Acid/Base Definitions Acid/Base Definitions Types of Acids/bases Types of Acids/bases Polyprotic Acids Polyprotic Acids The Ion Product for Water The Ion Product for Water The pH and Other “p” Scales The pH and Other “p” Scales Aqueous Solutions of Acids and Aqueous Solutions of Acids and Bases Bases Hydrolysis Hydrolysis The Common Ion Effect The Common Ion Effect Buffer Solutions Buffer Solutions Indicators and Titrations Indicators and Titrations Chapter 15. Acids & Bases
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N Acid/Base Definitions n Types of Acids/bases n Polyprotic Acids n The Ion Product for Water n The pH and Other “p” Scales n Aqueous Solutions of Acids.
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Acid/Base DefinitionsAcid/Base Definitions Types of Acids/basesTypes of Acids/bases
Polyprotic AcidsPolyprotic Acids The Ion Product for WaterThe Ion Product for Water
The pH and Other “p” ScalesThe pH and Other “p” Scales Aqueous Solutions of Acids and BasesAqueous Solutions of Acids and Bases
HydrolysisHydrolysis The Common Ion EffectThe Common Ion Effect
Buffer SolutionsBuffer Solutions Indicators and TitrationsIndicators and Titrations
Chapter 15. Acids & Bases
Types of Reactions a) Precipitation Reactions. Ionic compounds or salts b) Acid/base Reactions. Acids and Bases c) Redox Reactions. Oxidizing & Reducing agents
What are Acids &Bases?
Definition?
a) Arrhenius
b) Bronsted-Lowry
c) Lewis
Arrhenius definitions AcidAcid Anything that produces hydrogen
ions in a water solution.» HCl (aq) H+ + Cl-
BaseBase Anything that produces hydroxide ions in a water solution.
» NaOH (aq) Na+ + OH-
Arrhenius definitions are limited to aqueous solutions.
Acid base reactions: HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
Brønsted-Lowry definitions
Expands the Arrhenius definitions
AcidAcid Proton donor
BaseBase Proton acceptor This definition explains how substances
like ammonia can act as bases.
Eg. HCl(g) + NH3(g) ------> NH4Cl(s)
HCl (acid), NH3 (base).
NH3(g) + H2O(l) NH4+ + OH-
Lewis Definition Lewis was successful in including acid and
These are usually oxides of non-metallic elements such as P, S and N.
E.g. NO2, SO2, SO3, CO2 They produce oxyacids when
dissolved in water
Basic Oxides
Oxides oxides of metallic elements such as Na, K, Ca. They produce hydroxyl bases when dissolved in water.
e.g. CaO + H2O --> Ca(OH)2
Protic Acids
Monoprotic Acids: The form protic refers to acidity or protons. Monoprotic acids have only one acidic proton. e.g. HCl.
Polyprotic Acids: They have more than one acidic proton.
e.g. H2SO4 - diprotic acid
H3PO4 - triprotic acid.
Amines
Class of organic bases derived from ammonia NH3 by replacing hydrogen by organic groups. They are defined as bases similar to NH3 by Bronsted or Lewis acid/base definitions.
What acid base concepts (Arrhenius/Bronsted/Lewis) would best describe the following reactions:
a) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) ---> NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
b)HCl(g) + NH3(g) ---> NH4Cl(s)
c)BF3(g) + NH3(g) ---> F3B:NH3(s)
d)Zn(OH)2(s) + 2OH-(aq) ---> [Zn(OH)4]2- (aq)
Common acids and bases AcidsAcids Formula Molarity* nitric HNO3 16