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@ytas iok Wbidntnbs ch Fygbrtbrrcrns`
]btbr Hdb``noe
Xnsntnoe Wbsbirfa Isscfnitb
Iok
@nfaibd Vtcad
Kbio iok ]rchbsscr
Chhnfb ch Notbroitncoid ]rceri`s iok
[ab Fbotbr hcr Bkufitnco iok Wbsbirfa no Nohcr`itnco Issuriofb iok VbfurntyFBWNIV
]urkub Ronvbrsnty
Ubst Dihiybttb, Noknioi ;5>=8-87=5
RVI
]ipbr prbpirbk hcr tab Notbroitncoid Fcohbrbofb co Fcuotbrnoe [brrcrns` [arcuea
Boaiofbk Notbroitncoid Fccpbritnco, 77-7; Vbptb`gbr, 7=== Fcur`iybur, Ntidy it tabnontnitnvb ch tab Notbroitncoid Vfnbotnhnf iok ]rchbssncoid Ikvnscry Fcuofnd ch tab Rontbk
Oitncos Frn`b ]rbvbotnco iok Frn`noid Lustnfb ]rceri``b (NV]IF) iok tab Fbotrc
Oitncoidb kn ]rbvbozncob b Knhbsi Vcfnidb (FO]KV) no fccpbritnco wnta tab Rontbk
Oitncos [brrcrns` ]rbvbotnco Griofa ([]G), Rontbk Oitncos Chhnfb hcr Krue Fcotrcd iok
Frn`b ]rbvbotnco
]ugdnsabk no Fcuotbrnoe [brrcrns` [arcuea Notbroitncoid Fccpbritnco, Idbx ]. Vfa`nk (bk.), NV]IF(Notbroitncoid Vfnbotnhnf iok ]rchbssncoid Ikvnscry Fcuofnd ch tab Rontbk Oitncos Frn`b ]rbvbotnco iok
Frn`noid Lustnfb ]rceri`), Xnbooi, 7==9,pp< 5=-9=2.
]crtncos ch tans wcrj wbrb suppcrtbk gy tab Fbotbr hcr Bkufitnco iok Wbsbirfa no
Nohcr`itnco Issuriofb iok Vbfurnty, ]urkub Ronvbrsnty.
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Fc`putbrs iok [brrcrns`<
[ab Bvcdvnoe Oiturb ch [brrcrnst Ercups iok tab [brrcrnst [arbit
[abrb ns nofrbisnoe fcofbro tait tab tarbit ch tbrrcrns` no i edcgid bovnrco`bot
nofrbisnoedy rbdniot co fc`putbr obtwcrjs iok nohcr`itnco tbfaocdcey ns ercwnoe iok tait
tab vbry obtwcrjs iok nohcr`itnco tbfaocdcey wanfa aivb gbbo rbspcosngdb hcr tab
kri`itnf nofrbisbs no prckuftnvnty wntano tab wcrdk bfcoc`y `iy idsc firry wnta tab`
bvbo erbitbr fipifntnbs tc kc air`. No tans pipbr wb ireub tait uokbrstioknoe tbrrcrns`
wntano tab obw fygbr bovnrco`bot ch tab twboty-hnrst fbotury ns gbst boaiofbk gy gundknoe
co wait wb aivb dbirobk igcut tbrrcrnsts iok tbrrcrns` no tab prbvncus twboty fboturnbs.
No sacrt, wb gbdnbvb tait tab uokbrdynoe prnofnpdbs ch tab tbrrcrns` gbanok tab tarbit
rb`ino tab si`b.
[brrcrns` ns i prcfbss tait novcdvbs ifts cr tarbits, b`ctncoid rbiftncos iok tab
scfnid bhhbfts ch tab ifts cr tarbits iok tab rbsudtiot iftncos. [brrcrns` no i fygbr sbttnoe
novcdvbs idd ch tab igcvb fc`pcobots wntano i ripnkdy faioenoe tbfaocdcenfid bovnrco`bot
wanfa nohdubofbs tbrrcrnst rbscurfbs iok cppcrtuontnbs. [absb faioebs knrbftdy ihhbft
tbrrcrnst tiftnfs, tirebts iok wbipcos iok aivb spiwobk ercwnoe knsfussnco ch i obw
tbrrcrnst tiftnf fiddbk —fygbr tbrrcrns`‐.
Cur furrbot uokbrstioknoe ch tab oiturb ch tbrrcrns` is nt rbditbs tc tab fygbr
bovnrco`bot ns dn`ntbk gy twc prn`iry hiftcrs - tab rbditnvbdy rbfbot b`brebofb ch
fc`putbr obtwcrjs iok pbraips, bvbo `crb n`pcrtiotdy tab dbeify ch prbvncus ioidysbs
wanfa fcohusb tbrrcrns` wnta i wnkb rioeb ch ctabr hcr`s ch vncdbofb.9 [ans sink, obw
kbvbdcp`bots no tbrrcrns` irb gbst uokbrstcck gy i grnbh rbvnbw ch tab oiturb ch
9 [ab bok rbsudt ch tans fcohusnco ns tait firbhud ioidysbs ch tbrrcrns` stitnstnfs irb chtbo
neocrbk no hivcr ch spbfuditnvb issbss`bots.
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tbrrcrns` iok tab pittbro ch tbrrcrns` kurnoe tab pist tanrty ybirs. Ub gbeno wnta i grnbh
kbhnontncoid knsfussnco iok tabo grnbhdy kbsfrngb tab kiti sbt upco wanfa wb gisb cur
b`pnrnfid ioidysns. Ub tabo dccj it tab b`pnrnfid kiti tarcuea tab dbos ch i sbt ch
fc``co `ytas wanfa aivb hri`bk `ufa ch tab knsfussnco ch tbrrcrns`. Unta tait is cur
hcuokitnco wb tabo turo tc i knsfussnco ch fygbr tbrrcrns`.
[brrcrns`< Kbhnontncos, Kbsneos iok @ytas
Kbhnontncos<7
Ub gbeno wnta tab issbrtnco tait tbrrcrns` ns io ift iok `ust gb kbhnobk is sufa.
[c kc ctabrwnsb fcohusbs tab nssub gy fc`gnonoe ctabr bdb`bots ch vncdbofb wnta tans
paboc`boco tait aivb oc gbirnoe co nts gisnf nkbotnty.6 Cofb tab oiturb ch tab ift ais
gbbo spbfnhnbk nt ns tabo iffbptigdb tc ikk quidnhynoe kbsfrnptcrs tc pdifb nt notc fcotbxt.
Hcr nostiofb, "tbrrcrns`" fio gb "notbroitncoid", "kc`bstnf", "stitb" cr "pcdntnfid", wnta
7 Nt ns ebobriddy tab fisb tait knsfussncos ch tbrrcrns` kbhnontncos wndd rbhbr tc cob cr twc
`ilcr pnbfbs tait kbvctb tabnr prn`iry hcfus tc tans suglbft. Envbo tab grbikta ch tbrrcrnst
rbsbirfa, acwbvbr, tab iutacrs gbdnbvb tait nt ns nohnontbdy `crb usbhud tc knrbft tab rbikbr
tc survby i `ufa wnkbr rioeb ch dntbriturb tc uokbrstiok acw kbhnontncos irb b`pdcybk no
bifa fisb.
6 [ans uokbrstioknoe ns n`pbritnvb. No tab notrckuftnco tc tab `cst rbfbot Vtitb
Kbpirt`bot rbpcrt (7===, 5), ]ittbros ch Edcgid [brrcrns` 9>>>, nt ns octbktait<"...tbrrcrnst ifts irb pirt ch i direbr paboc`boco ch pcdntnfiddy nospnrbk vncdbofb, iok
it tn`bs tab dnob gbtwbbo tab twc fio gb knhhnfudt tc kriw." Nh tab ift ch tbrrcrns` ns oct
fdbirdy iok bisndy knstnoeunsabk hrc` tabsb ctabr hcr`s ch "pcdntnfiddy nospnrbk vncdbofb"
tabo nt ns pcnotdbss tc b`pdcy tab fcofbpt ch tbrrcrns` is io ioidytnfid tccd. [ab bok rbsudt
ch tab n`prcpbr usb ch tbrrcrns` ns tait tab fcofbpt issu`bs tab nkbotnty ch id`cst ioy
hcr` ch vncdbofb tait tab ioidyst irgntrirndy faccsbs tc nofdukb. No tab fisb ch i rbpcrt
sufa is tab cob prckufbk gy tab RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, pcdntnfid fcosnkbritncos
udtn`itbdy knftitb acw tab tidb ch tbrrcrns` wndd gb tcdk.
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;
bifa kbsfrnptnvb kbhnonoe sufa hbiturbs is pirtnfnpiots, dcfidb, pbrpbtritcrs cr `ctnvbs,
gut tab fcrb ift idwiys rb`inos tab si`b.;
[ab ift ch tbrrcrns` ns spbfnid no tait nt fc`gnobs i spbfnhnf tirebt wnta i wnkbr
iuknbofb. Uandb `ioy ifts ch vncdbofb tirebt cody tab botnty tait ns `biot tc gb air`bk
cr kbstrcybk, tbrrcrns` ns uonqub no tait tab iftuid tirebt tait ns ittifjbk sbrvbs is i
eitbwiy tc nohdubofnoe i direbr iok sc`btn`bs `crb knvbrsb iuknbofb. [brrcrns` ns —tab
purpcsbhud ift cr tab tarbit ch tab ift ch vncdbofb tc frbitb hbir iok/cr fc`pdniot
gbaivncr no i vnftn` iok/cr iuknbofb ch tab ift cr tarbit (Vtcad, 9>11<6).‐2 Untano tans
kbhnontnco, tab fc`pcobots ch i purpcsbhud ift , vncdbofb, hbir , vnftn` iok iuknbofb idd
fcotrngutb tc tab uonqubobss ch tbrrcrns`.8 Nt ns idsc bssbotnid tc octb tait tab n``bknitb
vnftn`s ch tbrrcrns` irb knhhbrbot hrc` tab tirebt iuknbofb.5 Gy nohdnftnoe vncdbofb co tab
hcr`br, tbrrcrns` nohdubofbs tab dittbr. No tab hcddcwnoe knsfussnco tans rbditncosanp wndd
gbfc`b `crb ippirbot, bspbfniddy nh tab rbidnty ch tbrrcrns` ns fcotristbk wnta nts `ytas.
Kbsneos<
; [brrcrns` fio idsc gb knsfussbk no tab fcotbxt ch `crb bofc`pissnoe nostiofbs ch
vncdbofb sufa is wir. Vbb hcr nostiofb [ac`is Vfabddnoe„s (9>88<98-95) rbhbrbofb tc
tbrrcrns` usbk is i knpdc`itnf tccd kurnoe wirtn`b.
2 [ab RV Ir`y Hnbdk @iouid 9==-7=, Vtigndnty iok Vuppcrt Cpbritncos prcvnkbs i sn`ndir
kbhnontnco tait hcfusbs co tab oiturb ch tab ift. [brrcrns` ns, —tab fidfuditbk usb ch
vncdbofb cr tab tarbit ch vncdbofb tc nofudfitb hbir: notbokbk tc fcbrfb cr tc notn`nkitb
ecvbro`bots cr scfnbtnbs no tab pursunt ch ecids tait irb ebobriddy pcdntnfid, rbdnencus crnkbcdcenfid.
8 [ab RV Ir`y Hnbdk @iouid hurtabr stitbs, —...tbrrcrns` ns fidfuditbk. [brrcrnsts
ebobriddy jocw wait taby irb kcnoe. [ab sbdbftnco ch i tirebt ns pdioobk iok
ritncoid.....[brrcrnst vncdbofb ns obntabr spcotiobcus ocr riokc`....Z[Pbrrcrns` ns i
psyfacdcenfid ift fcokuftbk hcr nts n`pift co io iuknbofb.‐
5 Vbb Vtcad (9>1><6-;) hcr hurtabr bdigcritnco ch tans iok rbditbk pcnots.
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[ab tbrrcrns` tait tab wcrdk ais wntobssbk kurnoe tab pist tarbb kbfikbs ais
gbbo fairiftbrnzbk gy i ou`gbr ch fdbirdy nkbotnhnigdb trints. [ab iftuid b`pnrnfid rbfcrk
ch tbrrcrns` gbirs cody `irenoid rbsb`gdiofb tc fcotb`pcriry `bkni pcrtriyids iok
pcpudir gbdnbhs. [c nddustritb wb prbsbot io bxtrift ch ioidysbs ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`
kriwo hrc` cur bxi`noitnco ch N[BWI[B NX 1, io ioouiddy upkitbk kiti-sbt ch
notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst bvbots tait prbsbotdy fcvbrs tab 9>81 tc 9>>; pbrnck. Cvbridd,
N[BWI[B NX rbfcrkbk 9=,165 nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`.> No su`, tans ioidysns
kbtinds tab wac, wait, wabo iok wabrb ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` iok no kcnoe sc
bstigdnsabs gbofa`irjs9= hrc` wanfa tc issbss notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst bvbots ch tab pist,
prbsbot iok huturb.99
Ub gbeno wnta tab abirt ch tab hbir ebobritnoe fipifnty ch tbrrcrns`, tab tarbit tc
dnhb. @botnco tbrrcrns` iok tab n`iebs tait n``bknitbdy fc`b tc `nok irb direb-sfidb
triebknbs, tab gc`gnoes no Cjdiac`i Fnty cr @csfcw, cr tab b`gissnbs no Oinrcgn iok
Kir bs Vidii`, hcr bxi`pdb. Acwbvbr, rbditnvbdy hbw nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`
1 @nfjcdus bt id. (9>>>). Idsc sbb tab hcur vcdu`bs ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst farcocdcenbs
fc`pndbk gy @nfjcdus (9>1=, 9>>6) iok @nfjcdus, Viokdbr iok @urkcfj (9>1>i, 9>1>g).
Nt ns n`pbritnvb tc rb`b`gbr tait tab kiti prbsbotbk no tans faiptbr ns tijbo hrc`
N[BWI[B iok nofdukbs cody notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`. [aus, kc`bstnf, is wbdd is stitb
tbrrcrns` irb oct fcvbrbk. @crbcvbr, tabrb irb ctabr kiti-sbts (Vbb hcr nostiofb Lihhbb
Fbotbr, Wiok cr Vtitb Kbpirt`bot) tait prcvnkb gcta knhhbrbot fcuots ch tbrrcrnst
nofnkbots iok knhhbrbot virnigdbs isscfnitbk wnta tab oiturb ch tab nofnkbots. Hcr hurtabr
ioidysns ch tab virncus kiti-sbts tait irb ivindigdb sbb hcr nostiofb Hdb``noe (9>>7<969-
967) cr Hcwdbr (9>19).
> [ans ns io ivbrieb ch ;=9 nofnkbots pbr ioou`.
9= Cob ispbft wanfa sbb`s bspbfniddy n`pcrtiot no tans rbspbft surrcuoks tab qubstnco ch
acw fbrtino pcdntnfid fcotbxts bofcurieb cr knsfcurieb tbrrcrns`.
99 Vbb Eurr (9>11) wac rinsbs sbvbrid n`pcrtiot qubstncos rbditbk tc tab ioidysns ch
notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` kiti uokbrtijbo no tans sbftnco.
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bok no kbita. [ab tctid ou`gbr ch rbfcrkbk kbitas hrc` nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid
tbrrcrns` hrc` 9>81-9>>; wis >,82;97
@cst nofnkbots (>,79=, 12.2%) wbrb hitidnty hrbb.
Ioctabr 158 nofnkbots (1.9%) wbrb fairiftbrnzbk gy i snoedb kbita. No tctid, hitidnty hrbb
iok snoedb kbita nofnkbots iffcuotbk hcr >6.8 pbr fbot ch idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst
nofnkbots.
No tab twboty-sbvbo ybir pbrnck survbybk hcr tans stuky tabrb wbrb it dbist 98,12;
pbcpdb wcuokbk (87;/yr) gy nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`.96
[ans ns io ivbrieb ch
9.22 noknvnkuids wcuokbk pbr nofnkbot. [ab `cst vnftn`s wcuokbk no ioy envbo ybir wis
9,7169; no 9>19. No tab `ilcrnty ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots 1,>=5 (17.7% ch
nofnkbots), oc cob wis wcuokbk iok no ioctabr 812 (8.6%) cody cob pbrsco wis
wcuokbk pbr nofnkbot.92
[aus, gne bvbots wnta `ioy kbitas iok nolurnbs irb no cur
fcosfncusobss, ocob cr hbw kbitas iok nolury hrbb bvbots irb tab —rbidnty‐ hcr `cst
nofnkbots.
No ebobrid, `cst nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` prckufbk oc prcpbrty ki`ieb
it idd. Cvbr hnvb tacusiok (2,555) cr 26.6 pbr fbot ch idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots
hidd wntano tans fitbecry. [ab sbfcok direbst fitbecry ch prcpbrty ki`ieb wis "uojocwo"
97 [ans hneurb rbprbsbots tab tctid ou`gbr ch jocwo kbitas.
96 [ans ns tab jocwo tctid ch wcuokbk. [ab fc`pndbrs ch N[BWI[B NX rbfceonzb tait `crb
pbcpdb wbrb wcuokbk. [ans fivbit ippdnbs tc idd fcuots ch wcuokbk.
9; [ans ns io ivbrieb ch 7.5; wcuokbk pbr nofnkbot.
92 No ikkntnco tc i ebobrid fcuot ch tab ou`gbr ch vnftn`s wcuokbk, N[BWI[B NX idsc
fcuots tab ou`gbr ch hcrbneobrs, RV fntnzbos iok ecvbro`bot chhnfnids wcuokbk. Kiti
sacws tait tabrb wbrb 6,;=9 hcrbneobrs wcuokbk cr 71.91% ch idd vnftn`s wcuokbk. Nt
idsc sacws 112 I`brnfios wcuokbk cr .=1 pbr nofnkbot. No rbditnvb tbr`s tans rbprbsbots
2.72 pbr fbot ch idd vnftn`s wcuokbk, i `ufa dcwbr hneurb taio tab 7> pbr fbot
vnftn`nzitnco ritb tab Rontbk Vtitbs hifbs cvbr idd. Hnoiddy, N[BWI[B NX kiti rbvbid tait it
dbist 9,8=1 ecvbro`bot chhnfnids wbrb wcuokbk cr .77 pbr nofnkbot.
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(6,11; nofnkbots, 62.1%).98
Kiti ioidysns hurtabr noknfitbs tait tabrb wbrb 189 nofnkbots
(1.=%) rbsudtnoe no "sdneat" ki`ieb: wnta 9;2 (9.6%) "`ckbritb": 18 (.1%) "anea": iok 58
(.5%) "sbvbrb" ki`ieb.
. [ab hrbqubofy ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots, wandb puoftuitbk gy cffisncoid
kbfdnobs, obvbrtabdbss fcotnoubk tc ercw cvbr tab 9>81 tc 9>>; pbrnck.95
N[BWI[B NX
kiti rbvbid tait it dbist 91
976 notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots wbrb pbrpbtritbk no 9>81
iok tab hrbqubofy ch tabsb ifts nofrbisbk tc 652 no 9>>;. [ab hneurb ch 976 (9>81)
rbprbsbots tab dcw bok hcr nofnkbots, wandb 251 (9>>9) rbprbsbots tab anea bok. Cvbridd,
98 Nt ns knhhnfudt tc bstigdnsa tab bxtbot ch ki`ieb fiusbk gy `ioy nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid
tbrrcrns`, is rbpcrtnoe co tans cutfc`b ns chtbo nofc`pdbtb. No sc`b fisbs nt ns prcgigdb
tait nofnkbots no wanfa cody `nocr ki`ieb cffurs (b.e. i grcjbo wnokcw cr supbrhnfnid
ki`ieb tc io b`gissy widd) irb oct rbpcrtbk gbfiusb taby irb vnbwbk gy tab vnftn` is
trnvnid cr nofcosbqubotnid (Vivb ch fcursb wabo ecvbro`bots hnok i obbk tc rbntbritb tab
sbrncusobss ch tab tbrrcrnst tarbit tc i —fcofbrobk‐ pugdnf.). No ctabr fisbs, tab kcddir
vidub ch tab ki`ieb ns knhhnfudt tc kbtbr`nob gbfiusb ch nofcosnstbot rbpcrtnoe hrc` irbis
sufa is tab [anrk Ucrdk cr Bistbro Gdcf. No tabsb fisbs ki`ieb ns ippirbot, gut dnttdbnohcr`itnco gbycok tait ns iffbssngdb. Hnoiddy, nt sacudk gb rb`b`gbrbk tait cody
n``bknitb ki`ieb ns `bisurbk. [ab hudd bxtbot ch bxpboknturbs rbsudtnoe hrc`
notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots wanfa chtbo nofdukbs ikkntncoid bxpbosbs hcr obw cr
n`prcvbk sbfurnty `bisurbs ns oct fcosnkbrbk.
95 Ieino, nt ns n`pcrtiot tc rb`b`gbr tait tab hrbqubofy iok `ieontukb ch notbroitncoid
tbrrcrnst bvbots irb twc knstnoft paboc`boi. [aus, bvbo tacuea sc`b ybirs `neat
bxpbrnbofb hbwbr nofnkbots taio ctabr ybirs, tab sbvbrnty cr `ieontukb ch tab dbssbr
ou`gbr ch nofnkbots `neat stndd rbsudt no `crb sbrncus fcosbqubofbs (b.e. fisuidtnbs iok
ki`ieb) taio tab erbitbr ou`gbr ch nofnkbots. No ctabr wcrks, idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst
nofnkbots irb nofdukbk no tab kiti fcuot wabtabr taby irb sn`pdb tarbits ch notbokbkvncdbofb cr iftuid `ilcr ifts ch vncdbofb sufa is ississnoitnco iok sunfnkb gc`gnoe.
91 B`paisns ikkbk. Nt ns tab cpnonco ch tab iutacrs tait `crb nofnkbots fcudk idwiys gb
ikkbk tc tab ioouid fcuots nh tabrb wis gbttbr iffbss tc nohcr`itnco co notbroitncoid
tbrrcrns`. ]irt ch tab cvbridd nofrbisb no tab hrbqubofy ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots
fio gb bxpdinobk no tans rbspbft. Acwbvbr, nt fcudk idsc gb ireubk tait nh knhhbrbot
kbhnontncos, is wbdd is, knhhbrbot kiti fcknoe fcovbotncos wbrb b`pdcybk gy tab fc`pndbrs
ch N[BWI[B NX tab ioouid fcuots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots fcudk idsc gb dcwbr.
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N[BWI[B NX rbfcrkbk 9=,165 nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`.9>
No tbr`s ch tab
aneabst hrbqubofy ch nofnkbots 9>>9 (251 nofnkbots) riojbk hnrst hcddcwbk gy 9>>6 (227)
iok 9>18 (266). [ab dcwbst hrbqubofy ch nofnkbots cffurrbk no 9>81 (976 nofnkbots),
9>8> (95>) iok 9>51 (7>=).
Uabo vnbwbk it tab Vtitb dbvbd ch ioidysns N[BWI[B NX kiti rbvbids tait i aiokhud
ch stitbs sbrvbk is tab dcfidb hcr tab `ilcrnty ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`. Vn`pdy stitbk,
aidh ch idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` wis fcofbotritbk no lust tanrtbbo stitbs. Dbgioco tcppbk
tab dnst ch stitbs wnta 12= (69.;1 nofnkbots/ybir.) nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`,
hcddcwbk gy tab Rontbk Vtitbs wnta 851 (72.99/ybir.) iok Ubst Ebr`ioy/Ebr`ioy 7= wnta
8=; (76.6>/ybir.). Ctabr n`pcrtiot stitbs no tans rbspbft wbrb< Hriofb wnta 251 nofnkbots
(79.;9/ybir.): tab Rontbk Jnoekc` (285< 79/ybir.): Erbbfb (615< 9;.66/ybir.): Irebotnoi
(612< 9;.78 ybir.): Ntidy (688< 96.28/ybir.): [urjby (7>=< 9=.>7/ybir): tab ]andnppnobs
(716<99.5>/ybir): Fcdc`gni (757<9=.=5/ybir): ]bru (757<9=.=5/ ybir) iok Vpino (78><
>.>8/ybir.). ]braips bvbo `crb n`prbssnvb ns tab hift tait tab tcp hcur stitbs ch
Dbgioco, tab Rontbk Vtitbs, Ubst Ebr`ioy/Ebr`ioy iok Hriofb wbrb tab sntb ch cob-
quirtbr ch idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` pbrpbtritbk gbtwbbo 9>81 iok 9>>;.
Kbspntb i rbditnvbdy anea hrbqubofy ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots no tab Rontbk
Vtitbs (851) tab `ilcrnty (>6.>%) knk oct prckufb hitidntnbs cr `ilcr prcpbrty ki`ieb.
9> [ans ns io ivbrieb ch ;=9 nofnkbots pbr ioou`.
7= N[BWI[B NX fcuots Ubst Ebr`ioy iok tabo Ebr`ioy ihtbr tab hidd ch tab Gbrdno Uidd
is tab si`b botnty.
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>
Hneurbs hrc` N[BWI[B NX sacw >7 vnftn`s jnddbk cvbr i twboty-sbvbo ybir tn`b spio.79
]rcpbrty ki`ieb cffurrbk no 28.5 pbr fbot ch tab nofnkbots. No ikkntnco tc tab I`brnfio
fntnzbos wac` bxpbrnbofbk tab gudj ch tab vnftn`nzitnco (6>.8% ch idd notbroitncoid
nofnkbots no tab RV), ctabr stitbs tait wbrb rbeudirdy vnftn`nzbk nofdukbk tab Vcvnbt Ronco
(5.2%): Fugi (2.8%): Nrio (7.2%): ^uecsdivni (7.;%): iok @bxnfc (7.;%).77
No tctid, >=
stitbs wbrb vnftn`nzbk it cob tn`b cr ioctabr. [ab `cst hrbqubot typb ch n``bknitb
vnftn`s wbrb hcrbneo knpdc`its (69.2% ch nofnkbots): fcrpcritnco chhnfnids (78.8%): iok
prnvitb pirtnbs (79.;%), wandb prcpbrty wis ittifjbk id`cst hcur tn`bs is chtbo is
pbcpdb. No tbr`s ch typbs ch nofnkbots, gc`gnoes iffcuotbk hcr sdneatdy `crb taio aidh
(2=.2%)76
, hcddcwbk gy tarbits (96.;%). [ab dcenstnfid suffbss ritb hcr idd notbroitncoid
tbrrcrnst nofnkbots no tab Rontbk Vtitbs hrc` 9>81 tc 9>>; wis 8>.6 pbr fbot. Iok `cst
(55%) ch tab notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots no tab Rontbk Vtitbs wbrb pbrpbtritbk gy lust
bneat ercups, hcur ch wanfa wbrb Fugio (C`bei-5, Bd ]ckbr Fugioc, Vbfrbt Fugio
Ecvbro`bot, nokbtbr`noitb iotn-Fistrc Fugios (wnta oc kbhnontnvb oi`bs), tarbb ]ubrtc
Wnfio (HIDO, @NWI iok nokbtbr`noitb ]ubrtc Wnfios) iok cob Lbwnsa (Lbwnsa Kbhbosb
Dbieub) no crneno.7;
79 6.; hitidntnbs pbr ioou`. [ans ns i `ilcr fcotrist tc kc`bstnf tbrrcrns` wabrb hitidntnbs
ebobritbk gy i snoedb bvbot (tab gc`gnoe ch tab Idhrbk ]. @urria gundknoe bisndy bfdnpsbs
idd hitidntnbs rbfcrkbk no i twboty-sbvbo ybir spio ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`.
77 [ab oitncoidnty ch tab vnftn`s ns fdbirdy noknfitnvb ch tab notbroitncoid pcdntnfid fdn`itb chtab tn`b (n.b. tab Fcdk Uir) iok tab pbrsnstbofb ch ctabr rbencoid fcofbros no Fugi iok
]ubrtc Wnfc.
76 [ans tctid ns 86.>% nh nofbokniry ittifjs iok irsco irb nofdukbk.
7; [ab crneno ch tabsb ercups ns dcenfid envbo tabnr fdcsb ebceripanf prcxn`nty tc tab Rontbk
Vtitbs iok tab oiturb ch tabnr pcdntnfid strueedbs, idd ch wanfa rcutnobdy novcdvbk I`brnfio
hcrbneo pcdnfy. Nt ns pbraips, `crb n`pcrtiot tc octb, acwbvbr, tait tabsb ercups wbrb
oct pirt ch wait wcudk gb fcosnkbrbk i —dbhtnst‐ cr —Irig‐ nospnrbk tarbit tait rbeudirdy
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9=
It tab ctabr bok ch tab spbftru`, i `ilcrnty ch stitbs rb`inobk rbditnvbdy hrbb ch
notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`. [wboty stitbs72
rbfcrkbk i snoedb bvbot ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`
bifa cvbr tab twboty-hcur ybir pbrnck survbybk. Bdbvbo stitbs78
wbrb tab sntb ch twc
nofnkbots bifa iok ioctabr bdbvbo stitbs75
bxpbrnbofbk lust tarbb nofnkbots bifa. No hift,
onobty-sbvbo stitbs bxpbrnbofbk dbss taio cob nofnkbot ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` pbr ybir:
bneatbbo stitbs erbitbr taio cob, gut dbss taio twc: iok hcrty-hcur stitbs twc cr `crb
nofnkbots pbr ybir. No ctabr wcrks, 992 ch 92>, cr sbvboty-twc pbr fbot ch tab stitbs
bxi`nobk wntobssbk dbss taio cob nofnkbot ch tbrrcrns` pbr ybir co tabnr ac`b scnd.
Io bvbo `crb spbfnhnf ioidysns ch tab dcfitnco ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns̀ novcdvbs
tab bxi`noitnco ch tab sfbob wabrb tbrrcrnst nofnkbots cffur. Fbrtino dcfitncos irb
kc`noitbk I`brnfio trbit`bots ch tbrrcrns` kurnoe tait tn`b pbrnck. Vtitnstnfs (RV Vtitb
Kbpirt`bot, 7===) sacw oc nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` pbrpbtritbk co I`brnfio
scnd kurnoe 9>>>, acwbvbr, cob noknvnkuid wnta suspbftbk tnbs tc Rsi`i Gno Dikno wis
irrbstbk it tab Fioiki - RV gcrkbr. No tab 9>1=s V`nta iok Ki`pacussb (9>>1<962-
965) aivb kcfu`botbk io nofrbisb no kc`bstnf iok i kbfrbisb no notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`.
Hcr hurtabr nohcr`itnco co kc`bstnf tbrrcrns` no tab Rontbk Vtitbs sbb rbpcrtssufa is tab HGN Ioidysns ch [brrcrnst Nofnkbots no tab Rontbk Vtitbs (virncus ybirs):
[brrcrns` no I`brnfi< ]npb Gc`gs iok ]npb Krbi`s (V`nta, 9>>;): —[wc Kbfikbs ch
[brrcr< Fairiftbrnstnfs, [rboks iok ]rcspbfts hcr tab Huturb ch I`brnfio [brrcrns`‐
(V`nta iok Ki`pacussb, 9>>1): iok —Hidsb ]itrncts< [ab [arbit ch Iotnecvbro`bot
Bxtrb`nsts‐ (Vcutabro ]cvbrty Diw Fbotbr, 9>>8). [absb iok ctabr rbfbot stuknbs
farconfdnoe kc`bstnf tbrrcrns` no tab Rontbk Vtitbs pcnot tc i huturb tarbit ch tbrrcrnst
vncdbofb hrc` —rneat-wnoe‐, rbdnencus iok —snoedb-nssub‐ ercups. [ans kbvbdcp`bot ais
n`pcrtiot n`pdnfitncos hcr tab huturb ch tbrrcrns`/fc`putbr obtwcrjs iok wndd gb kbidt wnta
no tab sbfcok sbftnco ch tab prbsbot stuky.
72
[absb stitbs irb< Iotneui, Ir`boni, Izcrbs, Fignoki, Kc`nonfi, Hidjdiok Nsdioks,Bquitcrnid Eunobi, Engridtir, Erboiki, @idn, @idiwn, @usfit iok C`io, Yitir,
Vbyfabddbs, Vnbrri Dbcob, Vcdc`co Nsdioks, Vcuta ^b`bo - ]KW^, Xnbtoi`, Ubst Noknbs
Hbkbritnco iok \iozngir.
78 [absb stitbs irb< Giai`is, Gurjnoi Hisc, Fcoec, Bstconi, Euyioi, Eaioi, Nfbdiok,
Ditvni, @irtnonqub, @iurntioni iok Vfctdiok.
75 [absb stitbs irb< Idgioni, Giarino, Gudeirni, Fi`brcuo, Fbotrid Ihrnfio Wbpugdnf,
Brntrbi, Euikbdcupb, Jurknstio, Obw Fidbkconi, Vbobeid, iok [ab Rjrinob.
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99
hivcrbk cvbr ctabrs wnta tab `cst hrbqubot cob gbnoe tab chhnfb cr pdifb ch b`pdcy`bot
ch tab vnftn`. Cvbr hcur tacusiok (;,=11, 65.5% ch tctid nofnkbots) nofnkbots ch
notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` wbrb pbrpbtritbk it tans sfbob. [ab sbfcok `cst fc``co sfbob
ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` ns tab oco-rbsnkbotnid/oco-vcfitncoid sntb ch tab vnftn`. [ans typb
ch sfbob nofdukbs strbbt fcrobrs, `irjbts, tabitbrs, tivbros iok actbds. [abrb wbrb
7,=76 (91.5%) nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` pbrpbtritbk it tans sfbob. Dbss
hrbqubot sfbobs ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` wbrb tab ac`bs ch vnftn`s (9,=7; nofnkbots,
>.8%), vbanfdbs (>11, >.9%), inrfriht (867, 2.1%), b`girjitnco irbis (98>, 9.8%), sanps
(92=, 9.;%) iok trinos (26, .2%). Ioctabr 9,8>7 nofnkbots (92.8%) wbrb fckbk is aivnoe
cffurrbk it "ctabr" sfbobs cr is `nssnoe. Io ioidysns ch tans virnigdb rbvbids tait tab
prn`iry oiturb ch vnftn` tirebtbk kurnoe notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots hcr tab 9>81-9>>;
pbrnck wis prcpbrty. Cvbr hcur tacusiok (;,68;) nofnkbots cr sdneatdy `crb taio hcrty pbr
fbot (;9.21%) ch tab tctid wbrb knrbftbk it tans typb ch tirebt. ]bcpdb wbrb tirebtbk co
6,8=1 (6;.6%) cffisncos iok i fc`gnoitnco ch pbcpdb iok prcpbrty wis tirebtbk
ioctabr 7,265 (7;.9%) tn`bs.71
Kurnoe tab twboty-sbvbo ybirs survbybk prcpbrty prcvbk
tab hivcrntb tirebt ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnsts hcr sbvbotbbo ybirs, wandb pbcpdb wbrb
hivcrbk hcr onob ybirs iok i fc`gnoitnco ch tab twc hcr cob ybir.7>
71 Kub tc `nssnoe kiti, spbfnhnf tirebts wbrb nkbotnhnbk hcr cody 9=,296 ch tab 9=,165
nofnkbots.
7> No 9>>9, prcpbrty wis tirebtbk no 8>.5% ch idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots iok no
9>55 pbcpdb wbrb tirebtbk 86.2% ch tab tn`b.
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97
Vtndd ioctabr ipprcifa tc fc`prbaboknoe tab oiturb ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` ns tc
novbstneitb wanfa typb ch n``bknitb vnftn`6=
ns rbeudirdy suglbftbk tc tbrrcrnst tirebtnoe.
N[BWI[B NX fdissnhnbs n``bknitb vnftn`s is hcddcws< acst ecvbro`bot chhnfnids69
: hcrbneo
knpdc`its cr chhnfnid oco`ndntiry: acst ecvbro`bot `ndntiry: hcrbneo `ndntiry: fcrpcritnco
chhnfnids: prc`nobot cpnonco dbikbrs: prnvitb pirtnbs, nofduknoe tcurnsts, `nssncoirnbs iok
stukbots: iok suspbftbk tbrrcrnsts.67
Kiti ioidysns ch tab n``bknitb vnftn` virnigdb sacws tait hcrbneo knpdc`its cr
chhnfnid oco`ndntiry fdbirdy riojbk is tab `cst hrbqubotdy tirebtbk typb ch n``bknitb
vnftn`. Cvbr tanrty (69.9%) pbr fbot cr 6,9>6 nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` wbrb
knrbftbk it hcrbneo knpdc`its cr chhnfnid oco`ndntiry gbtwbbo 9>81 iok 9>>;. Hcrbneo
knpdc`its cr chhnfnid oco-`ndntiry wbrb idsc tab `cst hrbqubotdy tirebtbk n``bknitb
vnftn`s no hcurtbbo knhhbrbot ybirs. Ctabr typbs ch n``bknitb vnftn` no crkbr ch hrbqubofy
ch vnftn`nzitnco nofdukbk< fcrpcritnco chhnfnids (7,728 nofnkbots, 79.>%)66
: hcrbneo `ndntiry
6= N``bknitb vnftn`s irb tacsb vnftn`s tait irb knrbftdy ihhbftbk gy tbrrcrnst nofnkbots.
Ebobriddy spbijnoe, nt ns tabsb tirebts tait gbir tab gruot ch iok fc`b notc knrbft fcotift
wnta tbrrcrnst vncdbofb. @cst tbrrcrnst ifts, acwbvbr, idsc aivb i wnkbr tirebt iuknbofb.
Idtacuea tans iuknbofb hidds cutsnkb ch tab knrbft tbrrcrnst vncdbofb, nt ns obvbrtabdbss
nohdubofbk gy tab hift tait tab vncdbofb vnsntbk co tab n``bknitb vnftn` `neat cob kiy gb
knrbftbk spbfnhnfiddy it nt. N``bknitb vnftn`s irb rbditnvbdy bisy tc nkbotnhy gy vnrtub ch
tabnr fdcsb isscfnitnco tc tbrrcrnst nofnkbots. Unkbr tirebt iuknbofbs irb `crb knhhnfudt tc
knsfbro irb taus, oct nofcrpcritbk notc tab N[BWI[B NX kiti sbt. [aby `ust, acwbvbr,
oct gb kns`nssbk is nrrbdbviot nh tab trub oiturb ch tbrrcrns` ns tc gb huddy uokbrstcck.
69 [ab acst ecvbro`bot ns tab ecvbro`bot hrc` tab stitb no wanfa tab notbroitncoidtbrrcrnst nofnkbot gbenos.
67 Uabo prcpbrty ritabr taio noknvnkuids ns ittifjbk, tab typb ch prcpbrty kbtbr`nobs acw
tab n``bknitb vnftn` wndd gb fckbk. Uabo io nofnkbot ns knrbftbk it io b`gissy, hcr
nostiofb, tab n``bknitb vnftn` ns fckbk is knpdc`itnf. Nh i fcrpcritb abik chhnfb ns
novcdvbk, tab n``bknitb vnftn` wndd gb fckbk is i fcrpcritnco chhnfnid.
66 Fcrpcritncos wbrb tab hivcrbk tirebt no tarbb ybirs, hrc` 9>5; tc 9>58.
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96
(12;, 1.6%): prc`nobot cpnonco dbikbrs (652, 6.8%): acst ecvbro`bot chhnfnids (6;6,
6.6%): suspbftbk tbrrcrnsts 792 (7.9%): iok acst ecvbro`bot `ndntiry (927, 9.;%).
[ab ioidytnf ipprcifa usbk igcvb prbsbots i sc`bwait knhhbrbot pnfturb ch wanfa
typb ch vnftn` ns `cst dnjbdy tc bxpbrnbofb notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` knrbftdy. Idtacuea
knpdc`its (cob typb ch iutacrnty hneurb) wabo trbitbk is i knstnoft fdiss irb tab `cst
chtbo tirebtbk typb ch n``bknitb vnftn`s, oco-ecvbro`bot ercups fcuotbk no ieerbeitb
irb tab n``bknitb vnftn`s ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` `crb chtbo. [aus, no ieerbeitb tbr`s
prnvitb pirtnbs rbprbsbot tab `cst rbeudirdy tirebtbk ercup gy notbroitncoid tbrrcrnsts.
[ab N[BWI[B NX kiti sueebst i `nocrnty ch tbrrcrnst ercups boeiebk no i `ilcrnty
ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst iftnvnty, wandb i `ilcrnty ch tbrrcrnst ercups boeiebk no rbditnvbdy
hbw nofnkbots. Cody sbvbotbbo tbrrcrnst ercups pbrpbtritbk io ivbrieb ch twc cr `crb
(2;) nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` pbr ybir. Onobtbbo ercups wbrb rbspcosngdb hcr
`crb taio cob, gut dbss taio twc nofnkbots iok 9,975 ercups wbrb rbspcosngdb hcr dbss
taio cob nofnkbot pbr ybir. Obirdy cob-aidh ch idd ercups boeiebk no cody i snoedb bvbot.
Hnoiddy, tab ercups `cst hrbqubotdy novcdvbk no notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` irb sn`ndir no
tait taby irb fairiftbrnzbk gy rbditnvbdy wbdd-kbhnobk pcdntnfid iebokis6;
iok suppcrtnvb
pcdntnfid fcostntubofnbs.62
No sacrt, tbrrcrnst ercups tait irb `irjbk gy dcoebvnty iok
6; [absb ebobriddy aivb tabnr rccts no oitncoid (nrrnkbotnst, sbfbssnconst, iotn-fcdconid
`cvb`bots) cr rbdnencus (huoki`botidnst) nkbotntnbs iok irb oct is dnjbdy tc b`ioitb hrc`
purbdy nkbcdcenfid (@irxnst, @icnst) `ctnvitncos.
62 Bvbry ercup obbks cutsnkb suppcrt tc survnvb. Oitncoidnst ercups hcr nostiofb rbprbsbot
direbr fcostntubofnbs tait taby acpb tc sairb tabnr pcdntnfid einos wnta hcddcwnoe suffbsshud
tbrrcrnst fi`pineos. Nkbcdcenfiddy `ctnvitbk ercups idsc rbdy co suppcrtbrs wac
sugsfrngb tc tab si`b pcdntnfid gbdnbhs. [ab `crb suffbsshud tbrrcrnst ercups sufa is tab
]rcvnsncoid Unoe ch tab Nrnsa Wbpugdnfio Ir`y aivb gbbo igdb tc kbvbdcp, `inotino iok
usb tabnr suppcrtbrs tc hurtabr tabnr cwo cpbritncos. Vbb Lbhhrby I. Vduji„s (9>1>) Abirts
iok @noks, Uitbr iok Hnsa< Vuppcrt Hcr tab NWI iok NODI no i Ocrtabro Nrnsa Eabttc.
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9;
suhhnfnbot rbscurfbs tc cpbritb co i rbeudir gisns rbprbsbot tab erbitbst scurfb ch
notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`.
Unta tans grnbh notrckuftnco tc tab kiti ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`, dbt us turo tc i
grnbh ioidysns ch sbvbo `ytas tait kc`noitb tab pcpudir (iok chtbo chhnfnid pcdntnfid)
fcofbptuidnzitnco ch tbrrcrns`. It dbist tarbb `ytas rcutnobdy fairiftbrnzb bxpdioitncos ch
tab prcfbssbs ch tbrrcrns`. @ytas wanfa `cocpcdnzb tanojnoe no tans irbi irb<
- @yta Cob< [brrcrns` ns riokc` iok difjs spbfnhnf knrbftnco.
- @yta [wc< [brrcrns` jocws iok rbspbfts oc gcuokirnbs.
- @yta [arbb< [brrcrns` ns syocoy`cus wnta `issnvb kbita iok kbstruftnco.
Ctabr `ytas wanfa hcfus co tab crnenos, `ctnvitncos, pbrpbtritcrs iok ecids ch
tbrrcrns` iok idsc aivb n`pdnfitnco hcr cur uokbrstioknoe ch tbrrcrns`, fc`putbrs iok
fc`putbr obtwcrjs nofdukb<
- @yta Hcur< [brrcrns` ns tab bxfdusnvb iftnvnty ch oco-ecvbro`botid iftcrs iok nts
purpcsb ns tc frbitb faics.
68
- @yta Hnvb< Idd tbrrcrnsts irb `ik`bo cr frn`noids.65
- @yta Vnx< Ecvbro`bots idwiys cppcsb oco-ecvbro`botid tbrrcrns`.
- @yta Vbvbo< [ab scurfb ch fcotb`pcriry pcdntnfid tbrrcrns` `iy gb hcuok no tab
bvnd ch cob cr twc `ilcr iftcrs (tab kbvnd `ikb `b kc nt!).61
68 Idtacuea tab prbsbot bssiy kbids id`cst bxfdusnvbdy wnta tab usb ch tbrrcrns` gy oco-
stitb iftcrs tab iutacrs irb pcsntnvbdy iwirb ch tab sneonhnfiofb ch stitb iftcrs no tab
tbrrcrns` bquitnco.
65 [ans ns i fcokbositnco ch Vtcad„s (9>11) sbfcok iok tanrk `ytas, tab purpcsb ch wanfa
ns tc nddustritb acw tbrrcrnst creionzitncos fio gb bisndy vndnhnbk iok kbonbk ioy dbentn`ify.
61 Vbb Vtcad (9>11<5-76) hcr i dnst ch tbo ̀ ytas ch fcotb`pcriry pcdntnfid tbrrcrns`.
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98
rbditbk tirebts.;=
Gy tab si`b tcjbo nt ns uodnjbdy tc sbb tab Gdifj Vbptb`gbr
Creionzitnco ittifj tab Grntnsa Wcyid Hi`ndy.;9
Vufa tbrrcrnst ercups boeieb no tbrrcrnst
iftnvnty hcr i prbkbtbr`nobk pcdntnfid purpcsb iok tabnr ecids irb oct hurtabrbk gy riokc`
ittifjs wanfa tab pugdnf (tabnr iuknbofb) fiooct notbrprbt.;7
Idtacuea tab dist tarbb
kbfikbs aivb wntobssbk tacusioks ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots taby aivb `crb
chtbo taio oct gbbo ch i kbdngbritb ritabr taio riokc` oiturb.
@yta [wc< [brrcrns` jocws iok rbspbfts oc gcuokirnbs.
[ab issu`ptnco tait tbrrcrns` jocws iok rbspbfts oc gcuokirnbs hdcws hrc` tab
si`b gisb tait pbrpbtuitbs tab `yta tait tbrrcrns` ns riokc` iok noknsfrn`noitb. ^bt,
`ufa ch tab stitnstnfid ioidysns prbsbotbk no tab prbvncus knsfussnco pcnots tc nkbotnhnigdb
dn`nts wntano tab rbid` ch tbrrcrnst vncdbofb. Uandb nt ns fcrrbft tc sueebst tait tab botnrb
notbroitncoid systb` ais bxpbrnbofbk notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` it cob tn`b cr ioctabr, nt ns
`crb iffuritb tc ireub tait i rbditnvbdy s`idd ercup ch stitbs irb tab fcostiot tirebts ch
;= [c kitb nofnkbots novcdvnoe tab ]NWI aivb novcdvbk vnftn`s hrc` tbo stitbs, ocob ch
wanfa nofdukb Nsribd. Nt ns uojocwo nh nt wis tab notbotnco ch tab ]NWI tc novcdvb idd tbo
stitbs, cr sc`b vnftn`s wbrb sn`pdy —no tab wrcoe pdifb it tab wrcoe tn`b‐ (b.e. no i
pugdnf pdifb it tab tn`b ch i gc`gnoe.).
;9 [ab GVC ais ittifjbk vnftn`s hrc` it dbist hnhtbbo stitbs, gut ais cody cofb tirebtbk
Grntnsa tcurnsts no Erbbfb. [ab GVC ais idsc cpbritbk no tab Rontbk Jnoekc` twnfb, cofb
ieinost i Lcrkionio iok cofb ieinost io Nsribdn tirebt.
;7 Bvbo no fisbs wabrb tbrrcrnsts ittifjs ippbir tc `cvb gbycok tab dn`nts ch ctabr
hcr`s ch dbentn`itb (3) vncdbofb (b.e. wc`bo, fandkrbo, tab bdkbrdy iok nohnr` sacudk gb
spirbk) taby irb oct obfbssirndy noknsfrn`noitb cr riokc`. [ans pcnot fio gb `ikb gy
bxi`nonoe tab 9>12 ittifjs ieinost tab Wc`b iok Xnbooi inrpcrts. —[ab tbrrcrnsts knk oct
hnrb noknsfrn`noitbdy no tabnr issiudts. [aby wiotbk tc `ijb surb tait fandkrbo wbrb
nofdukbk i`coe tab vnftn`s. [aby suffbbkbk no jnddnoe io bdbvbo-ybir-cdk enrd...‐ (Vn`co,
9>>;<9>8). [ab ritncoidb gbanok tans tiftnf wis bxpdinobk no i octb firrnbk gy tab dcob
survnvnoe tbrrcrnst ch tab Wc`b ittifj. No sacrt, tab tbrrcrnst ecid wis tc —vncditb‐ bvbry
ispbft ch tab vnftn`s nofduknoe tabnr fandkrbo. (Vn`co, 9>>;<9>8). Kbspntb tab acrrnhnf
oiturb ch tabsb ittifjs tabrb wbrb oc riokc` vnftn`s.
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notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` wandb tab vist `ilcrnty rbsnkb co tab pbrnpabry ch tans vncdbofb.
B`pnrnfid bvnkbofb tait cvbr aidh ch idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` ais gbbo pbrpbtritbk no lust
tanrtbbo stitbs iok dbss taio sbvbo stitbs iffcuot hcr cvbr hnhty pbr fbot ch idd
vnftn`nzitnco noknfitbs tab rbidnty ch tbrrcrns`. Hurtabr bvnkbofb idsc sueebsts tait tab
`ilcrnty ch tbrrcrnst ifts irb oct fairiftbrnzbk gy tab direb-sfidb wiotco jnddnoe iok
kbstruftnco tait ns sc chtbo issu`bk
[ab bvnkbofb prbsbotbk no tab stitnstnfid ioidysns prcvnkbs cody i pirtnid
bxpdioitnco ch way tbrrcrnst vncdbofb sacudk gb trbitbk is i strufturbk paboc`boco.
Gbfiusb tbrrcrns` fio fcofbnvigdy fcvbr i hudd spbftru` ch vncdbofb hrc` oco-dbtaid
tarbits, tc sn`pdb kbstruftnco ch prcpbrty, tc `iss dcss ch dnhb, tabrb ns fcosnkbrigdb rcc`
hcr notbrprbtitnco igcut nts oiturb. Nostbik ch rbdynoe co tans fcofbptuidnzitnco is tab scdb
stiokirk hcr lukenoe tbrrcrnst vncdbofb, nt ns `crb abdphud tc pdifb noknvnkuid tbrrcrnst ifts no
tab fcotbxt ch direbr tbrrcrnst fi`pineos.;6
[ab bok rbsudt ch bstigdnsanoe tab kyoi`nfs ch
tbrrcrns` ns tait nt ns tabo pcssngdb tc nkbotnhy tab piri`btbrs ch vncdbofb wntano wanfa
tbrrcrnsts ebobriddy boeieb.
[ab sbfcok pirt ch tab bxpdioitnco faiddboenoe @yta [wc fbotbrs co
uokbrstioknoe tbrrcrnst ercups is ritncoid iftcrs. No crkbr tc ifanbvb tabnr ecids
(rbeirkdbss ch acw nrritncoid tab ecids `neat ippbir tc cutsnkbrs), tbrrcrnst ercups `ust
boeieb no sc`b dbvbd ch ritncoid gbaivncr. [c kc ctabrwnsb wcudk fc`prc`nsb tab vbry
bxnstbofb ch tab ercup. Ercups tait hcfus idd tabnr bhhcrts co wndk hcriys notc vncdbofb
fairiftbrnzbk gy `iss jnddnoe irb oct dnjbdy tc survnvb hcr i ou`gbr ch rbiscos. @cst
;6 Nt wcudk prcgigdy idsc gb abdphud tc rbvnbw tbrrcrns` no rbditnco tc ctabr hcr`s ch
vncdbofb. Notbroitncoid cr fnvnd wir idsc spios i wnkb spbftru` ch vncdbofb, gut ns sbdkc`
pcrtriybk no tab si`b hisanco is tbrrcrns`.
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tbrrcrnst ercups obbk tab suppcrt ch wnkbr fcostntubofnbs no crkbr tc survnvb. [ans suppcrt
ns ebobriddy oct hcrtafc`noe nh tbrrcrnst nofnkbots irb kbb`bk —tcc vncdbot‐ cr gbycok tab
iffbptbk dn`nts ch tab fcostntubofy. Uandb `ioy fcostntubofnbs wndd suppcrt vncdbofb
ieinost ecvbro`bot chhnfnids, scdknbrs iok ctabrs sbbo is rbprbsbotnoe tab —cffupnbrs‐ cr
—‐rbprbsscrs,‐ nt ns knhhnfudt hcr `cst ercups tc sustino tab suppcrt ch tabnr —fcostntubofnbs‐
hcr ifts ch tbrrcr ieinost —noocfbot‐ fnvndnio pcpuditncos, pirtnfudirdy nh tabrb irb
wnkbsprbik fnvndnio vnftn`s.
[brrcrnst ercups `ust idsc kbid wnta i abneatbobk stitb rbspcosb tc pirtnfudirdy
vncdbot ifts. Gc`gs pdifbk cutsnkb ch prctbftnvb b`gissy widds kc oct bdnfnt tab si`b
prbssurb hcr fcuotbr-tbrrcrnst rbspcosb is gc`gs pdifbk co inrdnobrs. Hnoiddy, tbrrcrnst
ercups `ust rbfcofndb tabnr usb ch vncdbofb wnta tabnr cwo nkbcdcenbs. Nh tbrrcrnst ercups
irb tc survnvb iok tarnvb firbhud ittbotnco `ust gb pink tc tab bxift oiturb ch tabnr
tbrrcrnst fi`pineos. Fdbirdy, tabrb irb wbdd-kbhnobk dn`nts no tans rbspbft. [aus, tbrrcrns`
ns purpcsbhud iok tans ns rbhdbftbk no tab pittbro ch tbrrcrnst vncdbofb.
@yta [arbb< [brrcrns` ns syocoy`cus wnta `issnvb kbita iok kbstruftnco.
Kbspntb nts vnfncus octcrnbty, tab kiti noknfitbs tait notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` rbsudts
no dbss taio cob hitidnty pbr nofnkbot iok cvbr onobty pbr fbot ch tab nofnkbots aivb oct
rbsudtbk no tab kbita ch ioy vnftn`s. [abrb irb idsc rbditnvbdy hbw —anea bok‐ nofnkbots
sufa is tab gc`gnoe ch inrdnobrs. No hift, tabrb wbrb cody twboty-cob gc`gnoes ch
inrdnobrs cvbr i twboty-sbvbo ybir pbrnck iok cody twbdvb rbsudtbk no tab kbitas ch `crb
taio twboty pbcpdb.;;
Uandb tabsb typbs ch nofnkbot kc nokbbk cffur, taby irb tab
;; [ans ns oct `biot tc ireub tait 7= cr dbss kbitas ns nosneonhnfiot, gut ritabr tc pdifb tab
bxtbot ch nofnkbots ch `iss hitidntnbs no tabnr prcpbr fcotbxt. [ab tbo `cst dbtaid nofnkbots
ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` (wnta kitbs iok hitidntnbs) irb is hcddcws< 9. Luob 76, 9>12. [ab
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bxfbptnco ritabr taio tab rudb. [ab `inostiy ch tbrrcrns` tc kitb ais gbbo i fc`gnoitnco
ch tarbitbobk vncdbofb wnta io isscrt`bot ch ctabr vncdbot ifts tait aivb prckufbk
prcpcrtncoiddy `crb hbir taio kbita cr kbstruftnco.
@yta Hcur< [brrcrns` ns tab bxfdusnvb iftnvnty ch oco-ecvbro`botid iftcrs iok nts purpcsb
ns tc frbitb faics.
[ab rbisconoe gbanok tans `yta ns tait s`idd oco-stitb (iok pbraips nrritncoid)
iftcrs irb tab scdb hcrfb gbanok tbrrcrns`. Nh tans issu`ptnco ns trub, nt hcddcws tait envbo
tabnr rbditnvbdy s`idd stiturb vns-i-vns stitbs rbdbeitbs tab` tc knsturgnoe tab pbifb
wntacut rbidnstnfiddy bstigdnsanoe ioy fcuotbr-crkbr. Uandb nt ns fdbirdy trub tait i prn`iry
purpcsb ch tbrrcrns`, is priftnfbk gy faiddboebrs tc ecvbro`botid iutacrnty, ns tab
prckuftnco ch faics, tc kb`costritb tab noigndnty ch tab rben`b tc ecvbro nt ns idsc i
rbidnty ch tbrrcrns` ns tait nt ns rbeudirdy b`pdcybk gy stitbs tc bohcrfb crkbr. [ans
paboc`boco cffurs no `ioy stitbs iok ns octbk it sbvbrid stiebs ch stitbs„ pcdntnfid
kbvbdcp`bot.;2
No bifa fisb, nt ns tab prckuftnco ch crkbr, oct faics tait tab rbdbviot
tbrrcrnsts strnvb hcr.
gc`gnoe ch Inr Nokni Hdneat 917 chh tab fcist ch Nrbdiok - 67> kbik: 7. Iueust 5, 9>>1.
[ab gc`gnoe ch tab I`brnfio B`gissy no Oinrcgn, Jboyi - 7>9 kbik: 6. Kbfb`gbr 79,
9>11. [ab gc`gnoe ch ]io I` Hdneat 9=6 cvbr Dcfjbrgnb, Vfctdiok - 756 kbik: ;.
Vbptb`gbr 9>, 9>1>. [ab gc`gnoe ch R[I Hdneat 557 cvbr Onebr - 959 kbik: 2. Iueust
96, 9>51. [ab gc`gnoe ch io ipirt`bot gundknoe no Gbnrut, Dbgioco - 989 kbik: 8.
Ocvb`gbr 6=, 9>15. [ab gc`gnoe ch Jcrbio Inrdnobs Hdneat 121 cvbr Vcuta Bist Isni -
992 kbik: 5. Vbptb`gbr 76, 9>16. [ab gc`gnoe ch io B`nritbs Gcbnoe 565 obir Kugin -999 kbik: 1. Ocvb`gbr 75, 9>1>. [ab gc`gnoe ch Ivniofi Hdneat 7=6 cvbr Fcdc`gni -
99= kbik: 1. Iueust 75, 9>19. [ab sigctieb ch i Hir Bistbro Inr triospcrt obir [inwio
- 99= kbik: iok 9=. Kbfb`gbr ;, 9>55. [ab anlifjnoe iok frisa ch i @idiysnio Inrdnobs
Vystb` Gcbnoe 565 - 9== kbik.
;2 Birdy bxi`pdbs sueebstbk gy Ercss (9>25<996) nofdukb octigdb nostiofbs sufa is tab
Vpionsa Noqunsntnco knrbftbk gy tab Fitacdnf Faurfa iok tab usb ch tab eunddctnob gy tab
Lifcgnos kurnoe tab Hrbofa Wbvcdutnco.
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[ab facnfb ch dn`ntnoe ioidysbs ch tbrrcrns` tc oco-ecvbro`botid iftcrs ns fdbirdy
prcgdb`itnf nh i trub iffcuotnoe ch tbrrcrnst pbrpbtritcrs ns tc gb ifanbvbk. [brrcrns` ns
rcutnobdy usbk gy rben`bs tc `inotino iok strboetabo pcdntnfid fcotrcd.;8
No pirtnfudir, cob
fio rbikndy pcnot tc tab wnkbsprbik usb ch —stitb tbrrcr‐ (hcr purpcsbs ch pcdntnfid fcotrcd)
no `cst ch tab wcrdk kurnoe sc`b pirt ch tab twbotnbta fbotury. Hrc` tab tctidntirnio
rben`bs ch Burcpb kurnoe tab twbotnbs, tanrtnbs iok hcrtnbs, tc tab snoedb pirty
knftitcrsanps ch Ihrnfi iok Isni iok tab @nkkdb Bist no tab pcst fcdconid pbrnck tc tab
hcr`br stitbs ch tab Vcvnbt Ronco iok nts iddnbs tc tab —iutacrntirnio‐ rben`bs ch Ditno
I`brnfi tab usb ch stitb tbrrcr ais gbbo rcutnob. Vtitbs aivb idsc rbpbitbkdy b`pdcybk
tbrrcrns` no tn`b ch wir ;5
iok bvbo no tn`bs ch pbifb.;1
[ab rbidnzitnco tait stitb iftcrs
boeieb no tbrrcrns` ns oct cody n`pcrtiot nh idd tbrrcrnst iftnvnty ns tc gb iffuritbdy
kcfu`botbk, nt ns n`pbritnvb nh huturb pbrpbtritcrs irb tc gb rbikndy nkbotnhnbk iok
uokbrstcck. Nt ns idsc ireuigdb tait stitbs irb hir `crb fipigdb ch suffbsshuddy
b`pdcynoe tbrrcr tiftnfs taio irb nosurebots. Unta tab ikvbot ch tbrrcrns` novcdvnoe
fc`putbr obtwcrjs nt ns uorbidnstnf tc gbdnbvb tait cody oco-stitb iftcrs wndd usb tab fygbr
bovnrco`bot is i obw irboi ch tbrrcrns`. Vtitb iftcrs wndd fcotnoub tc aivb sneonhnfiot
;8< —Z[Pab tbr` —tbrrcr‐ hnrst kbvbdcpbk no rbspcosb tc tab systb`itnf b`pdcy`bot ch
vncdbofb iok tab eunddctnob gy tab Lifcgno iok [abr`nkcrnio rben`bs no Hriofb.‐ [abrb
irb `ioy `crb anstcrnfid iok fcotb`pcriry bxi`pdbs ch tab usb ch tbrrcrns` gy stitb
iftcrs (sbb Vtcad 9>11<1).
;5 Cob fcotb`pcriry bxi`pdb ns tab 9>>> OI[C gc`gnoe fi`pineo ieinost Vbrgni
wanfa scueat tc tbrrcrnzb gcta tab Vbrgnio Ecvbro`bot iok pbcpdb notc igiokconoe tab
Vbrgnio prcvnofb ch Jcscvc. Io birdnbr bxi`pdb ns tab 9>57 Farnst`is gc`gnoes ch Aiocn
gy tab I`brnfio Ecvbro`bot kbsneobk tc fcbrfb tab Ocrta Xnbtoi`bsb notc rbcpbonoe
obectnitncos wnta tab Rontbk Vtitbs.
;1 [ab fcvbrt cpbritncos ch tab I`brnfio Fbotrid Notbddnebofb Iebofy iok tab Nsribdn
@cssik irb gut twc bxi`pdbs ch stitbs usnoe tbrrcrns` no pursunt ch tabnr cwo pcdntnfid
notbrbsts.
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cppcrtuontnbs;>
tc fc`gnob tbrrcrnst tiftnfs iok fc`putbrs no ioy ou`gbr ch knhhbrbot
hcr`s no tabnr qubst tc ifanbvb pcdntnfid cglbftnvbs.
@yta Hnvb< Idd tbrrcrnsts irb `ik`bo cr frn`noids.2=
[ab issu`ptnco tait idd tbrrcrnsts irb `ik`bo cr frn`noids no nts sn`pdbst hcr` ns i
`yta tait ns prc`ctbk gy stitbs sc is tc kboy pcdntnfid dbentn`ify tc tbrrcrnst iftcrs cr
tabnr ecids. It cob dbvbd tab `yta `inotinos tait, —cody `ik`bo wcudk rbscrt tc `ioy ch
tab iftncos tait tbrrcrnsts aivb uokbrtijbo.‐ [ans vnbw, wanfa ns fc``co no Ubstbro
`bkni iok ecvbro`botid fnrfdbs, iddcws cgsbrvbrs tab bisy cppcrtuonty tc rbkufb pcdntnfid
iftcrs, iftncos iok prcgdb`s tc psyfacdcenfid cobs, tab bok rbsudt ch wanfa kbonbs tait
tbrrcrnsts iok tabnr vncdbot gbaivncr ns ioytanoe gut ritncoid.29
[ab octnco tait tbrrcrnsts irb gy kbhnontnco frn`noids ns trub no tbr`s ch tab dbeid
fckb gut oct obfbssirndy abdphud gbycok tait. Is i `nddboonu`„s wcrta ch hios ais
kb`costritbk, tab Vabrnhh ch Octtnoeai`„s nosnstbofb tait Wcgno Acck wis i tanbh iok i
fc``co frn`noid ais kcob octanoe tc knssuikb tab pcpuditncos tait aivb fabbrbk Wcgno
Acck„s bsfipikbs tait ab wis i abrc. Nostbik ch rbfceonznoe tait `ioy ifts ch tbrrcrns`
aivb i gisns no i pirtnfudir pcdntnfid strueedb iok `ust gb bviduitbk iok `cst n`pcrtiotdy
hrc` i ecvbro`bot, diw bohcrfb`bot pbrspbftnvb, rbspcokbk tc no tbr`s ch tait strueedb,
;> Nt fcudk idsc gb ireubk tait envbo tabnr rbscurfbs, stitb iftcrs aivb i knstnoft
ikviotieb cvbr oco-stitb iftcrs no tbr`s ch tab sfcpb iok notbosnty ch tab tbrrcrns` tabyirb igdb tc pbrpbtritb b`pdcynoe cr tirebtnoe fc`putbrs.
2= —@ik`bo‐ iok —frn`noids‐ irb bisndy notbrfaioebk wnta ctabr digbds sufa is —@irxnst‐,
—@icnst‐, —Dbononst‐, —Wneatnst‐ iok —Hisfnst‐.
29 I anstcry ch bxtbokbk, pcdntnfiddy `ctnvitbk iok wbdd-pdioobk notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst
fi`pineos wcudk sbb` tc sueebst ctabrwnsb. It tab vbry dbist, cob `neat ireub tait
sc`b vbry scpanstnfitbk `ik`bo `ust gb gbanok tab dist tarbb kbfikbs ch notbroitncoid
tbrrcrns`.
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iffbptiofb ch tab `yta fcohusbs bohcrfb`bot ch tab frn`noid fckb wnta tab ipprcprnitb
pcdntnfid rbspcosb. Untano tans sfaccd ch tacueat, idd tbrrcrnst iftnvnty ns frn`noid iok fio gb
kbidt wnta iffcrknoedy.27
Nt ns rirb hcr tbrrcrnst ifts tc rbsudt no ioy nkbotnhnigdb frn`noid
eino.26
Acwbvbr, ercups wanfa aivb gbbo digbdbk is tbrrcrnst ercups aivb boeiebk no
wait irb fdbirdy —frn`noid‐ ifts sn`pdy tc ebobritb huoks hcr tabnr cpbritncos. Vufa ifts
sacudk oct gb fcohusbk wnta tbrrcrns` is tabnr purpcsb aivb octanoe tc kc wnta frbitnoe
hbir iok/cr fc`pdniot gbaivncr no tbr`s ch tab pcdntnfid systb`. [ab tbrrcrnst tarbit
wabtabr vnbwbk is erbit cr s`idd ns oct dn`ntbk tc tab kbsneos ch `ik`bo iok frn`noids.2;
No i obw bri wabrb tbrrcrns` iok fc`putbrs/ fc`putbr obtwcrjs aivb tab pctbotnid tc
gbfc`b nofrbisnoedy notbrtwnobk, tab obbk tc knstnoeunsa gbtwbbo fygbr frn`noids/frn`b
iok fygbr tbrrcrnsts/ tbrrcrns` ns frntnfid.22
@yta Vnx< Ecvbro`bots idwiys cppcsb oco-ecvbro`botid tbrrcrns`.
27 No sc`b fisbs, tab iffbptiofb ch tbrrcrns` is sn`pdy ioctabr hcr` ch frn`b iddcws tab
stitb tc ikcpt obw iok pctbotniddy rbprbssnvb `bisurbs tc kbid wnta i typb ch frn`b tait
fiooct gb bisndy fcotinobk gy bxnstnoe dbeid ippiritus.
26 No tans nostiofb, frn`noid eino ns rbeirkbk is bofc`pissnoe sc`b hcr` ch hnoiofnid
rbwirk. [ab `ilcrnty ch tbrrcrnst ississnoitncos, gc`gnoes iok tarbits aivb pcdntnfid, gut
oc frn`noid fc`pcobots. [aby irb notbokbk hcr sy`gcdnf purpcsbs wntacut iffc`pioynoe
hnoiofnid eino. Idtacuea sc`b anlifjnoes iok jnkoippnoes novcdvb riosc` kb`ioks, tabsb
irb trikntncoiddy pirt ch i direbr pifjieb ch kb`ioks wanfa idsc nofdukb tab pugdnfitnco ch
pcdntnfid `ionhbstcs, rbdbisb ch pcdntnfid prnscobrs cr ctabr n`prnscobk tbrrcrnsts iok sihbpissieb cr pcdntnfid i`obsty. [absb nofnkbots irb idsc i kb`costritnco tc direbr
iuknbofbs ch tab noigndnty ch ecvbro`bots tc ikbquitbdy prctbft tabnr cwo fntnzbos.
2; [rbitnoe tbrrcrnsts is frn`noids `brbdy trnvnidnzbs tab prcgdb` iok neocrbs tab hift tait
tab scdutnco tc stcppnoe tbrrcrnst vncdbofb difjs i —fcovbonbot‐ scdutnco (sbb Vtcad
9>1><96).
22 [ans nssub iok rbditbk pcnots wndd gb ikkrbssbk no erbitbr kbtind no tab hcddcwnoe sbftnco.
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[ab `yta tait stitbs< —Ecvbro`bots idwiys cppcsb oco-ecvbro`botid tbrrcrns`,‐
fio gb bisndy fcrrbftbk gy ikknoe tab sn`pdb fcotbxtuid ikkboku`, —wabo taby hnok nt
pcdntnfiddy bxpbknbot.‐ Idtacuea stitbs aivb trikntncoiddy gbbo fcosnkbrbk is —scfnbty„s
obutrid fcohdnft `ioiebr,‐ i `crb iffuritb vnbw trbits tab` is notbrbstbk pirtnbs. No tans
fcofbptuidnzitnco tab rcdb ch stitbs is jbbpbrs ch crkbr ns bxpiokbk tc nofdukb nostiofbs
wabrb oco-stitb iftcrs aivb iftbk wnta i stitb„s pcdntnfid notbrbsts no `nok. No ctabr
wcrks, tabrb irb fnrfu`stiofbs wabrb tab tbrrcrnst iftnvnty ch oco-stitb iftcrs ns
iffbptbk is crkbr ritabr taio faics nokufnoe.
Cob prc`nobot bxi`pdb ch stitb suppcrt hcr ocoecvbro`botid tbrrcrns` ns hcuok no
tab rbditncosanp gbtwbbo fbrtino stitbs iok vnendiotb ercups boeiebk no kc`bstnf
tbrrcrns`. Uabo vnendiotb ercups sbbj tc issnst tab bstigdnsabk ecvbro`bot no tab
`inotboiofb ch crkbr taby irb oct cody tcdbritbk, gut bofcuriebk gy ecvbro`bots, hcr
bxi`pdb, gcta tab Irebotnob iok Grizndnio ecvbro`bots rbscrtbk tc suppcrtnoe kc`bstnf,
oco-stitb tbrrcrnst ercups kurnoe tab 9>5=s
28
wnta tab notbot ch ifanbvnoe erbitbr pcdntnfid
fcotrcd wntano tabnr cwo gcrkbrs.
Vtitb suppcrt hcr ocoecvbro`botid tbrrcrns` idsc bxtboks tc tab notbroitncoid
irboi. Ieino, tabrb irb nostiofbs wabrb tab tbrrcrns` ch oco-stitb botntnbs fcnofnkbs wnta
tab oitncoid notbrbsts ch scvbrbneo stitbs. Vtitb suppcrt no tans rbspbft ebobriddy kbpboks
co i fcst-gbobhnt ioidysns tait fidfuditbs tab gbobhnt tacueat pcssngdb hrc` tab kbsnrbk
cutfc`b, tab gbdnbvbk prcgigndnty wnta wanfa tab iftnco wndd grnoe igcut tab kbsnrbk stitb
ch ihhinrs iok tab gbdnbvbk prcgigdb fcst ch boeienoe no tab iftnco. Notbroitncoid oco-stitb
28 [ab ercups no qubstnco irb tab Iotn Fc``uonst Iddniofb (III) (Irebotnoi) iok tab
Bsquikrc kb @crtb (Griznd).
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7;
tbrrcrns` suppcrtbk gy stitbs ns io bxi`pdb ch surrceitb tbrrcr. @crb spbfnhnfiddy, tans
tbrrcrns` ippbirs is<
9) Vtitb-suppcrtbk tbrrcrns`< Io cffurrbofb wabrb tab nontnid tbrrcrnst iftncos ch
tanrk pirtnbs irb sugsbqubotdy suppcrtbk gy notbrbstbk stitbs: cr
7) Vtitb ifqunbsfbofb< Nostiofbs wabrb tab tbrrcrnst iftnvnty ch oco-stitb iftcrs ns
tifntdy ipprcvbk cr it dbist oct fcokb`obk:25
No gcta ch tab igcvb fisbs tab iftncos ch stitbs irb it ckks wnta tab `yta tait
tabsb iftcrs idwiys cppcsb stitb tbrrcrns`. [ans rbidnty ns idsc no knrbft fcotrist wnta
ioctabr wnkbdy abdk gbdnbh tait tbrrcrns` ns i wbipco ch tab wbij. Bvbo tab `cst
pcwbrhud stitbs aivb hcuok tait suppcrt hcr oco-stitb tbrrcrns` sbrvbs i purpcsb no
notbroitncoid rbditncos. [ab Rontbk Vtitbs ecvbro`bot ais noknfitbk erbit fcofbro wnta
tab pcssngndntnbs ch stitb suppcrt hcr oco-stitb tbrrcrns` novcdvnoe fc`putbrs/fc`putbr
obtwcrjs.
@yta Vbvbo< [ab scurfb ch fcotb`pcriry pcdntnfid tbrrcrns` `iy gb hcuok no tab bvnd ch
cob cr twc `ilcr iftcrs (tab kbvnd `ikb `b kc nt!).
[ab pcdntnfid bxpbknbofy ch tab hnoid `yta ch tbrrcrns` ns gbst bxpdinobk gy
rbvnbwnoe bifa ch tab snx prbvncusdy knsfussbk `ytas wanfa idd kb`costritb tab bssbotnid
hdiw ch aneadneatnoe tab n`pcrtiofb ch iftcr cvbr iftnco. [ab igndnty tc bquitb tab acrrcrs
ch tbrrcrns` wnta tab obwdy kbhnobk sitionf fairiftbr ch tab stitb cr ercup boeiebk no nt
frbitbs i pcwbrhud tccd no tab irboi ch notbroitncoid pugdnf cpnonco21
iok idsc boigdbs us
25 Vtitb ifqunbsfbofb novcdvbs tab `non`id usb ch stitb rbscurfbs, gut ns idsc suglbft tc
dnttdb fcotrcd co tab pirt ch tab ifqunbsfnoe stitb (Vbb Vtcad 9>11<916).
21 Bvnkbofb ch tans sntuitnco fio gb hcuok no tab pugdnf I`brnfio sfcdknoe ch tab Vcvnbt
novcdvb`bot no trinonoe, huoknoe iok bqunppnoe notbroitncoid tbrrcrnsts (Vtcad, 9>11<7=).
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72
tc neocrb tab pctbotnid scurfbs ch pcdntnfid fiusb hcr tab ifts wanfa wb rneatdy fcokb`o.
[ab oiturb ch tbrrcrns` is igacrrbot is nt `iy gb ais oct prbfdukbk nts usb gy i wnkb
spbftru` ch iftcrs.
Uabo tab tccd ns suffbsshuddy b`pdcybk, tab bvnd ch tab stitb no qubstnco ercws tc
`ytanfid prcpcrtncos iok nt fio gb abdk rbspcosngdb hcr idd wrcoes wntacut ikkrbssnoe tab
pctbotnid dbentn`ify ch tab pcdntnfid ernbviofbs wanfa dbk tc tab igacrrbot ift. No ikkntnco
tc tab Vcvnbts, wcrdk dbikbrs (@ui``ir Yuikkihn, tab Iyitcddia Jac`bnon) iok ctabr
tbrrcrnst pbrscoiebs (Igu Onkid, ^isnr Irihit iok Rsi`i Gno Dikno) wbrb idd bdbvitbk tc
kbvnd stitus iok envbo hir `crb —frbknt‐ hcr tab pbrpbtritnoe ch tbrrcrnst ifts taio tab
rbfcrk noknfitbs taby aik rbspcosngndnty.2>
@crb rbfbotdy tab fcofbpt ch Wceub Vtitb
(rbfbotdy gionsabk hrc` tab Vtitb Kbpirt`bot Dbxnfco) wis ikcptbk.
[ab pbrsnstbofb ch tab —Kbvnd [abcrnbs ch [brrcrns`‐ `yta ns, uohcrtuoitbdy, oct
`brbdy i fcofbro hcr tbrrcrns` ioidysts, fc``botitcrs iok tab fisuid cgsbrvbr.
Ecvbro`botid iutacrntnbs wac aivb b`grifbk tab `yta fcotnoub tc pbrpbtuitb nt hcr tabnr
cwo notbrbsts wanfa pbr`nts erbitbr hrbbkc` tc pursub pcdnfnbs tait aivb `ufa tc kc
wnta hcrbneo pcdnfy notbrbsts, gut dnttdb tc kc wnta tbrrcrns` igitb`bot8=
. [ans sink, tab
2> Vbb Fac`sjy„s (9>18) ]nritbs iok B`pbrcrs< Notbroitncoid [brrcrns` no tab Wbid
Ucrdk hcr sc`b nosneathud iok prcvcfitnvb (hcr tacsb wac iffbpt tbrrcrns` `ytas)
ioidysns ch acw tab pblcritnvb usb ch tbrrcrns` tbr`nocdcey iok tab kb`conzitnco ch
fbrtino iftcrs wcrjs.
8= ]braips tab `cst cgvncus bxi`pdb ns tab I`brnfio inr ittifj (Bd Kcrikc Fioyco)
ieinost Dngyio tirebts co Iprnd 9;, 9>18, i `brb onob kiys ihtbr tab tbrrcrnst gc`gnoe ch
tab Di Gbddb knsfctabqub no Ubst Gbrdno. Gy dnojnoe Dngyi (i stitb) tc tab gc`gnoe, tab
Rontbk Vtitbs wis igdb tc pcnot tc i sugstiotnvb tirebt iok taus boeieb no swnht
rbtidnitnco. [ab nkbotnhnfitnco ch stitb iftcrs is tbrrcrnst pbrpbtritcrs chhbrs tab
notbroitncoid fc``uonty tab cppcrtuonty tc rbspcok tc notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` gy `bios ch
bstigdnsabk notbroitncoid diw. [ab ikkbk ittriftnco ch puonsanoe i sitionf scurfb ch
tbrrcrns` `ijbs tans typb ch hcrbneo pcdnfy rbspcosb idd tab `crb ittriftnvb (sbb Vtcad,
9>15< 988-85).
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78
huturb ioidysns ch tbrrcrns` no tab fygbr bovnrco`bot `ust frntnfiddy issbss idd crnenos iok
scurfbs ch tbrrcrns`. Nh tab `yta ch sitionf iftcrs pbrsnsts notc tab obxt ebobritnco ch
tbrrcrns` `ioy cppcrtuontnbs hcr fcuotbrnoe tab paboc`boco wndd gb dcst.
Idd ch tab `ytas cutdnobk igcvb noangnt fdbir tanojnoe co tab suglbft ch tbrrcrns` iok
irb bquiddy n`pcrtiot no tbr`s ch uokbrstioknoe tbrrcrns` ch tait ns ch gcta fcovbotncoid
iok fygbr no oiturb. No dneat ch tab rbditnvb obwobss ch tbrrcrns` iok fc`putbrs i
fc`pirnsco ch tab rbditncosanp gbtwbbo tab sbvbo `ytas iok tab rbidnty ch fcovbotncoid
tbrrcrns`, fc`gnobk wnta i aypctabsnzbk vnbw ch tab rbidnty ch fygbr tbrrcrns` ns no crkbr.
[absb pcnots irb nddustritbk no [igdb 9.9.[igdb 9.9< [brrcrns`
@ytas, Fcovbotncoid [brrcrns` iok Fygbr [brrcrns`
@yta Fcovbotncoid Wbidnty Aypctabsnzbk Fygbr
Wbidnty
9.[brrcrns` ns Wiokc` iok
difjs spbfnhnf knrbftnco.
[brrcrns` ais i spbfnhnf
purpcsb iok ns krnvbo gy wbdd
kbhnobk ecids. [ab chtbo
sy`gcdnf oiturb ch tbrrcrnst
vncdbofb tboks tc bxifbrgitbvnbws ch nts nrritncoid
rbputitnco.
Fygbr tbrrcrns` wndd fcotnoub
tc gb `irjbk wnta purpcsbhud
hcriys ch tbrrcrnst tarbits
iok vncdbofb notc tab fygbr
bovnrco`bot. [ab bvbrnofrbisnoe pugdnf iffbss tc
iok iwirbobss ch tans
bovnrco`bot ikks sneonhnfiot
pctbotnid hcr frbitnoe i obw
grbbk ch tbrrcrnst `costbrs.
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75
7.[brrcrns` jocws iok
rbspbfts oc gcuokirnbs.
[ab anstcry ch fcovbotncoid
tbrrcrns` ais ebobriddy gbbo
`irjbk gy firbhuddy pdioobk
tbrrcrnst fi`pineos. [ab
—sfcureb‐ ch notbroitncoidtbrrcrns` ais aik dnttdb
n`pift co tab `ilcrnty ch
noknvnkuids gbycok nofntnoe
uohcuokbk hbirs. Vuffbsshud
tbrrcrnst ercups uokbrstiok
tab n`pcrtiofb ch sbrvnoe
tabnr suppcrtnoe
fcostntubofnbs iok ivcnk
idnboitnoe tab` wnta
uoobfbssiry ifts ch
vncdbofb.
No tab wcrdk ch fygbr
tbrrcrns`, tbrrcrnsts wndd
fcotnoub tc pnfj iok faccsb
tabnr bob`nbs iok tirebts.
Uandb ivbrieb fntnzbos irboct dnjbdy tc knrbftdy
bxpbrnbofb huturb vncdbofb,
taby irb `crb dnjbdy tc
gbfc`b `crb iwirb iok no
sc`b hcr` hbbd tarbitbobk
gy nt. Idtacuea `ilcr tbrrcrnst
ercups rb`ino fceonziot ch
tabnr fcostntubofnbs,
b`brenoe ercups `iy hnok
rcc` hcr bxpbrn`botitnco
wntano tab obw bovnrco`botiok bxpiok tab gcuokirnbs
ch tbrrcrns`.
6. [brrcrns` ns syocoy`cus
wnta `issnvb kbita iok
kbstruftnco.
[brrcrns` ns oct obirdy is
kbstruftnvb cr hitid is nt ns
chtbo pcrtriybk. Bvbots
novcdvnoe `issnvb hitidntnbs
iok kbstruftnco irb tab
bxfbptnco ritabr taio tab
rudb. [ab pbrfbnvbk oiturb ch
tbrrcrns` ns hir `crbuopdbisiot taio nts rbid cob.
Gcta tbrrcrnst ercups iok
ecvbro`bots aivb bxpdcntbk
tans `yta tc tabnr cwo
ikviotieb.
[ab oiturb ch fygbr
tbrrcrns` ns gbst kbsfrngbk
gy tab notrckuftnco ch i obw
cpbritnoe bovnrco`bot tait
grnoes wnta nt obw `ckbs ch
tbrrcr nst cpbritnco. [abrb irb
oc fc`pbddnoe rbiscos tc
sueebst tait tanskbvbdcp`bot wndd
iutc`itnfiddy sneoid i
faioeb no tab huoki`botids
ch tbrrcrnst gbaivncr.
[brrcrnsts aivb idwiys aik
tab igndnty tc pbrpbtritb ifts
ch `iss kbstruftnco, gut
aivb facsbo oct tc kc sc.
Fygbr tbrrcrns` fbrtinody
chhbrs obw `bios tc
iffc`pdnsa tabsb hbits, gutdnttdb no tab wiy ch abneatbobk
`ctnvitnco tc firry tab` cut.
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7>
8. Ecvbro`bots idwiys
cppcsb oco-ecvbro`botid
tbrrcrns`.
Ecvbro`bots chtbo hnok nt
usbhud tc suppcrt oco-
ecvbro`botid tbrrcrnsts.
Vuppcrt fio tijb i ou`gbr
ch knhhbrbot hcr`s iok tabtbrrcrns` ntsbdh fio gb bntabr
kc`bstnf cr notbroitncoid.
Uandb tbrrcrns` ns `nstijbody
notbrprbtbk is tab wbipco ch
tab wbij, `ilcr pdiybrs idsc
suppcrt iok boeieb no nt.
Fygbr tbrrcrnsts wndd gb
suppcrtbk gy stitbs no tab
si`b hisanco tait
fcovbotncoid tbrrcrnsts irb.
Is dcoe is ecvbro`botsgbdnbvb tait tab iftncos ch
fygbr tbrrcrnsts irb tc tabnr
cwo ikviotieb taby wndd
suppcrt tab`. Nh stitbs irb
hidsbdy duddbk notc gbdnbvnoe
tait tab crnenos ch fygbr
tbrrcrns` irb dbss kbtbftigdb
taio tacsb ch fcovbotncoid
tbrrcrns`, tabrb ns i
pcssngndnty tait tans
fidfuditnco wndd hneurb nokbfnsncos ch huturb suppcrt.
5. [ab scurfb ch
fcotb`pcriry pcdntnfid
tbrrcrns` `iy gb hcuok no
tab bvnd ch cob cr twc `ilcr
iftcrs (tab kbvnd `ikb `b
kc nt!)
[ab rbpbitbk nkbotnhnfitnco ch
cody fbrtino kbvnd cr sitionf
ercups is tab scurfb ch
tbrrcrns` ns i pcdntnfid
bxbrfnsb tait ais dnttdb
gbirnoe no rbidnty. [brrcrnsts
irb oct cody —dbhtnst‐, cr
—Irig‐ cr bvbo —hisfnst‐.
[aby aivb `ioy crnenos iokfio oct gb prcpbrdy kbidt
wnta gy sn`pdy hcfusnoe
ittbotnco co tab `cst
—knsdnjbk‐ ercups. [brrcrns`
ns oct igcut digbds, gut
ritabr igcut vncdbot
prcfbssbs rbditbk tc
bfcoc`nf, pcdntnfid iok scfnid
prcgdb`s. Co tab ctabr snkb
ch tab fcno, acwbvbr,
tbrrcrns` pcrtriyids(bspbfniddy tacsb gy
ecvbro`bots), irb hrbqubotdy
dnojbk tc tab usb ch digbds hcr
purpcsbs ch kb`conzitnco.
No tab gbenoonoe, tab tbr`
—fygbr tbrrcrnst‐ wndd gb usbk
pblcritnvbdy. Fygbr tbrrcrns`,
wndd gb trbitbk is tab wcrst
hcr` ch tbrrcrns` is nt ns obw
iok nts oiturb rb`inos
rbditnvbdy uojocwo.
Rokcugtbkdy nt wndd gb usbk no
fcofbrt wnta ctabr tbr`ssufa is —@usdn`
Huoki`botidnst,‐ `ijnoe nt
bvbo `crb tarbitbonoe. Bvnd
iftcrs wndd gb pcrtriybk is
fygbr tbrrcrnsts iok vnfb
vbrsi. Ioy fcohusnco ch wac
ns rbspcosngdb hcr tbrrcrns`
wndd gb abneatbobk bspbfniddy
nh `ytas ch fygbr tbrrcrns`
prc`ctb octncos tait nt ns
bvbo `crb `ystbrncus taiofcovbotncoid tbrrcrns`. Kbvnd
iftcrs iok fygbr tbrrcrns`
sbb` dnjbdy tc ec aiok no
aiok.
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6=
Fc`putbrs iok [brrcrns`< Dnojnoe tab ]ist wnta tab Huturb
Kbhnontncos<89
Kbspntb tab usb ch tab tbr` —fygbr tbrrcrns`‐ is i obw iok knstnoft hcr` ch
tbrrcrns`, nt ns `crb prcpbrdy kbhnobk is obw tbrrcrnst tiftnf.87
[ab oiturb ch fygbr
tbrrcrns` ns ecvbrobk gy tab vbry prnofnpdbs tait uokbrpno idd tbrrcrns`. [c rbntbritb tab
tarust ch cur birdnbr ireu`bot tbrrcrns` novcdvbs i fdbirdy kbhnobk prcfbss, oct sn`pdy i
riokc` ift ch vncdbofb pbrpbtritbk gy io bob`y cr ctabr kbspnsbk botnty. Fygbr
tbrrcrns` gy nts vbry tntdb ns tbrrcrns` tait novcdvbs i fygbr fc`pcobot. Is sufa, nt ns
bssbotniddy tab si`b is ioy ctabr tbrrcrns`. Fygbr tbrrcrns` ns acwbvbr, uonqub hrc`
ctabr tbrrcrnst tiftnfs no tait nt kcbs oct bxnst gbycok nts notn`itb rbditncosanp wnta
fc`putbrs. Girry Fcddnos (Uantb, 9>>1<6), wac ns sink tc aivb fcnobk tab tbr` kbhnobs
fygbr tbrrcrns` is —tab notbotncoid igusb ch i knentid nohcr`itnco systb`, obtwcrj, cr
fc`pcobot tcwirk io bok tait suppcrts cr hifndntitbs i tbrrcrnst fi`pineo cr iftnco.‐
[wc hurtabr kbhnontncos ch fygbr tbrrcrns` aivb gbbo ikviofbk gy Kcrctay
Kboonoe iok Wck Vtirj. Kboonoe (7===<9=) ireubs tait<
Fygbrtbrrcrns` ns tab fcovbrebofb ch tbrrcrns` iok fygbrspifb. Nt ns
ebobriddy uokbrstcck tc `bio uodiwhud ittifjs ieinost fc`putbrs,
obtwcrjs iok tab nohcr`itnco stcrbk tabrbno wabo kcob tc notn`nkitb cr
fcbrfb i ecvbro`bot cr nts pbcpdb no hurtabriofb ch pcdntnfid cr scfnid
89 [c kitb, tabrb ais gbbo oc ittb`pt tc fitidceub kbhnontncos ch fygbr tbrrcrns` no tabsi`b `ioobr no wanfa kbhnontncos ch fcovbotncoid tbrrcrns` irb kbidt wnta.
87 [ab qubstnco ch bxiftdy acw fygbr tbrrcrns` knhhbrs hrc` fcovbotncoid tbrrcrns` ais
gbbo ikkrbssbk gy Lcao H. @urpay (9>>><6-;) wac isjs, —kcbs tab prcspbft ch
fc`putbr obtwcrj ittifjs gy tbrrcrnsts fcostntutb sc`btanoe —rbiddy knhhbrbot,‐ cr kcbs nt
i`cuot cody tc i obw tbfaonqub ch ittifj hcr tbrrcrnsts rinsnoe oc obw nssubs ch diw iok
pcdnfy3 [ab ioswbr, nt ippbirs, ns tait tab pcssngndnty ch fc`putbr obtwcrj ittifjs kcbs
rinsb sc`b obw nssubs, idtacuea `ioy ch tab cdk fcouokru`s stndd pbrtino.‐
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69
cglbftnvbs....ZIPo ittifj sacudk rbsudt no vncdbofb ieinost pbrscos cr
prcpbrty, cr it dbist fiusb bocuea air` tc ebobritb hbir.86
Vtirj (9>>><1->) sug`nts i kbhnontnco sn`ndir tc Kboonoe„s no tait nt ittb`pts tc fipturb
gcta tab fcovbotncoid iok fygbr ispbfts ch fygbr tbrrcrns`. Ab wrntbs<
ZFPygbr-tbrrcrns` ns kbhnobk is tab purpcsbhud cr tarbitbobk usb ch
pcdntnfiddy, scfniddy, bfcoc`nfiddy cr rbdnencusdy `ctnvitbk fygbr wirhirb cr
fygbr-tirebtbk vncdbofb, fcokuftbk gy i oco-stitb cr stitb-spcoscrbk
ercup hcr tab purpcsbs ch frbitnoe hbir, ioxnbty, iok pionf no tab tirebt
pcpuditnco, iok tab knsruptnco ch `ndntiry iok fnvndnio issbts.8;
Vtirj (9>><>) idsc bxpdinos tait nt ns tab tirebt tait kbhnobs tab oiturb ch fygbr tbrrcrns`.
No ctabr wcrks, fygbr tbrrcrns` novcdvbs ioy ittifj ieinost nohcr`itnco systb`s iok
kcbs oct obfbssirndy aivb tc novcdvb tab usb ch fc`putbrs tc kc sc.
Ub aivb facsbo tc kbhnob fygbr tbrrcrns` is ioy ift ch tbrrcrns` tait usbs
nohcr`itnco systb`s cr knentid tbfaocdcey (fc`putbrs cr fc`putbr obtwcrjs) is bntabr io
nostru`bot cr tirebt82
. Cofb ieino, quidnhynoe kbsfrnptcrs fio gb usbk tc pdifb fygbr
tbrrcrns` notc `crb spbfnhnf fcotbxts. "Fygbr tbrrcrns`" fio gb "notbroitncoid",
86 Kboonoe (7===<9) sueebsts tait bxi`pdbs ch fygbr tbrrcrns` wcudk nofdukb tacsb
nofnkbots tait rbsudt no fisuidtnbs, prcpbrty ki`ieb cr —sbvbrb bfcoc`nf dcss.‐ —Vbrncus
ittifjs ieinost frntnfid nohristrufturbs fcudk gb ifts ch fygbrtbrrcrns`, kbpboknoe co tabnr
n`pift. Ittifjs tait knsrupt ocobssbotnid sbrvnfbs cr tait irb `inody i fcstdy ounsiofb
wcudk oct.‐
8; Vtirj (9>>><>) idsc ikks tait no i dbeid sbosb fygbr tbrrcrns` novcdvbs tab notbotncoid
igusb ch knentid nohcr`itnco systb`s iok obtwcrjs nh tabsb iftncos irb no suppcrt chtbrrcrnst iftnvnty.
82 [abrb ns stndd `ufa fcohusnco co tans pcnot is ns bvnkbofbk gy tab rb`irjs ch @nfaibd
Xitns, Kbputy Issnstiot Knrbftcr iok Fanbh, Oitncoid Nohristrufturb ]rctbftnco Fbotbr,
Hbkbrid Gurbiu ch Novbstneitnco, tc tab ]ctc`if Nostntutb hcr ]cdnfy Vtuknbs (9>>1<6)<
—ZUPait ns fygbrtbrrcrns`3 Ns nt ioy usb ch fc`putbrs cr obw nohcr`itnco tbfaocdcenbs gy
tbrrcrnst ercups3 Cr ns nt i pirtnfudir typb ch usb ch fc`putbrs ch nohcr`itnco
tbfaocdcenbs3 Ns nt tab usb ch tacsb tbfaocdcenbs gy trikntncoid tbrrcrnst ercups3..Uait ns
i fygbr-tbrrcrnst3‐
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67
"kc`bstnf", "stitb" cr "pcdntnfid", gut tab fcrb ift novcdvnoe i fc`gnoitnco ch tab tbrrcrnst
ift iok fc`putbrs idwiys rb`inos tab si`b.
[wc rbditbk tbr`s usbk no kbsfrngnoe fygbr fcohdnft irb —fygbrwir‐ iok —obtwir.‐
Irqunddi iok Wcohbdkt (9>>1<1) kbhnob tabsb is< —Fygbrwir - i fcofbpt tait rbhbrs tc
nohcr`itnco-crnbotbk `ndntiry wirhirb‐ wanfa ns gbfc`noe `crb bvnkbot it tab `ndntiry bok
ch tab spbftru`: iok —Obtwir ZwanfaP hneurbs prc`nobotdy it tab scfnbtid bok ch tab
spbftru` wabrb tab dioeuieb ns ocr`iddy igcut s`idd-sfidb fcotnoebofnbs‐ [absb
rbsbirfabrs hurtabr (Irqunddi, Wcohbdkt iok \ionon, 9>>><17) octb tait —obtwir ns `crb
dnjbdy tc novcdvb ocostitb, piri`ndntiry, iok nrrbeudir hcrfbs - is ns tab fisb ch tbrrcrns`.‐
Iffcrknoe tc Irqunddi iok Wcohbdkt (9>>><;) —bvnkbofb ns `cuotnoe igcut tab rnsb ch
obtwcrj hcr`s ch creionzitnco iok igcut tab n`pcrtiofb ch —nohcr`itnco stritbenbs‐ iok
—nohcr`itnco cpbritncos‐ ifrcss tab spbftru` ch fcohdnft, nofduknoe i`coe btaoc-
oitncoidnsts, tbrrcrnsts, eubrrnddis iok iftnvnsts.‐88
[ab jby tc gcta fygbrwir iok obtwir ns
tait —ZoPbntabr fcofbpt ns sn`pdy igcut tbfaocdcey: gcta rbhbr tc fc`prbabosnvb
ipprcifabs tc fcohdnft gisbk co tab fbotridnty ch nohcr`itnco - fc`prbabosnvb no tait taby
88 [ans ns i abdphud knstnoftnco is hir is nohcr`itnco wirhirb ns fcofbrobk, gut cody nh i
hurtabr knstnoftnco gbtwbbo oco-stitb iftcrs iok tbrrcrnsts ns idsc `ikb (io nssub tab
iutacrs ifjocwdbkeb no tabnr ditbr knsfussnco.). Hurtabr ioidysns hnoks tait —btaoc-
oitncoidnst obtwir‐ ais tab pctbotnid tc gb cob ch tab `crb vncdbot hcr`s ch obtwir
(9>>><;). Auokdby iok Iokbrsco (9>>8<95) `biowandb aivb nkbotnhnbk i sbt ch pctbotnid
—gik iftcrs‐ wac aivb iffbss tc fygbrspifb iok tab cglbftnvbs gbanok tabnr iftncos<
Iftcr Cglbftnvb
Aifjbrs [c sitnshy pbrscoid iebokis
Knseruotdbk cr Fc-cptbk Nosnkbrs Hcr i virnbty ch `ctnvbs
Frn`noids Hcr pbrscoid hnoiofnid eino, btf.
[brrcrnsts cr Ctabr @idbvcdbot Ercups Hcr Nokustrnid bspncoieb cr tc knsrupt
fc`pbtntcrs
Oitnco Vtitbs Hcr bspncoieb cr bfcoc`nf ikviotieb cr
is i tccd ch wirhirb
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66
fc`gnob creionzitncoid, kcftrnoid, stritbenf, tiftnfid iok tbfaocdcenfid noocvitncos, hcr
chhbosb iok kbhbosb.‐(Irqunddi iok Wcohbdkt 9>>1<>).
@crbcvbr, tabrb ns —nohcr`itnco wirhirb‐ (NU) is nt ns knsfussbk gy `ndntiry
ioidysts. Kbhnontncos hcr tans fcofbpt rioeb hrc` sn`pdb< —nohcr`itnco kc`noiofb‐ co tab
gittdbhnbdk: tc `crb fc`pdbx< —iftncos tijbo tc ifanbvb nohcr`itnco supbrncrnty gy ihhbftnoe
ikvbrsiry nohcr`itnco, nohcr`itnco gisbk prcfbssbs, nohcr`itnco systb`s, iok fc`putbr-
gisbk obtwcrjs wandb dbvbrienoe cob„s cwo nohcr`itnco (RV Kbpirt`bot ch Kbhbosb).:‐
iok —kbdngbritb...iok systb`itnf ittifj co frntnfid nohcr`itnco iftnvntnbs wanfa sbbj tc
bxpdcnt, `cknhy, fcrrupt nohcr`itnco cr tc kboy sbrvnfb (RJ @nonstry ch Kbhbofb).‐
(Wita`bdd, 9>>5<;9). No tans sfboirnc, fygbr tbrrcrns` ns nohcr`itnco wirhirb usbk gy
—pcdntnfiddy ̀ ctnvitbk‐ sug-stitb ercups sufa is tab ]NWI.85
(Wita`bdd, 9>>5).
Hnoiddy, i rbfbot gngdnceripay co —nohcr`itnco-ieb wirhirb‐ gy [n`ctay D. Vioz
(9>>1<16) hnoks, —Fygbrwir, nohcwir, nohcr`itnco-gisbk wirhirb, fygbr-tbrrcrns`,
obtwir, fygbrpuojs, nohcr`itnco (cr knentid) wirrncrs, nohcr`itnco kc`noiofb, fygbrspifb
kbhbosb, ZiokP nohcr`itnco faics...irb lust i hbw rbfbot fcnoiebs rbhdbftnoe tab dioeuieb
kbidnoe wnta tab vbry grcik tcpnf ch nohcr`itnco-ieb wirhirb (N-IU).‐ @cst ch tab prbsbot
tbr`nocdcey difjs iffbptbk kbhnontncos.81
85 —]cdntnfiddy `ctnvitbk sug-stitb ercups ns i tbr` tait fcvbrs tab ei`ut hrc` prbssurb
ercups no kb`cfrifnbs usnoe knrbft iftnco tiftnfs, tarcuea cutdiwbk cppcsntnco`cvb`bots no iutcfrifnbs tc creionzbk piri`ndntiry cr tbrrcrnst creionzitncos.‐ (Wita`bdd,
9>>5<;6).
81 No stndd ioctabr virnitnco, Acc, Ecck`io iok Erbbogbre (9>>5) rbhbr tc —Nohcr`itnco
[bfaocdcey [brrcrns`.‐ Idtacuea taby chhbr oc spbfnhnf kbhnontnco ch tabnr cwo Erigcsjy
iok V`nta (9>>1<26), obvbrtabdbss, sueebst tait< —Uandb fcotb`pcriry tbrrcrnsts sbb` tc
prbhbr bxpdcsnvbs, tab pcssngndnty ch knsigdnoe botnrb fc``uonfitncos obtwcrjs cr ctabr
`ilcr systb`s wcudk sbb` tc prcvnkb i virnbty ch ittriftnvb tirebts.‐
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[ab knsfrbpiofy fcofbronoe fygbr frn`b ns idsc hcuok no tab ru`noitncos ch
ioidysts sufa is Li`bs Iki`s (Wbeio, 9>>><7) tab abik ch i sbfurnty hnr` fiddbk
Nohristrufturb Kbhbosb. Iki`s hnoks tait —fygbr-tbrrcrns` ns dnjbdy tc gb fc``nttbk gy
Wussnio creionzbk frn`b.‐ [ab cgvncus qubstnco tabo gbfc`bs, way wcudk frn`noids
gbfc`b novcdvbk no fygbr tbrrcrns` iok oct fygbr frn`b3
I sbfcok fcofbro wabo ioidyznoe fygbr tbrrcrns` ns acw tans tiftnf hnts wntano tab
cvbridd spbftru` ch tbrrcrnst vncdbofb. Ebobriddy, ioidysts uokbrstiok wabrb tc dcfitb
fcovbotncoid tbrrcrnst tiftnfs iok iftncos sufa is ississnoitncos, gc`gnoes iok
jnkoippnoes iok acw tc bviduitb tabnr cutfc`bs. [ab si`b fiooct gb sink hcr fygbr
tbrrcrns`. Nt ns i tiftnf tait ns chtbo `nsuokbrstcck iok hbir ch nt chtbo issu`bs
cutdioknsa prcpcrtncos. Io bxi`pdb ch tab dittbr tanojnoe fio ieino gb hcuok no tab ditbst
ecvbro`bot fcuotbrtbrrcrns` issbss`bots. No Fcuotbrnoe tab Faioenoe [arbit ch
Notbroitncoid [brrcrns` i rbpcrt ch tab Oitncoid Fc``nssnco co [brrcrns` (9>>><1) tab
prbvindnoe sbotn`bot ns tait<
Fygbr ittifjs irb chtbo fcosnkbrbk no tab si`b fcotbxt wnta FGWO.56
Wbspbftigdb bxpbrts aivb pugdnsabk scgbrnoe sfboirncs igcut tab pctbotnid
n`pift ch i suffbsshud fygbr ittifj co tab Rontbk Vtitbs....Fbrtinody,
tbrrcrnsts irb `ijnoe bxtbosnvb usb ch tab obw nohcr`itnco tbfaocdcenbs,
iok i fcovbotncoid tbrrcrnst ittifj idcoe wnta i fccrknoitbk fygbr ittifj
fcudk bxpcobotniddy fc`pcuok tab ki`ieb.
No sacrt, knsfussncos ch fygbr tbrrcrns` tcc bisndy `cvb hrc` tab nofcovbonbofb iok
knsruptncos ch tab aifjbr tc knsfussncos ch fitistrcpanf fcosbqubofbs isscfnitbk wnta
fab`nfid, gncdcenfid, rikncdcenfid iok oufdbir ittifjs.
56 FGWO rbhbrs tc —Fab`nfid, Gncdcenfid, Wikncdcenfid cr Oufdbir‐ `itbrnids. Nt ns gbdnbvbk
tait tbrrcrnsts wndd usb tabsb `itbrnids no crkbr tc fiusb `iss fisuidtnbs. (Wbpcrt ch tab
Oitncoid Fc``nssnco co [brrcrns`, 9>>><5-1).
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68
]rbsbot ittb`pts tc kbhnob iok uokbrstiok fygbr tbrrcrns` rb`ino `nrbk no gnisbs
tait fcotnoub tc pbrpbtuitb tab `ytas surrcuoknoe fcovbotncoid tbrrcrns`. Jocwdbkeb ch
tab —wac‐ iok —wait‐ ch fygbr tbrrcrns` ns dn`ntbk tc i`gneucus notbrprbtitncos ch tbrrcrnst
iftcrs iok spbfuditnvb bxtripcditncos ch pctbotnid tbrrcrnst iftnvnty. No gcta ch tab fisbs
aneadneatbk igcvb, fygbr tbrrcrns` ais gbfc`b i —fitfa idd‐ tbr` tait fio gb puddbk hrc`
tab —trnfj gie‐ tc hnt ioy ou`gbr ch sfboirncs cr purpcsbs. Hcr tab pcdnfy`ijbr, tans
`bios tait pcdntnfid bxpbknbofnbs chtbo knftitb wait sacudk gb prie`itnf `bisurbs. No
tab fisb ch tab ioidyst tab i`gneunty no kbdnobitnoe fygbr frn`b hrc` fygbr tbrrcrns`
envbs rnsb tc tab psbukc stuky ch tab dittbr. Distdy, nt ns idsc bssbotnid tc rb`b`gbr tait
hcr tab vnftn`, tab typb pbrpbtritcr gbanok tab ittifj ns chtbo dbss n`pcrtiot taio tab
fcosbqubofbs ch tab ittifj. —Fygbrspifb ittifjs `cuotbk gy tab knhhbrbot typbs ch
iftcrs irb noknstnoeunsaigdb hrc` bifa ctabr, noschir is tab pbrfbptncos ch tab tirebt
pbrscoobd irb fcofbrobk.‐ (Auokdby iok Iokbrsco, 9>>8<91).
[ab Bvcdutnco ch Fygbr [brrcrns`
[ab bvcdutnco ch fygbr tbrrcrns`5;
fio gb ioidyzbk gy bxi`nonoe acw iffbss tc fygbr
tbfaocdcey ns pbrfbnvbk iok usbk gy tbrrcrnst ercups. [wc vnbws ch tab suglbft irb
prbsbotbk gy Vfa`ntt iok Wita`bdd. Vfa`ntt (@urpay, 9>>><2) knstnoeunsabs gbtwbbo
5; It tans pcnot nt ns idsc abdphud tc spbij no tbr`s ch —fygbrspifb-gisbk tarbits.‐ Wiok
ioidysts Auokdby iok Iokbrsco (9>>8<9) fcosnkbr tabsb is, —ikvbrsb iftncos novcdvnoe
iok `bknitbk gy fc`putbr iok tbdbfc``uonfitncos systb`s iok obtwcrjs.‐ Iffcrknoedy,
tabrb irb i wnkb spbftru` ch pcssngndntnbs hcr —bvnd iftncos‐ no fygbrspifb. —[absb nofdukb
ittifjs co tab kiti fcotinobk wntano tab systb`s, tab prceri`s iok prcfbssnoe
airkwirb ruoonoe tacsb systb`s, iok tab bovnrco`bot (fc``uonfitncos, obtwcrjs, btf.)
no wanfa taby cpbritb.‐ (Auokdby iok Iokbrsco, 9>>8<97).
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65
nohcr`itnco cpbritncos iok fc`putbr obtwcrj ittifjs. [ab hcr`br ns kbhnobk is
bofc`pissnoe —vnrtuiddy ioy ocofcosbosuid iftncos notbokbk tc knsfcvbr, idtbr, kbstrcy,
knsrupt, cr trioshbr kiti stcrbk no i fc`putbr, `ionpuditbk gy i fc`putbr, cr trios`nttbk
tarcuea i fc`putbr obtwcrj.‐ Nohcr`itnco systb`s fio gb bntabr kbhbosnvb cr chhbosnvb no
oiturb. Fc`putbr obtwcrj ittifjs irb fcosnkbrbk chhbosnvb nohcr`itnco cpbritncos iok
—knsrupt, kboy, kberikb, cr kbstrcy nohcr`itnco rbsnkbot no fc`putbrs iok fc`putbr
obtwcrjs, cr tab fc`putbrs iok obtwcrjs tab`sbdvbs.‐
Wita`bdd (9>>5<6-;) nkbotnhnbs tarbb fitbecrnbs ch nohcr`itnco wirhirb tait fio gb
usbk gy sug-stitb ercups. [absb irb<
Fitbecry N - obw tbfaonqubs ippdnbk tc trikntncoid iftnvntnbs no tab hcr` ch —notbddnebofb
eitabrnoe, fc``uonfitnco, `coby diuokbrnoe iok prcpieioki. Idd sugstitb ercups aivb
tc boeieb no tabsb tc survnvb:‐
Fitbecry NN - cdk tbfaonqubs ippdnbk tc obw iftnvntnbs. [ans —novcdvbs usnoe paysnfid
vncdbofb ieinost tab nohcr`itnco iftnvntnbs ch i tirebt botnty....ZNPofrbisnoe rbdniofb ch idd ch
tabsb botntnbs Zir`nbs, ecvbro`bots, oitnco-stitbs cr fc`pionbsP co nohcr`itnco iftnvntnbs
boigdbs i sug-stitb ercup tc dbvbrieb nts dn`ntbk rbscurfbs notc i ki`ienoe ittifj:‐ iok
Fitbecry NNN - obw tbfaonqubs ippdnbk tc obw iftnvntnbs. [ans —novcdvbs usnoe knentid ittifj
tbfaonqubs ieinost tab nohcr`itnco iftnvntnbs ch i tirebt botnty...ZiokP ns pbraips tab
purbst hcr` ch NU....‐52
Dbt us fcosnkbr twc prn`iry fc`pcobots ch fygbr tbrrcrns`, tbrrcrnst b`pdcy`bot
ch fc`putbrs hcr oco-vncdbot iftnvnty tait hifndntitbs, gut hidds sacrt ch tbrrcrns`, iok
52 Wita`bdd (9>>5<6) sueebsts tait tab tanrk fitbecry ch nohcr`itnco wirhirb ns ch tab
`cst fcofbro tc tab pugdnf n`ienoitnco.
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tbrrcrnst iftnvnty wabrb fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ns i spbfnhnf fc`pcobot (wbipco cr tirebt)
ch i tbrrcrnst nofnkbot.58
i) Fc`putbr tbfaocdcey is i hifndntitcr ch tbrrcrns`<
[brrcrnst ercups nofrbisnoedy usb fc`putbr tbfaocdcey (is `ioy pcdntnfid,
fc``brfnid iok frn`noid botntnbs kc) tc sbfurb `ioy ch tabnr creionzitncoid ecids.55
No tans
sbosb, tbrrcrnst ercups irb sn`pdy bxpdcntnoe `ckbro tccds tc iffc`pdnsa tab si`b ecids
taby scueat no tab pist. [ab knhhbrbofb gbtwbbo fcovbotncoid tbrrcrnst tiftnfs iok tacsb
novcdvnoe fc`putbrs fio gb hcuok no tarbb jby noerbknbots< bisb ch cpbritncos: kbvbdcpnoe
pctbotnid: iok nofrbisbk iocoy`nty. Ocob ch tabsb iftnvntnbs irb bisndy kbtbftbk cr rbikndy
fcuotbrbk iok taus, boigdb tbrrcrnst ercups tait tijb ikviotieb ch fc`putbr tbfaocdcey
tc frbitb vnigdb suppcrt strufturbs tc hurtabr tabnr tiftnfid iok stritbenf ecids.51
[absb
irb iffc`pdnsabk tarcuea<
- pcdntnfid prcpieioki (nofduknoe knsnohcr`itnco prceri`s)
- rbfrunt`bot
- hnoiofnoe
- notri iok notbr-ercup fc``uonfitnco iok fccrknoitnco
- nohcr`itnco/notbddnebofb eitabrnoe
58 No tabnr [brrcrns` Rpkitb (9>>1<9), tab Iotn-Kbhi`itnco Dbieub octbs tait, —ZtPbrrcrns`
iok tab Notbrobt irb rbditbk no twc wiys.‐ [ab hnrst novcdvbs tab Notbrobt is i hcru` hcr
tbrrcrnst prcpieioki iok tab sbfcok novcdvbs noknvnkuids cr ercups ittifjnoe fc`putbrobtwcrjs (fygbrtbrrcrns` cr fygbrwihirb).
55 [ab Wbpcrt ch tab Oitncoid Fc``nssnco co [brrcrns` (9>>><97) fcofurs sueebstnoe
tait —ZtPbrrcrnsts irb usnoe tab si`b `ckbro tbfaocdcey is tab rbst ch us....‐
51 No nts 9>>1 (9>>><95) rbpcrt co tbrrcrns` no tab Rontbk Vtitbs, tab Hbkbrid Gurbiu ch
Novbstneitnco hnoks< —[brrcrnsts irb jocwo tc usb nohcr`itnco tbfaocdcey iok tab Notbrobt
tc hcr`uditb pdios, rinsb huoks, sprbik prcpieioki, iok fc``uonfitb sbfurbdy.‐
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6>
-stbidta/iocoy`nty no gcta rcutnob iftnvnty iok tiftnfid cpbritncos
-bisb ch cpbritncos tait irb —fcst bhhbftnvb‐ gcta no tbr`s ch rbscurfbs bxpbokbk
iok igndnty tc strnjb wcrdk-wnkb
Vpbfnhnf bxi`pdbs ch tab hifndntitnco ch tbrrcrns` tarcuea tab usb ch fc`putbr
tbfaocdcey nddustritb tab ippbid tans tbfaocdcey ais hcr tbrrcrnst ercups notbrbstbk no
ikviofnoe tabnr pirtnfudir iebokis. [ab usb ch tab Notbrobt hcr prcpieioki iok
knsnohcr`itnco purpcsbs ns io bspbfniddy pcpudir cob. @ioy bxndbk pcdntnfid cppcsntnco
ercups b`ioitnoe hrc` sufa stitbs is Nrio, Nriq, @bxnfc, Ocrtabro Nrbdiok iok Viukn
Irigni aivb usbk tab Ucrdk Unkb Ubg hcr lust sufa purpcsbs (Wita`bdd, 9>>5<;-2).
Obc-Oizn ercups (Uantb 9>>1), tab Fcdc`gnio BDO, Abzgcddia iok \ipitnstis5>
(Ucrdk
Wbpcrt, 9>>1<9) aivb idsc ikcptbk sn`ndir tiftnfs. Cob ch tab `cst kb`costritnvb
bxi`pdbs, acwbvbr, novcdvbs tab fisb ch tab Kbfb`gbr, 9>>8 tijbcvbr ch tab Lipiobsb
I`gissikcr„s rbsnkbofb no Dn`i, ]bru gy tab [upif I`iru Wbvcdutncoiry @cvb`bot
(@W[I). Oct cody knk tans tbrrcrnst ercup usb tab Notbrobt tc fc``uonfitb nts
rbvcdutncoiry `bssieb tc tab rbst ch tab wcrdk tarcuea i Burcpbio wbgsntb, nt bvbo
chhbrbk i vnkbc fdnp ch nts `b`gbrs prbpirnoe hcr tabnr `nssnco.1=
(Ki`pacussb iok
V`nta, 9>>1<798). [ab ikkbk ittriftnvbobss ch tab Notbrobt hcr tbrrcrnsts ns tait tab
wnkbst pcssngdb iuknbofb hcr tabnr vncdbot iftnvnty oct cody rbntbritbs tab `ilcr tab`bs ch
tabnr fi`pineos, nt idsc abneatbos hbir no tab tirebt iuknbofb gy rb`noknoe nt ch tab
pctbotnid hcr huturb vncdbofb.
5> No tab fisb ch tab \ipitnstis, is ercup ch suppcrtbrs fiddbk tab Bdbftrconf Knsturgiofb
[abitbr (BK[) aivb usbk tab Notbrobt stieb knsturgiofbs is i `bios ch co-dnob prctbst.
(Kboonoe, 7===,7).
1= Notbrobt sntbs wbrb idsc bstigdnsabk no Fioiki iok tab Rontbk Vtitbs no suppcrt ch tab
@W[I„s iftnvnty (Iotn-Kbhi`itnco Dbieub, 9>>1<9).
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;=
No ikkntnco tc inknoe tbrrcrnst prcpieioki, fc`putbr obtwcrjs idsc boaiofb
tbrrcrnst rbfrunt`bot iok hnoiofnoe. Xirncus suprb`ifnst ercups no tab Rontbk Vtitbs aivb
idsc usbk tab Notbrobt hcr hnoiofnid eino (Ki`pacussb iok V`nta, 9>>1<77=). No stndd
ioctabr bxi`pdb, Ki`pacussb iok V`nta (9>>1<77=) aivb hcuok tait —notbroitncoid
tbrrcrnst ercups sufa is ]bru„s Vanonoe ]ita (Vbokbrc Du`nocsc) aivb wbg sntbs wabrb
suppcrtbrs sbbj tc bxpcrt tab rbvcdutncoiry `bssieb...wandb tab ercups sbbj hnoiofnid
suppcrt gy aiwjnoe rbvcdutncoiry prckufts dnjb [-Vanrts, pcstbrs iok vnkbcs.‐ Idd no idd,
fygbr tbfaocdcey bspbfniddy no tab hcr` ch tab Notbrobt ns io ittriftnvb tccd hcr tbrrcrnst
ercups kbsnrnoe tc strboetabo tabnr gisnf nohristrufturbs.
[ab oiturb ch `ckbro fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ns sufa tait nt idsc dboks ntsbdh tc tab
fc``uonfitnco iok notbddnebofb iftnvntnbs ch tbrrcrnst ercups. [ab ittriftnvbobss ch tans
hbiturb hcr ercups biebr tc bxpiok tabnr iftnvntnbs fio gb bxpdinobk is hcddcws<
N[ ZNohcr`itnco [bfaocdceyP envbs noknvnkuids iok ercups i rbifa iok
nohdubofb tait wis prbvncusdy rbsbrvbk hcr wbdd-creionsbk, stitb-huokbk
tbrrcrnst creionsitncos. Nt rbprbsbots, no `ioy rbspbfts, tab ‑kbita chknstiofb„. ]aysnfid knstiofb iok oitncoid gcrkbrs tait cofb sbpiritbk
tbrrcrnsts hrc` tabnr fc-fcospnritcrs, tabnr iuknbofb iok tabnr tirebts fbisb
tc bxnst no tab wcrdk ch `ckbro tbdbfc``uonfitncos iok tab notbrobt. (Acc
bt id., 9>>5<961).
Creionzitncos sufa is tab Nsdi`nf huoki`botidnst ercups wanfa hcddcw Rsi`i Gno
Dikno19
(Irqunddi bt id., 9>>><>9->7) iok Ai`is (Iotn-Kbhi`itnco Dbieub, 9>>1<9)17
rbdy
co fc`putbrs tc fccrknoitb tabnr iftnvnty. [ab Wbvcdutncoiry Ir`bk Hcrfbs ch Fcdc`gni
(HIWF) hcr bxi`pdb ns jocwo tc rbspcok tc prbss noqunrnbs vni b-`ind. (Iotn-Kbhi`itnco
19 —Gifj no 9>>8 tab abikquirtbrs ch tbrrcrnst hnoiofnbr gno Dikbo no Iheaionstio wis
bqunppbk wnta fc`putbrs iok fc``uonfitncos bqunp`bot.‐ (Kboonoe, 7===<97).
17 No bxtrb`b nostiofbs Ai`is ais usbk nts wbg sntbs tc ippbid hcr nts suppcrtbrs tc
`urkbr Lbws (9>>1<9).
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;9
Dbieub, 9>>1<9). No tab fisb ch tab notbddnebofb eitabrnoe iftnvntnbs ch tbrrcrnst ercups,
fc`putbr obtwcrjs iok iffbss tc tab Ucrdk Unkb Ubg irb bquiddy n`pcrtiot.
@ckbro fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ais oct cody boaiofbk `ufa ch tab igcvb iftnvnty,
gut ais kcob sc no sufa i hisanco tait tab tbrrcrnst ercups tait utndnzb nt irb ocw igdb tc
cpbritb gbycok tab purvnbw ch trikntncoid fcuotbr tbrrcrnst ipprcifabs.16
[ab tbrrcrnst
igndnty tc boeieb no —ercwta iftnvnty‐ sufa is rbfrunt`bot, fc``uonfitnco iok bspbfniddy
hnoiofnoe wntacut tab jocwdbkeb ch stitb iutacrntnbs `iy nobvntigdy dbik tc strcoebr iok
abofb, `crb rbsndnbot tbrrcrnst ercups. No turo, tab pctbotnid hcr tbrrcrnst ercups tc boeieb
no iftnvnty tait hcfusbs dbss co tarbits iok `crb co tioengdb iftncos ns sneonhnfiotdy
abneatbobk. @ckbro tbrrcrnst ercups tait irb igdb tc kbvbdcp uokbtbftbk `iy gbfc`b
strcoebr, `crb bdusnvb iok kbikdnbr taio tabnr birdnbr fcuotbrpirts.1;
@crbcvbr, iok
pbraips bvbo `crb n`pcrtiotdy tab ikvbot ch fc`putbr obtwcrjs ais spiwobk i obw
knrbftnco no tab creionzitncoid strufturb ch tbrrcrnst ercups. [brrcrnst ercups utndnznoe
fc`putbrs hcr fc``uonfitnco irb dnjbdy tc `cvb gbycok anbrirfanfid creionzitncoid
strufturbs iok b`pdcy obtwcrjbk cobs.12
g)< Fc`putbr tbfaocdcey is i spbfnhnf fc`pcobot ch tbrrcrnst wbipcos cr tirebts<
16 [ab usb ch bhhbftnvb bofryptnco kbvnfbs hcr fc``uonfitnco purpcsbs irb vbry n`pcrtiot
no tans rbspbft.
1; [ans sink, tab crnenoid cglbftnvbs iok `ctnvitncos ch tbrrcrnst ercups `ust gb jbpt no
`nok. No pirtnfudir, nt ns n`pcrtiot tc isj< No wait rbspbft wndd fc`putbr tbfaocdcey wanfa
hifndntitbs tbrrcrnst ercup kbvbdcp`bot n`pift tbrrcrnst kbsnrbs tc bsfiditb tab dbvbd ch
vncdbofb taby ocw bxbrfnsb3
12 Vbb Irqunddi, Wcohbdkt iok \ionon (9>>>) hcr i kbtindbk knsfussnco ch tans pcnot
bspbfniddy is nt rbditbs tc Rsi`i Gno Dikno iok i ercwnoe obtwcrj ch Nsdi`nf
huoki`botidnst ercups.
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;7
[brrcrnst ercups boeienoe no fygbr tbrrcrns` irb octbk hcr tarbits tc fc``brfb,
pugdnf sihbty iok oitncoid sbfurnty.18
[absb tarbits fio tijb ioy ou`gbr ch hcr`s, gut
irb ebobriddy pirdiybk notc fc`putbr vbrsus fc`putbr fcohrcotitncos (Uandb tab furrbot
knsfussnco hcfusbs co tab usb ch —anea tbfa‐ ippdnfitncos no tbrrcrnst cpbritncos, —dcw
tbfa‐ cpbritncos ieinost i vnftn`„s —anea tbfa‐ nohristrufturb sacudk oct gb neocrbk.)
[brrcrnst ercups usb tabnr cwo fc`putbr tbfaocdcey tc tarbitbo cr ittifj i vnftn`„s
fc`putbr rbscurfbs. [ans fio tijb tab hcr` ch tarbits cr ittifjs ieinost oitncoid
nohristrufturbs tait aivb gbfc`b abivndy rbdniot iok notbrfcoobftbk tc fc`putbr
obtwcrjs.15 Iftnvnty ch tans scrt ns tioengdb no oiturb iok taus, ebobritbs `cst ch tab
notbrbst wb aivb no fygbr tbrrcrns` tckiy. Fygbr tbrrcrnst tarbits fio nofdukb<
- ripnk fc``uonfitnco ch tarbits tc i wnkb cr spbfnhnf iuknbofb
- tarbits tc pugdnf utndntnbs iok triospcrtitnco
- tarbits tc fc``brfnid nostntutncos iok triosoitncoid fcrpcritncos
- tarbits tc NECs iok OECs
- tarbits tc noknvnkuids
- tarbits tc pcdntnfid ercups cr ctabr btaonf, rbdnencus cr oitncoidnst botntnbs (idd ch
tabsb fio nofdukb ctabr tbrrcrnst ercups) nkbotnhnbk is —tab bob`y‐
- tarbits tc sbfurnty hcrfbs
18 Idtacuea tab iftuid nkbotnhnfitnco ch iok rbhbrbofb tc spbfnhnf tarbits rb`inos `non`id(wanfa gbes tab qubstnco ch wabtabr tabrb aivb gbbo ioy iftuid tarbits), tabrb ns fdbirdy
i pbrfbnvbk tarbit. No tab fisb ch tab Rontbk Vtitbs tans pbrfbptnco/rbidnty ais dbk tc tab
sneonoe ch ]rbsnkbotnid Kbfnsnco Knrbftnvb 86 iok tab bstigdnsa`bot ch tab Oitncoid
Nohristrufturb ]rctbftnco Fbotbr (ON]F).
15 [ab HGN (9>>><95) ais wirobk tait< —Uandb tab tarbit ch fcovbotncoid, paysnfid ittifjs
co cur frntnfid nohristrufturbs ais idwiys gbbo i scurfb ch fcofbro, bdbftrconf,
nohcr`itnco-gisbk ittifjs fcostntutb i rbditnvbdy obw iok ercwnoe tarbit.‐
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;6
- tarbits tc oitnco stitbs
Uait wb cffisncoiddy sbb (wait ns rbpcrtbk) ns iftuid ki`ieb tc tab igcvb tirebts no
tab hcr` ch tb`pcriry knsruptnco ch sbrvnfbs,11
pugdnf nofcovbonbofbs cr hnoiofnid dcss.
[absb nofnkbots, acwbvbr, irb `cst chtbo no tab hcr` ch fygbr frn`b iok hidd sacrt ch
wait ns fcosnkbrbk is fygbr tbrrcrns`.1>
Kboonoe (7===<76) fcotboks, —tabrb irb hbw nh
ioy fc`putbr obtwcrj ittifjs tait `bbt tab frntbrni hcr fygbrtbrrcrns`.‐ @crbcvbr,
‐ZtPabrb ns dnttdb fcofrbtb bvnkbofb ch tbrrcrnsts prbpirnoe tc usb tab Notbrobt is i vboub
hcr nohdnftnoe erivb air`.‐ (Kboonoe, 7===<7;). No su``iry, tabrb aivb gbbo oc nostiofbs
wabrb fygbr tbrrcrns` ais gbbo knrbftdy triosditbk i fitistrcpanf dcss ch dnhb cr paysnfid
kbstruftnco isscfnitbk wnta tab `cst vncdbot ifts ch —fcovbotncoid‐ tbrrcrns`. [ab tarbit,
acwbvbr, rb`inos rbid iok tijbs co io ikkbk sneonhnfiofb wabo tab ercwnoe pctbotnid ch
tbrrcrnst ercup rbscurfbs>=
ns fcosnkbrbk.
Issbssnoe tab Fygbr [brrcrnst [arbit
[brrcrnst Ercups, tab Fygbr Bovnrco`bot iok tab Obw [brrcrnst Ieboki
@ioy stuknbs aivb kbidt wnta tbrrcrns` gy bxi`nonoe tab oiturb ch tbrrcrnst ercup
fairiftbrnstnfs iok tabnr rbsudtiot gbaivncr. Hbw, acwbvbr, aivb tijbo notc iffcuot acw
11 [abrb irb it dbist twc bxi`pdbs ch knsruptnco ch sbrvnfbs gbnoe dnojbk tc tbrrcrnst
ercups. No tab hnrst fisb no 9>>1, Vpionsa prctbstbrs knsruptbk tab cpbritncos (tarcuea
fygbr tiftnfs) ch tab Nostntutb hcr Edcgid Fc``uonfitncos gbfiusb tab Notbrobt sbrvnfb
prcvnkbr aik acstbk i wbg pieb no suppcrt ch tab B[I i Gisqub sbpiritnst ercup. No tab
sbfcok fisb, idsc no 9>>1, i [i`nd ercup hrc` Vrn Dioji fiddnoe ntsbdh tab —Notbrobt Gdifj[nebrs‐ `ioiebk tc knsrupt tab fc``uonfitncos ch Vrn Diojio b`gissnbs wnta bxtbosnvb
b-`ind ittifjs (Kboonoe, 7===<7).
1>@ioy ch tab rbhbrbofbs fntbk igcvb knsfuss tabsb nofnkbots ch fygbr frn`b is taby
rbditb tc fygbr tbrrcrns`. Vbb Kboonoe (7===), HGN (9>>>), iok Wita`bdd (9>>5) hcr
bxi`pdbs. Idsc sbb Gusgy (7===<6-;) hcr sbvbrid bxi`pdbs ch fc``brfnid tarbits.
>= ]irt ch tab ercwnoe pctbotnid fio gb hcuok no tab prcdnhbritnco ch —fygbr ittifj‐ tccds.
(HGN, 9>>><95).
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;;
tab fygbr bovnrco`bot wndd n`pift tans gbaivncr. No crkbr tc issbss iffuritbdy tab oiturb
ch tab tbrrcrnst tarbit no tans kbfikb, nt ns n`pbritnvb tc nofdukb tab sneonhnfiofb ch tans
hiftcr notc huturb ioidysbs.
]irt ch tab —`ystnqub‐ ch tbrrcrns` fio gb uokbrstcck gy nkbotnhynoe tab prchndb ch
iftncos cr `ctnvitncos tait krnvb tab iftncos ch virncus tbrrcrnst ercups. Bifa ercup ais i
rbditnvbdy uonqub nkbotnty tait abdps tc kbhnob acw nt wndd gbaivb. Uandb nt ns uodnjbdy tait tab
b`brebofb ch fc`putbr tbfaocdcey wndd riknfiddy rbsaipb tab bssbofb ch way fbrtino
tbrrcrnst ercups faccsb tc bxnst, tab fcovbrebofb ch tans tbfaocdcey idcoe wnta i ou`gbr
jby pcdntnfid iok scfnid faioebs wndd udtn`itbdy gb rbhdbftbk no i —obw tbrrcrnst ieboki.‐
]braips tab `cst prchcuok bovnrco`botid faioeb tc ihhbft tab fcursb ch tbrrcrns`
no tab dist kbfikb ais gbbo tab fcddipsb ch tab hcr`br Vcvnbt Ronco. [ab bok ch tab fcdk
wir iok tab rnsb ch tab prbsbot I`brnfio abeb`coy ais aik n`pcrtiot n`pdnfitncos hcr
tab `ioy pcdntnfid nkbcdcenbs tait aivb bofcuriebk iok sustinobk tbrrcrnst fi`pineos
cvbr tab dist hcrty ybirs. No pirtnfudir, tab ecid ch i dbht-gifjbk edcgid rbvcdutnco ns oc
dcoebr tboigdb. It tab si`b tn`b, tab kb`nsb ch idd gut i hbw fc``uonst stitbs ais
bdn`noitbk tab rinsco k'ìtrb ch `ioy rneat-wnoe ercups wacsb bxnstbofb kbpbokbk upco
tabnr nkbotnhnfitnco is tab gudwirj ch iotn- fc``uons`
[ab nkbcdcenfid vcnk hifbk gy tbrrcrnst ercups ch tab twboty-hnrst fbotury ais oct,
acwbvbr, dbk tc tab kb`nsb ch tbrrcrns`. No fcotrist tc birdnbr pbrncks wabrb dbhtnst cr
@irxnst nkbcdcenbs wbrb `nstijbody fairiftbrnzbk is tab erbitbst scurfb ch notbroitncoid
tbrrcrns`, rbdnencus nkbotnty ais ocw tijbo fbotbr stieb.>9
Oitncoidnst iok btaonf scurfbs
>9 [ans ns bspbfniddy trub nh tab I`brnfio pbrspbftnvb ch furrbot notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` ns
fcosnkbrbk. [bstn`coy gbhcrb tab Acusb Notbroitncoid Wbditncos Fc``nttbb (9>>>) gy
I`gissikcr @nfaibd Vabbaio strbssbs tans pcnot wnta wironoes tait gcta tab [idngio ch
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;2
wanfa wbrb idwiys i prc`nobot, gut dbss b`paisnzbk ispbft ch tbrrcrnst `ctnvitncos
fcotnoub no n`pcrtiofb. Oitncoidnst iok btaonf i`gntncos aivb gbbo hurtabr iffbotuitbk gy
rbencoid fcohdnfts, sc`b ch wanfa aivb idsc kbvbdcpbk idcoe rbdnencus dnobs. Kbspntb
octbwcrtay faioebs no tab edcgid pcdntnfid bovnrco`bot, oco-stitb tbrrcrns` fcotnoubs.
[brrcrnst Ercups, tab Fygbr Bovnrco`bot iok tab Obw Bvcdutnco ch [brrcrnst Ercup
Wbscurfbs
[ab igndnty ch tbrrcrnst ercups tc fipntidnzb co `ckbro fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ns ocw
i rbqunsntb hcr kbvbdcpnoe tab uokbrdynoe gisns hcr bhhbftnvb iok rcgust iftnvnty. No
prbvncus kbfikbs, tbrrcrnst ercups wbrb nontniddy fcostrinobk gbfiusb tab iffu`uditnco ch
snzbigdb rbscurfbs wis nobvntigdy dnojbk tc suhhnfnbot `iopcwbr iok tab igndnty tc jbbp
ercwta iftnvntnbs fdiokbstnob. [ab rbfbot notrckuftnco ch fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ais oct
dbssbobk tab obbk tc iffu`uditb sn`ndir rbscurfbs, gut ais aik `ilcr n`pdnfitncos hcr
acw taby irb iffrubk.
No crkbr tc suffbbk
>7
no wait fio cody gb kbsfrngbk is io nofrbisnoedy fc`pbtntnvb
(boaiofbk sbfurnty `bisurbs iok iwirbobss, obeitnvb pugdnf cpnonco, difj ch bxtbroid
stitb suppcrt, pccrdy kbhnobk nkbcdcenbs, fcostiotdy faioenoe notbroitncoid prcgdb`s)
pcdntnfid iok scfnid bovnrco`bot, tbrrcrnsts ercups `ust bosurb tait taby irb igdb tc
kbvbdcp tab ipprcprnitb nohristrufturb tc fcotnoub tc cpbritb co i rbeudir gisns. Ercups
tait hind tc kc sc wndd oct survnvb.
Iheaionstio (i huoki`botidnst Nsdi`nf ercup) iok tab Viukn Irignio tbrrcrnst (wac
cpbritbs cut ch Iheaionstio) Rsi`i Gno Dikno rbprbsbot tab huturb hifb ch notbroitncoid
tbrrcrns`. Gno Dikno no pirtnfudir ns snoedbk cut is aivnoe frbitbk i —triosoitncoid tbrrcrnst
botbrprnsb.‐ Ctabr ercups tait hidd wntano tab si`b vbno nofdukb tab Beyptnio Nsdi`nf
Lnaik, Idebrnio Ir`bk Nsdi`nf Ercup iok Jisa`nrn sbpiritnst.
>7 No tans fisb —suffbbk‐ rbhbrs tc tab igndnty ch i tbrrcrnst ercup tc sustino ntsbdh uotnd nt
ais fc`pdbtbk nts stitbk ecids.
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;8
@ioy tbrrcrnst ercups wanfa prbvncusdy fcudk fcurt stitb spcoscrs hcr rbscurfbs
ocw fio fcosnkbr fygbr tbrrcrns` is i fcst-bhhbftnvb tiftnf tait hrbbs tab` hrc` i
rbdniofb co cutsnkb suppcrt. Co tans pcnot Wck Vtirj (9>>><;2) wrntbs<
I sneonhnfiot bvcdutnco no tbrrcrns̀ ns tait `idbhiftcrs irb gbenoonoe tc
knsfcvbr fygbr tbrrcrns` is i wiy ch snkbtrifjnoe tab obbk hcr stitb-
spcoscrsanp kub tc tab dcw fcst iok iocoy`nty. Nokbpbokbots kc oct obbk
tc rbdy co stitbs hcr tab obfbssntnbs sufa is huoks, trinonoe cr sioftuiry.
Jbvno Vcc Acc iok ans fcddbieubs (9>>5<9;6) fcofur co tab bxpioknoe rcdb ch
nohcr`itnco tbfaocdcey iok nts n`pift co tab stitb spcoscrsanp ch tbrrcrns`. [aby octb no
pirt tait<
Z[Pbrrcrnsts boeiebk no N[-boigdbk hcr`s ch tbrrcrns` `iy bsfipb tab obbk
hcr stitb huoknoe. Fc`pirbk tc tab fcsts `ckbro tbrrcrnsts nofur hcr
ir`i`bots, notbroitncoid trivbd iok trinonoe hifndntnbs, N[ tbrrcrns` ns
rbditnvbdy nobxpbosnvb...No tab hnoid ioidysns, stitb spcoscrsanp `iy oc
dcoebr gb tab bssbotnid noerbknbot nt cofb wis hcr tbrrcrnsts is N[ bhhbftnvbdy
rbokbrs tab `ioy ikviotiebs ch stitb spcoscrsanp cgscdbtb.
[ab cppcrtuontnbs prbsbotbk gy tab fygbr bovnrco`bot tc wait wcudk ctabrwnsb gb
`irenoiddy vnigdb tbrrcrnst ercups ais triosditbk notc `crb ercups tait irb dbss rbdniot co
bxtbroid spcoscrs. Is i tbrrcrnst ercup„s hrbbkc` hrc` spcoscrsanp ercws, sc kcbs nts
hrbbkc` tc pursub i trudy nkncsyofritnf fi`pineo ch tbrrcrns`.
[brrcrnst Ercups, tab Fygbr Bovnrco`bot iok tab Obw ]ctbotnid ch [brrcrns`
[ab qubstnco ch tbrrcrnst gbaivncr is nt rbditbs tc tab fygbr bovnrco`bot ais ybt tc
gb ioswbrbk wnta ioy fbrtntukb is dnttdb rbsbirfa b`paisns ais gbbo pdifbk co
bxpdinonoe acw virncus typbs ch tbrrcrnst ercups wndd ipprcifa iok bxpdcnt bvcdvnoe
fc`putbr tbfaocdcey. Ebobrid pittbros ch tbrrcrnst gbaivncr is taby rbditb tc fygbr
tbrrcrns` aivb gbbo ikkrbssbk no tab prbvncus sbftnco, gut nt ns abdphud tc tijb io
ikkntncoid stbp nh tab fc`pdbxnty ch tbrrcrnst ercup fygbr iftnvnty ns tc gb huddy uokbrstcck.
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No crkbr tc prcfbbk wnta tab ioidysns ch fygbr tbrrcrns` iok tbrrcrnst ercup
gbaivncr i s`idd, gut huoftncoid typcdcey ais gbbo frbitbk wnta tab notbot ch nkbotnhynoe
gisnf tbrrcrnst ercup fairiftbrnstnfs wanfa irb tacueat tc nohdubofb `ufa ch tabnr iftnvnty.
[ab typcdcey ns fc`pcsbk ch hcur fdissbs ch tbrrcrnst ercup wanfa irb furrbotdy iftnvb
iok irb dnjbdy tc kbvbdcp tabnr cwo sbts ch fygbr `ckus cpbriokn . [ab hcur fdissbs ch
tbrrcrnst ercup fc`prnsnoe tab typcdcey iok rbdbviot bxi`pdbs ch tabsb ercups irb is
hcddcws<
9) Oitncoidnst/Btaonf (Gisqub Hitabrdiok iok Dngbrty - @ndntiry Unoe (B[I-@), ]rcvnsncoid
Unoe ch tab Nrnsa Wbpugdnfio Ir`y (]NWI), Dngbritnco [nebrs ch [i`nd Bbdi` (D[[B)):
7) Wbdnencus (Ir`bk Nsdi`nf Ercup (ENI), Iu` Vuprb`b [ruta - Iu` Vanornjyc (Iu`),
Beyptnio Nsdi`nf Lnaik):
6. ]cdntnfid (Fcvboiot, tab Vwcrk iok tab Ir` ch tab Dcrk (FVI), Wbvcdutncoiry
Creionzitnco 95 Ocvb`gbr (95 Ocvb`gbr), [upif I`iru Wbvcdutncoiry @cvb`bot
(@W[I)):
;. Vnoedb Nssub (Ion`id Dngbritnco Hrcot (IDH), Birta Dngbritnco Hrcot, ]bcpdb hcr tab
Btanfid [rbit`bot ch Ion`ids (]B[I)).
Bifa fdiss ch ercup virnbs hrc` cob ioctabr no tbr`s ch `ctnvitnco,>6
snzb,>;
ieb,>2
pirdni`botiry rbprbsbotitnco (cr difj tabrbch),>8
pcdntnfid fcostntubofy,>5
bob`y>1
iok
>6 [ab pcdntnfid `ctnvitnco ch i tbrrcrnst ercup ns io n`pcrtiot hiftcr no kbtbr`nonoe tabknrbftnco tab ercup wndd tijb no tbr`s ch gcta tab sfcpb iok notbosnty ch nts cpbritncos.
>; [ab snzb ch i tbrrcrnst ercup ns noknfitnvb ch nts rbscurfbs, cutsnkb suppcrt iok igndnty tc
stieb gcta scpanstnfitbk iok prctriftbk iftnvnty.
>2 [ab ieb ch i tbrrcrnst ercup noknfitbs supbrncr survnvcr sjndds, erbitbr dnjbdnacck ch
fcostntubot suppcrt iok ercup trikntncos (sc`btn`bs bquitbk wnta bstigdnsabk `ckus
cpbriokn).
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;1
tabitbr ch cpbritncos.>>
No i fcovbotncoid bovnrco`bot tab hbiturbs ch i tbrrcrnst ercup
wndd bntabr rbtirk cr boaiofb wait i ercup ns wnddnoe iok fipigdb ch fcokuftnoe. No i fygbr
bovnrco`bot tab si`b ritncoidb ippdnbs wnta tab fivbit tait iffbss tc fc`putbrs iok
fc`putbr obtwcrjs ikk i obw kn`bosnco tc acw ercup gbaivncr ns kbtbr`nobk.9==
[ab bxtbot ch faioeb no tbrrcrnst ercup gbaivncr hrc` fcovbotncoid tc fygbr
sbttnoes ns kbpbokbot co tab kberbb tc wanfa tab ercups kbsnrb iok irb igdb tc notbrhifb
wnta tabnr obw tccd ch facnfb. It dbist twc nontnid cgsbrvitncos fio gb `ikb no tans rbeirk.
Hnrst, tbrrcrnst ercups wndd uonvbrsiddy ikcpt tacsb ispbfts ch tab fygbr bovnrco`bot tait
wndd boigdb tab` tc cpbritb iok ercw wnta i erbitbr kberbb ch bhhnfnbofy. [ans ns tc siy
tait idd typbs ch tbrrcrnst ercups stiok tc gbobhnt hrc` n`prcvbk fc``uonfitnco sjndds
>8 [brrcrnst ercups wnta sc`b hcr` ch pirdni`botiry rbprbsbotitnco irb ebobriddyrbprbsbotbk gy gcta i pcdntnfid iok `ndntiry wnoe. [absb ercups irb `crb dnjbdy tc aivb
wbdd-kbhnobk, dcoe tbr` pcdntnfid ecids iok rbprbsbot direbr pcdntnfid cr scfnid
fcostntubofnbs.
>5 [ab pcdntnfid fcostntubofy ch i tbrrcrnst ercup ns n`pcrtiot no tbr`s ch suppcrtnoe ercup
nohristrufturb, gut nobvntigdy fcostrinos fbrtino ercup iftnvntnbs nh taby kc oct fcohcr` wnta
tab bxpbftitncos ch tab direbr ercup.
>1 [ab stitbk bob`y ch i tbrrcrnst ercup ns io n`pcrtiot fc`pcobot ch tirebt sbdbftnco
iok idsc abdps tc kbtbr`nob cpbritncoid hbiturbs sufa is sfcpb, notbosnty iok hrbqubofy.
>> [ab tabitbr ch cpbritncos ch i tbrrcrnst ercup wndd viry iffcrknoe tc tab ercup„s
nkbotnhnfitnco ch pctbotnid tirebts, igndnty tc cpbritb no i virnbty ch bovnrco`bots iok ctabr
pcdntnfid fcosnkbritncos rbditbk tc dn`ntnoe tab sfcpb ch i tbrrcrnst fi`pineo.
9== Co i rbditbk octb, Irqunddi, Wcohbdkt iok \ionon (9>>><>5->1) prbsbot tarbb
aypctabsbs rbditnoe tab b`brebofb ch nohcr`itnco tbfaocdcey wnta creionzitnco hcr
obtwir. No su`, tbrrcrnst ercup creionzitncoid strufturb iok tab usb ch nohcr`itnco
tbfaocdcey irb aypctabsnzbk tc gb fdcsbdy rbditbk.
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;>
wabtabr taby irb usbk purbdy hcr prcpieioki purpcsbs, ift is obw vbanfdbs ch hnoiofnid
ercwta, cr irb bvbo usbk `crb knsfrbbtdy hcr notri/notbr ercup fcohbrbofnoe.9=9
[ab sbfcok cgsbrvitnco fbotbrs co acw bifa fdiss ch tbrrcrnst ercup wndd `cvb
gbycok tab rbditnvbdy —sn`pdb‐ tisj ch usnoe fc`putbrs hcr oco-vncdbot purpcsbs tc
iftuiddy boeieb no fygbr tbrrcrns`. [ab kberbb tc wanfa tbrrcrnst ercups b`grifb
fc`putbr tbfaocdcey is wbipco ch facnfb rb`inos tc gb sbbo. It cob dbvbd, tab usb ch
fygbr tbfaocdcey hcr nohdnftnoe air` co i vnftn` rbqunrbs i erbitbr dbvbd ch scpanstnfitnco
taio `brbdy usnoe tab si`b tbfaocdcey hcr fc``uonfitnco cr prcpieioki. Oct cody, `ust
tabrb gb sc`b dbvbd ch bxpbrtnsb no triosditnoe tab —riw‐ fygbr tbfaocdcey notc i wbipco
ch kbstruftnco, tabrb `ust gb i rbfceontnco tait tab bhhbftnvbobss ch tans idtbroitnvb
supbrfbkbs fcovbotncoid cptncos. Vn`pdy stitbk, i fygbr ittifj ieinost io cppcobot
sacudk prckufb sn`ndir cr erbitbr rbsudts9=7
hcr dbss bhhcrt taio i fcovbotncoid cob.9=6
Fio
hcr nostiofb, tab fygbr knsruptnco ch io inr trihhnf fcotrcd systb` (wnta tab notbot ch
bokioebrnoe fnvndnio inr trihhnf) gb uokbrtijbo wnta dbss bhhcrt, prckufb tab si`b rbsudts
iok aivb i erbitbr dnjbdnacck ch suffbss taio io ittifj co tab si`b systb` gy
fcovbotncoid `bios (ir`bk ittifj, cr gc`gnoe), cr i fcovbotncoid ittifj tait gypissbs
tab inr trihhnf fcotrcd systb` no hivcr ch i knrbft ittifj co io inrdnobr3 Nh tab ioswbr ns io
9=9 Vuhhnfb nt tc siy, tabrb irb stndd dnjbdy tc gb virnitncos gcta wntano iok gbtwbbo ercup
typb is i ou`gbr ch hiftcrs sufa is noknvnkuid bxpbrtnsb, paysnfid iffbss tc fc`putbrs
iok i`gntnco tc igiokco trikntncoid `btacks no hivcr ch obw cobs fcotnoub tc botbr notcercup pdioonoe.
9=7 [absb fio gb tacueat ch is i erbitbr kberbb ch tbrrcr cr dcoebr distnoe hbir co tab
pirt ch tab vnftn`.
9=6 Dbss bhhcrt ns kbhnobk no tbr`s ch hbwbr rbscurfbs, dbss `iopcwbr iok qunfjbr/bisnbr
pdioonoe, idd ch wanfa sacudk triosditb notc rbkufbk rnsj/erbitbr dnjbdnacck ch dcenstnfid
suffbss.
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2=
ihhnr`itnvb cob, tabrb ns rcc` tc gbdnbvb tait fygbr tbrrcrns` wndd gbfc`b io iffbptbk
`btack ch cpbritnco iok hnok hivcr wnta i wnkbonoe irriy ch tbrrcrnst ercups. Nh tab
ioswbr ns obeitnvb, acwbvbr, fcovbotncoid tab`bs wndd fcotnoub tc kbhnob tbrrcrnst iftnvnty.
[ab sbfcok fcosnkbritnco nohdubofnoe tab ittriftnvbobss ch fygbr tbrrcrns` is i
prbhbrrbk tiftnf rbvcdvbs ircuok nts kbstruftnvb pctbotnid iok tab kberbb tc wanfa nt fio
bhhbftnvbdy tbrrcrnzb io cppcobot. @ufa ais gbbo `ikb ch tab nofrbisnoe fipigndntnbs ch
fygbr tbrrcrnsts (HGN, 9>>><97) iok tab `ioy vudobrigndntnbs noabrbot no oitncoid
nohristrufturbs (Wita`bdd, 9>>5, Vtirj, 9>>>). Wbditnvbdy dnttdb knsfussnco, acwbvbr, ais
gbbo hcfusbk co tab bxtbot ch kbstruftnvb/dbtaid nofnkbots ch fygbr tbrrcrns`, is wbdd is
tabnr fcosbqubofbs.9=;
Bvnkbofb, wcudk taus sueebst, tait tabrb ns i snzbigdb eip
gbtwbbo tab pctbotnid iok rbidnty ch tab fygbr tbrrcrnst tarbit. [brrcrnst ercups b`girjnoe
co tans obw pita ch vncdbofb surbdy rbfceonzb nts dn`ntitncos lust is taby kc wabo
prbpirnoe tc boeieb no fcovbotncoid ifts ch tbrrcrns`. No sacrt, fygbr tbrrcrns` `ust gb
lukebk prc hcr`i is i obw tiftnf iok oct obfbssirndy is i erbitbr cr hcr tait `ittbr,
dbssbr typb ch tarbit.
No idd dnjbdnacck, tab bhhnfify ch fygbr tbrrcrns` wndd gb kb`costritbk no sbdbft
nofnkbots wnta tab erbitbst b`paisns pdifbk co fcovbotncoid ittifjs ieinost fygbr
nohristrufturbs. Ittifjs ieinost nohristrufturbs no ebobrid irb oct pirt ch i obw tbrrcrnst
stritbey, gut ritabr io coecnoe tiftnf kbsneobk wnta gcta sy`gcdnf iok knsruptnvb
9=; @nfaibd Uanob (9>>><9=) strbssbs tans pcnot no tab fcofdusnco tc ans irtnfdb,
Fygbrspifb, I Obw @bknu` hcr Fc``uonfitnco, Fc``iok iok Fcotrcd gy Bxtrb`nsts<
—Hbirs gy wbstbro ecvbro`bots tait tabnr oitncoid nohristrufturbs `iy gb i tirebt hcr
nohcr`itnco wirhirb cr fygbr-tbrrcrns` `iy gb wbdd-hcuokbk, gut tab bvnkbofb sc hir ns
tait sug-stitb ercups it dbist, usb NF[„s Znohcr`itnco iok fc``uonfitnco tbfaocdceyP
`inody hcr prcpieioki, sbfurb fc``uonfitncos, notbddnebofb eitabrnoe iok huoks
`ioieb`bot.‐
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29
purpcsbs no `nok. No it dbist cob octigdb fisb tab ]rcvnsncoid Unoe ch tab Nrnsa
Wbpugdnfio Ir`y wis novcdvbk no tbrrcrnst ittifjs ieinost io isscrt`bot ch Grntnsa
oitncoid nohristrufturb tirebts pirtnfudirdy ihtbr 9>11.
[ans ais gbbo i rbsudt ch i rbfceontnco tait gc`g ittifjs co tabsb tirebts
irb dcw rnsj, gcta tc tab Iftnvb Vbrvnfb Ronts (IVR) iok tc tab fnvndnio
pcpuditnco...ZiokP fio nohdnft sugstiotnid fcsts co tab bfcoc`y iok ebobritb
bxtbosnvb pugdnfnty. [absb ittifjs aivb hcfusbk co tab triospcrt
nohristrufturb..., tab bobrey iok pcwbr nohristrufturbs iok co fc``brfb.
(Wita`bdd, 9>>5<8).
Unta tab ercwnoe notbrfcoobftbkobss ch nohristrufturbs rbdynoe co fygbr tbfaocdcey, tab
tirebtnoe sbdbftnco ch fygbr tbrrcrns` ns dnjbdy tc gb sneonhnfiotdy nohdubofbk gy tacsb
tirebts tait iddcw hcr i `ixn`u` dbvbd ch knsruptnco. [ab si`b, acwbvbr, ns oct
obfbssirndy trub wnta rbspbft tc tab `ckb ch ittifj. Fygbr tbfaocdcey iddcws hcr io
ikkntnco virnigdb tc gb notrckufbk notc tiftnfid bquitncos, gut fdbirdy rbprbsbots i snoedb
facnfb no tbr`s ch cvbridd `ckbs ch cpbritnco.
Envbo tab dnjbdy rioeb ch pcssngndntnbs hcr tab huturb ch fygbr tbrrcrns` iok tab
`ioobr no wanfa knhhbrbot typbs ch tbrrcrnst ercups wndd ikcpt tab`, tab hcddcwnoe tigdb
aneadneats tab aypctabsnzbk rbditncosanp gbtwbbo tab twc.
[igdb 9.7< [brrcrnst Ercup Fairiftbrnstnfs iok Aypctabsnzbk Fygbr Gbaivncr
Ercup [ypb Ercup Fairiftbrnstnfs Aypctabsnzbk Ercup Gbaivncr Uabo
Rsnoe Fygbr [bfaocdcey
Oitncoidnst/
Btaonf
-oitncoid cr btaonf nkbotnty
-rbditnvbdy direb no snzb iok
`iturb no ieb
-pcdntnfid wnoe
-rbditnvbdy wbdd kbhnobk pcdntnfid
fcostntubofy, bob`y iok tabitbr
ch cpbritncos
Oitncoidnst/btaonf ercups wndd hnok
nofrbisnoe usbs hcr fc`putbr tbfaocdcey
pirtnfudirdy is nt frbitbs cppcrtuontnbs hcr
einonoe obw scurfbs ch hnoiofnoe hrc`
igrcik (bxpitrnitb fc``uontnbs). [ab
si`b ippdnbs tc tab grcikbonoe ch
tbrrcrnst prcpieioki iok ctabr rbditbk
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27
pcdntnfid fi`pineos. [ab direbr, `crb
`iturb ercups irb idrbiky suffbsshud no
tbr`s ch boeienoe no vncdbofb iok sacudk
nkbotnhy fc`putbr tbfaocdcey `crb is i
`bios tc knvbrsnhy tab oiturb ch tabnr
fi`pineos.
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26
Wbdnencus -rbdnencus nkbotnty chtbo krnvbo gy
i huoki`botidnst vnbwpcnot
-virnigdb snzb iok ebobriddy
n``iturb
-`non`id pirdni`botiryrbprbsbotitnco
-dccsbdy kbhnobk pcdntnfid
fcostntubofy, spbfnhnf bob`y
iok virnigdb tabitbr ch
cpbritncos
Wbdnencus tbrrcrnst ercups irb b`brenoe
it i tn`b wabo fygbr tbfaocdcey chhbrs
`ioy ikviotiebs tc obw, dccsbdy
strufturbk iok pcdntnfiddy bxtrb`b
tbrrcrnsts. [ab fygbr bovnrco`bot wnddiddcw rbdnencus tbrrcrnst ercups tc
fccrknoitb `ioy s`idd fbdds no direbr
tbrrcrnst fi`pineos. [ans gbaivncr
typnhnbs acw fcovbotncoid iftnvnty wndd gb
n`pdb`botbk iok knrbftbk tarcuea fygbr
tiftnfs. Vc`b nontnid difj ch noangntnco wndd
idsc `bio tait rbdnencus ercups wndd gb
`crb dnjbdy tc sbbj cut fygbr tiftnfs
fcosnstbot wnta abneatbobk ki`ieb cr
fisuidtnbs.
]cdntnfid -nkbcdcenfiddy crnbotbk ebobriddyb`ioitnoe hrc` tab hir dbht cr
rneat ch tab pcdntnfid spbftru`
-rbditnvbdy s`idd iok n``iturb
-`non`id pirdni`botiry
rbprbsbotitnco
-wbdd kbhnobk, gut ebobriddy
knsnotbrbstbk pcdntnfid
fcostntubofy, nkbcdcenfiddy
kbhnobk bob`y iok virnigdb, gut
dn`ntbk tabitbr ch cpbritncos
]cdntnfid tbrrcrnst ercups envbo tabnrrbditnvbdy s`idd snzb iok difj ch stiturb
wndd utndnzb fygbr tbfaocdcey tc iffbotuitb
tabnr strboetas iok fi`cuhdieb tabnr
wbijobss. No sacrt, tabsb ercups wndd
nofrbisb tabnr iftnvnty tarcuea< —fygbr
tarbits‐ iok hcddcw-up prcpieioki,
rbfrunt`bot edcgidnznoe tab sfcpb ch tabnr
cpbritncos tc tirebt obw vnftn`s
(prbvncusdy gbycok fcovbotncoid rbifa),
notbriftnco wnta dnjb-`nokbk ercups iokittb`pts tc eino erbitbr rbfceontnco
tarcuea ifts ch fygbr tbrrcrns` tait
bsfiditb ki`ieb iok fisuidtnbs.
Vnoedb Nssub - pcdntnfid iftnvnst ercups tait irb
hcr`bk tc rbkrbss i spbfnhnf
pcdntnfid ernbviofb
- rbditnvbdy s`idd iok n``iturb
- pcssngdb sy`pitay hrc`
noknvnkuid pirdni`botirnios, gut
difjnoe no hcr`id rbprbsbotitnco
- oirrcwdy kbhnobk fcostntubofy,wbdd-kbhnobk bob`y iok dn`ntbk
tabitbr ch cpbritncos
Vnoedb-nssub ercups wandb ebobriddy
kbknfitbk tc hneatnoe hcr i snoedb fiusb
wndd obvbrtabdbss hnok fygbr tbfaocdcey
ittriftnvb hcr purpcsbs ch sprbiknoe
rbditbk prcpieioki, notbosnhynoe tarbits
iok fc``uonfitnoe wnta sn`ndirdy nofdnobk
ercups. Irbis ch fcofbro hcr tans typb ch
ercup nofdukb knvbrsnhnfitnco ch nontnidernbviofbs, erbitbr sfcpb ch cpbritncos
iok tab pcssngndnty ch fcotienco.
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2;
Cgsbrvitncos iok Fcofdusncos
[ab stitb ch tab rbditncosanp gbtwbbo tbrrcrns` iok fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ns sufa
tait nts pctbotnid ns gbst uokbrstcck gy rbbxi`nonoe fcotb`pcriry tabcry iok priftnfb ch
tab paboc`boco. Uandb tab stuky ch tbrrcrns` rcutnobdy bxieebritbs sufa ifts is
ississnoitncos, gc`gnoes, anlifjnoes iok jnkoippnoes, tabsb bvbots iffcuot hcr i
rbditnvbdy s`idd pcrtnco ch wait cffurs wntano tab rugrnf ch tab tbrrcrns` bxpbrnbofb iok
irb `bionoedbss nh taby irb oct uokbrstcck no tbr`s ch tabnr cvbridd fcosbqubofbs.9=2
[ab
si`b ns trub wnta rbspbft tc fygbr tbrrcrns`.
[ab ripnkdy b`brenoe fygbr bovnrco`bot grnoes `ioy fcofbros iok uofbrtinotnbs.
@ckbro fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ns sufa tait nt chhbrs fcotb`pcriry tbrrcrnst ercups i wnkb
rioeb ch cppcrtuontnbs tc fcotnoub tabnr fi`pineos ch vncdbofb iok nh taby irb prchnfnbot,
sneonhnfiotdy hurtabr tabnr pcdntnfid cglbftnvbs. Hcr tab `cst pirt, fc`putbr tbfaocdcey wndd
pdiy i `ilcr rcdb no prcvnknoe i wnkbr rioeb ch cptncos hcr tbrrcrnst ercwta pctbotnid.
Uandb tans ns oct fygbr tbrrcrns` pbr sb, nt kcbs aivb frntnfid n`pdnfitncos hcr tab huturb ch
gcta fcovbotncoid iok fygbr tbrrcrns`. [ab hift tait ercup nohristrufturbs wndd bvcdvb tc
`nrrcr tabsb faioebs ns idsc i sidnbot fcofbro. Kbvbdcp`bots no tab creionzitncoid
strufturb ch tbrrcrnst ercups wndd oct cody tbst bxnstnoe fcuotbr tbrrcrnst notbddnebofb bhhcrts,
gut wndd uokcugtbkdy hifndntitb obw iok pctbotniddy uofcovbotncoid tbrrcrnst ercup iddniofbs.
9=2 Uabtabr cr oct tans ipprbfnitnco ch tbrrcrns` iftuiddy rbfbnvbs nts kub no tab
hcr`uditnco ch fcuotbr tbrrcrnst pcdnfy, nt ais obvbrtabdbss gbbo irtnfuditbk no tab ditbst
Vtitb Kbpirt`bot (7===<2) rbpcrt co edcgid tbrrcrns`. —Hurtabr`crb, tbrrcrnst ifts irb
pirt ch i direbr paboc`boco ch pcdntnfiddy nospnrbk vncdbofb, iok it tn`bs tab dnob gbtwbbo
tab twc fio gb knhhnfudt tc kriw.‐
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[ab —rbid‐ fygbr tbrrcrns` ais ybt tc bvcdvb gbycok tab ounsiofb stieb. Uandb tab
pctbotnid hcr sbrncus fygbr ittifjs tait paysnfiddy kbstrcy oitncoid nohristrufturbs sacudk
oct gb trbitbk dneatdy, tab kbstruftnvb oiturb ch tans hcr` ch vncdbofb `ust gb jbpt no
fcotbxt. Hnrst, tabrb irb oc fc`pbddnoe rbiscos tc gbdnbvb tait fygbr ittifjs wndd gb ioy
`crb kbikdy taio fcovbotncoid cobs. Vbfcok, tbrrcrnst kbsnrbs tc bsfiditb furrbot dbvbds
ch vncdbofb irb is `ufa kbpbokbot co wac tab ercups irb iok wait taby acpb tc
ifanbvb, is upco tab wbipcos taby aivb it aiok.
Kcc`skiy iok ctabr aiuotnoe sfboirncs novcdvnoe wbipcos ch `iss kbstruftnco
bxnstbk dcoe gbhcrb tab ikvbot ch fygbr tbrrcrns` iok wndd fcotnoub tc kc sc is dcoe is
pcdntnfid iftcrs, sbfurnty hnr`s iok ctabrs wac fio gbobhnt hrc` tab` fio bxpdcnt tab gisnf
`ytas surrcuoknoe tbrrcrns` hcr tabnr cwo purpcsbs (sc`b ch wanfa irb nokbbk hcr tab
purpcsb ch bofcurienoe prcpbr prbpiritnco iok prctbftnco). Ub wndd gbttbr prbpirb
cursbdvbs hcr sufa purpcsbs gy bxi`nonoe oct cody tab kcc`skiy sfboirncs no cur
kirjbst n`ienoitncos iok tab vudobrigndntnbs wanfa dbik tc tab` gut idsc tab prcgigndntnbs
ch bxpdcntitnco iok acw tc prctbft ieinost sufa iftncos. Nostbik ch sn`pdy bquitnoe fygbr
tbrrcrns` wnta tab zbonta ch tbrrcrnst vncdbofb, i `ufa wnsbr ipprcifa wndd bxi`nob acw
tab fygbr bovnrco`bot gcta hifndntitbs iok bofcuriebs tbrrcrnst gbaivncr gbycok
fcovbotncoid stiokirks iok acw nt ihhbfts tab igndnty ch stitbs iok tab prnvitb sbftcr tc
eitabr nohcr`itnco iok frbitb tbfaonfid is wbdd is pcdntnfid fcuotbr`bisurbs. Nh tab
huoki`botids ch tbrrcrns` rb`ino tab si`b, tab qubst tc uokbrstiok fygbr tbrrcrns` ns
is `ufa igcut fc`prbaboknoe tab pist, is nt ns igcut prbknftnoe tab huturb.
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Wbhbrbofbs
Iotn-Kbhi`itnco Dbieub. —[brrcrns` Iftnvntnbs co tab Notbrobt - [brrcrns` Rpkitb.‐
attp<//7=8.6.951.9=/tbrrcr/hcfus/98ShcfusSi.at`d. 9>>>.
Iotn-Kbhi`itnco Dbieub. —Fygbr[brrcrns̀ - [brrcrns` Rpkitb.‐ attp<//7=8.6.951.9=/tbrrcr/hcfus/98ShcfusSi7.at`d. 9>>>.
Irqunddi, Lcao iok Kivnk Wcohbdkt. —[ab Ikvbot ch Obtwir< Ioidytnf Gifjercuok.‐
Vtuknbs no Fcohdnft iok [brrcrns`. Xcd. 77, Nssub 6, Ludy-Vbptb`gbr, 9>>>.
Irqunddi, Lcao iok Kivnk Wcohbdkt. [ab \ipitnsti Vcfnid Obtwir no @bxnfc. Vioti
@confi, Fidnhcroni. Wiok, 9>>1.
Irqunddi, Lcao, Wcohbdkt, Kivnk iok @nfabdb \ionon. —Obtwcrjs, Obtwir iok Nohcr`itnco-
Ieb [brrcrns`.‐ no \id`iy @. Jaidndzaik iok Lcao ]. Uantb (bks.). [ab Faioenoe
Wcdb ch Nohcr`itnco no Uirhirb. Vioti @confi, Fidnhcroni, Wiok, 9>>>.
Gusgy, Fcd. Kionbd L.. —]bifbtn`b Rsb ch Fc`putbr Obtwcrj Ittifj.‐ Firdnsdb Girrifjs,
]boosydvioni< R.V. Ir`y Uir Fcddbeb, 7===.
Fac`sjy, Oci`. ]nritbs iok B`pbrcrs< Notbroitncoid [brrcrns` no tab Wbid Ucrdk. Obw
^crj< Fdirb`cot ]ugdnfitncos, 9>18.
Ki`pacussb, Jbddy W. iok Grbot D. V`nta. —[ab Notbrobt< I [brrcrnst @bknu` hcr tab 79st
Fbotury.‐ no Airvby U. Jusaobr (bk.). [ab Huturb ch [brrcrns`< Xncdbofb no tab
Obw @nddboonu`. [acusiok Cijs, Fidnhcroni< VIEB ]ugdnfitncos, Nof. 9>>1.
Kboonoe, Kcrctay B.. Iftnvns`, Aifjtnvns`, iok Fygbrtbrrcrns`< [ab Notbrobt is i [ccd
hcr Nohdubofnoe Hcrbneo ]cdnfy., attp<//www.oiutndus.cre/nohc-pcdnfy /wcrjsacp
/pipbrs/kboonoe.at`d., Hbgruiry ;, 7===.
Kboonoe, Kcrctay B..Fygbrtbrrcrns`. [bstn`coy gbhcrb tab Vpbfnid Cvbrsneat ]iobd co
[brrcrns` Fc``nttbb co Ir`bk Vbrvnfbs R.V. Acusb ch Wbprbsbotitnvbs, @iy 76,
7===.
Hdb``noe, ]btbr I.. ]ittbros ch [riosoitncoid [brrcrns` no Ubstbro Burcpb, 9>81-9>15<
I Yuiotntitnvb ]brspbftnvb. Ubst Dihiybttb< ]urkub Ronvbrsnty, ]a. K.
Knssbrtitnco, 9>>7.
Hcwdbr, Unddni` Uirobr. [brrcrns` Kiti Gisbs< I Fc`pirnsco ch @nssncos, @btacks,
iok Vystb`s. Vioti @confi< Wiok, 9>19.
Erigcsjy, ].O. iok Wussbdd E. V`nta. Frn`b no tab Knentid Ieb< Fcotrcddnoe
[bdbfc``uonfitncos iok Fygbrspifb Nddbeidntnbs. Obw Gruoswnfj, Obw Lbrsby<
[riosiftnco ]ugdnsabrs, [ab Hbkbritnco ]rbss, 9>>1.
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25
Ercss, Hbdnjs. [ab Vbnzurb ch ]cdntnfid ]cwbr. Obw ^crj< ]andcscpanfid Dngriry, 9>25.
Eurr, [bk Wcgbrt.‐B`pnrnfid Wbsbirfa co ]cdntnfid [brrcrns`< [ab Vtitb ch tab Irt iok
Acw nt @neat Gb N`prcvbk.‐ no Wcgbrt C. Vditbr iok @nfaibd Vtcad (bks.). Furrbot
]brspbftnvbs co Notbroitncoid [brrcrns`.Dcokco< [ab @if@nddio ]rbss Nof., 9>11.
Acc, Jbvno Vcc, Vby`cur Ecck`io iok Diwrbofb Erbbogbre. —Nohcr`itnco [bfaocdcey
iok [ab [brrcrnst [arbit.‐ Vurvnvid . Xcdu`b 61, Ou`gbr 6, Iutu`o 9>>5.
Auokdby, Wnfairk C. iok Wcgbrt A. Iokbrsco. I Yuidntitnvb @btackcdcey Hcr [ab
Issbss`bot ch Fygbrspifb-Wbditbk Wnsjs. Vioti @confi< Wiok, 9>>8.
@nfjcdus, Bkwirk H.. [brrcrns`, 9>11-9>>9< I Farcocdcey ch Bvbots iok I Vbdbftnvbdy
Iooctitbk Gngdnceripay. Ubstpcrt, Fcoobftnfut< Erbbowcck ]rbss, 9>>6.
@nfjcdus, Bkwirk H..[riosoitncoid [brrcrns`< I Farcocdcey ch Bvbots, 9>81-9>5>.
Ubstpcrt, Fcoobftnfut< Erbbowcck ]rbss, 9>1=.
@nfjcdus, Bkwirk H., [ckk Viokdbr iok Lbioob @urkcfj. Notbroitncoid [brrcrns` no tab
9>1=s< I Farcocdcey ch Bvbots (Xcdu`b N 9>1=-9>16). I`bs, Ncwi< Ncwi Vtitb
]rbss, 9>11.
@nfjcdus, Bkwirk H., [ckk Viokdbr iok Lbioob @urkcfj. Notbroitncoid [brrcrns` no tab
9>1=s< I Farcocdcey ch Bvbots (Xcdu`b NN 9>1;-9>15). I`bs, Ncwi< Ncwi Vtitb
]rbss, 9>11.
@nfjcdus, Bkwirk H., [ckk Viokdbr, Lbioob @urkcfj iok ]btbr I. Hdb``noe. N[BWI[B
NNN< Ittrngutbs ch [brrcrnst Bvbots, 9>51-9>15. Hidds Faurfa, Xnrenoni< Xnoyirk
Vchtwirb, 9>11.
@nfjcdus, Bkwirk H. wnta Vusio D. Vn``cos. [brrcrns`, 9>>7-9>>2 < I Farcocdcey ch
Bvbots iok I Vbdbftnvbdy Iooctitbk Gngdnceripay. Ubstpcrt, Fcoobftnfut<
Erbbowcck ]rbss, 9>>5.
@urpay, Lcao H.. —Fc`putbr Obtwcrj Ittifjs Gy [brrcrnsts< Vc`b Dbeid Kn`bosncos.‐
9>>8.
Oitncoid Fc``nssnco co [brrcrns`. Fcuotbrnoe tab Faioenoe [arbit ch Notbroitncoid
[brrcrns`. Wbpcrt ch tab Oitncoid Fc``nssnco co [brrcrns`,
attp<//www.his.cre/nrp/tarbit/fc``nssnco.at`d. 9>>1.
]ctc`if Nostntutb hcr ]cdnfy Vtuknbs. —Vb`noir Co Fygbr-[brrcrns` iok Nohcr`itnco
Uirhirb< [arbits iok Wbspcosbs.‐ ]rcfbbknoes Wbpcrt ]N]V->1-7, Irdnoetco,
Xnrenoni< ]ctc`if Nostntutb hcr ]cdnfy Vtuknbs, 98 Iprnd, 9>>1.
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21
]ctc`if Nostntutb hcr ]cdnfy Vtuknbs. —Vpbfnid Grnbhnoe Co [brrcrns`< Furrbot iok Huturb
[rboks.‐ ]rcfbbknoes Wbpcrt, Irdnoetco, Xnrenoni< ]ctc`if Nostntutb hcr ]cdnfy
Vtuknbs, 76 Iueust, 9>>1.
Wita`bdd, Kr. Iokrbw. —Fygbr-tbrrcrns`< [ab Vaipb ch Huturb Fcohdnft,‐ Wcyid RontbkVbrvnfb Nostntutb Lcuroid . Cftcgbr, 9>>5.
Vioz, [n`ctay D.. —Nohcr`itnco-Ieb Uirhirb< I Ucrjnoe Gngdnceripay.‐ @ndntiry Wbvnbw.
Xcdu`b DQQXNNN, Ou`gbr 7, @irfa-Iprnd, 9>>1
Vfabddnoe, [ac`is. Ir`s iok Nohdubofb. Obw Aivbo< ^idb Ronvbrsnty ]rbss, 9>88.
Vfa`nk, Idbx ]. iok Idgbrt L. Lcoe`io. (bks.) ]cdntnfid [brrcrns`< I Obw Eunkb tc
Iftcrs, Iutacrs, Fcofbpts, Kiti Gisbs, [abcrnbs iok Dntbriturb. Obw ^crj<
Ocrta-Acddiok ]ugdnsanoe Fc`pioy, 9>11.
Vabbaio, @nfaibd. —Vboitb Hcrbneo Wbditncos Fc``nttbb.‐ Chhnfb ch tab Fccrknoitcr hcr
Fcuotbrtbrrcrns`. Uisanoetco, KF. Luob 92, 7===
Vabbaio, @nfaibd. —[bstn`coy Gbhcrb tab Acusb Notbroitncoid Wbditncos Fc``nttbb.‐
Chhnfb ch tab Fccrknoitcr hcr Fcuotbrtbrrcrns`. Uisanoetco, KF. Ludy 97, 7===.
Vn`co, Lbhhrby K..[ab [brrcrnst [rip< I`brnfi„s Bxpbrnbofb wnta [brrcrns`.
Gdcc`noetco< Noknioi Ronvbrsnty ]rbss, 9>>;.
Vduji, Lbhhrby I.. Abirts iok @noks, Uitbr iok Hnsa< Vuppcrt hcr tab NWI iok NODI no iOcrtabro Nrnsa Eabttc. Erbbownfa, Fcoobftnfut< LIN ]rbss, Nof. 9>1>.
V`nta, Grbot D.. [brrcrns` no I`brnfi< ]npb Gc`gs iok ]npb Krbi`s. Idgioy< Vtitb
Ronvbrsnty ]rbss ch Obw ^crj, 9>>;.
V`nta, Grbot D. iok Jbddy W. Ki`pacussb. —[wc Kbfikbs ch [brrcr Fairiftbrnstnfs,
[rboks, iok ]rcspbfts ch tab Huturb ch I`brnfio [brrcrns`,‐ no Airvby U.
Jusaobr (bk.). [ab Huturb ch [brrcrns`< Xncdbofb no tab Obw @nddboonu`.
[acusiok Cijs, Fidnhcroni< VIEB ]ugdnfitncos, Nof. 9>>1.
Vcutabro ]cvbrty Diw Fbotbr. Hidsb ]itrncts< [ab [arbit ch Iotnecvbro`bot Bxtrb`nsts.
@cotec`bry, Idigi`i< Vcutabro ]cvbrty Diw Fbotbr, 9>>8.
Vtirj, Wck. —Fygbr [brrcrns`< Wbtanojnoe Obw [bfaocdcey,‐ Kbpirt`bot ch Kbhbosb iok
Vtritbenf Vtuknbs, 9>>>.
Vtcad, @nfaibd. —Kb`ystnhynoe [brrcrns`< [ab @ytas iok Wbidntnbs ch Fcotb`pcriry
]cdntnfid [brrcrns`,‐ no Vtcad, @nfaibd (bk.). [ab ]cdntnfs ch [brrcrns`. [anrk
Bkntnco. Obw ^crj< @irfbd Kbfjbr, Nof., 9>11.
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8=
RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb. ]ittbros ch Edcgid [brrcrns`< 9>>;. Uisanoetco K.F.< RV
Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, Iprnd 9>>2.
RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb. ]ittbros ch Edcgid [brrcrns`< 9>>2. Uisanoetco K.F.< RV
Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, Iprnd 9>>8.
RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb. ]ittbros ch Edcgid [brrcrns`< 9>>8. Uisanoetco K.F.< RV
Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, Iprnd 9>>5.
RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb. ]ittbros ch Edcgid [brrcrns`< 9>>5. Uisanoetco K.F.< RV
Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, Iprnd 9>>1.
RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb. ]ittbros ch Edcgid [brrcrns`< 9>>1. Uisanoetco K.F.< RV
Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, Iprnd 9>>1.
RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb. ]ittbros ch Edcgid [brrcrns`< 9>>>. Uisanoetco K.F.< RV
Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, Iprnd 7===.
RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb. ]ittbros ch Notbroitncoid [brrcrns`< 9>19. Uisanoetco K.F.<
RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, Iueust 9>17.
RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb. ]ittbros ch Notbroitncoid [brrcrns`< 9>17. Uisanoetco K.F.<
RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, Vbptb`gbr, 9>16.
RV Obws iok Ucrdk Wbpcrt. —[brrcrnsts co tab Ubg< Bdbftrconf ‑Vihb Aivbo„ Eubrrnddis
Rsb Euos, Gc`gs iok Ac`b ]iebs.‐ Xcdu`b 97;, Nssub 7;, p.;8., Luob 77,
9>>1.
Uanob, @nfaibd. Fygbrspifb< I Obw @bknu` hcr Fc``uonfitnco, Fc``iok iok
Fcotrcd gy Bxtrb`nsts. attp<//www.nft.cre.nd/irtnfdbs/fygbrspifb.at .̀ Iprnd, 9>>>.
Uantb, Fcd. Jboobta F..‐Fygbr-[brrcrns`< @ckb` @iyab`.‐ Firdnsdb Girrifjs,
]boosydvioni< R.V. Ir`y Uir Fcddbeb, 9>>1.
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