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What is MySQL?

SQL: Structured . . .

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MySQLandSQL

Amitabh [email protected]

September 11, 2003

mailto:[email protected]

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MySQL

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1. What is MySQL?

• General Purpose Open Source RDBMS

• Optimized for speed, reliability and high load - nar-rower, deeper feature set.

• Incredibly well-supported and documented - easy toinstall, configure and manage

• Extensively used worldwide (more than 10 000 serverdownloads per day)

• Flexible: Transactional/Non-transactional storage en-gines

• Low cost of ownership - Dual-licensed under GPL andCommercial licenses

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1.1. Design Philosophy

• Modular design

• Never pay in performance for unused features

• Easy to install and use

• Write documentation while writing code

• Use regression and limit tests

• Occam’s Razor: No complexity beyond necessity

• Optimize, optimize, optimize

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1.2. The Numbers

• Installation Base

– Difficult to judge

– Included in major Linux distributions

– Example: 1 million copies has been shipped withMacOS X

• >10000 server downloads per day

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• Links according to Google.com

MySQL 30,100Oracle 15,500Postgres 6,890

• Mentions according to Google.com

MySQL 4,850,000Oracle 5,930,000PostgreSQL 1,760,000

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High-Profile Users

• NASA

• Yahoo: Finance, News in Asia & Europe,Sports...

• Slashdot.org, Freshmeat.net & Linux.com

• Nortel (InSight) / Ericsson / Alcatel / Telia/ Nokia

• Motorola

• Compaq

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MySQL Features

• An extended subset of ANSI SQL89.

• Numerous extensions like SELECT .... LIMIT 10,10

• Very few limits: disk, cpu, memory and OS set thelimits

• Localized to many languages (Japanese, Chinese, Ger-man)

• Powerful security system

• Master-/Slave Replication for High Availability

• Per table choice of backend (with/without transac-tions)

• Can be extended with User Defined Functions (UDF)

• MyISAM has very compact tables

• Embeddable engine (no client server)

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APIs

ADA CC++ Common LispDelphi DylanGuile JDBCMatLab ODBCPHP PikePython TCL. . .And many more

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Storage Engine: MyISAM

• Developed by MySQL AB (replaced original ISAM)

• Static, dynamic and compressed (read-only) row for-mats but no transactions

• Text and compressed indexes

• Data and indexes in separate files

• Fast read/write performance but low r/w concurrency

• Extremely good concurrency in the select and insertat end case (logs)

• External check and repair program (myisamchk)

• Especially useful for websites & logging

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Why use Free/Open Software

• Independence

• Access to all technical information and notonly a vendor chosen subset

• Any good technical person has the samechance to become a expert as company em-ployees

• Competing commercial services available

• Expanded use because of lower investmentin time and money before

• No extra fees for advanced features likereplication/free text search

• Result: Low Total Cost of Ownership

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Free/Open is Better

• Community

– Additional testing, development, business intelli-gence, etc. resources

– Find bugs faster, on more platforms

– Everyone wins - original developers, end users,other software projects

– Trains and exposes skilled developers

• Strong advantages for all users - including proprietaryusers

– Less risk

– Deep integration is much easier

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SQL

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2. SQL: Structured Query Lan-guage

• Originally called SEQUEL (SEnglishQL)

• Data Definition : DDL

• Data Manipulation : DML

• Data Control : DCL

• SQL-86(ANSI): SQL1, SQL-92: SQL2, SQL3 underdevelopment

• MySQL (Latest: MySQL4.1): Extended Entry-levelSQL-92. ODBC levels 0-3.51Doesn’t support Procedures and Triggers yet

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Data Definition

Databases=directories; Tables=files(.myd,.myi,.frm)

Create Database

• CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] db namemysql> create database university

Accessing a Database

• USE db namemysql> use university;

Dropping a Database

• DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] db namemysql> drop database if exists olduniversity;

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Create Table

• CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS]tbl name [(create definition,...)][table options] [select statement]

• CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS]tbl nameLIKE [(] old tbl name [)] ;

create definition:col name type [NOT NULL | NULL] [DEFAULTdefault value] [AUTO INCREMENT][[PRIMARY]KEY] [COMMENT ’string’] [reference definition]| PRIMARY KEY (index col name,...)| UNIQUE [INDEX] [index name] (index col name,...)| [CONSTRAINT symbol] FOREIGN KEY[index name] (index col name,...)| CHECK (expr)

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MySQL Datatypes

Numeric Data TypesColumn type Storage requiredTINYINT 1 byteSMALLINT 2 bytesINT 4 bytesINTEGER 4 bytesBIGINT 8 bytesFLOAT(X) 4 (X<=24) or 8 (25<=X<=53)FLOAT 4 bytesDOUBLE 8 bytesREAL 8 bytesDECIMAL(M,D) M+2 or M+1 or D+2 bytesNUMERIC(M,D) M+2 or M+1 or D+2 bytes

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Date and Time Types

Column type Storage requiredDATE 3 bytesDATETIME 8 bytesTIMESTAMP 4 bytesTIME 3 bytesYEAR 1 byte

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String Types

Column type Storage requiredCHAR(M) M bytes, 1 <= M <= 255VARCHAR(M) L+1 bytes,L <= MTINYBLOB, TINYTEXT L+1 bytes, L < 28

BLOB, TEXT L+2 bytes, L < 216

LONGBLOB, LONGTEXT L+4 bytes, L < 232

ENUM(’value1’,’value2’,. . . ) 1 or 2 bytes, 65535 values maxSET(’value1’,’value2’,. . . ) 1, 2, 3, 4 or 8 bytes, 64 members max

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The Great Indian University

3 tables:

StudentRoll No 10 Characters Primary keyName 20 Characters, necessaryAddress 20 CharactersCity 20 charactersPhone no numeric

ExamRoll No 10 Characters, necessaryCourse CodeName 10 Characters, necessaryMarks numeric between 0 and 100

CourseCourse code 10 Characters, necessaryCourse Name 20 Characters, necessaryfaculty codeMarks 10 Characterspr text book 20 Charactersteach slot 10 characters

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Write the SQL Statements to create the

University tables.

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mysql> create table student-> ( roll_no char(10) Primary Key,-> Name VarChar(20) not null,-> Address Varchar(40),-> City VarChar(20),-> Phone_no Integer );

Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.07 sec)

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mysql> describe student;+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

| roll_no | varchar(10) | | PRI | | |

| Name | varchar(20) | | | | |

| Address | varchar(40) | YES | | NULL | |

| City | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |

| Phone_no | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |

+----------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

5 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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mysql> create table Exam-> ( roll_no char(10) not null references student.roll_no,

-> course_code char(10) not null references course.course_code,

-> Marks TinyInt Unsigned default 0,

-> Primary Key(roll_no,course_code),

-> Constraint marks_check check (Marks <= 100));


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mysql> create table course-> ( Course_code Char(10) Primary Key,

-> faculty_code char(10),

-> pr_text_book varchar(20),

-> teach_slot char(10) );


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Alter and Rename Table

• ALTER TABLE tbl name alter specification[, alter specification ...]

• alter_specification:ADD [COLUMN] create_definition [FIRST | AFTER column_name ]

| ADD PRIMARY KEY (index_col_name,...)

| ADD UNIQUE [index_name] (index_col_name,...)

| ADD [CONSTRAINT symbol] FOREIGN KEY [index_name]

(index_col_name,...) [reference_definition]

| ALTER [COLUMN] col_name {SET DEFAULT literal | DROP DEFAULT}

| CHANGE [COLUMN] old_col_name create_definition

[FIRST | AFTER column_name]

| DROP [COLUMN] col_name

| DROP PRIMARY KEY

| RENAME [TO] new_tbl_name

| table_options

• RENAME TABLE tbl name TO new tbl name[, tbl name2 TO

new tbl name2,...]

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3. DML: Queries

The SELECT statement• SELECT [DISTINCT | DISTINCTROW | ALL]

select_expression,...

[INTO {OUTFILE | DUMPFILE} ’file_name’ export_options]

[FROM table_references

[WHERE where_definition]

[GROUP BY <Grouping Attributes> [ASC | DESC], ...]

[HAVING where_definition]

[ORDER BY <Attribute List> [ASC | DESC] ,...]

• MYSQL extensions. . .

[LIMIT [offset,] row_count | row_count OFFSET offset]

[PROCEDURE procedure_name(argument_list)]

[FOR UPDATE | LOCK IN SHARE MODE]]

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Student table

+------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+------------+| roll_no | Name | Address | City | Phone_no | DOB |+------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+------------+| 2001MBA001 | Bimal Jalan | Parliament | New Delhi |NULL | 1960-01-05 || 2001MBA007 | Harshad Mehta | Central Jail | Mumbai | 2147483647 | 1971-12-24 || 2001MCA011 | Sachin | Fiat Motors | Mumbai | 221111001 | 1984-04-24 |+------------+---------------+--------------+-----------+------------+------------+

Course Table

+-------------+-----------------+--------------+--------------------+------------+| Course_code | Course_name | faculty_code | pr_text_book

| teach_slot |+-------------+-----------------+--------------+--------------------+------------+| MBA001001 | Business Ethics | MBAfac007 | ArthaShastra

| C || MBA007007 | Share Swindling | MBAfac007 | SEBI Manual

| A || MBA007009 | Cyber Fraud | MCAfac001 | The Crackers Guide | B |+-------------+-----------------+--------------+--------------------+------------+

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Exam Table+------------+-------------+-------+| roll_no | course_code | Marks |+------------+-------------+-------+| 2001MBA001 | MBA001001 | 75 || 2001MBA007 | MBA001001 | 100 || 2001MCA011 | MBA001001 | 90 || 2001MBA007 | MBA007007 | 30 || 2001MBA007 | MBA007009 | 100 || 2001MCA011 | MBA007009 | 90 || 2001MCA011 | MBA001009 | 55 |+------------+-------------+-------+

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Insertion example

mysql> insert into Exam values-> ("2001MBA001","MBA001001",75),-> ("2001MBA007","MBA001001",100),-> ("2001MCA011","MBA001001",90),-> ("2001MBA007","MBA007007",30),-> ("2001MBA007","MBA007009",100),-> ("2001MCA011","MBA007009",55);

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Display the Examination Data.

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mysql> select * from Exam;+------------+-------------+-------+| roll_no | course_code | Marks |+------------+-------------+-------+| 2001MBA001 | MBA001001 | 75 || 2001MBA007 | MBA001001 | 100 || 2001MCA011 | MBA001001 | 90 || 2001MBA007 | MBA007007 | 30 || 2001MBA007 | MBA007009 | 100 || 2001MCA011 | MBA007009 | 90 || 2001MCA011 | MBA001009 | 90 |+------------+-------------+-------+7 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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List the names of all the students.

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mysql> select name from student-> ;

+---------------+| name |+---------------+| Bimal Jalan || Harshad Mehta || Sachin |+---------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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List the names of all the students with-

out repeating any name.

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mysql> select distinct name from student;+---------------+| name |+---------------+| Bimal Jalan || Harshad Mehta || Sachin |+---------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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List all the Primary Text books display-

ing the header as ”Primary Text Books”

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mysql> select c.pr_text_book as"Primary Text Books" from course c ;

+--------------------+| Primary Text Books |+--------------------+| ArthaShastra || SEBI Manual || The Crackers Guide |+--------------------+3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

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Suppose Average marks for the Course

with code ”MBA001001” is 65. List

the deviation of marks from the average,

with a meaningful header and with the

roll number of students for that course.

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mysql> select roll_no, marks-65 as"Deviation from Average" fromExam where course_code="MBA001001";

+------------+------------------------+| roll_no | Deviation from Average |+------------+------------------------+| 2001MBA001 | 10 || 2001MBA007 | 35 || 2001MCA011 | 25 |+------------+------------------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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List Roll Numbers of those students who

have got second division (50 to 60) in

any subject.

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mysql> select distinct roll_no from Examwhere marks between 50 and 60;

+------------+| roll_no |+------------+| 2001MCA011 |+------------+1 row in set (0.01 sec)

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List courses taken by faculties with fac-

ulty codes - mbafac007 or mcafac007 or

mcafac001.

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mysql> select course_code from coursewhere faculty_code in("mbafac007","mcafac007","mcafac001");

+-------------+| course_code |+-------------+| MBA001001 || MBA007007 || MBA007009 |+-------------+3 rows in set (0.02 sec)

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List the students by their name in al-

phabetic order .

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mysql> select name from student order by name asc;+---------------+| name |+---------------+| Bimal Jalan || Harshad Mehta || Sachin |+---------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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How many people have scored 100 marks

in any subect.

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mysql> select count(distinct roll_no) from Examwhere marks=100;+-------------------------+| count(distinct roll_no) |+-------------------------+| 1 |+-------------------------+1 row in set (0.00 sec)

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What are the average marks in each sub-

ject.

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mysql> select course_code,avg(marks) from Examgroup by course_code;

+-------------+------------+| course_code | avg(marks) |+-------------+------------+| MBA001001 | 88.3333 || MBA007007 | 30.0000 || MBA007009 | 77.5000 |+-------------+------------+3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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Give 10% grace marks to all those who

are failing (<40) in any subject, in that

subject.

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mysql> update Exam set marks=marks*1.1-> where marks < 40;

Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from Exam;+------------+-------------+-------+| roll_no | course_code | Marks |+------------+-------------+-------+| 2001MBA001 | MBA001001 | 75 || 2001MBA007 | MBA001001 | 100 || 2001MCA011 | MBA001001 | 90 || 2001MBA007 | MBA007007 | 33 || 2001MBA007 | MBA007009 | 100 || 2001MCA011 | MBA007009 | 55 |+------------+-------------+-------+6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

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Acknowledgements

• My Colleague, Kaushal Kishore Tripathi for providingmaterial on MySQL.

• Prof. Akshay Kumar, IGNOU for his advice(s).

• Priti Sinha, In-Charge, LILA for allowing time-out toteach the course BM852 at I.I.T. Roorkee for whichthese slides were prepared.

• The cvr (CV RadhaKrishnan) for giving pdfscreen.

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