. B {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-§Ä-s¡Ãmw A-h H-c-e-¦m-c-am-bn-cp¶p.

‘N-{µn-I-bp-sS H-cp D-ä kp-lr-¯m-bn-cp-¶ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \n-cym-Ww R§-sf {]-tXy-In¨pw th-Z-\n-¸n-¡p¶p. ]m-W-¡m-Sv ]q-t¡m-b-X-§Ä kv-am-c-I {K-Ù-¯n-te-bv-¡m-Wv A-t±-lw R-§Ä-¡-h-km-\-am-bn te-J-\-a-b-¨p-X-¶Xv. B {K-Ùw sh-fn-¨w Im-Wp-¶-Xn-¶p-ap-¼v A-t±-lw \-s½-hn-«p-]n-cnªp. ap-kveow-tI-c-f-¯n\pw N-cn-{X-¯n¶pw I-\-¯ \-ã-am-Wv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-sâ \n-cym-Ww aq-ew D-m-bn-«p-f-fXv. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ a-c-Ww-aq-ew D-m-bn-«p-f-f hnS-hv h-f-sc-¡m-ew \n-I-¯-s¸-Sm-sX-In-S-¡pw. H-cp N-cn-{X-K-th-j-I³ F-¶ \n-e¡v, k-tlm-Z-c-k-ap-Zm-b-§-fnÂ-s¸-« N-cn-{X-Im-c³-am-cmepw km-ln-Xy-Im-c³-am-cmepw A-t±-lw B-Z-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cp¶p. ]-tcX-sâ ]c-temI tam-£-¯n-\m-bn R-§Ä {]mÀ-°n-¡p-Ibpw A-t±-l-¯n-sâ _-Ôp-an-{Xm-ZnI-sf R-§-fp-sS A\p-timN-\w A-dn-bn-¡pI-bw sN-¿p¶p. B-tcm-Ky-_-Ôp P-\p-h-cn 1976

B {]n-b kp-lr-¯v \-ã-s¸-«p 1975 Un-kw-_À 20þmw\p i-\n-bmgv-N ]-IÂ 12 a-Wn-¡p a-e-bm-f-^mÀ-a-kn-bp-sS tIm-gn-t¡m-Sv {_m-©v Hm-ô-knÂ, A-Xn-sâ F-d-Wm-Ip-fw {_m-©nÂ-\n-¶v H-cp A-Sn-b-ń-c t^m¬-k-tµ-iw e-`n¨p. ]n. F. sk-bv-Xv ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_v A-´-cn-¨p F-¶p tI-«-t¸mÄ, A-Xp hn-izkn-¡p-hm³ F-\n-¡p I-gn-bm-Xn-cp-¶n-«pw, s\m-Sn-bn-S-bnÂ Rm³ ]-cn-£o-W-\m-bn am-dn-t¸mbn. F-\n-¡p Ip-sd t\-c-t¯-¡v ]-cn-kc-s¯ am-{XaÃ, F-s¶-¯-s¶bpw hn-iz-kn-¡m³ km-[n-¨nÃ. N-cn-{X-Im-c\pw km-ln-Xy-Im-c\pw kmw-kv-Imcn-I km-aq-ly-{]-

211

hÀ-¯-I-\p-saÃm-am-bncp¶ sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv F-sâ {]n-b kp-lr-¯m-bn-cp¶p. A-t±-lw lr-t{Zm-K-_m-[n-X-\m-bn eq-À-±v B-ip-]-{Xn-bnÂ In-S-¶-Xpw, kp-Jw {]m-]n-̈ p ]p-d-¯p-h-¶Xpw Rm-t\mÀ¯p. A-¶p B-kv-]-{Xn-bnÂ-s¨-¶p Rm³ X-am-i-IÄ ]-dª cw-Kw ]n-¶o-Sp A-t±-lw ]-e-t¸mgpw A-\p-kv-a-cn-¡m-dp-m-bn-cp-¶p. C-S-¡me-¯v Hmtcm am-k-¯nepw c-pX-h-W F-d-Wm-Ip-f-¯ph-¨v R-§Ä I-p-ap-«m-dpv. B Iq-Sn-¡mgv-N F-s¶ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw F-{X-am{Xw D-]-tbm-K-{]-Zhpw B-\-µ-I-c-hp-am-bn-cp-s¶-t¶m! A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ hn-]p-eam-b A-dnhpw a-[p-cam-b kw-`m-j-W-hpw. B-Z-c-Wo-bam-b k-lI-c-W k-¶-²-Xbpw F-s¶ A-t±-l-hp-am-bn G-ä-hp-a-[n-Iw A-Sp-¸n¨p. F-\n-¡v A-t±-l-¯nÂ \n¶pw H-Sp-hnÂ H-cp I-¯p-In-«nb-Xv B Zp:J-kw- -̀h-¯n-sâ H-cmgv-N ap-¼p am-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p {]n-b-kp-lrs¯, N-cn-{X-tI-c-f-¯n-sâ amÀ-¤-ZÀ-in-sb-¶ hn-ti-j-W-¯n-¶À-l\m-b \n-e-bnÂ B cw-K-¯pw, {]-k-àam-b \n-e-bnÂ a-äp cw-K-§-fnepw {]-hÀ-¯n¨p-sIm-n-cns¡, tI-c-fs¯-s]m-Xp-hnepw kp-lr-Xvh-eb-s¯ {]-tXy-In¨pw sImSpw Zp:J-¯n-em-gv-¯n-s¡m-p Xm¦Ä Cu tem-I-t¯m-Sp s]-s«-¶p bm-{X ]-dªp! Xm¦-fpsS hn-tbm-K-¯nÂ Zp:Jn-¡p-¶ Ip-Spw-_-an-{Xm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw k-l-{]-hÀ-¯-I-cp-sSbpw I-Z-\-¯nÂ Cu kp-lr-¯v ]¦p-sIm-f-fp-Ibpw ]-c-tem-I-¯nÂ AÃm-lp Xm-¦Ä-¡v k-Ö-\-§-fp-sS-K-W-¯nÂ Øm-\w \Â-Ip-am-dmI-s« F-¶p {]mÀ-°n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. tUm-ÎÀ Fw. hn. ap-l½-Zv

]-{Xm-[n]À, B-tcm-Ky-_Ôp. km-£-c-tIcfw

{io. ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv

tI-c-f {K-Ù-im-em-kw-L-¯n-sâ H-cp D-¯-a-kp-lr¯pw h-f-sc-¡m-e-am-bn A-Xn-sâ {]-hÀ-¯-I-\p-ambn-cp¶p Cu-bn-sS A-Im-e-Nc-aw {]m-]n-¨ {io. ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv H-cp \Ã N-cn-{X-Im-c³ Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp¶p. {io. ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-Ww aq-ew {K-Ù-im-em-{]-Øm-\-¯n\pw a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-¯n\pw hen-b \-ã-amWpv D-m-bn-«p-f-fXv. Ip-¦p-aw 4þ1þ79

{io. ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv

{io. ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv \n-cym-X-\m-bn. B AIm-e thÀ-]m-Sn-sâ {]-Xn-Ic-Ww ssI-c-fn-bp-sS Po-hn-X-¯nÂ G-ähpw hen-

212

b hy-Y-bp-tS-XmWv. A-t±-lw \-t¶ sN-dp-¸-¯nÂ-sXm-t« N-cn-{X-Im-cy-§-fnÂ Ip-Xp-In-bm-bn-cp¶p. tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-kw-_-Ô-am-bn H-cp ]pXn-b ]m-X A-t±-lw sh-«n-s¯-fn¨p. im-kv-{Xo-b-N-n´mK-Xn A-XnÂ A-t±-l-¯n-\p h-gn-hn-f-¡m-bn ]-cn-W-an¨p. k-hÀ-®-ta-[m-hn-Xz-¯n-sâ kr-ãn-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-¡m-e-s¯m-s¡ N-cn-{Xw. -̀c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ am-dn-h-c-p-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn-¨v N-cn-{X-c-N-\-bnÂ am-ä-§-fp-m-bn-t¸m¶p. F-«p-ho-«nÂ-¸n-f-f-amÀ P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw Ah-sc \-in-¸n-¨ amÀ-̄ m-Þ-hÀ-½ H-¶mwIn-S tkz-Om-[n-]-Xn-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pw H-cp hn-`m-Kw N-cn-{X-Im-c³-amÀ F-gp-Xn-h-¨-t¸mÄ, amÀ-¯m-Þ-hÀ-½ tI-c-f-`q-an-bp-sS knw-l-`m-K-¯nsâ G-Io-I-c-W-¯n-\v kz-bw a-d-¶v ]-S-sh«n-b cm-Py-X-{´-Ú-\m-sW-¶v a-säm-cp Iq-«À kaÀ-°n-¡m³ {i-an-¨p. C-sXm-cp D-Zm-lc-Ww am-{X-amWv. \n-j-v]-£am-b N-cn-{Xho£-Ww \-ap-¡v \-t¶ I-½n-bm-bn-cp-¶ H-cp Im-e-L-«-¯n-em-Wv B cw-K-t¯-¡v sk-bv-Xpap-l½-Zv Im-se-Sp-¯p-h-¨Xv. tI-c-f-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ C-cp-f-S-ª C-S-\m-gn-I-fn-e-t±-lw ap-§n-¯¸n. ]-eXpw I-s-Sp¯p. [n-j-W-bp-sS tSmÀ-¨v C-cp tIm-Wp-I-fn-te-¡v A-Sn-¨v hn-Úm-\-J-\n-IÄ ]pd-¯p sIm-p-h¶p. A-h-km-c-hm-Z-]-cam-b \n-e-]m-sS-Sp-¯mÂ ]-eXpw t\-Sm³ I-gn-bp-s¶m-cp cmão-b Im-em-h-Ø D-m-bn-cp-¶n«pw kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-Po-hn-X-¯nÂk-aÀ-¸n-X-a-\-kv-¡-\m-bn-cp-¶ A-t±-lw ù-Xn-I-am-bn hen-b t\«-§-sfm¶pw kz-´w Ip-Spw-_-¯n\pv t\-Sn-bn-sÃ-¶m-Wpv R-§-fp-sS A-dnhv. A-t±-lw \-ap-¡p-m-¡n-X-¶ t\-«-§-fp-sS t\-À-¡v \-ap-¡p I-S-¸m-Sp-s-¦nÂ Cu bm-YmÀ-°y-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v \-½Ä t_m-[-hm³-am-cm-IWw. {io. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv tI-c-f-¯n-sâ kmw-kv-¡m-cn-Iþkm-ln-Xy Po-hn-X-§-fnÂ a-l¯m-b hy-àn-Xz-am-bn-cp¶p. HmÀ-¡m-¸p-d-̄ pmb B thÀ-]m-SnÂ A-\p- -̀h-s¸-Sp-¶ B-g-tadn-b Zp:Jw R§Ä Cu Xm-fn-eq-sS tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-s¡m-f-fs«. N-{µn-I B-gv-N-¸-Xn-̧ v 3þ1þ1976

]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv A-´-cn¨p. I-gn-ª Im-e-¯n-sâ I\¯ Iq-¼m-c-¯nÂ\n¶pw A-aq-eyam-b ]-e N-cn-{X-h-kv-Xp-X-Ifpw Nn-I-sª-Sp¯vv Im-gv-N-h¨ B {]-Xn-`m-im-enbpw A-Ime-¯v N-cn-{X-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bn-¯oÀ¶p. A-[n-I-am-fp-Ifpw I-S-¶p-sNÃm-\-d-bv-¡p-Ibpw I-S-¶p-sN-¶mÂX-s¶ C-cn-¸n-S-ap-d-̧ n-¡m-³ I-gn-bm-sX ]n³-hm-§p-Ibpw sN-¿p-¶ H-cp cwK-¯v ]n-Sn-¨p-\nÂ-¡m³ I-gn-ª-XpX-s¶ H-cp t\-«-amWv. B t\-«-§-fp-sS HmÀ½ B ac-Ww h-cp¯n-b \ã-s¯ Iq-Sp-XÂ Xo-{h-X-c-am-¡p¶p. \mw Zp:Jn¡p-I, Zp:Jn-¡m\-sÃ \-ap-¡p I-gnbqw ? Nn-{X-ImÀ-¯n-I 1976 P-\p-h-cn 4 {io. ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv \n-cym-X-\m-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. 47 h-b-Êp-m-bn-cp-¶ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ thÀ-]m-Sv b-YmÀ-°-¯nÂ H-cp sR-«-tem-sS tI-«-h-cm-Wv R§Ä. a-e-bm-f-¯n-sâ B-[p\n-I L-«-¯nÂ A-t±-lw

213

\-ap-¡v \Â-In kw-`m-h-\-I-sf¸-än A-dn-bm-hp-¶-hÀ-¡v B \-ãw a-\-Ên-em-Ipw. km-ln-Xy-¯n-se G-ä-hpw {i-a-]qÀ-®am-b ta-J-e-I-fn-em-Wv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv {]-hÀ-¯n-¨Xv. kw- -̀h§-sf km-aq-lymÀ-°-ap-f-f {]-Xn-`m-k-§-fm-bn hym-Jym-\n-¡m\pw A-t±-lw {i-an-¨n-cp¶p. A-Xn-sâ k-Xv- -̂e-§Ä A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kz-´w Ir-Xn-I-fnepw kw-L-{]-h-À-¯-\-¯nÂ Iq-Sn-bp-f-f {K-Ù-§Ä h-gnbpw tI-c-f-¯n\pv e-`n-¨n-«pv. km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an DÄ-s¸-sS-bp-f-f `m-jm-km-ln-Xy-{]-hÀ-¯-\ a-Þ-e-§-fnÂ X-s¶ sN-dp-¸w-Xp-S-§nk-Po-h-{]-hÀ-¯\w-sIm-v ap-{Z-]-Xn-¸n-¨ hy-àn-bm-b-n-cp-¶p A-t±lw. kv-t\-lw \n-d-ª H-cp kp-lr-s¯-¶ \n-e-bnÂ A-t±l-s¯ HmÀ-½n-¡p-¶ B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-\m-fp-IÄ tI-c-f-¯n-epv. a-a-X-IÄ¡pw sku-lr-Z-§Ä¡pw G-Im-´-am-bn hn-e-sIm-Sp-¯n-cp-¶ B-fm-W-t±lw. B-i-b-ZmÀ-Vy-ap-s-¦nepw A-Xn-sâ t]-cn-Â H-cm-tfbpw t\m-hn-¡m-sX F-t¸mgpw s]m-Xp-Po-hn-Xw \-bn-¨ \nÀ-½-e _p-²n-bm-bn-cp-¶p sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv. ac-Ww A-t±l-s¯ I-hÀ¶p-sImp-t]m-Ip-sa-¶v A-t±-l-¯n-sâ H-cp kp-lr¯pw {]-Xo-£n-¨nÃ. ]-t£ {Iq-camb B kw -̀hw \-S¶p. HmÀ-½n-¡p-hm³ th--{X Im-cy-§Ä A-t±-lw sN-bv-Xp-sh-¨n-«pv. A-h \-ap-¡v, hnÚm-\ Xr-jv-W-bp-f-f BÀ¡pw {]-tNm-Z-\-amWv. B {]-tNm-Z-\-¯n-sâ t]-cnÂ tI-c-f-̄ n\vv B \m-a-t[-b-s¯¸-än kv-a-cn-¡p-hm³ am-{XaÃm A-`n-am-\n-¡p-hm\pw I-gn-bpw. B {]-KÂ-`\m-b km-ln-Xy-Im-c\v, ip-²-Nn-¯\m-b kp-lr-¯n\v, R-§Ä A-ń-am-`n-hm-Z-\-§Ä AÀ-¸n-¡s«. kp-¶n ssSw-kv 2þ1þ76

]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv

N-cn-{X-Imc\pw km-ln-Xy-Im-c\pw {]m-kw-Kn-I-\pam-b ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_v A-´-cn¨p. R-§-f-XnÂ A-Xn-bm-bn tJ-Zn-¡p-¶p. A-t±-lw R-§-fp-sS H-cp _-Ôp-hm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v C-¯-cp-W-¯nÂ HmÀ-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm-¸w A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ a-Kv-^n-d-¯n-¶p-th-n {]mÀ-°n-¡p¶p. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_v tI-c-f-̄ nÂ kp-]-cn-Nn-X-\mWv. N-cn-{X ]T-\-¯nepw K-th-j-W-¯n-ep-am-Wv Iq-Sp-XÂ A-t±-lw A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. H-cp _n-cp-Z-[m-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶nÃ A-t±-l-sa-¦nepw ITn-\m-²zm-\w A-t±l-s¯ {]-i-kv-X-\m-¡p-Ibpw _n-cp-Zw t\-Sp-I-bp-ap-mbn. tI-c-f-¯n-se am-{X-aÃ; C-ý-bn-se-¯-s¶ ap-kveow N-cn-{X-¯n-se A-k-Xy-§fpw AÀ-²-k-Xy-§fpw Xp-S-¨p-\o-¡n X-\-Xm-bn cq-]-¯nÂ k-aÀ-¸n-¡m³ A-t±-lw h-f-sc-tb-sd {]-b-Xv-\n-¨n-«pv. `n-¶n-¸n-̈ v -̀cn¡p-I F-¶ {_n-«o-jp-Im-cp-sS e-£y-km-£mÂ-¡m-c-¯n-¶v A-hÀ am-bw tNÀ-

214

s¯-gpXn-b ap-kveow N-cn-{X-s¯þap-kveowI-sf F¶pw i-{Xp-¡-fm-bn Nn-{Xo-I-cn-¨v A-hÀ-s¡-Xn-sc hn-tZzj ssh-cm-Kyhpw P-\n-¸n-¨v ap-X-se-Sp-¯ hÀ-¤o-b-hm-Zn-IÄ h-{I-am¡n-b ap-kveow C-ýbp-sS N-cn-{X-s¯þb-YmÀ-° cq-]-¯nÂ tc-Jm-aq-ew cwK-¯v sIm-p-h-¶-XnÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_v h-ln-¨ ]-¦v BÀ¡pw a-d-¡m-hXÃ. ù-Xn-I-am-bn A-t±-lw t\Sn-b A-dn-hv A-t±l-s¯ H-cp ù-Xn-I-\m-¡n-bnÃ. Iq-«p-sI-«v A-t±l-s¯ h-gn-]n-g-¸n-¨nÃ. kz-´w kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâbpw k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-sâbpw -A-kv-Xn-Xzw D-d-̧ n-¡m³ \mÂ-]-t¯-gv-Im-c\mb B sN-dp-¸-¡m-c³ k-[o-cw cwK-¯v h¶p. I-f-f-¡-Y-Ifpw hn-Ir-X-am-¡-s¸-« N-cn-{X-§fpw G-äp-]m-Sn ap-kv-enwI-sf Xm-d-Sn-¨p-Im-Wn-¨-hÀ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_n-sâ k-Xy-k-Ô-am-b N-cn-{X-hn-h-c-W-¯n-¶v ap-¼nÂ \nÀ-Æo-cycpw \n-Ý-e-cp-ambn. h-f-s¨m-Sn-¡-s¸-« I-Y-Ifpw hn-Ir-X-am-¡-s¸-« N-cn-{X-§fpw G-Xv k-ap-Zm-b-s¯-¸-än-bm-bmepw B k-ap-Zm-b-apÄ-s¡m- cm-{ã-¯n-\v Kp-WaÃ; tZm-j-ta h-cp-¯n-sh-¡p-I-bp-ffp. A-¶ne-¡v ap-kveow k-ap-Zm-b-¯nsâ taÂ a-\:]qÀ-Æw sI-«n-¨-a-bv-¡-s¸-« I-f-f-¡-YI-sf Xn-cp-¯n F-gp-Xm³ {i-an-¨p F-¶-Xv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln-_v sNbv-X k-apZm-b tkh-\w am-{X-aÃcm-jv{S tkh-\w Iq-Sn-bmWv. A-t±-l-s¯-t¸m-ep-f-f A-²zm-\ XÂ-]-ccpw k-ap-Zm-b-tk-h-Icpw C-¡me-¯v Iq-Sp-XÂ B-h-iy-amWv. ]s£, B-cp-sS A-h-[nbpw ]n-ń-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bnÃ. AÃm-lp-hn-sâ hn-[n-¡v ap-¼nÂ {]Xn-tcm-[w kr-ãn-¡m³ H-cp i-àn¡pw km-²yaÃ, A-Ãm-lp A-t±-l-¯n-¶v a-Kv-^nd-¯v \ÂI-s« B-ao³.

215

A\p-tim-N\ tbm-K-§Ä

tPÀ-®-en-kv-äv bq-Wn-b³þsIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ {io. ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-W-¯nÂ sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cnÂ IqSn-b hÀ-¡-nw-Kv tPÀ-®-en-Ìv bq-Wn-b³ tbm-Kw A-\p-timN-\w {]-I-Sn-¸n¨p. {]-kn-Uâv ]n. Fw. Fkv. dm-hp A-²y-£-X h-ln¨p.

(F-Iv-kv-{]-kv Un-kw-_À 21) tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS Ìm-^v sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ N-c-a-hmÀ-¯ A-dn-ª-bp-S-t\X-s¶ tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an Ìm-^w-K-§Ä X-Z-h-k-c-̄ nÂkm-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-bnÂ D-m-bn-cp-¶ {io ssh-¡w ap-l-½-Zp _-jo-dn-sâ km-¶n-²y-¯nÂ tbm-Kw tNÀ¶pv ]-tcX-sâ kv-a-c-W-bv¡pv A-`n-hm-Zy-§Ä AÀ-¸n¨p. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ N-c-a-¯n-ep-f-f Zp:J-kq-N-I-am-bn A-¡mZ-an A-¦-W-¯nÂ I-dp¯ sIm-Sn D-bÀ-¯p-I-bp-mbn. C-¶v A-¡mZ-an B-ô-kn-\p Ah-[n A-\p-h-Zn¨p. A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS ap³ ssh-kv {]-kn-Uâv, C-t¸mg-s¯ \nÀ-Æm-l-I k-an-Xn Aw-Kw F-¶o \n-e-I-fnÂ {]-hÀ-¯n-¨ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-Ww tI-c--f-¯n-se kmw-kv-Imcn-I cw-K-¯n-\p s]m-Xp-th-bpw A-¡m-Z-an-¡v {]-tXy-In¨pw \n-I-¯m-\m-hm-¯ \-ã-am-sW-¶v km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS D-]-Im-cy-ZÀ-in {io ]-h-\³ {]-kv-Xm-hn¨p.

(F-Iv-kv {]kv, Un-kw-_À 26)

N-{µn-I ]-{Xm-[n-]-k-an-Xn

\n-cym-W-hmÀ-¯ A-dn-ª-bp-S³ N-{µn-I ]-{Xm-[n-]-k-an-Xn tbm-Kw tNÀ-¶v A\p-timN-\w tc-J-s¸-Sp¯n.

k-ln-Xy ]-cn-j¯v:

k-akv-X tI-c-f km-ln-Xy ]-cn-j-¯v \-nÀ-hm-l-I k-an-Xn ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-W-¯nÂ A\p-timN-\w tc-J-s¸-Sp¯n.

216

km-ln-Xy \n-]p-W³ Sn. Fw. Np-½mÀ A-²y-£-X h-ln¨p. s]m³-Ip-¶w hÀ¡n, s{]m: ]n. Fkv. th-em-bp[³, kp-Ip-am-c³ s]m-ä-¡mSv, kn. Ir-jv-W³-\mbÀ, Sm-äm-]p-cw kp-Ip-amc³, sI. Sn. X-cy-³, F³. sI. G. e-¯o^v, kn.]n. {io-[c³, ]n. Fkv. A-Ðp d-ln-am³, t]m-ªn-¡-c dm-^n F-¶n-hÀ {]-kw-Kn¨p. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ km-ln-Xy kr-ãn-IÄ G-tIm-]n-¸n-¨v kv-am-c-I-{K-Ùw {]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-hm\pw A-Sp-¯ e-¡w ]-cnj-¯v amkn-I sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv ]-Xn-¸m-bn ]p-d-¯n-d-¡p-hm\pw tbm-Kw Xo-cp-am-\n¨p.

(am-Xr-`qan, Un-kw-_À 29) tI-c-f I-em-a-Þew:

tI-c-f I-em-a-Þ-e-̄ n-sâ F-Iv-kn-Iyq-«o-hv t_mÀ-Uv Aw-Kw Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp-¶ ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-sâ AIm-e \n-cym-W-¯nÂ tI-c-f I-em-aÞ-ew hn-ZymÀ-°n-Ifpw Ìm-^v Aw-K-§fpw hn-Zym-`ym-k U-b-d-ÎÀ BÀ. cm-a-N-{µ³-\m-b-cp-sS A-²y-£-X-bnÂ tbm-Kw tNÀ¶pv A\p-timN-\w tc-J-s¸-Sp¯n. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ a-c-W-hmÀ-¯ A-dn-ª-bpS-s\ I-em-aÞ-ew sk-{I-«-dn-bpw, Ìm-^w-K-§fpw hn-ZymÀ-°n-Ifpw ]-tc-Xsâ {K-l-¯nÂ-s¨-¶v A\p-timN-\w A-dn-bn¨p.

(F-Iv-kv-{]kv, Un-kw-_À 25) ]u-c-tbm-KwþsIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ

{]ap-J N-cn-{X-Imc\pw kmw-kv-Imcn-I tI-c-f-¯n-sâ bph ssN-X-\y-hp-am-bn-cp-¶ ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-\v D-Nn-Xam-b kv-amc-Iw GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶ Im-cy-¯nÂ tI-c-f km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an ap³-ssI-sb-Sp-¡-W-sa¶pw D-Xv-Irã-§fm-b A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ Ir-Xn-I-fn-te-sX-¦nepw A-Sp-¯ hÀ-jwX-s¶ ]¯mw ¢m-kn-te-bv-¡p-f-f D-]]mT-]p-kv-X-I-am-bw-Ko-I-cn-¡-W-sa¶pw sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ kw-kvIr-X hn-Zyp-Â]oTw lm-fnÂFw. th-em-bp-[ta-t\m-sâ A-²y-£-X-bnÂ IqSn-b ]u-c-tbm-Kw A-`n-{]m-b-s¸-Sp-I-bp-mbn. tbm-K-¯nÂ cm-a-N-{µ³ h-S-t¡-S¯pv hn Fkv. tI-c-fo-b³, ]n. ]n. A-l-½-Zp-Ip«n, Sn. F³. Ip-am-c³, sI. _n. A-½pªn, sI.sI.. cm-a-Ir-jvW³, tI-i-h³ sh-f-fn-¡pf-¦-c Xp-S-§n-b-hÀ {]-kw-Kn¨p. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\v H-cp \n-Xy-kv-am-c-I-taÀ-s¸-Sp-¯p¶-Xn-\p-f-f {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä¡v cq-]w \Â-Ip-¶-Xn-\pw, tI-c-fm-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ kw-

217

L-Sn-¸n-¨n-«p-f-f Ip-Spw-_-t£-a-\n-[n I-½-än-bp-am-bn tbm-Pn¨pv {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw tbm-Kw \n-Ý-bn¨p. A-Xn-te-¡p ]n. ]n. A-l-½-Zp-Ip«n ({]-knUâv), Sn. F³. Ip-amc³ (sk-{I-«dn) Xp-S-§n 51 t]-cp-f-f H-cp I-½-än-tbbpw Xn-c-sª-Sp¯p.

(N-{µnI, 9þ1þ1976)

X-e-Øm-\-\-K-cn-bnÂ: {]-kn-² N-cn-{X K-th-j-I\pw kmw-kv-Imcn-I {]-hÀ-¯-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶ ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-W-¯nÂ X-eØm-\ \-K-cn-bn-se {]KÂ-` hy-àn-IÄ B-Z-cm-Ú-en-IÄ AÀ-¸n¨p. Z-´-tKm-]p-c-§-fnÂ am{Xw H-Xp-§n-\n-¶n-cp-¶ N-cn-{X km-ln-Xy-s¯ km-[m-c-W-¡mcm-b P-\-§-fp-sS {i-²-bn-te-bv-¡v Cd-¡ns¡m-p-h¶-Xv ]-tc-X\m-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp-¶p-sh¶pv {K-Ù-im-em-kw-Lw B-Un-täm-dn-b-¯nÂ IqSn-b A\p-timN-\-tbm-K-¯nÂ Um: kn. sI. Icow HmÀ-½-s¸-Sp¯n. ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ Im-cy-ZÀ-in-bm-bn ImÂ \q-äm-p-Im-ew {]-hÀ-¯n¨ B hen-b a-\p-jy³ {]-K-Û\m-sbm-cp kw-Lm-S-I\pw FÃm-h-tcbpw Iq-«n-bn-W-¡n-s¡mp-t]m-Im³ I-gn-hp-m-bn-cp-¶ H-cp am-kv-a-c i-àn-I-fp-sS D-d-hn-S-hp-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v A-t±-lw Nq-n-¡m-«n. 17þma-s¯ h-b-Ên-emWv 'sl-ap-I-em\n' F-¶ ]p-kvX-Iw {]-Imi-\w sN-bvXp-sIm--pv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv kmw-kv-Imcn-I km-ln-Xy cw-K-t¯-bv¡v IS-¶p h-¶-Xpv. A-¶p-ap-XÂ a-cn-¡p¶ 46þma-s¯ h-b-Êph-sc aq-¶p Z-im-Ð-¡m-ew hn-{i-an-¡m-sX A-t±-lw {]-hÀ-¯n-¨p-h¶p. ap-kvfow k-ap-Zm-b-¯n-\p A-`n-am-\n-¡m³ I-gn-bp-¶ H-cm-[n-Imcn-I {]-kn-²o-Ic-Ww ]p-d-¯n-d-¡n-bXpw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v U: Icow A-\p-kv-a-cn¨p. _-Ô-s¸-«n-«p-f-f FÃm ta-J-e-I-fnepw B-ßmÀ-°-am-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¨v kp-lr-¯p-¡-fp-sS kv-t\-lm-Z-c-§Ä C-{X-am{Xw ]n-Sn-¨p-]-äm³ I-gn-ª H-cp a-lm\m-b a-\p-jy³ \-½p-sS k-aq-l-¯nÂ th-sd-bp-m-Ip-sa-¶v Xm³ kw-i-bn-¡p-I-bm-Wv N-S-§nÂ A-²y-£w h-ln-¨ ap³ ]n. F-kv. kn. sN-bÀ-am³ Fw. sI. Ip-am-c³ {]-kv-Xm-hn¨p. tbm-K-¯nÂ ]n. F³. ]-Wn¡À, Um: sh-f-fmb-W-n AÀ-Öp\³, Sn. sI. kn. h-SpX-e, F-¶n-hÀ A-\p-kva-c-W {]-kw-K-§Ä \-S¯n. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cm-{i-bcm-b Ip-Spw-_§-sf k-lm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n hn-Zym-`ym-k a{ń Nm-¡o-cn A-l-½-Zp-Ip-«n c-£m-[n-Im-cn-bm-bpw, tI-c-f Iu-ap-Zn ]-{Xm-[n-]À sI. kp-Ip-am-c³ {]-kn-Uâm-bpw, Fw. sI. Ip-am-c³ ssh-kv {]-kn-Uâm-bpw, A-Uz-t¡-äv G. aoÀ lp-ssk³ I¬-ho-\-dm-bpw 25 t]-cp-f-f I-½n-än cq-]o-I-cn¨p.

(N-{µn-I 6þ1þ76)

218

tI-c-f ln-kv-dd-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³

ln-kv-dd-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ I-½-ddn.

C-cn-¡p-¶-hÀþtUm.kn.sI.I-cow, sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv, hn.Sn.C-µp-NqU³,

s{]m. jm,s{]m. ]n.FÊv. th-em-bp[³, {]-^. sI. hn. Ir-jv-W¿À, F-

kv.F-kv.tImUÀ.\n-ev-¡p-¶-hÀþi-_-cn-tbÂ (kvddm^v), Itei³

(kvddm^v), ]n. sI. tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³, Sm-d-dm-]p-cw kp-Ip-amc³, {]-

^. G. hn. t]mÄk¬, tUm. G. ]n. C-{_m-low-Ipªv, Hm. ]n. tPm-

k^v, tPmÀ-Öv (kv-ddm^v)

kp-{]nw tIm-S-Xn-bn-te-¡v \n-b-an-X\m-b P-kv-d-dn-kv Ir-jv-W-¿À-¡v ln-kv-

dd-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ \-evIn-b kzo-I-c-W-th-f-bnÂ.

219

b-lq-Z-]-Ån-bp-sS 400þmw hmÀ-jn-I-t¯m-S-\p-_-Ôn-¨p-m -bn-cp-¶ {]-ZÀ-i-\-lm-fnÂ {]-[m-\-a{ń C-µn-cm-Km-Ôn k-µÀ-i-\ U-b-dn-bnÂ A-`n-{]m-bw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.

]q-s¨-p-Ifpw

]q-am-e-I-fpw......!

220

ln-kv-dd-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ P-kv-d-dn-kv Ir-jv-W-¿À¡pv \ÂIn-b kzo-I-c-W-¯nÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zpv

_n-j¸pv k-_m-Ìy³ a-¦p-gn-¡-cn¡pv lmÀ-Zv-Zam-b kzo-Ic-Ww kn.F-¨vp. ap-l½-Zv tIm-b F-gpXn-b d-jy³ k-©m-c-s¯-kw-_-Ôn-¡p-¶ ]p-kv-X-I D-Xv-Lm-S-\-¨-S-§nÂ {]-mkw-Kn-I-\m-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw.

221

F-d-Wm-Ip-fw

C¶-se lr-t{Zm-K-_m[-sb Xp-S-À¶pv \n-cym-X\m-b {]-kn-² N-cn-{X K-th-j-I-\pw, Nn-´-I-\pw, km-ln-Xy-Imc-\pw, km-aq-ly kmw-kv-Imcn-I {]-hÀ-¯-I-\pam-b P\m; sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ ar-X-tZ-lw sk³-{SÂ P-am A-Xv ]f-fn J-_À-Øm-\nÂ ad-hp sN-bvXp. km-ln-Xy-Im-c³-amÀ, N-cn-{X-Im-c³-amÀ, km-aq-ly kmw-kv-Imcn-I {]-hÀ-¯IÀ, B-cm-[IÀ, kv-t\-ln-X³-amÀ DÄ-s¸-sS hnhn-[ Xp-d-I-fnÂ s]-« h-¼n-s¨m-cp P-\mh-en sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zp km-ln-_n-sâ Ań-a N-S-§p-I-fnÂ ]-s¦-Sp¯p. Kn-cn-\-K-dn-ep-f-f h-k-Xn-bnÂ-\n¶pw hn-em-]-bm-{X-bm-bn Bw-_p-e³-knÂ sIm-p-h-¶ ar-X-tZ-lw tImÀ-¸-

tdHm-ô-knÂ-h¨pv ta-b-dp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ‘k-t´m¡v’Np-a-en-te-än-bm-Wv J-_À-Øm-\n-se-¯n-¨-Xpv. A-ń-a-{]mÀ-°-\-bv¡pv P\m: Pmw saue-hn t\-XrXzw \ÂIn. I-_-d-S-¡-en-\p-ti-jw ap-\-hnÀ C-kvfmw ssl-kv-IqÄ A-¦-W-¯nÂ ta-bÀ an: lw-k-¡p-ªn-sâ A-²y-£-X-bnÂ A\p-timN-\-tbm-Kw tNÀ¶p. kÀ-Æ-{io sI. G. Zm-tam-Z-cta-t\m³, s{]m: ]n. Fkv. th-em-bp-[³, s{]m: kp-Ip-amÀ A-gn-t¡m-Svvv, Sn. H. _m-h, Fkv. Ir-jv-W-Ip-amÀ, sI. Fw. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv, Fkv. sI. s]m-ä-¡mSv, sI. Sn. X-cy³, Sn. sI. kn. h-SpX-e, Um: H. sI. am-[-hn-b-½ XpS-§n ]-ecpw km-aq-ly kmw-kv-Imcn-I a-Þ-e-§-fnÂ ]-tc-X³ h-ln-¨ \n-kv-Xp-eyam-b tk-h-\§-sf {]-IoÀ-¯n-¨p kw-km-cn¨p. tI-c-f N-cn-{X c-N-\-bnÂ ]pXn-b H-cp ]-Ùm-hpX-s¶ sh-«n-Xp-d-¶v [o-c-am-bn ap-t¶m-«p \o§n-b ]-tcX-sâ AIm-e hn-tbmKw Cu cm-Py-s¯ kmw-kv-Imcn-I {]-hÀ-̄ -I-cn-epw, km-ln-Xy a-Þ-e-¯n-epw, N-cn-{X K-th-j-W-¯nepw kr-ãn-¨ hn-Shpv A-Km-[-am-sW-¶v {]m-kw-Kn-IÀ A-\p-kv-a-cn¨p. ]-tc-X-sâ \n-cm-ew-_am-b Ip-Spw_-s¯ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-n sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv Ip-Spw-_-k-lm-b^-v F-¶ t]cnÂ [-\-ti-J-c-W-¯n-\m-bn ta-bÀ an: lw-k-¡pªpv sN-bÀ-am-\pw, ]n. sI. tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W³ I¬-ho-\-dp-am-bn H-cp I½-än cq-]o-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. {io kn. ]n. {io-[c³, A\p-tim-N-\ {]-ta-bw A-h-X-cn-¸n-¨Xvp FÃm-hcpw F-Wo-äp-\n¶pv ]m-km¡n. {io ]n. sI. tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W³ IrX-Ú-X tc-J-s¸-Sp¯n.

(tI-c-f-\m-Zw, 22þ12þ75) ]m-Sn-h-«w {K-Ù-im-em {]-hÀ-̄ -I-\pw, N-cn-{X-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-sâ AIm-e \n-cym-W-¯nÂ A\p-tim-N-\ {]-ta-bw ]m-Snh-«w P-\Io-b hm-b-\im-e {]-hÀ-¯-I-k-an-Xn tbm-Kw tNÀ¶pv ]m-Êm¡n.

(am-Xr-`q-an, 22þ12þ75)

222

tIc-fm K-Ìn-tb-gv-kv Ìm-^v sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-W-hmÀ-¯ {i-hn- -̈bp-Ss\ tI-c-f-K-k-än-tb-gvk,v Ìm-̂ v Aw-K-§-fp-sS H-cp tbm-Kw kv-sä-bn-äv F-Un-äÀ tUm. kn. sI. I-co-an-sâ A-²y-£-X-bnÂ tNÀ-¶p A\p-timN-\w tc-J-s¸-Sp¯n. tI-c-f-K-Ìn-tbgv-kv D-]-tZ-i-I-k-an-Xn

tI-c-f-K-k-än-tb-gv-kn-sâ D-]-tZ-i-I-k-an-Xn-bw-K-am-bn-cp-¶ {in. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-W-¯nÂ 30þ10þ1976þÂ hn-Zym-`ym-k-a{ń {in. Nm-¡o-cn A-l-½-Zp-Ip-«n-bp-sS A-²y-£-X-bnÂ Iq-Sn-b D-]-tZ-i-I k-anXn-tbm-Kw A\p-timN-\w tc-J-s¸-Sp¯n.

tIc-f-t^m-¡v temÀ A-¡m-Zan, Xr-iqÀ

tIc-f-t^m-¡v temÀ A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS {]-hÀ-¯I-k-an-Xn-bw-K-am-bn-cp-¶ ]n. G. sk-bv-Xpap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-W-¯nÂ A\p-timN-\w tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS B-ap-J-¯nÂ tNÀ¶ tbm-K-¯nÂ U: C½-«ntem-\-¸³ A-²y-£-X h-ln¨p. tI-c-f-¯n-se kmw-kv-Imcn-I {]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ ]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡p th-n H-cp A-Wn-b-d in-ev-]n-bm-bn {io sk-bv-Xp ap-l½-Zv \Â-In-bn-«p-f-f kw-`m-h-\I-sf {io. N-p-½mÀ Nq-Â X-sâ A\p-tim-N-\ {]-kw-K-¯nÂ hn-h-cn-¡p-I-bp-mbn.

(tI-c-f-\mSv 5þ1þ76) sauem-\ B-km-Zv tkmtjym IÂ-¨-dÂ skâÀ; sIm-¨n³ Cu skâdn-sâ H-cp tbm-Kw sse-{_-än lm-fnÂ h¨v {io. sI. sP-bn-\n-bp-sS A-²y-£-X-bnÂ IqSn. Øm-]-\-¯n-sâ D-]-tZ-i-I\pw kmw-kv-Imcn-I tI-c-f-¯n-sâ ho-c-]p-{X-\p-am-bn-cp-¶ {io. ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-W-¯nÂ A\p-timN-\w tc-J-s¸-Sp¯n. {io. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ F-®Om-b Nn{Xw sse-{_-än lm-fnÂ A-\m-OmZ-\w sN-¿p-hm\pw Ip-Spw-_-k-lm-b-\n-[n hn-P-bn-¸n-¡p-hm\pw Xo-cp-am-\n¨p.

(tI-c-f-\m-Spv 5þ1þ76)

223

kn.]n.sF. sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ

kn. ]n. sF- bp-sS 50þmw hmÀ-jn-I-t¯m-Sv A-\p-_-Ôn-¨v sIm-Sp-§ÃqÀ kÀ-ZmÀ \-K-dnÂ tN-À-¶ kmw-kv-Imcn-I k-t½f-\w {io. ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-W-¯nÂ A\p-timN-\w tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy A-¡mZ-an \nÀ-hm-l-I k-anXn, Xr-iqÀ tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS \nÀ-hm-l-I- k-anXn-tbm-Kw {io. ]n. tI-i-h-tZ-hn-sâ A-²y-£-X-bnÂ Iq-Sn A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS ap³ ssh-kv {]-kn-Uâpw \n-e-hn-ep-f-f \nÀ-hm-l-I k-an-Xn-bw-K-hpam-b ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ AIm-e N-c-a-¯nÂ A-Km-[-am-b hyk-\w tc-J-s¸-Sp¯n.

(F-Iv-kv {]Êv 5þ1þ76) kw-bp-à-tbmKw, sIm-¨n sIm-¨n-bp-sS kmw-kv-Imcn-I Po-hn-X-¯n-\v hn-hn-[-§fm-b kw-`m-h-\-IÄ \ÂIn-b {]-ikv-X N-cn-{X-Im-c\pw _p-²n-Po-hn-bpam-b ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-W-¯nÂ A-\p-timN-\w tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm³ 32 kw-L-S-\-Ifpw P-\-iàn, tI-c-f-\mSv, bp-h-tI-c-fw, {]-tZm-jw, sF-Iyw, ln-½Xv, F-¶n-h-bp-sS ]-{Xm-[n-]-k-an-Xn-Ifpw tNÀ-¶v ]-\-b-¸f-fn Fw. Fw. Hm-dn-bâÂ ssl-kv-IqÄ lm-fnÂ hn-fn-¨p Iq«nb tbm-K-¯nÂ {io. F³. sI. G. e-¯o-^v A\p-tim-N-\ {]-ta-bw A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p. kÀ-Æ-{io. Fw. sI. cm-L-h³ Fw. FÂ. G, a-®m-fn hn-iz-\mY³, sIu¬-kn-eÀ sI. Fw. lw-k, P-h-l-cn-emÂ B-\-µPn, Sn. Fw. Akw. sI. G. lw-k, F³. sI. `m-kv-Ic³, sI. G. [À-½-P³, G. G. sIm-¨p-®n Fw. FÂ. F Xp-S-§n-b-hÀ ]-tc-X-sâ tk-h-\§-sf {]-IoÀ-¯n¨p-sIm-v kw-km-cn¨p. IÀ-½-tN-XÊmb B {]-Xn-`m-im-en-bp-sS thÀ-]m-Sv aq-ew A-\m-Y-am-bn-cn-¡p-¶ Ip-Spw_-s¯ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p th-n kw-c -̀s¯ hn-P-bn-¸n-¡p-hm\pw FÃm {]m-kw-Kn-I³-amcpw A-`yÀ-°n-¡p-I-bp-mbn.

224

tI-c-f-ln-Ì-dn A-tÊm-kn-tb-j³ sIm¨n

\nÀ-hm-l-I k-an-Xn

tI-c-f-ln-kvä-dn A-tÊm-kn-tbj-sâ {]-hÀ-¯-I-k-anXn-tbm-Kw s{]m-^; ]n.Fkv. th-em-bp[-sâ A-²y-£-X-bnÂ Iq-Sp-I-bpw, sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-W-¯nÂ A-Km-[-am-bn Zp:Jw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. ImÂ-\q-äm-n-e-[n-Iw A-tÊm-kn-tbj-sâ sk-{I-«-dn-sb-¶ \n-e-bnÂ A-Xn-sâ kÀ-Æ-kzhpw B-bn-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ thÀ-]mSv Cu kmw-kv-Imcn-I kw-L-S\-sb A-t§b-äw Z-cn-{Z-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh¶pv tbm-K-̄ nÂ kw-km-cn-¨ kÀ-Æ {io. ]n. sI. tKm-]m-e-Ir-jvW³, Um: G. ]n. C-{_m-lnw-Ipªv, s{]m-^: t]mÄk¬, hn. än. C-µp-NqU³, s{]m-^:sk-bvXp-sam-ln-bn-±o³jm, s{]m-^:sI.hn.Ir-j-W¿À, Um:kn. sI. Icow F-¶n-hÀ B-hÀ-¯n-¨p ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-I-bp-mbn. P-\dÂ-t_m-Un sIm-¨n sSu¬ lm-fnÂ h-¨p IqSn-b ln-kvä-dn A-tÊm-kn-tbj-sâ P-\dÂ-t_mUn-tbm-Kw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-Im-e-N-c-a-¯nÂ A-Xy-Km-[-amb-Zp:Jw tc-J-s¸-Sp¯n. tbm-K-̄ nÂ kw-km-cn-¨ Aw-K-§Ä FÃm-hcpw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-kzmÀ-° tk-h-\§-sf hm-gv-¯p-I-bp-mbn. s]mXp-tbm-Kw tI-c-f-ln-kvä-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ B-`n-ap-Jy-¯nÂ A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ A-¦-W-¯nÂ h-¨v {io. Nm-¡o-cn A-l-½-Zp-Ip-«n-bp-sS A-²y-£-X-bnÂ IqSnb s]m-Xp k-t½f-\w sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ kv-a-c-W-bv-¡p-ap-¼nÂ B-Z-cm-Ú-en-IÄ AÀ-¸n-¡p-I-bp-mbn, A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ ]pXn-b Hm-ô-kv sI-«n-Sw sk-bv-Xp-aq-l½-Zp kv-am-c-I a-µn-cw F-¶v \m-a-Ic-Ww sN-¿-W-sa-¶ hn-Zym-`ym-k a-{ń-bp-sS A-`yÀ-°-\ lÀ-jm-c-h-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv tbm-Kw kzmK-Xw sN-bv-XXv. A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ lm-fnÂ A-t¶-Znh-kw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ Om-bm-Nn{Xw {]-kn-U³pv s{]m-^: ]n. F-kv. th-em-bp-[-³ A-\m-OmZ-\w sN-bvXp.

tbmK¯nÂ B`yć-a-{ń sI.I-cp-Wm-Ic³, ta-bÀ G.sI.ti-jm{Zn, F-kv.tImUÀ, F.G.sIm¨p®n, U: sI Icow F-¶n-hÀ ]-tcX-sâ \m-\m-ap-J-§fm-b hy-àn v-{]c-`mh-s¯ ]p-c-kv-I-cn-¨p lr-Z-b-kv-]p-¡m-bn kw-km-cn-¡p-I-bp-mbn. B-km-Zv a-ln-fm-hn-`mKw, sIm-¨n

Cu kw-L-S-\-bp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-I k-an-Xn tbm-Kw {]-knUâv sa-lv-dp-¶n-k-bp-sS A-²y-£-X-bnÂ Fw. Cu. Fkv. X-¿Â ]-cn-io-e-\ tI-µ-¯nÂ h-¨v Iq-Sn {io.]n.F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-W-¯nÂ A\p-timN-\w tc-J-s¸-Sp¯n.

225

]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I kwLw, a-«m-t©-cn

sIm-¨n ]-{X-{]-hÀ-̄ -I-kw-L-¯n-sâ Øm-]-Im-²y-£\pw N-cn-{X-Im-c-\pam-b ]n.G. sk-bv-Xp ap-l-½-Zn-sâ AIm-e hn-tbm-K-¯nÂ {io.]n. G. A-l½-Zp d-ln-am³ am-Ì-dp-sS A-²y-£-X-bnÂ tNÀ-¶ ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I kw-L-tbm-Kw A\p-timN-\w tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n. (tI-c-f-\m-Sv" 5þ1þ76) N-cn{X-tbm-Kw ss{X-am-knIw

N-cn-{Xw ss{X-am-kn-I-bp-sS D-]-tZ-i-I k-a-Xn-Aw-Kam-b {io.]n.G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ B-I-kv-an-Iam-b a-c-W-̄ nÂ N-cn{Xw ]-{Xm-[n-]-k-an-Xn-bp-sSbpw D-]-tZ-i-I-k-an-Xn-bp-tS-bpw kw-bp-à-tbm-Kw {io. iq-c-\m-«v Ip-ª³-]n-f-f-bp-sS A-²y-£-X-bnÂ Iq-Sn Zp:Jw tc-J-s¸-Sp¯n. tUm. kn.sI Icow A-SqÀ cm-a-N-{µ³ \m-bÀ Xp-S-§n-b-hÀ ]-tcX-sâ \m-\m-ap-M-§fm-b {]-hÀ-¯-\§-sf ]-cm-aÀ-in-̈ p kw-km-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

226

A\p-tim-N-\ k-tµ-i-§Ä

ap-Jy-a{ń {io. kn. A-¨p-Xta-t\m³ tI-c-f-ln-kv-än A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ sk-{I-«-dn-bm-bn-cp-¶ ]n. G. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv s]-s«-¶v lr-t{Zm-K-_m-[-bnÂ A-´-cn-¨ hnh-cw tdUn-tbm-bnÂ Iq-SntI-«-t¸mÄ Rm³ sR-«n-t¸mbn. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv F{Xtbm sN-dp-¸-am-bn-cp¶p. sIm-Sp-§Ãq-cnÂ H-cp ssl-kv-¡qÄ hn-ZymÀ-°n-bm-bn ]Tn-¨n-cp-¶ Im-ew ap-XÂ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-s\ Rm³ A-dn-bpw. 1942þse Izn-än-ým-k-ac-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶pm-b hn-ZymÀ-°n {]-t£m-]-W-¯nÂ hn-ZymÀ-°n tIm¬-{K-Ên-sâ k-Po-h-{]-hÀ-¯-I-\m-bn A-t±-lw D-Õm-l-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn {]-hÀ-̄ n-¨n-cp¶p. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \n-cym-Ww tI-c-f-¯n-se kmw-kv-Imcn-I Po-hn-X-¯n-\v H-cp Xo-cm-\-ã-amWv. A-t±-l-̄ n-sâ tZ-lhn-tbm-K-¯nÂ Rm³ \nÀ-hym-Pw hy-k-\n-¡p¶p.

am-Xr-`q-an Un-kw: 22, 1975 hn-Zym-`ym-k-a{ń {io. Nm-¡o-cn A-l-½-Zp-Ip-«n F-sâ B-ß-kp-lr-¯m-bn-cp-¶ P-\m-_v ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-Im-e-\n-cym-W-hmÀ-¯ tI-«v Rm³ C-Xn-IÀ-̄ -hy-Xm-aq-V-\m-bn-t¸mbn. hn-iz-kn-¡m-\m-hm-¯-hn-[w A-{X-bv-¡v A-Im-en-Ihpw B-Iv-kn-I-hp-amWv Cu hmÀ-¯. ]n.F.sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-Im-e-Nc-aw tI-c-f-¯n-se ]-e kmw-kv-Im-cn-I -{]-Øm\ -§-tfbpw A-\m-Y-am-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \m-\m-ap-Jam-b {]-hÀ-¯-\§-sf tI-c-fo bÀ F-¡m-ehpw kv-a-cn-¡p-¶-XmW-v. am¸n-f km-ln-Xy-¯n\pw A-[:Øn-X-k-ap-Zm-b-§Ä¡pw th-n A-t±-lw AÀ-¸n-¨ tk-h-\-§Ä F-Sp-¯p ]-d-b-¯-¡-XmWv. N-cn-{X-Im-c-\pw, {K-Ù-Im-cpw, {]-KÂ- -̀a-Xnbm-b {]m-kw-Kn-I-\pw, kÀ-thm]-cn A-P-¿\m-b H-cp kw-Lm-S-I-\p-am-bn-cp-¶ F-sâ kp-lr-¯n-sâ thÀ-]m-SnÂ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Zp:Jn-Xcm-b Ip-Spw-_mw-K§-tfm-sSm-¸w {h-Wn-X-lr-Z-b-\mb-Rm\pw B-ßmÀ-°-am-bn th-Z-\n-¡p¶p. XI-gn in-h-i-¦-c-¸n-ff H-cp \Ã kv-t\-ln-X³ hn-«p-]n-cn-ªp A-Sp-¯-Sp-¯v A§-s\ Hmtcm thÀ-]m-SpIÄ. ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ sk-{I-«-dn-sb-¶ \ne-¡v A-Xp-eyambtk-h-\-am-Wv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv sN-bv-Xn-«p-f-fXv. hy-àn-Xz-ap-f-f H-cp F-gp-¯p-Im-c\m-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv H-cn-¡epw hn-jm-Z-aq-I-\m-bn I-n-«nÃ. ]-tcX-sâ thÀ-]m-Sp-aq-ew Zp:Jn-X-cm-bn I-gn-bp-¶ Ip-Spw-_-¯n-sâ Zp:J-¯nÂ Rm\pw ]-¦p-tNÀ-¶p sIm-f-fp¶p. tPmk-^v ap-tÈ-cn kz-{]-b\vw sIm-v km-ln-Xy-Imc³, N-cn-{X-Im-c³ F-¶o \n-e-

227

I-fnÂ sN-dp-¸-¯nÂ X-s¶ hy-àn-ap-{Z ]-Xn-¸n-¡m³ I-gn-ª sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-Im-e-Nc-aw F-s¶ h-f-sc-tb-sd Zp:Jn-¸n-¡p¶p. km-ln-Xy-]-cnj-¯v km-ln-Xy A-¡m-Zan, ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ F-¶o cw-K-§-fn-seÃmw {]-hÀ-¯n-¨p t]m-¶n-cp-¶ A-t±-l-¯n-\v B cw-K-§-fnÂ F{Xtbm kw-`m-h-\-IÄ C-\nbpw \Â-Ip-hm³ I-gn-bp-am-bn-cp¶p. Pn. i-¦-c-¸n-ff ac-Ww F-\n-¡p {]n-b-s -̧«h-sc X-«n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶ hn-t\m-Z-¯nÂ GÀ-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-IbmtWm F¶ tXm-¶-em-Wv F-\n-¡n-t¸mÄ D-f-fXv. kw-Ko-X-\m-S-I A-¡mZ-an sa-¼-sd-¶ bn-e-bn-eÃm, k-Zm {]-k-¶-h-Z-\\m-bþ-- kv-t\-l-k-¼-¶-\m-bþH-cp kp-lr-s¯-¶ \n-e-bn-em-Wv Rm\pw A-t±-l-hp-am-bp-f-f _Ôw. tUm: sI.sI. cm-lp-e³ I-\-¯ \-ã-sa-¶ ]-Z-¯n-sâ AÀ-° Kuc-hw C-¶v i-cn¡pw t_m-²y-ambn. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ ac-Ww kmw-kv-Im-cn-I-tI-c-f-¯n-\v I-\-¯ \-ã-am-Wv h-cp-¯o-bn-«p-f-fXv. I-e-h-d-bnÃm-¯ ku-lr-Z-¯n-tâ-bpw, sku-a-\-ky-¯n-tâbpw {]-Xo-I-am-bn-cp-¶p sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv. F-kv.sI. s]m-ä-¡m-Sv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-Ww a-e-bm-f-¯n-se N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy-¯n-\v G-ähpw hen-b \-ã-amWv. F-s¶ kw-_-Ôn-¨n-S-t¯m-fw ]-g-b H-cp kp-lr-¯m-Wv \-ã-s¸-«Xv. H-cp am-kw-ap-¼v Xr-iq-cn-se km-ln-Xy-A-¡m-Z-an-bnÂ I--t¸mÄ A-t±-lw ]-Xn-hn-te-sdk-´p-ã\pw {]-k-¶-h-Z-\-\p-am-bn-cp¶p. B kv-t\-l-k-¼-¶\m-b kp-lr-¯v C-{X s]-s«-¶v hn-«p-]n-cn-sª-¶p hn-iz-kn-¡m-\m-hp-¶nÃ. N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy-t{]-an-I-fp-sSbpw B-bn-c-¡-W-¡nÂ kp-lr P-\-§-fp-sSbpw HmÀ-½-I-fnÂ A-t±-lw F¶pw Po-hn-¡p-I-bpwX-s¶ sN-¿pw. bp. F. _o-cm³ Fw. FÂ. F P-\m-_v sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv {]-ikv-X N-cn-{X-km-ln-Xy-Im-c³ F-¶Xp-t]m-seX-s¶ am-¸n-f-km-ln-Xy-hn-`m-K-¯n-sâ ]p-\-cp-²m-c-I³ Iq-Sn-bm-bn-cp¶p. am¸n-f km-ln-Xy-¯nsâ: ]p-\-cp-²m-c-W-¯n\pw {]-N-c-W-¯n\pw thn, sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zp sNbv-X tk-h-\-§Ä A-\À-L-§-fmWv. tI-c-f-ap-kveo-§-fp-sS i-cnbm-b N-cn-{Xhpw tI-c-f ap-kvenw U-b-d-Î-dn-bn-eq-sS A-t±-lw Im-gv-N-h¨p. tI-c-f apkven§Ä¡pw a-e-bm-fn-IÄ¡pw e-`n-¨ Gähpw I-\-s¸-« H-cp D-]-lm-c-am-WnXv. te-JI³, N-cn-{X-Imc³, `m-jm-Zv[ym-]I³, ]-{X-{]-hÀ-̄ I³, {]m-kw-Kn-I³ F-¶o \n-e-I-fnÂ A-\-\y-km-[m-c-Wam-b hy-àn-Xz-¯n-sâ D-S-a-bm-bn-cp-¶p P: sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zv. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ k-´-]v-X-Ip-Spw-_¯n-t\mSpv A\p-timN-\w A-dn-bn¨p-sIm-f-fp¶p.

228

(N-{µnI 21þ12þ75) ssh-¡w ap-l½-Zp _-joÀ F-\n-s¡m¶pw ]-d-bm-\nÃ. F-sâ H-cp D-ä-kp-lr¯Ã, B-ß-an-{X-am-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. H-cm-ß-an{Xw a-cn-¨mÂ F-s´Ãmw tXm-¶pw. B A-h-Ø-bn-em-Wv Rm-\n-t¸mÄ.

(N-{µn-I 21 12.75) P: ap-l-½-Zm-en in-lm-_v X-§Ä tI-c-f-km-ln-Xy-th-Zn-bnÂ s]m-Xp-hnepw am-¸n-f-km-ln-Xy-im-J-bnÂ {]-tXy-In¨pw \n-I-¯m-\m-hm-̄ \-ã-amWv. k-aq-l-¯n-sâ hn-Zym-`ym-k]p-tcm-K-Xn-bnÂ {]-tXy-I XmÂ-¸-cy-sa-Sp-¯n-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zp-km-ln-_v am-̧ n-f-km-ln-Xy hn-Im-k-¯n-\p-th-n A-\p-jvTn-¨ XymK§Ä, a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-cw-K¯v, Cu hn-`m-K-¯n-\pv Nn-c-{]-XnjvT t\-Sn-s¡m-Sp-¡p-hm³ k-lm-bn-¨n-«pv. ]-tcX-sâ Ip-Spw-_mw-K-§-fp-sS Zp:J¯nÂ Rm\pw ]-¦p-tN-cp¶p.

(N-{µn 21.12 75) ]p-XpÀ D-®n-¡r-jv-W³

sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ \n-cym-Ww kmw-kv-Imcn-I tI-c-f-¯n-sâ kw-L-S-\m-i-àn-t¡-ä hen-b B-Lm-X-am-Wpv.

(F-Iv-kv-{]-kv Un-kw. 22) Xm-bm-«v i-¦-c³

{K-Ù-im-em-kw-L-̄ n-\v H-cp t\-Xm-hv \-ã-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p.

(F-Iv-kv-{]-kv 22.12.75) kp-Ip-amÀ A-gn-t¡m-Sv

H-tc-k-a-b-¯pX-s¶ F-sâ tPy-jvT\pw F-sâ A-\p-P-\p-am-bn-cp-¶p ]n. F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½Zv. kn. ]n. {io-[-c³

G-Xp {]-Xn-k-Ônbpw Iq-«m-bn Xc-Ww sN-¿m³ R§-sf ]Tn-¸n-¨Xpw t{]-cn-̧ n-¨Xpw sk-bv-XmWv. Sn. H. _m-h

hn-[n-bp-sS A-ew-L\o-b \-S-¯n-¸v F-¶p am-{X-ta B a-c-W-s¯¸-än ]-d-bm³ km-[n-¡-Ip-bp-ffq. sI.Fw. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv

a-cn¨p-t]m-b sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-\p-th-n \-ap-¡v C-\n H¶pw

229

sN-¿m-\nÃ. Po-hn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶ sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ Awi-s¯ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kp-lr-¯p-¡Ä a-d-¡m-Xn-cn-¡s«. sI.F. Zm-tam-Z-c³

]n.F. sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ kw-L-S-\m-]m-S-h-hpw IÀ-½-Ip-i-e-Xbpw A-Xp-ey-am-b-XmWv. kmw-kv-¡m-cn-I-tI-c-f-¯n-sâ ho-c-]p-{X-\m-bn-cp-¶p A-t±lw. ]n. F-kv.th-em-bp-[³

ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj-sâ tX-cm-fn-bm-bn-cp-¶p sskZv. R-§Ä F-s´-¦nepw {]-hÀ-¯n-¡m³ B-tem-Nn-¡p-t¼m-tg¡pw A-t±-lw A-Xn-\p cq-]w \Â-In ¡-gn-ªn-«p-m-Ip-am-bn-cp¶p. ]n. sI. tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W³

aq-¶p Øm-]-\-§Ä A-\m-Y-ambn. km-ln-Xy-]-cn-j¯v, ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tbj³, sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ Ip-Spw_w. Sn. sI. kn. h-Sp-Xe F-sâ kp-lr¯v, A-Xn-ep]-cn F-sâ k-tlm-Zc³. C-{X kv-t\-l-k-¼-¶\m-b H-cp hy-àn-sb Rm³ th-sd I-s-¯n-bn-«nÃ. Fkv. Ir-jv-W-Ip-amÀ s]m-Xp-cw-K-¯p {]-hÀ-¯n-¡m³ F-\n-s¡-t¸mgpw A-t±-lw {]-tNmZ-\w X¶p. bm-sXm-cp kzmÀ-°-Xbpw A-Xn-sâ ]n-¶n-enÃm-bn-cp¶p. B-\-µ-¡p-«³ G-Xm\pw am-¸n-f-¸m-«p-IÄ am-{X-aÃ A-d-_n-a-e-bm-f-km-ln-Xy-sa-¶v tI-c-fob-sc ]Tn-¸n¨-Xv Sn. D-ss_-Zpw, ]n.F.sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zp-amWv. I-cp-Wm-I-c³ \-¼ymÀ

tX-¡n³-Im-Sp ssa-Xm\-¯v ap¸-Xp hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p ap³-]v \-S-¶ H-cp {]-kw-K-a-Õ-c-¯nÂ H¶mw k-½m-\w t\Sn-b sskZv- A-¶p-ap-XÂ F-sâ kp-lr-¯mWv. H-cn¡Â-t]mepw A-t±-lw tIm-]n-ã-\m-bn Rm³ I-n-«nÃ.

{]n-bw-hZ 23.12.75 kn. F³. A-l½-Zv aue-hn

tI-c-f-¯n\pw apkvenw k-ap-Zm-b-¯n\pw sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zn-sâ A-Im-e-\n-cym-Ww h-¼n-s¨m-cp \-ã-am-Wpv. ZoÀ-L-Ime-s¯ £-a-tbm-Sp-IqSn-b A{im´-]-cn-{i-a-§-fnÂ-\n-¶pw, K-th-j-W-§-fnÂ-\n¶pw D-S-se-Sp-¯v ]p-d-¯p-h-¶-Xm-Wv B {]-kn-²am-b \m-a-t[-bpw.

230

N-{µnI 26.12.75

]n. im-Zp-en ap-kvenw hn-ZymÀ-°n s^-U-tdj-sâ G-ähpw A-Sp-s¯m-cp D-]-tZ-i-I\pw Kp-W-Imw-£nbpw B-bn-cp-¶p sk-bv-Xp-ap-l½-Zv km-ln_pv Fw. Fkv. F-^n-s\ Iq-Sp-XÂ {In-bm-ß-I ]-cn-]m-Sn-I-fp-am-bn _-Ôn-¸n-¡m³ A-t±-lw amÀ-¤-\nÀ-t±-i-§Ä \Â-In-bn-cp¶p. apkvenw km-aq-ly kmw-kv-¡mcn-I cwK-¯v I-\-s¯m-cp \-ã-am-Wv A-t±-l-¯n-sâ \n-cym-Ww aq-e-ap-m-bn-«p-f-fXv.

N-{µnI 26.12.25 F. F. sIm-¨p-®n sk-bv-Xn-sâ hy-àn_-Ôw DÂ-¡-Shpw {]-I-S-hp-am-bn-cp¶p. A-XnÂ cm-jv {So-b-¯n-\v hf-sc {]k-àn H-¶p-ap-m-bn-cp-¶nÃ. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ G-ä-hp-a-S-̄ kp-lr-s¯-¶v F-s¶-t¸m-se tXm-¶p ]-ecpw C-¶p Po-hn-¨n-cn-¸pv. D-Zm-¯am-b kp-lr-Xv _-Ô-§-fnÂ hn-iz-kn-¨n-cp-¶ sk-bv-Xn-sâ Ip-Spw-_-t¯m-Sv \-ap-¡p-f-f \n-Êo-a-am-b I-S-¸m-Sv \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡p¶-Xv hgn, B hn-izm-kw H-cp an-Yym-k-¦-ev-]-am-bn-cp-¶n-sÃ-¶v \-ap-¡v sX-fn-bn-¡mw. tUm. kn. sI. Icow \n-e-¡m-¯ B Hm-«w B-I-kv-an-I-am-bn-«m-Wv \n-Ý-e-am-bn-t¸m-bXv. A-\p-kyq-Xw {]-h-ln¨p-sIm-n-cp¶ B hm-¡v t[mc-Wn s]-s«-¶m-Wv \n-ivi-Ð-am-bXv. \-½p-sS kw-kv-¡mc-s¯ I-cp-¸n-Sn-¸n-¡p-hm³ th-n Xm-§m-\m-Ip-¶ `m-c-t¯-¡mÄ Iq-Sp-XÂ Npa-¶v Npa-¶v A-t±-lw XI-cp-I-bmWp sNbvX-Xv. kmwkv¡m-cnI tIc-f-¯nsâ A-\-iz-c\m-b c-à-km-£n-bm-Wv sk-bv-Xp-ap-l-½-Zpv.

231

ln-Ì-dn A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ Hm-ô-knÂ Cu Nn{Xw am{Xw _m-¡n-bm-bn .................

A-tkm-kn-tb-j³ {]-knUâv s{]m. ]n. Fkv. th-em-bp-[-\m-Wv

A-\m-OmZ-\w \nÀ-Æ-ln-¨-Xpv. F-kpv. Fkv. tIm-U-cm-W-cn-InÂ

Nn-{X-I-em-hn-Zv-K-[\m-b {io. Z-¯³ hc¨v

kw-`m-h-\ sN-bv-X-Xm-Wo Nn{Xw.

232

]n. G sk-bv -Xp -ap -l½±v kv-amc -I {KÙw · 2015-01-04 · Rm³ B-Zyw HmÀ¯-Xv F -sâ `À -¯m -hv Ip sd sIm- Ã-§Ä -¡p -ap³ -]v F-t¶m-Sv ] -d -ª hm -¡p -I -fmWv. Ipd -¨p

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