MyPlate: Eat more fruit - School Nutrition...–Make half your plate fruits and vegetables. • Dietary Guidelines 2005 and 2010 say: – Eat more fruit • But some experts favor
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2010 Dietary Guidelines Fruit Group Recommendation
• 2 to 4 servings or 1 to 2 cups of fruits per day • Recommendation depends on age and level of physical activity
What is 1 equivalent cup of fruit?
• ½ cup dried fruit • 1 cup of 100% fruit juice
2010 Dietary Guidelines for Americans & MyPlate Current Fruit Group Recommendations for Nutrient Adequacy 8
* Whole fruit recommended as majority of fruit intake
9
Ages 1 to 6 years: No more than 4 to 6 ounces per day
Ages 7 to 18 years: No more than 8 to 12 ounces per day
• Existing AAP guidelines remain consistent
with most current body of scientific evidence (Nov 2014)
Current American Academy of Pediatric 100% Fruit Juice Intake Guidelines
American Academy of Pediatrics (May 2001, reaffirmed 2006)
10
100% fruit juice: Truth versus pulp fiction
Adam Drewnowski, PhD Director, Center for Public Health Nutrition
UW Center for Obesity Research Nutritional Sciences Program
Professor of Epidemiology; Adjunct Professor of Medicine University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
The role of 100% fruit juice in diet quality of children SNA webinar November 3, 2014
• A. Drewnowski has received grants, honoraria, and consulting fees from numerous food, beverage, and ingredient companies and from other commercial and nonprofit entities with an interest in nutrient density of foods. The University of Washington receives research funding from both public and private sectors.
• Analyses of publicly available federal datasets (National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys) were supported by funds from the Juice Products Association to the UW Center for Public Health Nutrition.
• Data analyses have been submitted for publication in peer-review professional journals.
Disclosure
MyPlate: Eat more fruit
In general, 1 cup of fruit or 100% fruit juice, or ½ cup of dried fruit can be considered as 1 cup from the Fruit Group.
Some dietary guidelines (not all) favor whole fresh fruit • MyPlate says:
– Make half your plate fruits and vegetables. • Dietary Guidelines 2005 and 2010 say:
– Eat more fruit • But some experts favor whole fruit over 100% fruit juice. • The Healthy Eating Index 2005 (and 2010) awards extra point
to whole fruit. • What are fruit servings?
– In general, 1 cup of fruit or 100% fruit juice, – or ½ cup of dried fruit can be considered as 1 cup from the Fruit Group.
• Do whole fruit and 100% juice cost the same? • What is the proportion of whole fruit versus
100% juice in the diet? • Is there a socioeconomic gradient in the
consumption of whole fruit versus 100% juice? • Which groups consume least whole fruit? • What is the extent of fruit shortfall in the diet? • How can the fruit guidelines be met? • Can meeting dietary guidelines for fruit be cost
neutral? • How can 100% fruit juices best be used?
Outline: some key questions
Price data CNPP price database
2001-2 NHANES
Nutrient composition
data FNDDS 1.0 USDA
4500 foods
What do different foods cost? Energy Density
Kcal/100g
Nutrient cost
Nutrient density
Energy Cost
$/1000 kcal
What foods provide maximum calories per dollar?
Food price and quality
What foods provide maximum nutrients per calorie and per
dollar?
What is energy density? Water content
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
Oil
Animal fat
Salty snacks
Deli meat
Pastries
Sugar
Cheese
Meat mixed dishes
Fatty fish
Meat
Poultry
Eggs
Whole grains
Refined grains
Fish
Shellfish
Dairy products
Fruit
Milk
SSB
Fruit juices
Veg mixed dishes
Vegetables
Tap water
ED (kcal/100g)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0.1 1 10 100Energy cost ($/1000 kcal)
Ener
gy d
ensi
ty (k
cal/1
00g)
Grains Fats Sugars
Log scale
Grains, sugars, and fats are cheapest Data from USDA FNDDS 1.0 and CNPP prices database
oils
cereals
Lower cost
Higher cost
sugar
beverages
desserts
pasta
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0.1 1 10 100Energy cost ($/1000 kcal)
Ener
gy d
ensi
ty (k
cal/1
00g)
Dairy Meat Eggs Beans
Log scale
nuts
eggs
shellfish
fish
Lower cost
Higher cost
beans
meat
yogurt
Meat and fish cost more per kcal Data from USDA FNDDS 1.0 and CNPP prices database
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
0.1 1 10 100Energy cost ($/1000 kcal)
Ener
gy d
ensi
ty (k
cal/1
00g)
Fruits Vegetables
Log scale
Salad greens
Whole fresh fruit
Lower cost
Higher cost
potatoes
fried potatoes
dried fruit
canned fruit
Vegetables and fruit cost most per kcal Data from USDA FNDDS 1.0 and CNPP prices database
Sugars, total (g) 8.42 10.35 12.25 5.66 11.93 15.48
Dietary Fiber, total (g) 2.2 0.4 3.1 1.3 0.2 3.6
Calcium (mg) 36 14 52 3 10 9
Magnesium (mg) 9 14 13 3 6 7
Potassium (mg) 163 222 237 58 125 159
Vitamin A, RAE (mcg) 10 2 14 2 0 4
Vitamin C (mg) 47.9 41.8 69.7 2.5 47.7 6.9
Folate, DFE (mcg) 27 24 39 2 0 4
• USDA NDB codes: Oranges, raw, • 09200; Orange juice 100% fruit juice, • 09209; Apples, raw, 09003, Apple juice • 100% fruit juice with added ascorbic acid,
09400.
All fruits, and forms of fruit contribute to recommended fruit servings and nutrient adequacy On a per serving basis one small fruit, or ½ cup of whole fruit are consistent with ½ cup of 100% fruit juice
50
Replacing 100% fruit juice with whole fruit
results in lower intakes of important nutrients and insignificant fiber
increases
Facts About 100% Fruit Juice 51
Replacing 100% fruit juice with whole fruit results in:
Lower intakes of vitamin C, folate and potassium Minor increases in Fiber
Drinking 100% Fruit Juice Does Not Negatively Affect Fiber Intake
52
Top Sources of Dietary Fiber in Food Supply
Fruits are a less effective means of increasing fiber intake – especially compared to foods like whole grain ready to eat cereal, beans, and popcorn
53
100% fruit juice consumption is
associated with higher whole fruit intake and
higher quality diets
Facts About 100% Fruit Juice 54
• More vitamins and minerals
• More whole fruit • Lower intakes of fat,
saturated fat, and added sugars
• Milk and 100% fruit juice are complementary and not competitive in children’s diets
• Source of Phytonutrients
Children consuming 100% fruit juice
have better overall diet quality
Fruit Juice and Diet Quality of Children 55
Higher intake of whole fruit
Intake of Fruits and Vegetable may track into adolescence
and adulthood
Complimentary not competitive
100% Fruit Juice Intake is Associated with Increased Whole Fruit Intake
56
Majority of studies report that intake of 100% fruit
juice in appropriate amounts does not result in increased
weight and adiposity in children and adolescents
Facts About 100% Fruit Juice 57
According to the 2010 Dietary Guidelines Advisory Committee Report, estimated consumption for 2-18 year
olds was about 100 calories per day from fruit juice
Juice accounts for only 8% of total caloric intake in the
diets of 2-18 year olds
100% Fruit Juice Provides Significant Nutrition and is Not a
Major Source of Calories in the Diets of Children
58
Positive Relationship
No / Inverse Relationship
Weight of Evidence
0 Based on nationally representative data
Where is the scientific weight of evidence for consumption of 100% fruit juice and weight in
children?
59
7 Based on nationally representative data
Evidence Analysis
“What is the association
between intake of 100% fruit juice and weight status
or adiposity in children?”
Comprehensive, systematic review of studies on 100% fruit
juice and weight studies in children and adolescents,
including an assessment of the quality of studies
The evidence reviewed does not
support an association between
100% fruit juice consumption and weight status or
adiposity in children ages 2 to 18 years
of age.
The Majority of Evidence Suggests that 100% Fruit Juice Does Not Impact Weight
in Children or Adolescents 60
100% fruit juice plays an important role in helping
American children meet the recommended fruit group
daily servings
100% fruit juice delivers significant nutrients in the
diets of children
Replacing 100% fruit juice with whole fruit results in lower intakes of important nutrients and insignificant
fiber increases
100% fruit juice consumption is associated
with higher whole fruit intake
and higher diet quality
Majority of studies report that intake of 100% fruit
juice in appropriate amounts does not result in increased