My Vaccine Ppt

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By : Prashant Makwana

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CONTENTS

1.1. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION

2.2. HISTORYHISTORY

3.3. ACTIVE AND PASSIVE IMMUNIZATIONACTIVE AND PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION

4.4. DESIGNING OF VACCINE FOR ACTIVE IMMUNIZATIONDESIGNING OF VACCINE FOR ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION

5.5. TYPES OF VACCINESTYPES OF VACCINES

6.6. COMPARISON OF ATTENUATED(LIVE), COMPARISON OF ATTENUATED(LIVE), INACTIVATED(KILLED), AND DNA VACCINESINACTIVATED(KILLED), AND DNA VACCINES

7.7. VACCINE PRODUCTIONVACCINE PRODUCTION

8.8. EXCIPIENTSEXCIPIENTS

9.9. VACCINATION SCHEDULEVACCINATION SCHEDULE

10.10. CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

11.11. REFERENCEREFERENCE

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INTODUCTIONINTODUCTION

What is vaccine?What is vaccine?

  A A vaccinevaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a  is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made resembles a disease-causing microorganism, and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins. The from weakened or killed forms of the microbe or its toxins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and "recognize" it, so that the immune as foreign, destroy it, and "recognize" it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters. microorganisms that it later encounters.

Vaccines can be prophylactic (e.g. to prevent or ameliorate the Vaccines can be prophylactic (e.g. to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen), effects of a future infection by any natural or "wild" pathogen), or therapeutic(e.g. vaccines against cancer are also being or therapeutic(e.g. vaccines against cancer are also being investigated).investigated).

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HISTORYHISTORY

Sometime during the 1770s Edward Jenner heard Sometime during the 1770s Edward Jenner heard a milkmaid boast that she would never have the often-fatal a milkmaid boast that she would never have the often-fatal or disfiguring disease smallpox, because she had already or disfiguring disease smallpox, because she had already had cowpox, which has a very mild effect in humans. In had cowpox, which has a very mild effect in humans. In 1796, Jenner took pus from the hand of a milkmaid with 1796, Jenner took pus from the hand of a milkmaid with cowpox, inoculated an 8-year-old boy with it, and six weeks cowpox, inoculated an 8-year-old boy with it, and six weeks later variolated the boy's arm with smallpox, afterwards later variolated the boy's arm with smallpox, afterwards observing that the boy did not catch smallpox. Further observing that the boy did not catch smallpox. Further experimentation demonstrated the efficacy of the procedure experimentation demonstrated the efficacy of the procedure on an infant. Since vaccination with cowpox was much safer on an infant. Since vaccination with cowpox was much safer than smallpox inoculation, the latter, though still widely than smallpox inoculation, the latter, though still widely practiced in England, was banned in 1840.Louis Pasteur practiced in England, was banned in 1840.Louis Pasteur generalized Jenner's idea by developing what he called generalized Jenner's idea by developing what he called a rabies vaccine (now termed an antitoxin), and in the 19th a rabies vaccine (now termed an antitoxin), and in the 19th century vaccines were considered a matter of national century vaccines were considered a matter of national prestige, and compulsory vaccination laws were passed.prestige, and compulsory vaccination laws were passed.

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Active and Passive Active and Passive ImmunizationImmunizationImmunity toImmunity to infectious microorganism can be infectious microorganism can be

achieved byachieved by active or passive immunization.active or passive immunization.

Passive immunization Passive immunization

Natural – from mother to fetusNatural – from mother to fetus

Artificial – injections of preformed antibodiesArtificial – injections of preformed antibodies

Active immunizationActive immunization

Natural – Normal infection of microorganismsNatural – Normal infection of microorganisms

Artificial - VaccinesArtificial - Vaccines

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Designing of Vaccine for Designing of Vaccine for Active ImmunizationActive Immunization

Several factor must be kept in mind while Several factor must be kept in mind while developing a successful vaccinedeveloping a successful vaccine

Which branch of Immune system is activated – Which branch of Immune system is activated – Humoral / Cell mediatedHumoral / Cell mediated

Development of Immunological MemoryDevelopment of Immunological Memory Role of memory cells in immunity depends the Role of memory cells in immunity depends the

incubation period of pathogen in a bodyincubation period of pathogen in a body Depending on incubation period of pathogen Depending on incubation period of pathogen

repeated immunization should be given so as to repeated immunization should be given so as to maintain neutralizing antibodies in the bodymaintain neutralizing antibodies in the body

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TYPES OF VACCINETYPES OF VACCINE

WHOLE-ORGANISM VACCINESWHOLE-ORGANISM VACCINES By By

attenuationattenuation – e.g. Polio Sabin vaccine, BCG – e.g. Polio Sabin vaccine, BCGcan be achieved by growing a pathogenic bacterium or can be achieved by growing a pathogenic bacterium or virus for prolonged period under abnormal culture virus for prolonged period under abnormal culture condition or prolonged passage of a virulent human condition or prolonged passage of a virulent human pathogen through different host.pathogen through different host.inactivationinactivation – e.g. Polio Salk vaccine – e.g. Polio Salk vaccinecan be achieved either by heat or by chemical can be achieved either by heat or by chemical inactivation.inactivation.

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PURIFIED MACROMOLECULE AS VACCINEPURIFIED MACROMOLECULE AS VACCINE1. 1. Bacterial Polysaccharide Capsule as VaccineBacterial Polysaccharide Capsule as Vaccine

The virulence of some pathogenic bacteria depends The virulence of some pathogenic bacteria depends primarily on the antiphagocytic properties of their hydrophilic primarily on the antiphagocytic properties of their hydrophilic polysaccharide capsule. Coating of the capsule with antibodies polysaccharide capsule. Coating of the capsule with antibodies and/or complement greatly increase the ability of macrophages and/or complement greatly increase the ability of macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytose such pathogens. and neutrophils to phagocytose such pathogens.

e.g. Vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria e.g. Vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae and Neisseria meningitidis consist of purified capsular polysaccharides.meningitidis consist of purified capsular polysaccharides.

LimitationLimitation – inability to activate Th cell. – inability to activate Th cell.

They activate B cell in a thymus independent type 2(TI-2) They activate B cell in a thymus independent type 2(TI-2) manner resulting in IgM production, little class switching, no manner resulting in IgM production, little class switching, no affinity maturation, & little if any, development of memory cells. affinity maturation, & little if any, development of memory cells.

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2.2. TOXOIDTOXOID toxoid are manufactured from bacterial toxin.toxoid are manufactured from bacterial toxin.

e.g. Diphtheria and Tetanus Vaccines,e.g. Diphtheria and Tetanus Vaccines,can be made by purifying the exotoxin and then can be made by purifying the exotoxin and then

inactivating the toxin with formaldehyde to form a toxoid.inactivating the toxin with formaldehyde to form a toxoid.

3.3. Protein from Pathogens are produced by Protein from Pathogens are produced by Recombinant DNA TechnologyRecombinant DNA TechnologyThe gene encoding any immunogenic protein can be The gene encoding any immunogenic protein can be cloned and expressed in bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cloned and expressed in bacterial, yeast, or mammalian cells using recombinant DNA technology.cells using recombinant DNA technology.e.g. In Hepatitis B Vaccine, the gene for the major surface e.g. In Hepatitis B Vaccine, the gene for the major surface Ag of Hepatitis B virus cloned and expressed in yeast cells Ag of Hepatitis B virus cloned and expressed in yeast cells by RDT in a fermenter.by RDT in a fermenter.

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4. Use of Synthetic Peptides4. Use of Synthetic Peptides

Instead of using viral or bacterial antigenic Instead of using viral or bacterial antigenic peptide, synthetic peptide of similar structure and peptide, synthetic peptide of similar structure and properties are made. Since peptide alone is less properties are made. Since peptide alone is less immunogenic therefore peptide in conjugate form or immunogenic therefore peptide in conjugate form or with adjuvant is made in such a way that it can able with adjuvant is made in such a way that it can able to induce both humoral as well as cell mediated to induce both humoral as well as cell mediated

immune response.immune response.

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RECOMBINANT VECTOR VACCINERECOMBINANT VECTOR VACCINE

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DNA VACCINESDNA VACCINES

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MULTIVALENT SUBUNIT VACCINESMULTIVALENT SUBUNIT VACCINES1. SOLID MATRIX ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN 1. SOLID MATRIX ANTIBODY-ANTIGEN

COMPLEXES (SMAA) COMPLEXES (SMAA)

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2. DETERGENT EXTRACTED 2. DETERGENT EXTRACTED MEMBRANE ANTIGEN OR ANTIBODY MEMBRANE ANTIGEN OR ANTIBODY PEPTIDES PEPTIDES

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3. ISCOM delivery of Ag into cell3. ISCOM delivery of Ag into cell

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COMPARISON OFCOMPARISON OF ATTENUATED(LIVE), ATTENUATED(LIVE), INACTIVATED(KILLED), AND DNA VACCINESINACTIVATED(KILLED), AND DNA VACCINES

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ProductionProduction

Vaccine production has several stages. First, the antigen itself is Vaccine production has several stages. First, the antigen itself is generated. Viruses are grown either on primary cells such as chicken generated. Viruses are grown either on primary cells such as chicken eggs (e.g., for influenza), or on continuous cell lines such as cultured eggs (e.g., for influenza), or on continuous cell lines such as cultured human cells (e.g., for hepatitis A). Bacteria are grown in bioreactors human cells (e.g., for hepatitis A). Bacteria are grown in bioreactors (e.g., Haemophilus influenzae type b). Alternatively, a recombinant (e.g., Haemophilus influenzae type b). Alternatively, a recombinant protein derived from the viruses or bacteria can be generated in yeast, protein derived from the viruses or bacteria can be generated in yeast, bacteria, or cell cultures. After the antigen is generated, it is isolated bacteria, or cell cultures. After the antigen is generated, it is isolated from the cells used to generate it. A virus may need to be inactivated, from the cells used to generate it. A virus may need to be inactivated, possibly with no further purification required. Recombinant proteins possibly with no further purification required. Recombinant proteins need many operations involving ultrafiltration and column need many operations involving ultrafiltration and column chromatography. Finally, the vaccine is formulated by adding adjuvant, chromatography. Finally, the vaccine is formulated by adding adjuvant, stabilizers, and preservatives as needed. The adjuvant enhances the stabilizers, and preservatives as needed. The adjuvant enhances the immune response of the antigen, stabilizers increase the storage life, immune response of the antigen, stabilizers increase the storage life, and preservatives allow the use of multidose vials. Combination and preservatives allow the use of multidose vials. Combination vaccines are harder to develop and produce, because of potential vaccines are harder to develop and produce, because of potential incompatibilities and interactions among the antigens and other incompatibilities and interactions among the antigens and other ingredients involved.ingredients involved.

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ExcipientsExcipients

Beside the active vaccine itself, the following excipients are commonly present Beside the active vaccine itself, the following excipients are commonly present in vaccine preparations:[29]in vaccine preparations:[29]

Aluminum salts or gels are added as adjuvantsAluminum salts or gels are added as adjuvants. . AdjuvantsAdjuvants are added to are added to promote an earlier, more potent response, and more persistent immune promote an earlier, more potent response, and more persistent immune response to the vaccine; they allow for a lower vaccine dosage.response to the vaccine; they allow for a lower vaccine dosage.

AntibioticsAntibiotics are added to some vaccines to prevent the growth of bacteria are added to some vaccines to prevent the growth of bacteria during production and storage of the vaccine.during production and storage of the vaccine.

Egg proteinEgg protein is present in influenza and yellow fever vaccines as they are is present in influenza and yellow fever vaccines as they are prepared using chicken eggs. Other proteins may be present.prepared using chicken eggs. Other proteins may be present.

FormaldehydeFormaldehyde is used to inactivate bacterial products for toxoid vaccines. is used to inactivate bacterial products for toxoid vaccines. Formaldehyde is also used to kill unwanted viruses and bacteria that might Formaldehyde is also used to kill unwanted viruses and bacteria that might contaminate the vaccine during production.contaminate the vaccine during production.

Monosodium glutamate (MSG) and 2-phenoxyethanolMonosodium glutamate (MSG) and 2-phenoxyethanol are used as are used as stabilizersstabilizers in a few vaccines to help the vaccine remain unchanged when the in a few vaccines to help the vaccine remain unchanged when the vaccine is exposed to heat, light, acidity, or humidity.vaccine is exposed to heat, light, acidity, or humidity.

ThimerosalThimerosal is a mercury-containing is a mercury-containing preservativepreservative that is added to vials of that is added to vials of vaccine that contain more than one dose to prevent contamination and growth vaccine that contain more than one dose to prevent contamination and growth of potentially harmful bacteria.of potentially harmful bacteria.

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VACCINATION SCHEDULEVACCINATION SCHEDULE

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Conclusion Vaccines are crucial to maintaining public health: They are a safe,

cost-effective, and efficient way to prevent sickness and death from infectious diseases. Vaccines have led to some of the greatest public health triumphs ever, including the eradication of naturally occurring smallpox from the globe and the near-eradication of polio.

In recent years, researchers have increased their understanding of the immune system and how it fights off harmful microbes. Scientists working on vaccines also have advanced technology to draw on, including recombinant DNA technology and the ability to “read” and analyze the genomes of disease-causing organisms. This new knowledge and technology promises to usher in a renaissance in the already vital field of vaccinology. Scientists are hard at work creating improved vaccines, designing new vaccine strategies, and identifying new vaccines candidates to prevent diseases for which no vaccines currently exist.

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REFERENCE:REFERENCE:

www.medscape.com

www.wikipedia.org

www.sciencedirect.com

www.nature.com

www.biokenyon.com

www.biolife.com

Immunology by Kuby 6th Edition

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