Myers’ EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY (5th Ed) Chapter 9 (Part II) Intelligence
Dec 16, 2015
What is Intelligence? Intelligence
mental abilities involves ability to:
learn from experience solve problems reason effectively meet challenges and achieve goals adapt to new situations
Assessing Intelligence
Aptitude Test assess a person’s capacity to learn
Achievement Test assess what a person has learned
Origins of Intelligence
Mental Age devised by Binet (Paris - early 1900s) chronological age that typically
corresponds to a given level of performance
child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
Origins of Intelligence
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test the widely used
American revision of Binet’s original intelligence test revised by Lewis
Terman (Stanford University)
Origins of Intelligence Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
originally: ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100)
now: computerized data base - average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
Are There Multiple Intelligences? Emotional Intelligence
perceiving emotions recognition of emotions in faces, music, stories
understanding emotions important for predicting emotions
managing emotions know how & when to express them in various situations
Theories of Intelligence One General Intelligence?
Spearman – believed we have one general intelligence
one factor that underlies our mental abilities
OR
Multiple Intelligences? Gardner’s Eight Intelligences Sternberg’s triarchic theory
Gardner’s Eight Intelligences Linguistic Logical-mathematical Musical Spatial (“picture smart”) Bodily-kinesthetic Intrapersonal (self) Interpersonal (other people) Naturalist (“nature smart”) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEFpaY3GI-I
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory Analytical Intelligence
academic problem-solving assessed by intelligence tests with questions that
have a single correct answer Creative Intelligence
adapt to new situations develop new ideas
Practical Intelligence required for everyday tasks problems that have multiple solutions
Assessing Intelligence Wechsler Intelligence Scale
widely used intelligence test Adults age 16+ (WAIS) Children age 6-16 (WISC)
IQ score & 4 index scores verbal comprehension perceptual reasoning (nonverbal) working memory processing speed
Assessing Intelligence
Standardization testing a group of people to see the scores that
are typically obtained Normal Curve
most scores fall near the average fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
Malcolm Gladwell book – Outliers factors that go into extraordinary achievement http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hz4hPbHIZ6Y http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cSRu6CaJd_g&feature=fvw
The Normal Curve
Ninety-five percent of all people fall within 30 points
of 100
Number of
scores
55 70 85 100 115 130 145 Wechsler intelligence score
Sixty-eight percentof people score within 15 points
above or below 100
Assessing Intelligence
Reliability the extent to which a test yields consistent results assessed by consistency of scores on
two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting the same individual
Validity the extent to which a test measures or predicts
what it is suppose to
Assessing Intelligence
Content Validity the extent to which a test samples the
behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving
Predictive Validity success with which a test predicts the
behavior it is designed to predict
Intelligence Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability)
a condition of limited mental ability indicated by intelligence scores below 70 varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome retardation and associated physical disorders
caused by an extra chromosome in genetic make-up
Intelligence
Moderate 35-49 10 May progress to second-grade level. academically. Adults may contribute to their own support by labor in sheltered workshops.
Degrees of Mental Retardation (Intellectual Disability - ID)
Level Typical Intelligence Scores Percentage of those with ID Adaptation to Demands of Life
Mild 50-70 85% May learn academic skills up to sixth-grade level. Adults may, with assistance, achieve self-supporting social and vocational skills.
Severe 20-34 3-4 May learn to talk and perform simple work tasks under close supervision but are generally unable to profit from vocational training.
Profound below 20 1-2 Require constant aid and supervision.
Savant Syndrome a person otherwise limited in mental ability
has an amazing specific skill computation
drawing http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkDMaJ-wZmQ
Genetic Influences
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
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scores(correlation)
Identicaltwinsreared together
Identicaltwinsreared apart
Fraternaltwinsreared together
Siblingsreared together
Unrelatedindividualsreared together
Heritability the proportion of variation among
individuals that we can attribute to genes if variation in environments decreases
(become more alike) heritability (variation explained by genetics) will increase
Genetic Influences